cell biology

1. Submitted by
Mayur Pankhi Saikia
Department:-Bsc Biotechnology.
Roll No:-10
College:-Asian Institute of Management and
Technology.

2. I express my sincere respect and
gratitude to Dr Niren Deka
Sir(Principal of AIMT)
Dr Monalisha Borah Saikia (HOD of
BIO-SCIENCE Department),my subject
Teacher Sonali Das Mam who has
given her valuable support and
suggestions in successfully
completing this project work and
also all our faculty members.

3. INTRODUCTION TO MITOCHONDRIA
AND CHLOROPLAST.
THEORY OF ORIGIN OF
MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLAST.
THEORY OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS.
SECONDARY ENDOSYMBIOSIS.
EVIDENCE FOR ENDOSYMBIOSIS.
IMPORTANCE OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

4.  Mitochondrion(plural Mitochondria) is a double membrane-
bound organelle found in all eukaryotic organisms.
 They are the sites of aerobic respiration .
 They produce cellular energy in the form of ATP ,hence are
called “power houses” of the cell.
 Chloroplasts are specialized compartments in plant and
animal cells.
 The main role of chloroplasts is to conduct phosynthesis.
 The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy
from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the form of
energy molecules i.e ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen
from water.

5.  Mitochondria and Chloroplast likely evolved from
engulfed prokaryotes that once lived as independent
organisms.
 At some point a eukaryote cell engulfed an areobic
prokaryote.
 It then forms an endosymbiotic relationship with the
host eukaryote, gradually developing into a
mitochondrion.
 Eukaryotic cells containing mitochondria then engulfed
photosynthetic prokaryotes which evolved to become
specialised chloroplast organelles.

6.  First produced by Lynn Margulis in 1960s.
 Much evidence to support eukaryotic
cellular respiration originated via
endosymbiosis of areobic purple
bacteria(alpha proteobacteria) which
ultimately became mitochondria .

7.  It is when a living cell engulfs another
eukaryotic cell that has already
undergone primary endosymbiosis.
 It has happened often enough that it has
lead to genetic diversity among the
organisms on Earth . Though it undergoes
the same process of primary
endosymbiosis.

8. Biologist Lynn Margulis first made the case for endosymbiosisin
the 1960s, but for many years other biologist were
skeptical.Although Jeon watched his ameobae become infected
with x-bacteria and then evolve to depend upon them when no
one was around over a million years ago to observe the events
of endosymbiosis.
1.MEMBRANES-Mitochondria and chloroplast both have double
layer membranes which are chemically similar to eubacteria
membranes.
2.DNA-Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA
similar to that of prokaryotes and unlike the nuclear DNA of
eukaryotes.
3.REPRODUCTION- Both mitochondria and chloroplast divide
inside the eukaryotic cell by binary fission as bacteria do.
Normal eukaryotes do not divide this way.

9. Endosymbiosis explains the origin of
mitochondria and chloroplasts but could it
also explain other features of the
eukaryotic cell? Maybe, Endosymbiotic
origins have been suggested for many
structures including flagella ,cilia and
even the nucleus.However Scientists are
still actively debating whether or not
these structures evolved through
Endosymbiosis.

10.  INTERNET SOURCES – GOOGLE AND LINKED
IN(SITE).