Resources and Development Class 10

1. RESOURCES
AND
DEVELOPMENT
CLASS X (GEOGRAPHY)

2. Can you identify and name the various items used in
making life comfortable in our villages and towns.
What are resources?
Do you think that resources are free gifts of
nature?

3. What do you understand by this image?

4. Classification of resources

5. Classification of resources

6. NATURAL RESOURCES

7. TYPES OF RESOURCES
• ON THE BASIS OF ORIGIN:
BIOTIC RESOURCES
ABIOTIC RESOURCES

8. ON THE BASIS OF EXHAUSTIBILITY:
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
NON – RENEWABLE RESOURCES

9. ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP
• INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES
• COMMUNITY OWNED RESOURCES
• NATIONAL RESOURCES
• INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES

10. INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES

11. COMMUNITY OWNED RESOURCES

12. NATIONAL RESOURCES

13. INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES

14. ON THE BASIS OF STATUS OF
DEVELOPMENT:
• POTENTIAL RESOURCES:
• DEVELOPED RESOURCES: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas,
Minerals, etc.,
• STOCK: Water (H2O)
• RESERVE: River Water; Solar; Wind; Forest; Bio Gas

15. What do you mean by DEVELOPMENT of
resources?
It is the process of developing the resources in order to
make them useful for satisfying human wants. Some
resources cannot be used directly. They have to be
processed to make them useful for satisfying our wants.
Ex: Land has to be cleared and ploughed for growing
crops. Water has to be taken to the field to irrigate.

16. What are the different PROBLEMS created by indiscriminate
exploitation of resource?
a. Many resources got depleted. Ex: Forest
b. Resources got accumulated in the hands of few
people. The society is divided into rich and poor.
c. Global warming, ozone layer depletion,
environmental degradation are other problems.

17. What is SUSTAINABLE economic
development?
• The economic development which should not
damage the environment and at the same time
takes care of the needs of the future generations is
called sustainable development
• Why Sustainable Development is important?
1) Many of the resources are non-renewable and
exhaustible. Over exploitation of these resources
will affect the needs of our future generations.
2) Environmental pollution has become a major
threat to the survival of human beings.

18. Imagine, if the oil supply gets exhausted one day,
how would this affected our life style?

19. What is RESOURCE PLANNING?
• Resource planning is a technique or skill of proper utilization of
resources.
STAGES OF RESOURCE PLANNING
a) IDENTIFICATION AND LISTING OF RESOURCES
Surveying, mapping and the measurement of
the qualities and the quantities of the resources are the important
activities undertaken at this stage.
b) PLANNING FOR EXPLOITATION
Develop a planning structure with suitable
technology, skill and institutional setup.
c) MATCH RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT PLANS WITH NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT PLANS.

20. IMPORTANCE OF RESOURCE PLANNING
Is it necessary to maintain the balanced development programmes in
India? Why?
1) Some regions of India are rich in certain resources and poor in some
other resources.
Ex: Rajasthan is poor in water resources but rich in solar and
wind energy.
2) Some regions are self sufficient while other regions are very poor in
important resources. Ex: Madhya Pradesh is rich in many resources but
Ladakh is poor in resources.
3) Wastage of resources can be avoided by planning.
4) Environmental pollution can be reduced.
5) Over exploitation of resources can be avoided.

21. RESOURCE CONSERVATION
• What is resource conservation?
• Planned use of resources in order to meet the present
needs and to store a part for the future generations is
called resource conservation.
• Is it necessary to conserve resources? Why?
1) Many resources are non-renewable
and exhaustible. If we conserve them we can use them
for a longer period of time.
2) Conservation of resources helps us
to reduce wastage. It will help in economic progress.
3) Resource conservation helps us to
protect the environment.

22. GANDHIJI’S CONCERN ABOUT RESOURCE
CONSERVATION
• According to Gandhiji, “There is enough for
everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.
• Greedy and selfish individuals and the exploitative
nature of modern technology are the root cause for
resource depletion.
• He was against mass production and wanted to
replace it with production by masses.

23. LAND AS A RESOURCE
• Why land resource is important ?
• Land is the habitat of man.
• All the economic activities are performed on land.
• The soil cover on the land is essential for plant
growth. So land is necessary for agriculture. Land is
used to setup industrial units.
• Roads and railways are built on the land.
Commercial activities also require land. Natural
vegetation and wild life are supported by land.

24. LAND UNDER DIFFERENT RELIEF FEATURES
IN INDIA
• PLAINS - 43%
• MOUNTAINS - 30%
• PLATEAUES - 27%
• 43% of India’s land area is plain. This region is good
for agriculture and industry. 30% of the land area is
mountains. This region is rich in water resources.
Plateaus occupy 27% of the land area. This region is
rich in minerals, fossil fuels and forest.

25. LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA
• Total land area of India is 3.28 million square km.
i). 43.41% of the land area is net sown area.
ii). Forests occupy 22.57% of land area.
iii). 6.29% of the land is waste land.
iv). 7.92% of the land is used for non agricultural
purposes.
v). 3.45% of the land is pastoral land.
vi). 1.10% of the land is tree crops.
vii). 4.41% of the land is cultivable waste.
viii). 3.82% of the land is fallow other than current fallow.
ix). 7.03% of the land is current fallow.

27. CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION
 What are the different human and natural factors affecting
the land degradation?
i). Large scale soil erosion caused by running water and wind.
ii). Dumping of waste materials from mining centers and
industrial units.
iii). Over irrigation leads to increase in salinity and alkalinity in
the soil.
iv). Over grazing by animals and deforestation by man.
v). Waste water from the industrial units pollute the lands.
vii).Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement
industry and calcite and soap stone for ceramic industry
creates a lot of dust. This dust is deposited in the neighboring
land.

28. HOW DO INDUSTRIES CAUSE LAND
DEGRADATION?
i). Some industries dump solid waste which contains
harmful chemicals on the neighbouring lands.
ii). Some industries discharge waste water to the
fields.
iii). Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for
cement industries and calcite and soap stone for
ceramic industry creates a lot of dust. This dust is
deposited in the neighbouring land.
iv). Clearing of forest for industrial purpose also cause
degradation.

29. Suggest measures of conserve land and soil.
i). Soil erosion can be prevented by ending deforestation,
controlling grazing, encouraging afforestation and practicing
terrace farming in hilly areas.
ii). Preparation of shelter belts of plants and stabilizing of sand
dunes by growing thorny bushes will help to prevent land
degradation in deserts.
iii). Mining activities should be controlled. New technology
which reduces wastage can be adopted.
iv). Industrial waste should be chemically treated to remove the
harmful substances.
v). Urban waste should be used for the production of bio-gas
and bio-manure.
vi). Over irrigation should be stopped and new method of
irrigation should be followed

30. DEGRADED LAND IN INDIA
• 130 million hectares of land is degraded in India.
• 56% of it is water eroded area.
• 28% of it is forest degraded area.
• 6% of it is saline and alkaline deposits.
• 10% of it is wind eroded area.

31. SOIL

32. What is SOIL?
• The upper most layer of the earth’s crust which is loose ,
broken and useful for plants is called soil.
• Soil consists of mineral matter such as sand and clay and
Organic matter such as humus, bacteria and earth worms.
• How soil is formed?
• Soil is formed mainly due to the process of WEATHERING. As
a result of weathering a layer of loose rock materials is
formed on the land surface. If this layer remains undisturbed
for a long period of time, chemical, physical and organic
changes take place in it. These changes lead to the formation
of soil.

33. FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE (OR) GOVERN THE SOIL
FORMATION PROCESS
1) Climate:
Climate decides the rate of weathering and the type of
vegetation.
2) Topography:
Topography of the land decides the accumulation of soil.
3) Nature of parent rock:
It decides compositions and texture of the soil.
4)Vegetation:
Vegetation decides the amount of humus available
in the soil.

34. Why soil is very important?
i). Man depends on the soil directly or
indirectly for his food.
ii). Agriculture can be practiced only if soils are
available.
iii). Man gets the materials needed for shelter
and clothing directly (or) indirectly from the
soil.
iv). Soils are essential for the growth of forests.

35. ALLUVIAL SOILS

36. ALLUVIAL SOILS
i). Alluvial soil is the most fertile and wide spread soil
found in India.
ii). It is formed due to the deposition of fine silt
called alluvium by the rivers.
iii). It is found in the northern plains, Gujarat plains
and the coastal plains.
iv). It consists of sand, silt and clay.
v). It is divided into khadar and Bangar [new alluvium
and old alluvium] It contains soil nutrients such as
potash, phosphoric acid and lime. So, it is fertile and
good for the growth of sugarcane, rice, wheat and
pulses.

37. BLACK SOILS

38. BLACK SOILS
• Regur soils are called black cotton soils because they
are black in colour and are very good for cotton
cultivation.
• It is made up of extremely fine clayey materials.
• It has the capacity to hold moisture for a long time.
These soils develop deep cracks in summer. This helps
in the aeration of the soil.
• This soil is sticky. It is mainly found in the Deccan Trap
region of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh.
• It is formed due to the weathering of volcanic rocks. It
is very rich in potash, calcium carbonate, magnesium
and lime. It is poor in phosphoric content.

39. RED SOILS

40. RED SOILS
• Red soils are formed due to the weathering of
crystalline igneous rocks under low rainfall
conditions.
• It is red in colour because of the presence of iron in
it.
• It is found in Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Orissa, Chattisgarh and Jharkhand.

41. LATERITE SOILS

42. LATERITE SOIL
• The word laterite originated from the Latin word
later which means brick.
• Laterite soil is formed due to intense leaching
caused by tropical rainfall.
• Humus content is less because the micro-organisms
get destroyed due to high temperature.
• This soil can be cultivated by using manure and
fertilizers. It is good for the cultivation of tea, coffee
and cashew nut. It is found in Kerala, Karnataka,
Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Assam.
•

43. ARID (DESERT) SOILS

44. ARID SOILS
• Arid soils are red or brown in colour. They are sandy
and saline.
• Humus and moisture contents are very less. They
can be cultivated after irrigation.
• Kankar layer in the soil prevent the water from
seeping under ground.

45. FOREST SOILS

46. FOREST SOILS
• Forest soils are found in hilly and mountainous
regions.
• They are loamy and silty in valleys and coarse in the
upper slopes.
• In Himalayas they suffer denudation and are acidic
with low humus content.
• The soils found in the lower slopes of the valley are
fertile.

47. What is SOIL EROSION?
• Removal of top soil from one place to another
by natural agencies is called soil erosion.
• It is caused by running water and wind.
• Deforestation, over grazing and unscientific
agricultural practices are responsible for large
scale soil erosion.

48. GULLY EROSION
• The rain water when moves down on an uneven
landscapes away the soil and form deep channels
called gullies. This type of erosion is called gully
erosion.
• A land which is broken into many small parts by the
gullies is called bad land. A bad land is unfit for
cultivation and for other economic activities.

49. GULLY EROSION

50. CHAMBAL VALLEY- BADLAND--RAVINES

51. SHEET EROSION
• Some times water flows as a sheet over large areas
down a slope. The water takes away the top soil.
This type of erosion is called sheet erosion.

52. SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES
i). Contour ploughing reduces the flow of water and
prevent soil erosion.
ii). In hilly areas terraced farming should be followed.

53. SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES
iii). Strip farming helps to reduces the soil erosion.

54. SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES
iv). Shelter belts of plants around the fields
reduce soil erosion.

55. SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES
v). Afforestation should be practiced on a large
scale and deforestation should be stopped.

56. SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES
vi).Over grazing by animals should be avoided