EMDR PTSD Therapy & REM Sleep Effects

Eye Movement Desensitization And Reprocessing ( Emdr )
Introduction The recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have brought the effects of posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) on members of the United States Armed Forces to the forefront of concern
for researchers, mental health practitioners, and the American society as a whole (Barlow & Durand,
2015, p. 155). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 describes the clinical
symptoms of PSTD as: intrusion symptoms, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, alterations
in arousal and reactivity, and avoidance of stimuli associated with witnessing or experiencing a
traumatic event (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 271–272). One study indicated that
7.6% of combat exposed members of the armed forces developed PTSD (Barlow & Durand, 2015,
p. 157). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was developed in 1987 by
Francine Shapiro and has been "mainly used in the treatment of post–traumatic stress disorder"
(Seidler & Wagner, 2006, p. 1515). EMDR is a form of therapy in which the patient recalls the
memories associated with the traumatic event while undergoing "external oscillatory stimulation"
(Taylor, Thordarson, Maxfield, Fedoroff, Lovell, & Ogrodniczuk, 2003, p. 331). This technique uses
alternating sets of eye movements while the subjects "passively observe thoughts or feelings that
arise spontaneously" (Lazrove, Triffleman, Kite, McGlashan, & Rounsaville, 1998). Cognitive
behavioral techniques include stimulus confrontation and cognitive
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Eye Movement Desensitiation
Introduction The purpose of this study is to find out if Eye Movement Desensitization and
Reprocessing (EMDR) and Dialectal Behavior Therapy (DBT) are equally effective in decreasing
substance use in individuals with substance use disorders. Individuals that suffer from trauma are
more likely to have substance use problems (Rizvi, Dimeff, Skutch, Carroll & Linehan, 2011).
There is an 80% drop out rate for those who suffer from substance use that use treatment as usual. If
both EMDR and DBT are equally effective to decrease substance use with those who suffer from
trauma then this could open up for more research for other areas for those who have substance use
but do not suffer from a trauma background (Martin, Langenbucher, Chung & Sher, ... Show more
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DBT treatment would be beneficial for those who have both substance use disorders and trauma
because it deals with the individual's emotions and teaches other coping skills instead of using
substances (.Dam, Ehring, Vedel, & Emmelkamp, 2013). Although one negative down fall for DBT
therapy with individuals that have trauma and substance use disorders is that DBT is regularly done
with patients that have borderline personality disorder (Courbasson, Nishikawa & Dixon, 2012).
Therefore, the treatment would have to be developed a little differently with processing the trauma
and substance use (Bornovalova & Daughters, 2007). Regardless of if DBT is treating for borderline
personality disorder or substance abuse in individuals with trauma they are both being treated for
controlling their emptions. DBT works with coping skills and mindfulness, it teaches the patient
how to cop with their trauma and to move forward in their lives (Axelrod, Perepletchikova,
Holtzman & Sinha, 2011). When a trigger happens with a patient that suffers trauma, the idea is for
them to have other tools rather than turning to substances (Bornovalova & Daughters,

Sleep Disorders: Rapid Eye Movement Essay
"Sleep disorders appear to be a global epidemic, affecting up to 45% of the world's population"
(Noor, et al n.p.). That's leaving a 55% chunk of the world's population not affected. More than 70
million people in our nation experience sleep disorders, most of whom are unaware of the impact on
their daily life (Wells,Vaughn 234). Due to a large portion of people being unaware of sleep
disorders' impaction, the number continuously increases. Major sleep disorders are known to be
Rapid Eye Movement(REM), Insomnia, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea(OSA). Over 80 medically
recognized sleep disorders exist with insomnia, sleep apnea, snoring, jet lag, shift work,
sleepwalking and restless legs syndrome being some of the most common (Wells, Vaughn ... Show
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The side effects of insomnia, are causing people to think insomnia is a symptom to other disorders.
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) is categorized under the numerous sleep disorders.
"Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by the absence of muscle
atonia and the acting out of activity scripted by dream content that may include grabbing, punching,
kicking, jumping, or running out of the bed. Injury to the patient or the bed partner often precedes a
visit to a healthcare professional and the potential for injury is as high as 96%" (Taub, et al 347).
"Vocalizations such as talking, yelling, and swearing may also be a part of the symptom
constellation of this order" (Taub, et al 347). "Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is common form of
sleep disordered breathing (SDB)" (Schoenfeld, et al 732). A sleep pattern of an OSA in an
individual would consist of snoring and frequent cessations of breathing resulting in fragmentation
of sleep, which eventually leads to cumulative sleep debt in affected patients (Rajagopalan 168).
Each pause in breathing occurs for ten seconds to a few minutes, and happen 5 to 30 times per hour.
When an individual's breathing stops, their oxygen level becomes irregular causing them to gasp for
air. The variety of people affected by sleep disorders are endless. Many people think elder age is the
only thing

Sleep : Rapid Eye Movement
Sleep Jordan Maestas Mrs. Wallace English 12–5th Sleep Sleep is vital for survival and is just as
important to sustain life as food and water. Humans would not be able to survive without sleep.
Without sleep our bodies would not get the rest needed for the necessary development and
restoration. Sleep is a period of time when there is full or fractional unconsciousness and there is
limited movement in our muscles. During sleep our brain and bodies get the rest that is crucial in
order to perform every day functions. There are two types of sleep: Rapid eye movement (REM)
and non–rapid eye movement (NREM). During rapid eye movement sleep our "brain is active and
dreams occur, provide energy to our brain and body, supports daytime performance, eyes dart back
and forth, and body becomes immobile and relaxed, as muscles are turned off." ("What Happens
When You Sleep?"). Rapid eye movement usually occurs between 3–7 in the morning. Basically
even though our brain remains active our body is still getting the needed rest. During non–rapid eye
movement sleep "hormones are released, energy is restored, and tissue growth and repair occurs." It
is also our "deepest and most restorative sleep." ("What Happens When You Sleep?). Between the
two states of sleep, 75% is spent in non–rapid eye movement sleep and the remaining 25% is spent
in rapid eye movement sleep. Have you ever thought about the things that affect your sleep patterns?
Simple things such as leaving the lights on,

Hypnogogic Hallucinations
Despite the fact that you're not conscious when asleep, your brain is active during that time. Your
brain goes through four cycles of sleep which occurs for approximately 90 minutes each. The first
three stages of sleep are call Non–Rapid Eye Movement (N1, N2, and N3). The first stage of sleep is
call N1. N1 is the stage between sleep and wakefulness. In this cycle, your brain produces Theta
waves. Hypnogogic Hallucinations are also present during this phase. Hypnogogic Hallucinations
are strange sensations that occur when you hear or see something that is not there. For example, if
you watched the movie Frankenstein before you fall asleep, you might see the monster Frankenstein
when falling asleep. N2 is the second stage of sleep. During

The Four Stages Of Sleep (REM) Rapid Eye Movement
According to (Carpenter & Huffman, 2012, p. 121), there are four stages of sleep; the first four are
called non–REM state then the last and final state is called REM )Rapid Eye Movement). When the
sleep cycle starts it lasts an average of 1–2 hours; the first sleep cycle has relatively short REM
sleep followed by a long period of deep sleep. Later in the sleep cycle REM period lengthen and
deep sleep time decreases. Even though cats tend to sleep longer than human its shows that they
have slept similar patterns as humans, including sleep phases of REM stage. When human enter
REM stage, breathing becomes more rapid, irregular and shallow; the eyes start to move rapidly
back and forth. In this stage, the limb muscles become temporarily paralyzed.

informative speech on sleep
Informative June 27, 2014 Topic: Long Term effects of Lack of Sleep General Purpose: To inform
Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about the long term effects of lack of sleep Introduction: I.
Attention Gainer: "Even though we burn more calories when we stay awake, losing sleep is not a
good way to lose weight. The light sleepers ended up eating far more than those who get nine hours
of sleep." According to author Tara Parker–Pope of The New York Times published on March 18,
2013. II. Thematic Statement: Most people don't think about the long term effects of not getting
enough sleep you need to function properly. But if we all were to go to ... Show more content on
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This stage is where we can be woken up the easiest. Stage 2 is where our brain activity and eye
movement start to slow down and stop. Stage 3 brain waves start to begin with slow and fast
movements. Stage 4 also known as deep sleep is the toughest stage to wake someone up. It is the
stage where there is no eye movement or muscle activity and if you were to awaken during this
stage. The results would be the feeling of grogginess

Sleep Stages
The Stages Of Sleep – What Happens When We Fall Asleep? Experts who specialize in sleep
disorders and are employed in sleep labs regularly analyze the stages of sleep and record their
findings. These experts research such critical factors as brain wave activity, breathing patterns,
muscle tension, eye movements and oxygen levels. Specialized equipment, such as an
electroencephalograph, assist these professionals with obtaining this information. The stages of
sleep can be broken down into two broad categories: non–REM and REM sleep. Non–REM (rapid
eye movement) sleep can be further broken down into four more stages – stages 1–4. This first or
beginning stage in the stages of sleep is aptly called Stage 1. During this phase, brain waves are ...
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This is the last stage in our sleep cycle – the deepest stage which also lasts the longest. Each sleep
phase is a slight bit deeper. This means that you are in each phase a little longer than the previous
one. It's in this stage – during REM sleep – that dreaming occurs and most of the recuperative
functions associated with sleep take place. Whether you're a heavy or a light sleeper, dreaming is
evidence that your brain is constantly at work. In this phase, our body temperature drops, blood
pressure rises and our heart rate increases. It may be interesting to note that as we sleep, we do not
just pass through the five stages of sleep one time – we go through these stages about 4 times
throughout the night and normally awaken while in REM sleep. This is the reason that you tend to
remember your dream as soon as you are awakened. Years ago, it was presumed that a sleeping
person had little or no measurable brain activity. This dated theory has since been dismissed. With
the emergence of technology to monitor the stages of sleep, we now know better. It has now been
shown that our brain is anything but idle during sleep – albeit performing different functions than
when we are

Sleep Cycle Stages
Sleep is a condition were the body & mind which is typically recurs for several hours every night in
which the nervous system is relatively inactive, the eyes closed the postural muscles relax and
consciousness practically suspended.
Usually sleep passes through four stages of sleep and (REM) Rapid Eye Movement sleep. A
complete sleep cycle takes an average of 90 minutes to 110 minutes. The first sleep cycle of sleep
are short REM sleeps and long periods of deep sleep.
Stage 1 is a type of sleep where you drift in and out of your sleep. You can be easily awake. The eye
moves slow and muscle activity is slow during this stage. During these stages many can experience
sudden muscle contractions proceeding by sensation of falling. Stage 2 eye movement stops in your
brain wave become slower with only an occasional burst for rapid waves. Stage 3 ... Show more
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In deep sleep there are no eye movement or any kind of muscle activity. This is when some children
experience bedwetting, sleepwalking, and or has night terrors. In 2008 the sleep professionals
eliminated the use of stage 4. And stages 3 & 4 are what most people experience. Slow waves sleep
comes mostly in the first half of your sleep. (REM) is the second half. Walking may occur after
(REM) if the walking period is long enough, the person may remember it the next morning. Infants
spend almost 50% of their time in (REM) sleep. Adults spend nearly half of their sleep in stage 2,
older adults spend less time in their (REM) sleep.
To get the most of our sleep both quantity and quality are important. Adults need about 8 hours and
on average 9 ½ hours of interrupted sleep. Sleep helps us thrive by contributing to a healthy immune
system, and can also balance our appetites by helping to regulate levels of the hormones ghrelin and
leptin which play a role in our feelings.
Setting better habits of our sleep would be

Analysis Of The Documentary ' Eyes On The American Civil...
Eyes on the prize I is a PBS documentary film series that eye lights the American Civil Rights
Movement. The documentary series also depicts the struggle to end racial discrimination and
segregation and how small acts of courage began the Civil Rights Movement. I was able to watch
three one–hour series, Awakening (1954–1956), Fighting Back (1957 – 1962) and Ain't Scared of
your Jails (1960 – 1961). These series are poignant and takes us through the days of segregation and
inequality and the grassroots protests to Supreme Court victories. The documentary used historical
film footage and interviewed individuals who were apart of the movement.
Awakenings 1954–1956
Awakening depicts the murder of 14–year–old Emmett Till and the Montgomery bus boycott. The
documentary shows historic events when segregation laws ruled African Americans daily lives.
Emmet Till who wanted to impress his friends, allegedly whistled at a Caucasian woman. Few days
after, Emmet Till was found dead floating in the Tallahatichie River. The widely publicized trial
acquitted the two men who murdered Emmet Till. This was a spurring moment for Black Leaders
including activist Rosa Parks. This victitious murder of Emmet Till and the biased trial outraged
African Americans who accelerated the tempo of the civil rights movement. Rosa Parks a
fascinating figure, lived in Montgomery Alabama where African Americans couldn't worship, eat, or
travel alongside the Whites. Rosa Parks became frustrated with the

The Treatment Of Eye Movement Desensitization And...
This paper looks at the treatment of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in treating
individuals with PTSD. This is a very controversial treatment and more recently there has been quite
a lot of research done on this treatment. The paper with indentify, the criteria for diagnosising an
individual with PTSD, the specific treatment, other treatments for PTSD and the limitations of the
research.
Criteria of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, is a disorder that usually
occurs after the individual has experienced a traumatic event of some type. This disorder used to be
associated with war veterans but it now being used with people of all ages who have experienced a
trauma of all kinds. There are two diagnostic criteria for people with this disorder. The first is a
general diagnosis and the second is for diagnosis children who are six years or younger. Both of
these criteria are very extensive and people have to have several of the criteria symptoms in order to
be diagnosed with this disorder. The criteria for diagnosis people over six years of age, has several
different categories. The first is that the person must have been exposed to, actual or threatened
death, serous injury, or sexual violence in some sort of way. These ways may include: Directly
experiencing the event, witnessing in person the event, learning that the event occurred to a family
member, or experienced repented details of the event (DSM–5, 2013). The

Rapid Eye Movement and Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming is a term used to describe a specific state of awareness that can be reached by
dreamers while they are in the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stage of their sleep cycle (Holzinger,
LaBerge, & Levitan, 2006, p. 88). This level of consciousness is characterized by the sleeping
individual's recognition of the fact that they are in dream, their capabilities to intentionally engage in
certain activities within the dream, and their ability to manipulate information and memories created
in both the dream world and waking life through rationalization while they are dreaming (Holzinger,
LaBerge, & Levitan, 2006, p. 88).
Multiple studies and experiments have revolved around the tangibility and existence of lucid
dreaming. Through the use of machines such as the Electromyogram (EMG), Electroencephalogram
(EEG), and the Electro–Oculogram (EOG) and the donated time of volunteers, scientists were able
to measure electrical signals produced by muscles, brain activity, and eye movement while people
slept (Holzinger, LaBerge, & Levitan, 2006, p. 88). Despite the words of the enthusiastic
testimonies of various individuals around the world, and the fact that as of 2011, it is estimated that
of every ten individuals, eight of them have experienced at least one lucid dream (Voss, 2011, p. 34),
many people today, especially those immersed in modern, western cultures, refuse to believe that
such an amazing feat like lucid dreaming is even remotely possible. This paper examines some

The Reinforcement of Racial Hierarchies in Morrison's "The...
Race and racial hierarchies are reinforced through the proliferation of a predominant, societal, white
aesthetic and through the perceptions associated with physical characteristics. In The Bluest Eye,
Toni Morrison first illustrates the reinforcement of racial hierarchies through the proliferation of a
predominant, societal white aesthetic by recounting passages from the Dick and Jane books, a
standardization of family life. Next, "The Black Arts Movement" by Larry Neal demonstrates the
reinforcement of racial hierarchies through the proliferation of a white aesthetic by discussing how
Black culture, including Black art, is in danger if the white aesthetic is accepted by Black artists.
The reinforcement of racial hierarchies through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These books, with their simplistic two and three word sentences, were widely used to teach all
children how to read and suggested that the lifestyle of Dick and Jane was typical and standard. But,
the Dick and Jane lifestyle was certainly not the typical lifestyle for Claudia, Pecola or either of
their families. So, that lifestyle was presumed to be the typical white lifestyle. Furthermore, the
lifestyle of Dick and Jane was obviously viewed as superior to a sad, broken, difficult family life,
similar to what Claudia and Pecola were accustomed, so white lifestyles in general were viewed as
superior. Consequently, exposure to this white aesthetic, especially at an early age, would create,
proliferate and reinforce a racial hierarchy.
In "The Black Arts Movement," Larry Neal also discusses how a racial hierarchy is reinforced
through the proliferation of a predominant, societal, white aesthetic. Neal says that, "there are in fact
and in spirit two Americas – one black, one white." (Neal 2039). Further, Neal discusses the danger
of not counteracting the white way of thinking, trumpeting the need for a Black aesthetic. "The
motive behind the Black aesthetic is the destruction of the white thing, the destruction of white
ideas, and white ways of looking at the world." (Neal 2040). Neal's adamancy concerning the need
for a Black aesthetic confirms his belief in the existence and power of a predominant, societal, white

Eye Movement Reprocessing
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an evidence based, trauma focused,
psychotherapy. Research shows that there were also successful outcomes using EMDR to treat an
extensive range of psychiatric and mental health disorders. EMDR is a distinct form of
psychotherapy, with the treatment emphasis focused directly on processing memories that were
incorrectly stored in the patients mind. Incomplete processing means that a traumatic event has been
stored in memory as it was originally experienced with the emotions, physical sensations, and
beliefs that the individual had during the experience (Shapiro, Laliotis, 191). Through EMDR, there
are a unique set of standardized procedures and clinical protocols that include bilateral ... Show
There are a wide range of clinical documentation that proves the effectiveness of EDMR in
independent evaluations. In a study of ten child molesters who had been victimized themselves as
children, after six EMDR memory processing sessions, ninety percent of them demonstrated a
prevalent reduction of arousal to children. It is also reported that they were also able to recognize
the harm that they caused their victims, and accepted the responsibility for their actions. The
treatment effects were maintained at a one year follow–up (Shapiro, Laliotis,

17th Century Eye Movements
In the 17th century, eye movements were studied by direct observations. People were interested in
knowing and understanding the motion of eyes while reading, watching, talking, etc. With the
advancements in technology in late 20th century, experts used contact lenses and video for tracking
and studying the motion of the eyeballs. These studies showed that eyes do not follow a smooth
linear path while reading or observing an image instead it is in fixations and saccades. Visual
attention is better understood by studying eye movements in details.
As a human being, while reading some text, we usually move our eyes. This is known as the
processing of text in a visual form. In the 19th century, a French ophthalmologist namely Louis
Emile Javal described

Music Literacy And Its Influence On Music
Although technique and natural talent are big factors in music performing, it is suggested that a
major skill needed for a developing music performer is the ability to sight–read (Paul), which is an
important factor in acquiring and expanding music literacy (Gromko). However, music literacy is a
compositional ability that requires many different abilities (Gromko, Lehmann and Ericson).
In relation to studies on English literacy acquisition techniques, little research has been conducted
on music literacy. In what research has been done, it is shown that music literacy and sight–reading
ability acquisition has not an exact pedagogical technique or theory (Hodges). Given this, a review
that examines the research of variables and predictors of sight–reading abilities and music literacy
knowledge acquisition has yet to be done. The purpose of this review is to synthesize published
articles on the research of music literacy to help give a better perspective on the variables that affect
the acquisition of music reading skills. Experiments, a national survey, and general observations
were used in this review.
First, the techniques and observations that are used to teach music literacy to musicians will be
evaluated. Next, eye pattern movements that have been observed while reading music will be
reviewed. Lastly, variables that affect the acquisition of music literacy and the success of sight
reading will be introduced.
Teaching and Acquiring Music Literacy Over the years, many

An Eye Movement Tracking System
In this paper, we proposed an eye–movement tracking system. Based on Electro–Oculography
(E.O.G) technology we detected the signal with different directions in eye–movements and then
analyzed to understand what they represented about (e.g. horizontal direction or vertical direction).
This enables people to control applications using bio–electric signals recorded from the body. In an
Electrooculogram (EOG) based, signals during various eye (cornea) movements are employed to
generate control signals. Electrooculography is a technique for measuring the resting potential of the
retina. The resulting signal is called the electrooculogram. Moreover, it is simpler to complete the
feature extraction and analysis of EOG signals. So, it will achieve more success to design of
wheelchair guidance by EOG.
INDEX TERMS– ATMEGA16, ELECTROOCULOGRAM, EYE MOVEMENTS, EYE GESTURE
RECOGNITION, ELECTRODES.
I. INTRODUCTION
W heelchairs are important mobile aids for elders and disabled patients. Electrooculography is a
technique for measuring the resting potential of the retina. The resulting signal is called the
electrooculogram. This paper has investigated that different EOG signals obtained from four
different places around eye; (right, left, up, and down) have led to different level of distance and
rotation of wheelchair. Those four signals are correspond to different levels of right and left steer,
forward and backward motion. EOG controlled device are gaining popularity in recent

Rapid Eye Movement Research Paper
Up until the 1950s, people believed that nothing happened during sleep and that it was a period of
dormancy during the night. This has been scientifically proven false. Our brains are not dormant
during sleep, they are actually extremely active during the our shut–eye time.
Our brains go through different stages of sleep during the night. Some of these stages produce a
more deep sleep than others, meaning it is harder to get woken up at these times.
The different stages are 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM. REM stands for Rapid Eye Movement. The cycle goes
in order during the night, from 1 to REM. After the cycle is done with the REM stage, it repeats and
starts over at stage 1. Half of our time sleeping is spent in stage 2, one–fifth is spent in REM sleep,
and the rest of the time is allocated to the other stages. However, for babies, half of the time is spent
in REM sleep. This changes as as we age. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the stage we enter into right as we are falling asleep, obviously. Sometimes, in stage 1 sleep,
people experience sudden muscle spasms called hypnic myoclonia. This is sometimes experienced if
we have a dream we are falling and hit the ground.
As soon as we enter into stage 2 sleep, the eye movements we had during stage 1 terminate. Brain
waves slow down with occasional burts of rapid waves called sleep spindles.
In stage 3 sleep, brain waves slow down immensley and become very sluggish. These brain waves
released are named delta waves. These waves have a very slow oscillation at a range of anywhere
betwween zero and four Hertz. A combination of these waves and others are produces during stage
3.
By the time we enter stage 4, our brains are producing delta waves only. Stages 3 and 4 combined
together are called deep sleep. In deep sleep, out eye movements stop and it is very hard to get
woken up. If somebody is woken up during stages 3 or 4 sleep, it is often that they will wake up
feeling

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
Only 0.5 percent of the whole world suffers from Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
("REM Behavior Disorder and Sleep"). Even though only a small percent of people have it, it is a
serious condition. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder is vividly acting out dreams, and
can be a serious and dangerous disorder. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder is a series
of events that happen while sleeping that are unwanted ("REM Sleep Behavior Disorder–Overview
& Facts"). People who have this disorder do not have the proper chemical that is supposed to
paralyze your muscles ("What is REM Sleep Disorder?"). Also the nerve pathways do not function
properly either. The nerve pathways keep muscles from moving. When people have this disorder
they verbally and physically act out their dreams ("Diseases and Conditions"). Mark Mahowald and
Carlos Schneck first discovered Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder in 1985 ("REM
Behavior Disorder and Sleep"). People with this disorder can injure themselves or the people they
sleep with while asleep ("Diseases and Conditions"). But when taking a nap, these people can sleep
with others because they do not dream while taking naps ("REM Sleep Behavior Disorder–
Overview & Facts"). They cannot dream until an hour and a half or so into their sleep ("What is
REM Sleep Disorder?"). Sleepwalking is different than Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior
Disorder. While sleepwalking you can eat, drink, or use the bathroom ("What is REM

Two Main Phases Of Sleep: Non-Rapid Eye Movement
Introduction When we receive proper amounts of sleep, we wake up feeling refreshed and ready for
the day's challenges. Sleep can also affect how we feel and perform the day's tasks as well as how
we look. Sleep was once known as a passive state but is now known to be a highly active process
during which the day's events are processed and energy is restored. The sleep cycle involves two
distinct phases that alternate cyclically from light sleep to deep then deeper and deepest sleep
throughout the sleep period. There are two main phases of sleep: non–rapid eye movement (NREM)
and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, during which dreaming occurs. NREM deep sleep Sleep
begins in stage one of the sleep phase known as non–rapid eye movement. NREM sleep

The Effects Of Eye Movement Reprocessing And Desensitization
Lone Star College – CyFair
The Effects of Eye Movement Reprocessing and Desensitization in Posttraumatic Stress Victims
Kaitlyn Schenk
PSYC 2301.5012
Laura Renee
October 19, 2016
An estimated 5.2 million adults will suffer from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) every year.
Every PTSD victim encounters different experiences and symptoms that coincide with their trauma.
Many forms of treatment and coping mechanisms have been attempted in the past decade to produce
relief. There have been a few successful forms or treatment and there have also been treatment
routes that have been detrimental to the success and overcoming of victims' symptoms. Eye
Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a new treatment option that is available to
PTSD victims. "While the treatment has met with skepticism, meta–analyses have indicated that
EMDR is superior to most other treatments and is as effective as the best alternative treatment, i.e.,
cognitive–behavioral therapy. EMDR is now advocated as a treatment of choice for PTSD in many
Western countries" (Van den Hout 177–178). EMDR gives PTSD victims long–lasting relief from
their symptoms and ensures them the best chance at regaining normalcy in their lives.
There are many reasons that people can acquire forms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and
there is an array of symptoms that individuals can suffer from. Some of the most common reasons
that people suffer from PTSD are military experiences, both physical

Analysis : Eye Movement Desensitization And Reprocessing
Sarah Bennett English IV Mrs. Battle 17 April 2015 EMDR Therapy "Trauma is defined as
"anything that has happened to you that changed the way you feel about yourself or about your
'place ' and safety in the world" (FIX). For many years, people have been using Cognitive Behavior
Therapy and other kinds of exposure therapy to treat conditions such as Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and psychosis. People who find events or
memories that disable the ability to enjoy everyday life are starting to use exposure therapy. Eye
Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective exposure therapy that has
been used for many years to help a patient remove painful thought and to deal with physical, mental,
and emotional conflicts . In 1987, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing was discovered
by Dr. Francine Shapiro. Dr. Shapiro was walking in the park one day and realized that eye
movements reduced negative emotions and troubled memories. She experimented with her idea and
found that other people agreed with her findings. She then realized that just the eye movements did
not create the cognitive therapeutic effects. Shapiro then added more treatment elements, and
combined Eye Movement Desensitization and a cognitive component and developed a standard
procedure . " She reported that EMD resulted in significant decreases in ratings of subjective
distress and significant increases in ratings of confidence in a positive

Eye Movement Desensitization And Reprocessing Therapy Case...
Compare and Contrast Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR) with
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Solution Focused Therapy (SFT) Eye Movement
Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy is a type of therapy that uses Adaptive
Information Processing (AIP) model to resolve unprocessed traumatic events that an individual have
experienced sometime in life. This therapy is used to process past traumatic events related to a
traumatic events, assesses present triggers and develop better coping skills for the future (Perese,
2012). AIP model explains that when information relating to traumatic events are not processed, the
brain stores the event as it was experienced, thereby increasing flashbacks, and triggers as they were
initially experienced (Perese, 2012). EMDR therapy does not explore into the details of the
traumatic experience but follows eight phases of treatment; collection of history, preparation,
assessment, desensitization, cognitive positive image, body scan, debriefing and reevaluation.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CBT focuses on the client learning, utilizes homework assignments for therapy and client
collaboration with the therapist (MHAP, 2013). Focus of this therapy is on the client's goal and the
therapist is required to listen and work together with the client to make his/her goal a success
(NACBT, 2014). It is a structured and directive type of therapy that could be applied in different
forms such as; Rational living therapy, cognitive therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and rational
emotive behavior (NACBT,

Analysis Of The Rapid-Eye Movement Sleep
Neil Stanley once said, "Sleep is a selfish thing to do." Sleep is defined as a natural state of rest for
the body and mind. A person spends at least 1/3 of his or her lifetime asleep. When one sleeps, the
brain goes through a process that is necessary in learning, memory, and creativity in ways that
scientists do not fully understand. Sleep also protects the body and restores energy. REM Sleep The
sleep cycle has many stages. One of these stages is called REM (Rapid–Eye Movement) Sleep.
During REM sleep (an active stage of sleep characterized by eye movement) the brain works to
create images and stories that form dreams. In the early 1950's, William Dement and some
researchers were conducting one of the first systematic studies of REM sleep. During a particular
study, the researchers thought a machine started malfunctioning and was creating the illusion that a
subject's eyes were rapidly moving while he slept. They quickly ran over to the individual and found
that his eyes were in fact moving around, just as they should when a person is awake. Dreams were
often remembered if the subject was woken during REM sleep. Dement's paper on the discovery
was rejected five times before it was finally published. Once published, his theory was ... Show
They also determined that sleep helps with memory. The brain registers and stores an infinite
amount of information every day. This information flows through the hippocampus (the structure in
the limbic system that has a special role in the storage of memories). When a person sleeps, the
hippocampus keeps the important information and "throws out" the information not needed. The
brain creates vivid dreams which are just exaggerated versions of the information that was not
stored. With the brain free of useless information, associations can be made that were not seen

Rapid Eye Movement Cycles
Crash Course Psychology video #9 focuses on sleep–benefits of sleep, stages of sleep, consequences
of a lack of sleep, sleep conditions, and dreaming. The video defines sleep as a periodic, natural, and
reversible form of near loss of total consciousness. Sleeping is different from both hibernation and
comatose states. On average, humans spend one third of their lives sleeping, and during that
extensive amount of time dedicated to sleep, many processes occur within the body. As the body
goes to sleep, the time spent in the near total loss of consciousness is devoted to letting the body
take care of itself. Recuperation is a major aspect of sleep, as time spent asleep provides an
opportunity for cells to rest and repair. Sleep also supports ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Narcolepsy is characterized my overwhelming sleep attacks, often, although not always, attributed
to brain trauma. On the other hand, insomnia is characterized by the inability to fall asleep or stay
asleep at night. Another sleep–related condition, sleep apnea, is the temporary stopping of breathing
while one is asleep. An example of a very noticeable condition, night terrors are very common in
certain demographics; children under age seven often express the screaming and thrashing behavior
associated with this condition. These tremors often occur during NREM–3, whereas nightmares
ordinarily occur during REM. The average person spends a full six years of his/her life dreaming.
Oneirology is the study of dreams. Although there is a lack of scientific support, there are several
theories related to dreaming. Wish–fulfillment Theory postulates that dreams provide an opportunity
to witness wishes, aspirations, or anticipated conditions play out while asleep. Information
Processing Theory states that the sole purpose of dreaming is to aid in learning and memory.
Physiological Function Theory, Cognitive Development Theory, and Neural Activity Theory are
three more examples of dream–centered theories, though there is less scientific support. Overall,
Crash Course Psychology Video #9 provides a very basic, but informative, overview of sleep, the
stages of sleep, why sleep is crucial, some sleep–related conditions,

Eye Movement Desensitization And Reprocessing Essay
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapy developed by Francine
Shapiro that says that traumatic memories are the cause of psychopathology. The most widespread
use of EMDR is for the treatment of Post–traumatic–stress disorder. It is thought to ease the
symptoms of PTSD. Shapiro believes that, when a traumatic or distressing experience occurs, that
these events overwhelms the normal coping mechanisms. Therefore, since the coping mechanisms
are overwhelmed with sensory data, the memory and associated stimuli are inadequately processed
and stored in an isolated memory network separate from other memory networks. The goal of
EMDR is to reduce the effect of distressing memories by engaging the brain's natural adaptive
information process mechanism, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why it might work, is because it offers a distraction from one's psychological pain, patients are told
to think and imagine their most traumatic events in a positive light and then they need to concentrate
on what their eyeballs are doing. The simple task of tracking their eyeball position allows them to
focus on the eyes and the muscles surrounding their eyes rather than their painful memories.
Generally, distraction is a good tool to use in psychotherapy, and is involved in many models of
psychotherapy. For instance, the use of pleasure sensory stimuli such as aromas, nature images and
music is currently used to divert the patients' attention from unpleasant stimuli such as receiving a
catheter. Therefore, distraction therapy is used to reduce pain during unpleasant clinical events and
tends to work well. EMDR was originally designed to treat adults, but now it is used to treat
children and other conditions as well. Essentially, EMDR is used to treat anyone with a horribly
disturbing event that left traumatic memories and hence shut down their normal coping

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Research Paper
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Joseph Boring
MiraCosta College
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Rapid eye movement sleep or REM sleep is a stage of the natural sleep
cycle occurring in Humans. According to Nairne (2014), REM sleep is paradoxical since the brain's
electrical activity appears as if awake with extremely active activity taking place as interpreted by
an EEG. As the name indicates while in the stage of REM sleep the eyes move rapidly from left to
right, up and down while the rest of the body is extremely relaxed. When the body does not achieve
REM sleep be it intentional for research or unintentional possibly due to a sleep disorder, it can lead
to REM rebound according to Nairne (2014). REM rebound is a tendency which the body attempts

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Has Been Found Throughout the...
Research has found that REM sleep has evolved to become part of the dreaming process otherwise
known as REM sleep–dreaming. Sleep with electroencephalographic evidence of the brain shows
that a human's brain is awake during sleep because involuntary eye movement occurs. This occurs
during the dreaming consciousness every human possesses which is part of the secondary
consciousness every human has. There is also non–REM sleep which is sleep that occurs without
the rapid eye movement. The importance of REM sleep and dreaming has been studied for many
years and has gradually become more informative. REM sleep is important for a human because it
allows for developmental brain growth which furthers the evolution of humans.
Rapid Eye Movement sleep is the process that allows for a person to recall what their dreams were
about. The periods in which Rapid Eye Movement occurs are known as phasic periods and those
periods that occur without Rapid Eye movement are known as tonic periods. Although people have
come to the understanding that dreaming and recollection occur during the REM sleep period, there
are still three theories as to how this occurs. The theories are: the scanning hypothesis, the
activation–synthesis hypothesis, and the sensory–image–free association hypothesis. The scanning
process reflects the dreamer's voluntary watching of visual imagesduring the dreaming process. The
activation–synthesis hypothesis puts into context that rapid eye movement occurs at the same

Eye Movement Desensitization And Reprogramming (EMDR)
Eye movement desensitization and reprogramming, or EMDR, therapy is a controversial treatment
forcing on people with post–traumatic stress disorder. In order to treat the trauma related problems,
this method of therapy focuses on having the patient reliving the distressing event in order to think it
is in a more logical and structured way. In Bruce Bower's article EMDR: promise and dissent: new
research enters debate over a highly touted trauma therapy – eye movement desensitization and
reprogramming, he takes the readers through a typical therapy session by explaining that, " A
session of EMDR usually lasts about 90 minutes. The client first thinks about the earlier trauma and
comes up with an image from the incident. He or she then chooses a current negative belief that
goes with the image and a desired positive attitude toward it. A sexual abuse survivor, for instance,
might come up with "I am damaged for life" and "I'm safe now," respectively." One unique aspect of
EMDR is how this technique incorporates the use of body through rapid side to side eye movements
and alternating sounds or taps on a series of body points. As the participant imagines the trauma and
discussing the emotions and stress levels, the therapist simultaneously conducts the particular
sensation to body such as holding up two fingers and moving them back and forth.

Eye Movement Desensitization Regulation (EMDR)
Eye movement desensitization regulation (EMDR) is a treatment that was developed in order to
treat individuals who have gone through a traumatic experience. The goal of this treatment is to
resolve dysfunctional traumatic memories by adequately accessing and processing them (Solomon,
Solomon, & Heide, 2009). By completing this treatment the traumatic memories would no longer
cause major distress to the individual and their negative beliefs about himself/herself would be
reformulated (Shapiro, 2009). This treatment is done during individual therapy with a therapist and
the client. The therapist completes this treatment by using a bilateral stimulation that will be
explained further in this paper (Solomon & Shapiro, 2008). EMDR has ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During this phase the client will determine a positive belief about himself/herself. The therapist will
use bilateral stimulation to connect the positive belief into the traumatic memory for the client
(Shapiro, 2009). This positive belief will be integrated with existing positive cognition networks
(Solomon, Solomon, & Heide, 2009). The sixth phase of EMDR is for the client to complete a body
scan. The client will assess and pinpoint any leftover bodily sensations (Solomon, Solomon, &
Heide, 2009).
The sixth phase leads into the seventh phase, which is the closure phase of EMDR. During this
phase the therapist ensures the stability of the client, which they have gained through EMDR. The
last phase is the re–evaluation phase of EMDR. This is the ending phase, however, at the beginning
of each session of EMDR the client's progress should be re–evaluated and determine where the
client is at in the process. This is the last phase, but it will occur throughout the process. (Solomon,
Solomon, & Heide, 2009)
Traumatic Stress and the

Types Of Sleep, Rapid Eye Movement ( Nrem )
College students are among the most sleep–deprived people in the country. According to a 2001
study, only 11% of college students have good sleep quality and 73% have occasional sleep
problems (Brown, 2014). Many college students misjudge the need for a good night's sleep. There
are many factors that contribute to a pattern of poor sleeping habits such as, stresses of classes and
jobs, being independent and living on your own for the first time, and being surrounded by a very
active social scene that can be found on almost all campuses. Most people need to sleep eight hours
each night, this being especially true for college students. There are two types of sleep, rapid eye
movement (REM) and non–rapid eye movement (NREM). NREM sleep is divided into four stages,
stages three and four are referred to slow wave sleep. REM is a very active type of sleep where the
brain is almost as active as if it was awake. Deep sleep is essential for restoring energy and allowing
the body to undergo maintenance. When in NREM wounds are healed, white blood cells are created
to aid your body's defenses, muscles are restored, and the growth hormone is released. Without
enough deep sleep, all of these processes will be lacking (Rama, Cho, & Kushida 2005). NREM
sleep accounts for 75–80% of sleep time. Stage one makes up 3–8 % of sleep time and mostly
occurs in transition from alertness to the other stages of sleep. Stage two begins approximately 10–
12 minutes of stage one and compromises 45–55%

Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing ( Emdr )
and is encouraged to process the trauma from different perspectives using cues from the therapist.
The patient also repeatedly engages with their fear triggers.177
Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR is an extension of this PET in which
the patient is exposed to the traumatic memories coincident with a small distraction. In the original
version of EMDR, the distraction consisted of hand movements of the therapist to direct movements
of the patient?s eyes. More recent versions of EMDR include other types of distractions such as
hand–tapping or audio cues.160,178 Results with EMDR have been obtained from a few studies
showing large symptom reduction in military populations,179 including results maintained at 9–
month follow–up and 78% of completers no longer meeting criteria for PTSD.180 However, other
studies conducted were either in very small samples or over only a few EMDR sessions.181–183 As
such, much of the evidence supporting EMDR is still from studies in the general population.184
Therapeutic Commonalities. Each of the PTSD treatments discussed above focuses on the idea that
learning to reprocess the old emotional memory will allow the patient to develop less dramatically
fearful responses to triggers and helps the patient extinguish responses to the original memory
through re–experiencing the trauma in a safe setting. Trauma based treatments center around
extinction of the original emotional, fearful response. This neurological response will be

Unromancing The Dream Analysis
Sharrieff Turner
Psychology 101
Professor Stone
May 21, 2016
Reading 7: Unromancing the Dream Summary
The reading begins with two researchers Aserinsky and Dement, researching into why humans need
sleep. Then, it begins to talk about another two researchers, Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley.
They both came up with a new theory about dreaming, which was " in essence, was that dreams are
nothing more than your attempt to interpret random electrical impulses produced automatically in
your brain during REM sleep." (Hock 2013). Basically what they were saying is that while we sleep,
a part of our brain produces electrical charges in the brain stem. While we sleep most other parts of
the brain are inactive, but the brain stem isn't. Hobson and

Sleep : Rapid Eye Movement
The human body has many cycles that occur throughout the day. These cycles are commonly
referred to as circadian rhythms. Probably the most well–known circadian rhythm is sleep. What
exactly sleep does is not fully understood, although it is surmised that the body repairs itself from
the wear and tear of the day and replenishes chemicals that were used up throughout the course of
the day. The mind also uses sleep for the purpose of making sense of the events of the day. Even
small disruptions in this daily cycle impair the ability of a person to both reason effectively and
perform physically. There are two kinds of sleep: rapid eye movement (REM), and non–REM
(NREM) sleep. Within NREM sleep there are four stages: NREM stage 1, 2, 3, and 4. While in
REM sleep the brain is incredibly active, doing all of the things that it normally does during the day,
such as eating and walking, as it interprets and sorts through information from the day, but the body
is in a state of paralysis because the pons is suppressing the signals that the motor cortex is sending
to the voluntary muscles. In an alert person the brain is producing beta waves. These waves are short
and fast. When a person is still awake, but relaxed the brain slows down to alpha waves, which are
still recognizable as being awake, but significantly slower than beta waves. The next stage of sleep
is non–REM 1. In NREM 1 the relaxed–but–awake alpha waves are gradually replaced by theta
waves. If awoken while in NREM 1

Blurred Dreams Research Papers
How many days can you work without having sleep? Well the record for longest duration without
sleeping is of 18 days and 22 hours. This person reported aphasia, hallucination, blurred vision. o
Nobody can surely say if somebody is sleeping or not. It is not possible without close medical
observation. Sometimes people sleep and their eyes remain open. This usually happens when they
take a nap. People, sometime, do not even realize that they have slept. o Rapid eye movement starts
generally after 90 minutes of sleep. This state remains up to 2 hours total. o Rapid eye movement
does not guaranty that we are seeing a dream. Dream can be seen even in the absence of rapid eye
movement. o Rapid eye movements dreams are influenced by bizarre plots.

Eye Movement Desensitization And Reprocessing Paper
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing).
Jenna Kawlewski
5/6/2018
EMDR was introduced into the field of psychology by a psychologist named Shapiro (Shapiro,
2007). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a recent psychotherapy
treatment that has slowly began to be used increasingly more. Eye Movement Desensitization and
Reprocessing begins with the therapist meeting with the client. They will assess the client and the
client's goals. EMDR is often used with people who have suffered a traumatic event or have PTSD
(GoodTherapy.org, n.d.). The goal of EMDR then, is to asses what stressor the client suffers and to
use the treatment to alleviate the trauma. The client and therapist will go over the memory of the
event, discussing triggers and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(n.d.) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR). Retrieved from
https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn–about–therapy/types/eye–movement–desensitization–and–
reprocessing
EMDR Institute, Inc. (n.d.). What is EMDR? Retrieved from http://www.emdr.com/what–is–emdr/
Heide, J. J. (2012). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) versus stabilization in
the treatment of traumatized asylum seekers and refugees. European Journal of Psychotraumatology,
2(10). doi:10.1186/isrctn20310201
Davidson, P. R., & Parker, K. C. (2001). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
(EMDR): A Meta–Analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(2), 305–316.
doi:DOI: I0.1037//0022–006X.69.2.305
American Psychological Association (n.d.). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
(EMDR) Therapy (Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ptsd–guideline/treatments/eye–movement–
reprocessing.aspx
Shapiro, F. (2007). EMDR, adaptive information processing, and case conceptualization. Journal of
EMDR Practice and Research, 1, 68–87
Trauma Institute & Child Trauma Institute (n.d.). EMDR. Retrieved from

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy for...
The first stage of treatment focuses on obtaining background information from the client. The
clinician will often explore past events that are related to the current problem, as well as present
situations that trigger the current problem. This is particularly important in finding the origins of the
trauma that may be hidden or masked. After all necessary information is gathered, the clinician will
take what was learned and translate it into positive future goals for the client to achieve through
treatment. Stage two, labeled the preparation phase, consists of the clinician preparing the client for
the processing of disturbing memories through various means. A therapeutic relationship between
clinician and client is established by educating the client about the problems they are having and by
explaining the process of EMDR. In addition, the clinician teaches the client a series of self–
calming techniques that help clients maintain "dual awareness" during the following stages. Once a
relationship is established and the client has been taught self–calming techniques, the assessment
stage begins. During the assessment phase, the clinician helps the client identify the details of the
traumatic memory. However, not only is the memory recalled, but the negative cognition that is
associated with it, the desired positive cognition that the client wishes to gain, as well as physical
and emotional sensation are acknowledged. In addition, the clinician gathers various baseline

Non-Rapid Eye Movement
The first stage is called the Non–Rapid Eye Movement (NREM 1) sleep. This stage occurs between
wakefulness and sleep, and it typically lasts between 1 to 10 minutes immediately following sleep
onset. ("Stages of Sleep – Non–REM and REM Sleep Cycles | Tuck Sleep") The body muscles are
not inhibited, and the eyes roll while the eyelids may remain slightly open. In addition, breathing
rate, blood pressure, and brain temperature decrease. The brain activity transitions from exhibiting
alpha waves (8–13 Hz) to theta waves (4–7 Hz). (Foundation) Some people in NREM 1 sleep may
experience sudden twitches or hypnotic jerks, and even – albeit rarely – hypnagogic hallucinations.
(Stickgold and Walker)
The second stage of the sleep cycle is the Non–Rapid Eye Movement (NREM 2) sleep. This lasts
about 20 minutes and is characterized by decreases in the heart rate and body temperature. In this
stage, theta activity is observed. ("Stages of Sleep – Non–REM and REM Sleep Cycles | Tuck
Sleep") Any remaining alpha waves from the previous episode of wakefulness are interrupted by
sleep spindles, which are bursts of high frequency activity originating from the reticular nucleus of
the thalamus. (Stickgold and Walker) Muscular activity decreases and conscious awareness of the
external environment disappears. NREM 1 and NREM 2 together are often referred to as light sleep.
("Stages of Sleep – Non–REM and REM Sleep Cycles | Tuck Sleep") ... Show more content on
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("Stages of Sleep – Non–REM and REM Sleep Cycles | Tuck Sleep") This stage is also referred to
as deep sleep. Deep sleep is initiated in the preoptic thalamic nucleus, and brain activity in this stage
is characterized by delta waves (< 3.5 Hz). Arousal thresholds during this stage are the highest, and
humans in this stage are thus least responsive to external stimuli.

Essay on Dreams in the Ancient World
According to dreams in the ancient world persons light is believed to be consists of knowledge. It is
believed that there are three worlds for a person one is here in the world; the other is in the other
world and, third one in intermediate state which is the state of sleep. The intermediate state helps the
person helps the person to see both the states."On being born hat person assuming his body,
becomAes united with all evils: when he departs and dies, he leaves all evil behind"(p125). The
intermediate state does not have any roads; no joy's no happiness's but himself.
The dream magic of ancient Egyptians give great amount of importance to dreams. They believe
that divine powers made known through dreams, and there is another world ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
But for others the places is forbidden and deadly.
Dream interpretations in ancient world comes from the East part of the world both as a practice and
as a science. Dram interpretations are divided in to three parts. Dreams of super beings for the
protections and guidance, critics against unbelievers, or others that against his law. All this drams
are believed o be sent by a high power. Dream interpretation started from Egypt it spread all over
the east to the time of Mohammed. It was believed that "dreams are a portion of prophecy"( p132).
Mohamed who was a Muslim leader communicated most of the religious things through his dream.
This has contributed a great deal in taking for dream interpretation "the earlier announcement of
Muhammad's mission, and the revelation of the first portion of the Koran which was made known to
him were in a dream while a similar mode of communication cheered the disheartened partisans of
Islam in the expedition to Hudaibiyah , by the promise of their triumphal entry , in the following
year to the holy temple of Mecca." (P132) according to this we can tell dream interpretation in
earlier years is used as a source of religion so from this we can conclude that dreams were important
part of the people. During the times Muhammad, as a tradition every prophet was asked about
his/her dream in the morning. This was done to interpret or reject their communications, according
to their soundness or unsoundness, and to relate

EMDR PTSD Therapy & REM Sleep Effects

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