Floral biology and breeding techniques

3. SYSTEMATICS
Common Name :Oat
Family : Poaceae
Scientific Name :Avena sativa
Chromosome Number :2n=6x=42
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4. INTRODUCTION
Oat ranks 6 in the world cereal
production following wheat,
maize,rice,barley,and sorgum.
th
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5. USES OF OATS.
• Oats used both as fodder and grain.
• They good source of protein, fibers and
minerals.
• Most of the oat grain is consumed as animal
feed.
• Oats hull, a food processing by product, may
be used as an animal feed, fuel for power
plants.
• Oats hulls are basic raw material in the
production of furfural,such as nylon
lubrication oils etc. 5

6. CYTOLOGY
It is a natural Allopolyploid which
evolved through cycles of interspecific
hybridization and polyploidzation on
combining 3 distinct diploid genomes.
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7. ORIGIN
Cultivated oat has evolved from the
wild hexaploid species Avena sterilis
Origin of the crop Asia minor
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8. RELATED SPECIES OF OATS
 1)A. sterilis :Wild red oat
 2)A. fatuva :Common wild oat
 3)A. byzantina :Red oat
 4)A. sativa orientalis :Common side oat
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9. FLORAL BIOLOGY
 The flower are enclosed in
a scales or bracts and
grouped in a characteristic
structures are called
spikelet
 Spikelet of oat are arranged
in a panicle
 Each spikelet has a small
joints axis or rachilla which
bears floret .
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10. Contd…
 Within the spikelet the floret are
present.
 Floret may vary from 2 t 3
 When it consist of 3 florets ,it
may consist of
a) opened primary floret
b) unopened secondary floret
c) rudimentary tertiary floret
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11. Contd…
 Blooming begins in the
upper floret.
 Oats has an incomplete
flowers because it lacks
sepals and petals .
 Each floret consist of
lemma, palea, stamens
and stigma, two large
glume.
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12. 12
Stamen
Bifid Stigma
Ovary
Glumes
Rachis

13. SELFING AND CROSSING TECHNIQUES
 Equipments required.
 Dissecting forceps.
 Dissecting scissors.
 Needles.
 Paper clips.
 Cover bags.
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14. SELFING
 Oat is predominantly a self pollinated crop. In
order to ensure complete selfing, the spike is
enclosed in a bag. The bagging material could
be cotton cloth or paper bag or cheese cloth bag
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15. 15

16. CROSSING TECHNIQUES
EMASCULATION:
Emasculation is done by removing the anther with
forceps .It may be made at any time of day preferably
morning because mornings generally are better for
pollination
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17. STEPS FOR EMASCULATION
Select the spike for the
emasculation which is still
enclosed by the flag leaf
sheath.
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18. CONT…
Open the flag leaf
sheath by forcing the
leaf edges with the help
of forceceps.
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19. Contd…
Cut the
sheath and
flag leaf at the
level of the
first node of
the rachis
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20. 20
Contd…
Remove lateral
florets and tip
of the spike.

21. Contd…..
 Remove all the anthers with the help of
forceps from All the florets
 All the florets on the spike must be
emasculated to prevent self fertilization.
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22. 22

23. 23
Contd…
 Bag the emasculated
spikes to prevent
contamination from
foreign pollen.

24. POLLINATION
• Emasculated flowers are ready for
pollination.
• Pollen viability will be there from early
morning to mid morning.
• Stigma is receptive at all the time of day
if pollen is available.
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25. STEPS OF POLLINATION.
Select a spike
in which the
anthers have
began to
dehise.
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26. Contd…..
Cut the top
one third of
the spikelet
to expose the
anthers.
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27. Contd…..
When pollen
become
visible, the
spike is
dusted on
emasculated
one
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28. Contd…
 Attach the tag with the following information.
 Objective.
 Date of emasculation.
 Date of pollination
 Name of the breeder
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29. Contd…
 Bag the Pollinated spikes
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30. PROBLEMS IN CROSSING
• Pollination is more tedious to perform.
• Artificial seed set is low.
• Factor affecting seed set in artificially cross pollinated oats
are immature pollen, injury to the stigma temperature
time of the day that pollination are made, interval between
the emasculation and pollination
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