13- A pure oulture A- is sherino- B- is a population of identicat celt.pdf

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13. A pure oulture A. is sherino; B. is a population of identicat celts. C. is made of a cleaty defined chemical medium: O. eantains one mierabial ceif. 74. The theory of apontaneous generation was refuted by the work of A. Lows Piesteur: 0. Robert Koch; C. Robart Hooke. D. Antoni van Loeewentoek. 15. Transparent double-sided dishes used for growing microbes are most commonly called A. Petri dishes; B. boker dishos, C. sterilization plates; D. eulhure medium plates. 16. A microbial cells membrane is considered because its internal constituents are maintained within the cell. However, it also imports and exports other molecules in response to its environment. A. differential: B. microselective; C. nigid: D. semipemeable. 17. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Fimbriae are generally longer and less numerous than flagella. B. Fimbriae are involved in genetic exchange between celis. C. Hami are common in Bacteria but not found in Archaea. D. Fimbriae are usually shorter than flagella, whereas pili are involved in genetic exchange. In whathwich domain(s) of life is/are microorganisms represented? A. Archaea B. Bacterla C. Eukarya D. Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Education

1. Microbiology became an aceepted branch of 3. Which of these three legs of Medical biological science Mierobiology came into use a while after A. when it was proposed, in 1546 , by Girolamo Microbiology was necepted? Fracastoro regarding objects carrying A. Sanitation pathogens. B. Vaccination. C. Antibioties B. in the late 1600 s with the invention of D. Disinfectants microscopes by Hook and van Lecuwenhoek's description of common microbes in solutions like saliva. E. Sterilization C. when objections to experiments where sterility 4. The range of different types of microbially was maintained in air-tight containers were produced chemicals circulating in your body are addressed by allowing air exchange. A. primarily pathogenic. D. when the 4 humors and treatments like bleeding B. removed by antibodies patients became unpopular and sanitation. C. primarily antibiotics. became the new focus. D. removed by kidneys. E. because discase became more of a problem, E. greater than the range from your tissues. with small pox and tuberculosis killing large numbers of people. 5. The most common phylogenetic trees of genetic diversity show that larger, multicellular creatures, like you and me, don't have a great deal of genetic diversity compared to the microbial world. But 2. Fleming discovered penicillin by structurally these multicellular creatures are quite A. chemical synthesis. diverse. Genetic diversity, on the other hand, mos B. observing infections. importantly corresponds to diversity in gene C. studying antibiotics. A. sequence. D. therapy. D. studying contamination. B. regulation. E. translation. E. analyzing moldy oranges. 6. Henatz Scmmelweis was not a popponent of porm theory bur his stery is instructive in understanding obsatacles to germ theory beenule A. doetor's warda had 3 times the mortality of whitr elycucatyx inclube midwife wards. B. his peers dismissed his ideas, since they ran contrary to established medical opinion. C. puemeral fever (or childbed fever) was common in mid-19th-century hospitals. D. the handwashing decreased mortakity rates. A. phaposytiring (enfeling) oher cetiti. E. he proposed the practice of washing with chlorinated lime solution. B. preventing phapocyrosis by other cells. glyoocalyz. D. cataking cavities H. faking of surface skin cells oft from the 7. These are mostly Koch's postulates, out of order. Choose the one not from Koch's postulates. The pathogen: A. can be isolated and grown in pure culture. B. must be present in all eases of the disease. C. must be found in most animals, for compatibility. D. must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same strain. E. pure culture isolate must cause the disease. 12. The Gram positive cell envelope does not include A. cytosolic membranc. B. Peptidoglycan. Chapter 3 C. molecular anchors for peptidoglycan. D. proteins blocking entry to peptidoglycan 8. Bacterial translation of mRNA typically occurs E. All of these are Gram positive features. A. in the n.

4. a. Koch.Robert Koch is the founder of modern bacteriology, he i.pdf

venkt12345

4. a. Koch. Robert Koch is the founder of modern bacteriology, he is known for his role in identifying the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax and for giving experimental support for the concept of infectious disease. 5. d. transmission electron microscopy. 6. a. differential stain. 7.d. streptobacilli. Rod shaped bacteria arranged in the form of chains. 8.D. posess a nucleus. Prokaryotic cell lack well developed nucleus. 10.a. prevent phagocytosis. The capsule is considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease by preventing bacteria from phagocytosis. The capsule can protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages. 11.D. production of cellular energy in the form of ATP. Cellular respiration in which energy is produced in the form of ATP is a catabolic process. 12.D. glycolysis. Glycolysis is the common pathway for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 13.b. aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration produces most of the energy as ATP as food gets completely oxidised in this type of respiration. Solution 4. a. Koch. Robert Koch is the founder of modern bacteriology, he is known for his role in identifying the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax and for giving experimental support for the concept of infectious disease. 5. d. transmission electron microscopy. 6. a. differential stain. 7.d. streptobacilli. Rod shaped bacteria arranged in the form of chains. 8.D. posess a nucleus. Prokaryotic cell lack well developed nucleus. 10.a. prevent phagocytosis. The capsule is considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease by preventing bacteria from phagocytosis. The capsule can protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages. 11.D. production of cellular energy in the form of ATP. Cellular respiration in which energy is produced in the form of ATP is a catabolic process. 12.D. glycolysis. Glycolysis is the common pathway for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 13.b. aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration produces most of the energy as ATP as food gets completely oxidised in this type of respiration..

A2+revision+notes unit 7 - microbes & disease

spspsp1

This document provides a summary of key concepts in microbiology and bacterial disease. It discusses important scientists like Pasteur and Fleming and how they advanced the field. It describes the classification, structure, and modes of reproduction of bacteria. Gram staining divides bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative types based on cell wall structure. The document also outlines bacterial growth phases and cycles, and how physical and chemical methods can be used to control bacterial growth.

yecats205

The document discusses specimen management in clinical microbiology. It covers topics like the roles of clinical microbiologists, appropriate specimen collection and transport, use of holding media to maintain viability, different types of culture media, and atmospheric conditions required by different microorganisms. It also addresses direct examinations, identification of clinically significant isolates, quantitative urine plating using a calibrated loop, and immediate reporting of positive blood cultures.

Cell (by anshul)

Anshul Agrawal

The document summarizes key aspects of cell biology. It defines the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of life. It describes some of the major discoveries in cell theory and outlines the basic structures of plant and animal cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other organelles. It also discusses cell size, types of cells (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic), and methods of transport across the cell membrane.

Paleontologists have found fossils dating back 3.6 billion years. .docx

alfred4lewis58146

Paleontologists have found fossils dating back 3.6 billion years. These closely resemble A. small invertebrate animals. B. nothing alive today. C. fungi. D. today’s simplest plants. E. blue-green algae present today. 5 points QUESTION 2 When taxonomists classify organisms using a phylogenetic approach, they are most concerned with A. outgroups. B. cladists. C. ingroups. D. ancestral traits. E. derived traits. 5 points QUESTION 3 In bacteria, the cell wall is composed mainly of A. various polysaccharides. B. peptidoglycans. C. proteins. D. glycoproteins. E. lipids. 5 points QUESTION 4 Which form of bacterial cells is rod shaped? A. cocci B. vibrios C. spirilla D. rhodius E. Bacilli 5 points QUESTION 5 The endosymbiont hypothesis suggests that the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells are descended from captured A. cyanobacteria. B. eukaryotic algae. C. chemoautotrophic bacteria. D. archaebacteria. E. aerobic bacteria. 5 points QUESTION 6 Eukaryotic cells are thought to have A. evolved before prokaryotic cells. B. appeared about 2.1 billion years ago. C. first appeared with tough cell walls. D. first appeared as parts of multicellular organisms. E. developed when mitochondria grew much larger in size that they had been previously. 5 points QUESTION 7 What term is used to indicate a characteristic that is shared and inherited from a common ancestor? A. analogous trait B. homologous trait C. cladistic trait D. outgroups E. derived trait 5 points QUESTION 8 Prions are composed of A. DNA, RNA, and protein. B. protein. C. DNA and protein. D. DNA. E. RNA. 5 points QUESTION 9 Of the following, which kingdom contains the most diversity in terms of DNA sequences? A. All of these are approximately equivalently diverse. B. Protista C. Fungi D. Plantae E. Animalia 5 points QUESTION 10 Atmospheric chemists think that Earth’s first atmosphere A. contained no oxygen atoms. B. consisted of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide. C. was very similar to today’s atmosphere. D. consisted of carbon in the form of carbon monoxide. E. contained nitrogen in the form of ammonia and nitrogen gas. 5 points QUESTION 11 Rickettsias belong to which major group of bacteria? A. Archaea B. cyanobacteria C. spirochetes D. viruses E. Proteobacteria 5 points QUESTION 12 The Cambrian Explosion provided a wealth of fossil remains for scientists to uncover. Many of the animals from this time period had tough skins or shells. This would A. make these animals more desirable to predators. B. be a disadvantage for these organisms and lead to their death and fossil formation. C. allow the animals to move into different environments easily. D. protect the animal from osmotic pressure. E. protect the animal from predators. 5 points QUESTION 13 What is the mai.

bacteria.ppt

sayed589913

The document discusses bacteria and provides several key details: - Bacteria were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using an early microscope. - Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch were pioneers in germ theory and demonstrated that bacteria cause disease. - Bacteria come in a variety of shapes including cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and spirochaetes. - Their cells contain a membrane and cell wall but generally lack internal structures like organelles.

kochspostulateprincipalsmethod-211217002538.pdf

dawitg2

Koch's postulates are four criteria developed by Robert Koch in the 19th century to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease. The postulates require that 1) the microorganism must be found in all infected organisms, 2) it can be isolated and grown in pure culture, 3) the cultured microorganism causes the same disease when introduced to a healthy organism, and 4) the microorganism can be reisolated from the infected experimental host. Koch's postulates played an important role in microbiology but have limitations for diseases caused by viruses or when multiple causes, chronic conditions, or long incubation periods are involved.

Schleiden & Schwann were responsible for the second postulate of the Cell Theory that all living things are made of cells. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was integral to the development of the Cell Theory because he was the first to observe living cells using microscopes he had constructed. Some statements that are considered true include that some living things can exist without cells and that the ability to reproduce does not immediately mean something is a living thing. Viruses are generally considered non-living things.

Chapter 4

Wesley McCammon

1. introduction to_virology[1]

AlijawadAhmed

The document provides a historical overview and summary of virology: - Virology is the study of viruses, which are microscopic infectious agents that can only reproduce inside host cells. Important early discoveries included identifying that the agents causing tobacco mosaic disease and foot-and-mouth disease could pass through filters, indicating they were not bacteria. - Major milestones in the 20th century included imaging viruses using electron microscopy, growing viruses in cell cultures and eggs, discovering they contain either DNA or RNA, determining viruses cause diseases like polio, yellow fever, and cancer, and ultimately eradicating smallpox through vaccination. Today over 5,000 virus types have been described though many remain undiscovered.

MULTIPLE CHOICE CHOOSE RIGHT ANSWER. I GOT MOSTLY WRONG ANSWERS PL.pdf

RITU1ARORA

MULTIPLE CHOICE : CHOOSE RIGHT ANSWER. I GOT MOSTLY WRONG ANSWERS PLEASE HELP ME 15. Which of the following is an advantage of using molecular characters over others when studying phylogenetic relationships? a. There are four character states of DNA. b. DNA base substitutions may evolve independently in different species. c. Some DNA sequences are strongly conserved by natural selection. d. Even if there are few morphological differences, molecular characters can still be used. e. Different molecules have the same rate of evolutionary change. 16. Uniformitarianism means that a. geological processes are very slow and gradual. b. biological processes are uniform. c. geological processes that took place in the past continue to occur in the present, and at the same rate. d. evolution proceeds at a uniform speed. e. natural selection is uniform across different groups. 17. You removed a Pax-6 gene from a mosquito larva and replaced it with a spider Pax-6 gene. Most likely the mosquito larva will a. not develop any eyes. b. develop spider eyes. c. develop eyes with some intermediate characters between those of spiders and those of mosquitoes. d. develop typical mosquito eyes. e. develop eyes in unusual body parts. 18. Members of the cactus family resemble some Euphorbiaceae in many regards, both morphologically and physiologically. The reason for this similarity is a. that the two families are closely related. b. that they possess identical Hox genes. c. that they both live in a very similar environment. d. that they both grow in Australia. e. a coevolution of these two families. 19. The first person to suggest a comprehensive theory of evolution was a. Darwin. b. Wallace. c. Lyell. d. Lamarck. e. Linnaeus. 20. Relatively old fossils will have a. a high amount of 12C. b. a low amount of 12C. c. a low amount of both 12C and 14C. d. a high amount of 14C compared to living organisms. e. a low amount of 14C compared to living organisms. 21. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which bacteria cope with antibiotics? a. The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria may prevent antibiotics from entering the cell. b. Antibiotics are stored away in a vacuole. c. A bacterial enzyme may break down the antibiotic. d. A pump mechanism moves antibiotics out of the cell. e. Bacteria produce molecules that bind to the antibiotic. 22. Which of the following terms would you associate with quorum sensing? a. phototrophs b. endotoxins c. antibiotic resistance d. nitrogen fixation e. biofilms 23. Nitrification is the process by which a. elementary nitrogen is converted to nitrates. b. nitrates are converted to ammonium. c. nitrites are converted to ammonium. d. nitrites are converted to nitrates. e. nitrates are converted to elementary nitrogen. 24. Bacteria that are poisoned by oxygen are called a. aerobes. b. facultative anaerobes. c. obligate anaerobes. d. chemotrophs. e. none of the above. 25. Which of the following groups have no peptidoglycan in their cell .

Bacterial morphology and classification.pptx

Cherry

Biotech

SURESH KUMAR

In 1973, Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen reported the first successful construction of organisms that combined genetic information from different species. They inserted genes from the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis into bacteria, demonstrating that these genes were active across generations of E. coli. This achievement represented a major advance in genetic engineering and showed that genes and gene products could now be rapidly produced in large quantities using bacteria. Their work built upon earlier research developing techniques for inserting viral DNA into bacterial DNA and marked a watershed moment, launching the field of genetic engineering and biotechnology.

Basic concept of microbiology

Darshit Vaishnav

Microbiology can be divided into different branches that study various microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa. The document goes on to define prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and provides their key distinguishing characteristics. It also describes some important types of microbes in more detail - bacteria are single-celled microbes that come in different shapes, viruses replicate inside host cells and don't have their own metabolism, fungi reproduce through spores and lack chlorophyll, algae are photosynthetic but lack roots/stems/leaves, and protozoa are eukaryotic microbes found in various habitats.

Bacteria+ virus ICON.pptx micro biology lecture

chjahnzaibshakeel

15- Which of the following factors should be taken into consideration.docx

BorisJX7Mackaym

15. Which of the following factors should be taken into consideration before prescribing an antimicrobial drug? a patient allergies b. toxicity of the drug C c. if the patient should be given extra for sharing with others d . Only A and B are correct e options A-C are correct 16. Parasitic and saprophytic microbes are __ requiring nutrients from outside sources. a. heterotrophic simple b. heterotrophic complex c. autotrophic complex 17. In bacteria and fungi, nutrient breakdown occurs _ and is called a. internally...ingestion b. externally ingestion c. externally digestion 18. Obligate or strict means and facultative means a. essential or a requirement ability to adapt to or change b. ability to adapt to or change essential or a requirement 19. A bacterium is described as a mesophilic microaerophile that grows best in a neutral environment. This means: a. Grows at 3 7 F , requiring O 2 , at pH 7 . b. Grows at 3 7 C , without O 2 , at pH > 7 . c. Grows at 3 7 C , requiring small amounts of O 2 , at pH 7 . 20. The events of the growth cycle are: I. Bacteria are decreasing in number. There is little food left and a lot of waste. II. Bacteria are increasing rapidly in number. There is moderate food and low waste. III. Bacteria are remaining steady. The food and waste are equal. IV. Bacteria slowly increase in number. There is a lot of food available and little waste. The CORRECT order of these events is a.) I, III, II, IV. b.) II, III, I, IV. c.) IV, I, III, II. d.) II, I, III, IV. e.) IV, II, III, I. 21. A microbe that grows only at the top of a tube of thioglycolate medium is probably a(n) a. obligate anaerobe b. microaerophile c . facultative anaerobe d . obligate aerobe 22. Genetic mutations can be a. beneficial b. harmful c. neutral d. all options are correct .

Biology Test Review 3

Jeff Stokes

1. A bee/flower relationship represents a mutualistic relationship, where both organisms benefit. 2. If two populations of flightless beetles become separated and unable to interbreed, they will most likely become separate species over time. 3. A woman who is a carrier for sickle cell disease marrying a man with no sickle cell disease will have a 0% chance of having a child with sickle cell anemia.

Bacteriology_Antibiotics.pptxBacteriology_Antibiotics

AISHA208617

1- A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has A- fimbriae to.docx

Edwardk3aWallacey

1. A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has A. fimbriae to perform a run or tumble. B. capsule C. mesosomes D. flagella to perform a run or tumble 2. A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is A. Mycobacterium B. Mycoplasma C. Streptococcus D. Corynebacterium 3. A media is designed that allows only staphylococci to grow. In addition S . aureus colonies have a yellow halo around them and other staphylococci appear white. This type of media is A. selective only B. differential only C. both selective and differential D. a reducing media 4. A pure culture contains only A. one species of microorganisms B. bacteria C. a variety of microbes from one source D. None of these 5. Which of the following is a benefit of multicellularity? a) Greater success in predator-prey relationships b) Decreased life span c) More cells available to duplicate all organismal activities d) Organisms can grow infinitely large 6. All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease, except A. lysosomes B. fimbriae C. capsules D. the slime layer E. the outer membrane of gram negative cell walls .

1. The disease process includes how a person contracts a dis.docx

croysierkathey

1. The disease process includes how a person contracts a disease, what happens to the body and to the disease while the disease progresses and _____. A. how long it takes to get cured B. how the disease ends C. how well the person fights off the disease D. what types of medications are used to treat the disease 2. Mary ate a cheeseburger at the local diner. She later contracted an E. coli bacterial infection from eating the beef in the burger. What was the etiology of Mary’s infection? A. The diner B. E. coli bacteria C. The cheeseburger D. Her gastrointestinal system 3. The etiology of a disease can be a _____. A. pathogen B. worm C. break in the skin D. both a and b 4. Microbes that help you digest food are called _____. A. gastric acids B. resident flora C. normal fauna D. digestive bacteria 5. Beneficial microbes that can travel inside the body can become _____. A. normal flora B. opportunistic microbes C. resident flora D. part of the bloodstream 6. Infections are caused by _____. A. harmful microbes B. resident flora C. pathogens D. both a and c 7. The symptoms of fever, chills, redness and swelling are indicators of _____. A. the flu B. a dislocation C. Alzheimer’s disease D. inflammation 8. _____ are found everywhere and are the most common cause of infection. A. Bacteria B. Pathogens C. Mosquitoes D. Viruses 9. The difference between bacteria and viruses is that _____. A. viruses are contagious B. viruses must live inside a host C. bacteria must live inside a host D. viruses are not parasites 10. Antibiotics _____ kill viruses. A. can sometimes B. always C. do not D. are being developed to 11. Fungi survive by _____. A. attaching themselves to a host B. digesting rocks and minerals C. absorbing and digesting organic material D. both a and c 12. _____ are small bundles of protein. A. Bacteria B. Viruses C. Fungi D. Protozoa 13. Fungi are _____ toxic. A. never B. sometimes C. always D. strongly 14. The tsetse fly is an example of a _____. A. mosquito B. fungus C. parasitic host D. parasitic insect 15. _____ are NOT parasites. A. Bacteria B. Viruses C. Helminthes D. Protozoa 16. Helminths grow in the _____ of animals and humans. A. feces B. cardiovascular system C. respiratory tract D. digestive tract 17. Parasitic worms can be passed from one host to another through _____. A. breathing B. spit C. feces D. your dog 18. Protozoa are a type of parasite found in _____. A. feces and urine B. water and soil C. water and air D. water 19. In developing countries, protozoa may be found in _____. A. plants B. animals C. the a.

1. The disease process includes how a person contracts a dis.docx

braycarissa250

E.coli as model organism and its life cycle.

Subhradeep sarkar

E. Coli is a common bacterium found in the intestines of humans and other warm-blooded organisms. It can exist harmlessly or cause food poisoning. E. Coli reproduces through cell division and genetic transfer between F+ and F- cells. The life cycle involves conjugation where the F plasmid transfers DNA between cells. E. Coli is widely studied due to its rapid reproduction, hardiness, and ability to accept foreign DNA, making it useful for biotechnology and protein production.

Pathogenicity of bacteria

ssuser33be23

This document discusses the human microbiome and normal flora. It begins by explaining that the human body is inhabited by many microorganisms, mostly bacteria, that are generally harmless. These microorganisms are termed normal flora and help maintain a healthy balance. The document then examines the human microbiome using both traditional and modern molecular techniques, finding greater bacterial diversity than previously known. It explores the dominant microorganisms found in different body sites like skin, mouth, gut, and urogenital tract. The document also discusses how normal flora can be beneficial but also potentially harmful if displaced or allowing overgrowth of pathogens.

Cell biology of cryptosporidium

Oseni Saheed Oluwasina Temitayo

This document summarizes the life cycle and biology of Cryptosporidium infection. It discusses that Cryptosporidium sporozoites attach to host cells through carbohydrate-lectin interactions mediated by surface proteins like gp40, gp15, gp900, and a Gal/GalNAc-specific lectin called p30. The sporozoites then invade the host cell, forming a parasitophorous vacuole and differentiating into trophozoites that undergo asexual and sexual reproduction, forming oocysts that are shed in feces to infect new hosts.

Biological science Comprehensive LET Reviewer

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Chapter 1 assessment cut and paste

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2085Prepare an income statement lor the year ending December 31- 2025-.pdf

13- A pure oulture A- is sherino- B- is a population of identicat celt.pdf

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