4. a. Koch.Robert Koch is the founder of modern bacteriology, he i.pdf

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4. a. Koch. Robert Koch is the founder of modern bacteriology, he is known for his role in identifying the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax and for giving experimental support for the concept of infectious disease. 5. d. transmission electron microscopy. 6. a. differential stain. 7.d. streptobacilli. Rod shaped bacteria arranged in the form of chains. 8.D. posess a nucleus. Prokaryotic cell lack well developed nucleus. 10.a. prevent phagocytosis. The capsule is considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease by preventing bacteria from phagocytosis. The capsule can protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages. 11.D. production of cellular energy in the form of ATP. Cellular respiration in which energy is produced in the form of ATP is a catabolic process. 12.D. glycolysis. Glycolysis is the common pathway for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 13.b. aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration produces most of the energy as ATP as food gets completely oxidised in this type of respiration. Solution 4. a. Koch. Robert Koch is the founder of modern bacteriology, he is known for his role in identifying the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax and for giving experimental support for the concept of infectious disease. 5. d. transmission electron microscopy. 6. a. differential stain. 7.d. streptobacilli. Rod shaped bacteria arranged in the form of chains. 8.D. posess a nucleus. Prokaryotic cell lack well developed nucleus. 10.a. prevent phagocytosis. The capsule is considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease by preventing bacteria from phagocytosis. The capsule can protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages. 11.D. production of cellular energy in the form of ATP. Cellular respiration in which energy is produced in the form of ATP is a catabolic process. 12.D. glycolysis. Glycolysis is the common pathway for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 13.b. aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration produces most of the energy as ATP as food gets completely oxidised in this type of respiration..

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The capsule is considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause
disease by preventing bacteria from phagocytosis. The capsule can protect cells from engulfment
by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages.
11.D. production of cellular energy in the form of ATP.
Cellular respiration in which energy is produced in the form of ATP is a catabolic process.
12.D. glycolysis.
Glycolysis is the common pathway for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
13.b. aerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration produces most of the energy as ATP as food gets completely oxidised in this
type of respiration.

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13. A pure oulture A. is sherino; B. is a population of identicat celts. C. is made of a cleaty defined chemical medium: O. eantains one mierabial ceif. 74. The theory of apontaneous generation was refuted by the work of A. Lows Piesteur: 0. Robert Koch; C. Robart Hooke. D. Antoni van Loeewentoek. 15. Transparent double-sided dishes used for growing microbes are most commonly called A. Petri dishes; B. boker dishos, C. sterilization plates; D. eulhure medium plates. 16. A microbial cells membrane is considered because its internal constituents are maintained within the cell. However, it also imports and exports other molecules in response to its environment. A. differential: B. microselective; C. nigid: D. semipemeable. 17. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Fimbriae are generally longer and less numerous than flagella. B. Fimbriae are involved in genetic exchange between celis. C. Hami are common in Bacteria but not found in Archaea. D. Fimbriae are usually shorter than flagella, whereas pili are involved in genetic exchange. In whathwich domain(s) of life is/are microorganisms represented? A. Archaea B. Bacterla C. Eukarya D. Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

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Module 7 Overview Origin and Classification of Life The origin of life has been of great debate for centuries. This module will outline the various ideas of how life and Earth itself developed. You will learn the evidence for multiple theories on the origin of life and the evolution of these theories based on new scientific findings. This module will also focus upon one of the most important achievements of the science of biology: the classification of organisms and the creation of an internationally agreed upon system of nomenclature. Understanding how organisms are classified provides an important basis for any future studies in ecology. Learning Objectives Upon completion of this module, you should be able to: 10A Describe the evidence used to suggest an extraterrestrial source for life on earth. 10B State the most probable physical conditions on early Earth and the changes thought to have happened before life could exist. 10C Differentiate between the concepts of spontaneous generation and biogenesis. 10D Examine the chemical and physical events that must have occurred to have life originate on Earth. 10E Describe the different hypotheses for what the first living thing might have been like. 10F Identify the way in which organisms have caused the atmosphere of the earth to change. 10G State the order and approximate times for major evolutionary events. 10H Examine the endosymbiotic theory. 10I Explain the experimental evidence for the origin of life from organic and inorganic material. 10J Distinguish between taxonomy and phylogeny. 10K Describe the kinds of tools used to establish phylogenetic relationships. 10L Distinguish among viruses, viroids, and prions. 10M Describe the scientific method for naming organisms. 11A List and give distinguishing characteristics of the kingdoms within the Domain Eukarya. 11B Distinguish between Bacteria and Archaea. 11C Explain the features that differentiate organisms as microbes. 11D List the basic characteristics of members of the Protista, Archaea, Bacteria, and Fungi. 11E Identify the type of environments in which microorganisms live. Module 7 Reading Assignment Enger, E. D., Ross, F. C., & Bailey, D. B. (2012). Concepts in biology (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapters 19, 20, and 21. Optional Reading Assignment: Chapter 22, The Plant Kingdom, and Chapter 23, The Animal Kingdom. Origin and Classification of Life Scientists have broken down life into domains of organisms. Scientists believe that at first life, there was first the bacteria domain. The bacteria domain was followed by the archaea domain and finally, the eucarya domain. Domain bacteria and domain archaea remain the same and have not been further broken down. Domain eucarya was further broken down into the plant kingdom, the fungi kingdom, and the animal kingdom. Organisms live on, in, and within all types of environments. Organisms can be found from pole to pole and everywhere in between. This includ ...

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1.1 The Beginnings of Microbiology 1. • The discovery of microorganisms was dependent on observations made with the microscope 2. • The emergence of experimental science provided a means to test long held beliefs and resolve controversies 3. MicroInquiry 1: Experimentation and Scientifi c Inquiry 1.2 Microorganisms and Disease Transmission 4. • Early epidemiology studies suggested how diseases could be spread and be controlled 5. • Resistance to a disease can come from exposure to and recovery from a mild form of (or a very similar) disease 1.3 The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology 6. (1854-1914) 7. • The germ theory was based on the observations that different microorganisms have distinctive and specifi c roles in nature 8. • Antisepsis and identifi cation of the cause of animal diseases reinforced the germ theory 9. • Koch's postulates provided a way to identify a specifi c microorganism as causing a specifi c infectious disease 10. • Laboratory science and teamwork stimulated the discovery of additional infectious disease agents 11. • Viruses also can cause disease 12. • Many benefi cial bacteria recycle nutrients in the environment Cell Structure and Function in the Bacteria and Archaea 4 Our planet has always been in the “Age of Bacteria,” ever since the first fossils—bacteria of course—were entombed in rocks more than 3 billion years ago. On any possible, reasonable criterion, bacteria are—and always have been—the dominant forms of life on Earth. —Paleontologist Stephen J. Gould (1941–2002) 97 Chapter Preview and Key Concepts “Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn, and cauldron bubble” is the refrain repeated several times by the chanting witches in Shakespeare’s Macbeth (Act IV, Scene 1). This image of a hot, boiling cauldron actually describes the environment in which many bacterial, and especially archaeal, species happily grow! For example, some species can be iso- lated from hot springs or the hot, acidic mud pits of volcanic vents ( FIGURE 4.1 ). When the eminent evolutionary biologist and geologist Stephen J. Gould wrote the opening quote of this chapter, he as well as most microbiologists had no idea that embedded in these “bacteria” was another whole domain of organisms. Thanks to the pioneering studies of Carl Woese and his col- leagues, it now is quite evident there are two distinctly different groups of “prokaryotes”—the Bacteria and the Archaea (see Chapter 3). Many of the organisms Woese and others studied are organisms that would live a happy life in a witch’s cauldron because they can grow at high temperatures, produce methane gas, or survive in extremely acidic and hot environments—a real cauldron! Termed extremophiles, these members of the domains Bacteria 4.1 Diversity among the Bacteria and Archaea 1. The Bacteria are classified into several major phyla. 2. The Archaea are currently classified into two major phyla. 4.2 Cell Shapes and Arran ...

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Question: Match the following terms involving prokaryotes 1. Microbiome 2. Pathogen 3. Why are prokaryotes so successful? 4. Photoautotrpoh 5. Biofilm 6. What are the two major branches of prokaryotes? 7. What would live in a hot spring? 8. Symbiosis 9. When bacteria are used to clean up an enviornmental spill, it is called: 10. True or False: all bacteria cause disease Options: A. Archaea B. Bioremediation C. They have varying and unique external features: Cell wall, shape, and projections. D. Archaea and Bacteria E. Disease causing chemical F. They have varying structures such as chloroplasts, flagella, and a cell wall. G. False H. Organism that can use light energy but gets its carbon fom organic molecules. I. Disease causing agent J. Organism that can convert light eergy to chemical energy for its own use and can use CO2 as a carbon source. K. True L. Organized colonies of bacteria that attatch to surfaces M. Eukarya N. Eukarya and Bacteria O. The communities of microbes living on or in the body P. When two organisms live cooperatively and both benefit Q. Bacteria.

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To insert value X into a B-tree, there are 3 steps: If there are M nodes after adding X, we say the node has overflowed. To repair this, we split the node into three parts: Left: the first (M-1)/2 values Middle: the middle value (position 1+((M-1)/2) Right: the last (M-1)/2 values Notice that Left and Right have just enough values to be made into individual nodes. That\'s what we do... they become the left and right children of Middle, which we add in the appropriate place in this node\'s parent. But what if there is no room in the parent? If it overflows we do the same thing again: split it into Left-Middle-Right, make Left and Right into new nodes and add Middle (with Left and Right as its children) to the node above. We continue doing this until no overflow occurs, or until the root itself overflows. If the root overflows, we split it, as usual, and create a new root node with Middle as its only value and Left and Right as its children (as usual). Solution To insert value X into a B-tree, there are 3 steps: If there are M nodes after adding X, we say the node has overflowed. To repair this, we split the node into three parts: Left: the first (M-1)/2 values Middle: the middle value (position 1+((M-1)/2) Right: the last (M-1)/2 values Notice that Left and Right have just enough values to be made into individual nodes. That\'s what we do... they become the left and right children of Middle, which we add in the appropriate place in this node\'s parent. But what if there is no room in the parent? If it overflows we do the same thing again: split it into Left-Middle-Right, make Left and Right into new nodes and add Middle (with Left and Right as its children) to the node above. We continue doing this until no overflow occurs, or until the root itself overflows. If the root overflows, we split it, as usual, and create a new root node with Middle as its only value and Left and Right as its children (as usual)..

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The physical protection of knowledge, assets and personnel is key to any security system. Closely associated with physical security ar the technical security safeguards needed to guard sure facilities against intelligence assortment or observation and security procedures adopted to observe and management physical access to facilities and material. Government rules for {cover|for defense} of classified info cover construction and storage necessities (facilities, locks, alarms, guards), technical security necessities obligatory on facilities storing classified info (surveillance countermeasures, TEMPEST, audio attenuation), and procedures moving the conduct of operations at intervals these facilities (inspections, document management, visit certification, and badges). The Commission\'s focus was totally on the domestic setting wherever there\'s the best potential for value savings, a lower level of threat, and since it lends itself additional without delay to uniformity than do facilities at overseas locations. Our review was restricted to the protection of classified info and material. It didn\'t embrace protection of weapons, munitions, or nuclear devices that ar ruled by separate rules. Recently there are important policy changes moving physical security at intervals the intelligence service. However, it seems that cross-program management for physical, technical, and procedural security countermeasures isn\'t uniform. The relationships with industrial contractors vary from relatiative compliance inspections to problem-solving recommendation and help. additionally, several of our physical security policies ar out of date, don\'t seem to be supported actual threat, conflict with one another, and haven\'t been enforced in an exceedingly uniform fashion. As a result, the top user is moon-faced with a patchwork of multiple standards, exaggerated prices as a result of facilities can\'t be shared, and irrational things wherever info classified at a lower level (Confidential and Secret) is usually additional strictly protected than our government\'s most sensitive technologies and operations. The large choice of physical, technical and procedural security necessities obligatory on trade is that the principal concern that cause the event of the National Industrial Security Program (NISP). For Confidential and Secret info, the Defense Industrial Security Program needs that contractors be inspected each six months, that guards physically check safes that hold classified material, which tight document management audits and inventories be maintained. Director of Central Intelligence representatives ordinarily examine facilities housing Sensitive compartmentalized info once each 2 years, need alarms instead of valuable guards, and recently have born strict document handling necessities. The Commission seeks to use physical, technical, and procedural security in line with a similar basic risk management principles suggested throughout this report. Securit.

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Purpose of cashflow statements are to analyse the different cashflows generated by the firm(hospital) into a) Operating cashflows: The cashflows(inflows/outflows) from operating activities of the hospital i.e providing services to patients from consulting, scanning, nursing and so on. b) Financing activities: Inflows/outflows which involve in raising funds to run the hospitals, meeting debt obligations c) Investing activities: Involves in where/what assets the hospital is investing into to generate the required operating cashflows. The cashflow statements are not only important to the hospitals but generally in US as well to get a right sense of understanding as to how the cashflows received are actually been utilised in the business and which cashflows actually do not belong to the daily operations of the business being run. Solution Purpose of cashflow statements are to analyse the different cashflows generated by the firm(hospital) into a) Operating cashflows: The cashflows(inflows/outflows) from operating activities of the hospital i.e providing services to patients from consulting, scanning, nursing and so on. b) Financing activities: Inflows/outflows which involve in raising funds to run the hospitals, meeting debt obligations c) Investing activities: Involves in where/what assets the hospital is investing into to generate the required operating cashflows. The cashflow statements are not only important to the hospitals but generally in US as well to get a right sense of understanding as to how the cashflows received are actually been utilised in the business and which cashflows actually do not belong to the daily operations of the business being run..

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Modern Times is one of the greatest movies in the history of film. The protogonist clearly depictts the poverty,struggle after the great depression times and how industrial age destroy the lives of the small employees. The assembly line of henry ford may have increased productivity but the employees are merged with the machinery as if they are blind machines.Every where chaplin go, the situation would be that he has to battle with the crowds for his livelihood or self respect. He clearly portrays the pain of being a small cog in the company which exploits its employees.He shows how america\'s race for automation have made life horrible for the employees when the company thinks that allowing employees a lunch break is wasting time. After getting cure from his nervous break down when he attempts to lift a fallen red flag, communists mistake him for their leader and he was jailed for starting a revolution. My opinion is that people under severe poverty and pain are waiting for a saviour and are ready to see in all directions to catch a break from the wretched life.This can give rise to leaders who can manipulate the crowds for their own benefit as we have seen in the history of the 19th century. After some scenes, chaplin observes that the best place to land is in jail itself and tries to get jailed. I saw this as normal person\'s inner thought where if he just stop complaining and stay calm he can be happy instead of raising his voice and expecting something of the wretched system which is depicted in the movie. When all said and done the final scene when he says no matter what we keep being happy and walk into the unknown future hoping for the better then i think chaplin would like to say that no matter what the situation is a person has to believe in himself and keep his spirit alive. The famous dance performance is amazing, he has really sang that song for the movie.It was the last silent movie of chaplin. The scene shows his acceptence to move into the talkie era from the silent film era. The movie is till in 35th rank in imdb and has a hundred percent rating in rotten tomatoes and still stands as a greatest film ever. Solution Modern Times is one of the greatest movies in the history of film. The protogonist clearly depictts the poverty,struggle after the great depression times and how industrial age destroy the lives of the small employees. The assembly line of henry ford may have increased productivity but the employees are merged with the machinery as if they are blind machines.Every where chaplin go, the situation would be that he has to battle with the crowds for his livelihood or self respect. He clearly portrays the pain of being a small cog in the company which exploits its employees.He shows how america\'s race for automation have made life horrible for the employees when the company thinks that allowing employees a lunch break is wasting time. After getting cure from his nervous break down when he attempts to lift a fallen red fl.

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First, let\'s start with naming binary ionic compounds. A binary ionic compound has one metal and one nonmetal present in the compound. Let\'s consider my username (rubidium.chloride) as an example. Rubidium chloride, or RbCl, is a binary ionic compound. The metal here is Rb (rubidium, group 1A) and the nonmetal is Cl (chlorine, group 7A). When you name binary ionic compounds, you mention the cation (positively charged ion) first (usually metals, those elements that appear on the left side of the periodic table have the tendency to form positively-charged ions). Then mention the anion (negatively charged ion). The cation is rubidium (Rb). We mention it thus: Rubidium The anion is chlorine. When we write the name of the anion [alongside with the cation], we drop the ending -ine (or whatever ending it may have) and replace it with -ide. So chlorine now becomes chlor + ide = chloride. Therefore, the name of the compound is Rubidium Chloride. When you write the formulas of binary ionic compounds, you use the criss-cross method. Here\'s how it works: Rubidium has a charge of +1. Chlorine has a charge of -1. You interchange the charges of both ions. These charges, when interchanged, become the subscripts of the elements in the compound. Hence, the compound now looks Rb1Cl1. Since the subscripts are all 1, we can remove them and write the formula as RbCl. Here\'s another example: Give the formula of the compound magnesium chloride. Mg has a charge of +2. Chlorine has a charge of -1. When you interchange the respective charges of magnesium and chlorine, we get the following formula: Mg1Cl2 We simplify this as MgCl2. A list of the common cations and ions is found at the back page or on the chapter of naming chemical compounds of your chemistry book. Take time to know them by heart. But what if... you\'ve got a compound named sodium nitrate. Ok. The formula is NaNO3. How did I know? Sodium nitrate is an example of a ternary ionic compound. A ternary ionic compound has two or more elements present in it. In this case, there are 3 (Na, N and O). The naming system of ternary ionic compounds is the same as that of binary ionic compounds. Let\'s name the participating ions: Na+ NO3- NO3- is the formula for the polyatomic ion (two or more elements joined together sharing a common charge; they act as one unit when they combine with other elements) nitrate. We interchange the charges of sodium and nitrate. Interchanging them gives us the formula NaNO3 To name this formula, just combine the name of the cation and anion together. In this case, it is sodium nitrate. What if we have a formula like this? Ba(OH)2 Don\'t worry. This is just barium hydroxide. Let\'s analyze why this came about. The charge of Ba is +2 and hydroxide (OH-) is -1. When you combine them together by interchanging subscripts, we get the following: BaOH2 Wait. The formula doesn\'t make sense. H is not the only atom having two of its kind, but O too. So we put parentheses around hydroxide to i.

First, lets start with naming binary ionic comp.pdf

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dFdy=dFdu dudy +dFdv dvdy =e^(u+v) 0 +e.pdf

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