Egypt Social Structure

Egypt Social Structure
Ancient Egypt, one of the very first civilizations, that was established in 3100 BCE.
Some key points of this paper are going to be about the development of civilization, geography,
social structure, Hierarchy, and where the Ancient Egyptian civilization began. The Nile River is
where the Ancient Egyptians found their resources to survive.
The Nile River was also used for many things including trade and fertilization. Some of the things
most often traded were gold, papyrus, linen, and grain. In return, Nubia traded back with cedar
wood, ebony, copper, iron, ivory, and lapis lazuli. Every time the Nile River floods, which is often,
it brought in rich soil so the people could plant and grow their crops. The excess availability of mud
was one of the main ways ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They believed in Gods ruling their world. The Pharaohs got their name by ancient Egyptian
dynasties. Pharaohs were God like people to ensure things were in order and to make sure that
things were working correctly. Pharaohs would ask regular citizens to defend civilizations.
Government officials is the second highest in the social structure. Officials were very wealthy and
had lots of respect. Priest also belong in that category. Male and female priests were servants of the
Gods. Priest were only allowed to enter sacred areas of the temple. Soldiers were the third highest of
the structure, but they were not trained professionals. Scribes were typically men who knew how to
read, write and were the only ones that were able to do so. The Merchants were the ones to trade.
Merchants would return the items for grains and goodies. The last one would be slaves and servants.
Slaves, who were mainly house servants, had to sell their children into slavery. Slaves lived a good
life because they were fed, cared for and did not have to pay taxes. Servants were most popular but
had limited rights like not being able to inherit land. They had jobs like cooking, weavers, and
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Interaction Between Humans And The Environment
Theme 1: Interaction between humans and the environment.
About 10,000 BCE, the area that is now the Sahara desert was a grassy steppe land. Humans
prospered by hunting wild cattle, collecting grains, or catching fish. After about 9000 BCE, people
of eastern Sudan domesticated cattle and became nomadic herders.
After 5000 BCE, the northern half of Africa became hot and dry, driving humans and animals to
gather around bodies of water. Both Egypt and Nubia relied heavily on agriculture at least by 5000
BCE. At first, Egyptians easily cultivated, while Nubians had to create fields. Eventually,
demographic pressures forced Egypt to create sophisticated methods of agriculture.
Theme 2: Development and interactions of cultures.
For thousands of years, when the Sudanese buried kings they also routinely executed a group of
royal servants and entombed them with the king to serve him in the afterlife. Royal servants of
Egyptian and Nubian kingdoms were also part of rituals similar to those from Sudan.
The Sudanese developed religious beliefs that reflected their agricultural society, recognizing a
single divine force as the source of good and evil, which they associated with rain.
The early pharaohs claimed to be gods living on Earth in human form. Egyptians associated early
pharaohs with Horus, the sky god. Later, they viewed rulers as offspring of Amon, a sun god. They
considered the pharaoh a human sun overseeing affairs on the earth, and believed the pharaoh
merged with

Ancient Sudan (Nubia)
AFRS 2206 Section 001
Essay #2
Dr. Tanure Ojaide
August 1, 2012
The Nubians Who are the Nubians? Nubians are people of northern Sudan and southern Egypt.
Their history and traditions can be traced to the dawn of civilization. They settled first along the
banks of the Nile from Aswan. Along the Nile, they developed one of the oldest and greatest
civilizations in Africa until they lost their last kingdom five centuries ago. The Nubians remained as
the main rivals to the homeland of Africa's earliest black culture with a history that can be traced
from 3800 B.C. onward through the monuments and artifacts. Ancient Nubia was a land of great
natural wealth, gold mines, ebony, ivory and incense that its neighbors always prized. Sudan had ...
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The city of Napata gained its fame from the religious significance of Gebel Barkal. The Egyptians
promoted the belief the primary form of their god dwelt inside the pure mountain Gebel Barkal.
Egypt's sun–god Amun was represented as either a man with a ram head or as a crowned ram with a
solar disk. It seems as though the Egyptians identified their pre–existing god from the land of Nubia
as a local form of their own supreme god Amun who was considered to be the important source of
the royal power of Egypt and Kush. The city of Meroe located on the east bank of the Nile, was the
second urban center of the binary kingdoms of Kush. This city became the permanent royal
residence of the Kushite Kings of Napata in the fifth century BC. Nubian pottery from the earliest
periods represented the basic plastic material employed in Nubia and Egypt. Primitive drawings and
engravings on Nubian pottery had a form identified of some geometric and symbolic patterns. These
forms have been used on the surface of decorated pottery such as circles, squares, or triangles which
represented the initial signs of most ancient civilizations. During the Neolithic period, people of this
time covered their tools and pottery products with different forms, not particularly of art, but rather
for recording their idea of life. Although these forms represent hidden symbols with no clear
meaning, its purpose or goal was to help unleash the human mind while imagining its

Ancient Egypt Achievements
Ancient Egypt was a civilization in north east Africa along the Nile River, it was one of six
civilizations to rise independently. The history of ancient Egypt occurred in kingdoms and was part
of the Bronze Age. Success of ancient Egypt civilization came partly from ability to adapt to
conditions of the Nile River for agriculture. Ancient Egypt was a hierarchy that had a bureaucracy
government and were a polytheistic religion. As well, their economy was based on their
surroundings and they had many great achievements. Ancient Egypt was a classified as a hierarchy.
In ancient Egypt a hierarchy meant that people and groups were ranked according to status.
Pharaoh's and the royal family were first class. The second class was the aristocrats ... Show more
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The Egyptians also believed in the afterlife, which means they believed they live as they were on
earth in the afterlife. Ancient Egyptians believed that the pharaoh was one of the gods. They also
believed in mummification, which was the preservation of the corps for burial. In Ancient times you
were wrapped in animal skins and organs then buried. If you were a part of the royal family you
were put in a tomb or burial chamber. Ancient Egypt has many great achievements. Two of their
biggest achievements were the Egyptian pyramids, and the sphinx. Another achievement was their
use of hieroglyphics, which is a form of writing based on pictograms. Examples of hieroglyphic
writing can be found on the Rosetta stone which was uncovered by archeologists. The Egyptians
also used mummification which was an achievement in preserving bodies. Over time there were ten
different pharaohs and each of them accomplished advancements in society, math, astronomy and
medicine. There are many differences between ancient Egypt and modern day Egypt. Most of
modern day Egypt no longer believes in a polytheistic religion, and mummification has gone out of
use.
However, it was the Ancient Egyptians that put modern day Egypt on track to be the successful
country it is. With the work of archeologists we have learned just how far the people of ancient
Egypt have affected our

Nubia Jar Analysis
Today, what might only be considered a basic jar to most people, but could have been considered a
treasured alum at the time, a large highly–decorated jar was discovered within a cemetery in Nubia
that must hold a greater meaning to the people of Koronog. Within Nubia during the Meroitic
period, there lied a cemetery within Koronog, Nubia design to be a place of ritual where the local
people of Koronog could worship their ancestors and present offering to aid and give thanks their
spirits within the afterlife. A part of that process would be the jars that they left with their ancestors,
leaving them filled with large quantities of water or beer as an offering to their souls. Casted and
painted, these ceramic jars did not follow a strict process ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Looking at the jar you can tell from the visible likes of demarcation that it was constructed by
creating layers, as one part dried the artist would have begun to build higher. It looks like it would
weigh about 20 pounds, with a neck that is big enough to stick your hand into.
The Jar from Koronog had a unique structure, if viewed from above it would be com pletely
symmetrical, its outer form being a large circle and nearing the center that circle is repeated at the
neck and lip of the jar. Looking into the jar from above you see a dark hole due to its closed off form
hiding most light from the inside. Inside you also see the red color of the jar meaning that it form
was created using red clay soil, a popular building material at the time due to it being indigenous to
the region. If you were to view the jar head–on, as if it sat on a pedestal in front of you, there you
would notice that the form has a unique build structure. The over all shape of the Jar is similar to a
circle, where the bottom is circular and as you get to the side they flatten into the become a rounded
square that is wider on top. Sitting on top of the square like form would be similar to an isosceles
triangle with a wide base, which meets the neck of the jar that is very short with a slight lip at the

A Study By Schrader ( 2012 ) Examined Osteoarthritis And...
A study by Schrader (2012) examined osteoarthritis and entheseal remodeling at Tombos Nubia,
after the Egyptian New Kingdom colonization (1550–1069 BCE). The author used skeletal remains
from the colonial town Tombos as a way to compare activity patterns during Egypt's colonial
expansion into Nubia. Many Egyptian researchers vary on how Egyptian colonial policies impacted
Nubian inhabitants. Some believe that the local populace was forced to meet Egyptian tributes,
which included slaves, goods, gold, and grain (Schrader, 2012:61). While others believe that there
were positive interactions between the two groups, which included minimal tributes and the ability
of Nubians to hold onto cultural values (Schrader, 2012:62). Schrader's research focused on
entheseal changes and osteoarthritis in the skeletal remains found at Tombos, in an effort to
understand how Nubian activity levels altered. The author used entheses, as a way of measuring
musculoskeletal stress markers, and osteoarthritis to compare Tombos population (Schrader,
2012:62). Both conditions are impacted by the sex, age, and body size of an individual; along with
environmental factors and genetic predispositions (Schrader, 2012:62). Even though neither of these
conditions allow us to understand know exactly what an individual did while they were alive, they
will offer up certain information about the population. Such as if the individual worked as a manual
laborer or in a less physically demanding position

Old Kingdom Vs New Kingdom
Ancient Egypt was located in Northeast Africa. The Egyptians were settled along the Nile river.
They were south of the Mediterranean Sea, West of the Red Sea, and North of Nubia (Kush).
Because the Nile River flooded annually, it would provide rich soil for Egyptian farmers. Ancient
Egyptians were around beginning at the Old Kingdom at 2575 B.C. and ending at the New Kingdom
at 1075 B.C.. Ancient Egypt's history is divided into three periods of time, The Old Kingdom, The
Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. The Old Kingdom was established at about 2575 B.C and
ended around 2130 B.C.. The Old Kingdom lasted about four hundred and forty–five years.
Approximately one hundred and ninety–two years later, the Middle Kingdom was established. The
Middle Kingdom was created around 1938 B.C. and ended at 1630 B.C.. Finally, after ninety–one
years, the final kingdom was the New Kingdom. The New kingdom lasted from 1539 B.C. to 1075
B.C.. Although Egypt has been through many dynasties the country has remained united for many
years.
The Egyptians had one main ruler or king over them called a pharaoh. Pharaohs were the highest
authority in an Egyptian hierarchy. They were thought to be one of the gods, but still be human.
Egypt also had the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They believed that after they had passed they would go to another world, another world, or possible
walk the Earth again. The people of Egypt thought that their king or pharaoh to be a god–like being
but still remain in human form. They created mummification. Mummification is a method where the
preserve the bodies of their fallen people. They would remove the brains and organs from the corpse
and store them in containers and wrap them up in cloth. Since they believed in the afterlife, during
mummification they would put food, clothing, jewelry, pets, and sometimes the person's loved one
would offer a sacrifice and be put in the sarcophagus with

How Did Egypt Created Toothpaste
Did you know that Egyptians invented toothpaste?! You probably didn't because whenever you
think of Egypt you will most likely just think of pharaohs, hieroglyphics, and pyramids, but there is
way more to know about Egypt that everyone should know. Let's start with some history behind
Egypt and how it all started. One of the main reasons why Egypt exist is due to the Nile River. The
Nile was known as the giver and sustainer of life. The river became so sacred that many humans
decided to settle near it at around 6000 B.C. The Nile River provided a seasonal floodings to help
yield large crop growth and immensely increasing the population in process. During the 4th
millenium, two kingdoms soon emerged. The lower kingdom in the north and the upper ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This 1700 year rule of the Pharaohs marked the flourish of growth in arts, commerce, science, and
medicine. One of the most notable architectures to come out of this growth was the pyramids. These
pyramids were made to be great burial tombs to help the Pharaohs achieve eternal life after death.
The first pyramid was built by the first Pharaoh by the name of Imhotep. This was built in Saqqara
at around 2800 B.C. Soon after, the three pyramids at Giza were built. The largest of the three,
known as the Great Pyramid, was built around 2540 B.C. and took about 20 years to build. Today it
is the only one of the seven ancient wonders of the world to still be standing. Due to these pyramids,
the wealth of pharaohs soon started to decline and their absolute power became unsteady. The Old
Kingdom soon collapsed and changed into a rapid succession of Memphis–based rulers until around
2160 B.C. This would soon lead into a civil war between provincial governors. This situation was
turned more chaotic by Bedouin invasions. While this was all happening, everyone was
accompanied by famine and disease. Around 2040 B.C. the Theban king Mentuhotep II defeated the
forced of the two united kingdoms and united Egypt under the rule of

Compare And Contrast Akhenaten And Hatshepsut
The New Kingdom Renaissance of ancient Egypt was time of riches, luxury and lavish living for
those of the upper class. This was also known as the the Golden Age, which provided ancient Egypt
with an abundant amount of expensive resources, as well. Throughout the time of the New
Kingdom, many pharaohs ruled. However, some were more productive, dominant, powerful, and
successful than others. The three most significant pharaohs were Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, and
Akhenaten.
One of the most powerful pharaohs, Hatshepsut, changed ancient Egypt's perception of women's
status. Hatshepsut ascended to the position of pharaoh in the male–dominated ancient Egypt as she
declared herself the first woman pharaoh in history. Once she established herself as ruler,
Hatshepsut took on many male attributes. She dressed herself in the traditional kilt of male rulers,
and wore a false beard to fit in with other masculine figures who she interacted with to represent
that she had the equivalent capabilities of a man. As a result, Hatshepsut showed that women could
rule in positions of high power. This was not considered before her reign. ... Show more content on
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He expanded the territory of ancient Egypt and was responsible for starting the Golden Age of
Egypt during his time in power. He brought back many fine riches from his 16 campaigns. In
addition, he launched many attacks on cities in Palestine, Israel, and Nubia, as well as coastal areas
of Syria and Lebanon. Throughout his reign, he captured nearly 350 cities, while never losing a
battle. He amassed great wealth which was used to build temples, monuments and statues. Through
these valiant efforts, he dramatically changed ancient Egypt's power level by greatly protected his

Nubia Research Paper
Origin
Ancient Nubia emerged in Northern Nubia in about 3500 B.C. A small kingdom emerged and was
called
the first Nubian Kingdom. Egyptians called would call their land "Ta Seti". This meant the land of
the
bow. It was given the name because it indicates what the Nubian culture was known for. The Nubian
Kingdom was shaped by the Egyptian culture. They dressed themselves after the Egyptian Rulers,
built
large tombs, and were buried with wealthy items.
Government
The Nubian government was a mimic of the Egypt's government and law codes. Ancient Nubia had
a
monarchy government. A monarchy government is a government ruled by a King or Queen in a
Kingdom or empire. The King and Queen were elected by the nobles. The empire consisted of a
King or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people believed that there was way more Queens because women had more power than
men or equal to them. Even though there was a kings and queens, they did not make the laws. The
priest
was the only one allowed to make laws.
Religion
The Nubians were Sunni Muslims. Sunni Muslims are people who believe in one God and his
Prophet

Mohammed. They believe that on God has authority over a person's destiny and in life after death.
And
they also believe that their actions hold a part in where they go after death. Nubians follow the
Ibadat.
The Ibadat is the practicing framework of the Muslim's life. There is no priest or shaman in Islam.
Islam
also allows them to experience other local traditions. The way Nubians experienced other local
tradition
were expressed in the animism. Animism is the belief that non–human entities are spiritual beings.
Animism is primarily along the Nile and in the activities of the local shuyukh. A Shuyukh is a man
respected for his religious learning. They who regulated constant concerns about health,
marriage, and fertility.
Geography and Environment
Nubia was originally a desert. The climate was extremely hot and dry. It had little to no rain

Egypt Vs Nubia Research Paper
Egypt VS. Nubia Essay:
Lately a debate that has the question, was Nubia as powerful and successful as Egypt. See this is a
very interesting question, and the topic in intriguing, but I have come to the tricky conclusion that
Egypt was better. Today I'm going to explain why Egypt is better by comparing the power of Egypt
and Nubia. Not only will I show the strengths of Egypt against Nubia, I will show the weaknesses of
Nubia as well, so let's get started.
Some researchers and scholars say that Nubia conquered Egypt, but truly that was only for about a
decade, Egypt has conquered Nubia for many millennia compared to the few centuries and decades
Nubia ruled Egypt. One passage says : "The Ethiopians ... are said to be the tallest and handsomest
men in the whole world.", "Meroë, said to be the capital city of the Ethiopians. The inhabitants
worship Zeus and Dionysus alone of the Gods, holding them in great honor.", "The Ethiopians ... are
said to be the tallest and handsomest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In reality that is totally useless, because that person may not be smart enough to outsmart Egyptian
pharaohs. Ok, maybe Nubia had people that were more graceful than the power hungry Egyptians,
but they used other countries armies to destroy Egypt, and they took the credit for it too, to think
about that Nubia was somewhat wimpy to hide behind an unstable alliance with other countries.
Nubia had very small groups of animals, and very little amounts of fruits. Nubia didn't have any oils
either, which means they had to use butter and fat for food instead. A passage even states: ""Their
flocks and herds are small in size, whether sheep, goats, or oxen; the dogs also,though fierce and
quarrelsome, are small", "Kings are appointed from among persons distinguished by their personal
beauty, or by their breeding of cattle, or by their courage, or their

Review: The Nile Was The Lifeblood Of Ancient Egypt
"The Nile was the lifeblood of the Ancient Egyptians" Discuss
The Nile was the main resource of the Ancient Egyptians, It allowed them the grow crops
immensely, get many types of animals such as cows, and donkeys. It allowed for trade across the
Nile and other countries like Africa, Jordan, Nubia etc. All of this kept them alive during their time
and be at the top of the hierarchy.
The main thing that the Nile provided was that it allowed the Egyptians to farm. Even though they
lived in the desert crops still flourished and grew many many crops. The reason why they could
farm so well was because during the yearly flooding (akhet) silt would always come down with the
Nile. The silt allow for more water and air flow to get to the plants roots or seed and make it grow
twice as fast. Egyptians grew many different types of crops and plant like wheat, grain, barley,
leeks, onions, garlic, beans, cabbages, radish and lettuce. The Egyptians made their farms close to
the Nile and allow ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the Nile animals could live in it, drink from it, for people to train different animals to do many
useful things and hunt animals for food Animals were also used for farming. Animals that lived in
the Nile were crocodiles, hippopotamus, fish and birds. The Nile made many animals come and it
made for many of them to be killed or hunted. People hunted animals like fish, birds, ducks ,geese
and hippos. So with the food of animals and crops they could practically eat a good meal everyday.
Some of the most useful animals were the ones that were trained. Animals that were trained were
cats, baboons and monkeys. These animals could recover hunted animals on the Nile and fruit upon
high trees. Farm animals could be a great asset like bulls pulling carts, donkeys to carry supplies and
horses for transport. With the variety of animals it let the Egyptians do many different get food, do
different task and

Gifts Of The Nile Valley Summary
Gifts of the Nile Valley
The book Gifts of the Nile Valley tells the history of, not only one of Africa's greatest and most
important natural monuments, The Nile River, but also uses that history to link the earliest traces of
mankind to Africa. The begging of the book explains the importance of the Nile River both for
mankind and for the environment around it. The beginning chapters also explain how the Nile River
actually works, which I personally found very interesting. According to the book the Nile River is
the longest River in the world , stretching as long as 4,132 miles. It also functions much differently
than normal rivers. Unlike other rivers, The Nile River flows south to north. Also, while normal
rivers need to be fed rain and connected to other bodies of water, The Nile River runs through
mostly desert and does not get any rain. The Nile is also not connected to any other body of water.
As bizarre as that is, its not the most impressive thing that this legendary river can do. Throughout
its entire length, The Nile river has somehow managed to fertilize the soil around it for up to ten
miles. It's believed that through this river, Civilizations from thousands of years ago managed to
sustain themselves. These incredible qualities of the Nile River are very impressive and may be seen
as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Being African American myself, I found it very interesting to learn more about, not only my
heritage, but the heritage of possibly every man and woman on earth. Throughout reading the book
There were a lot of things that interested me. The art in particular interested me the most. I found it
fascinating that even the earliest of man could have such skill in any craft. I thought that in earlier
times, mankind would be too busy or not have much interest in art, but they seemed to have had a
major focus on it and used it to honor the people or deities they deemed

Egypt And Nubia Similarities
Nubia and Egypt are two different civilizations, but deep down in the roots of their government,
environment, and agriculture, there are some similarities that can be brought up. Along with these
similarities are differences. Such as how they both relied on the Nile River and both had Pharaohs,
but Egypt was more isolated than Nubia.
Let's start off with the two nations government. Both Nubia and Egypt had Pharaohs, but Egypt's
government was a complex bureaucracy and Nubia's government was more of a monarchy. Nubia
had a head Although, Nubia's government was mostly a replication of Egyptian government and
even law codes. Nubia was just influenced by Egypt.
Egypt's and Nubia's environments had similar and varying aspects. Egypt was pretty

The Nile River also benefitted Nubia because it provided rainfall in the hot, and dry weather. The
Egyptian government adapted from the Nubian language and religion, which is one of the way
Nubia had a great impact on Egypt. Meroë was a huge city that was famous for agriculture and
trade. In their royal family, women, Nubian queens, had more than usual control of the kingdom
than in other places. First Civilizations of the Americas: The Olmec and Chavín, 1200–250 B.C.E.:
The Americas were discovered after humans discovered the Western Hemisphere, which took a long
time to find. Olmec, a Mesoamerican civilization, worked hard in the areas of agriculture, craft
specialization, and social stratification. The Olmec did many things, such as producing collective
labor so that the commoners were able to have various meals, having religious rituals with many
diverse people, and studying the stars to come up with an accurate calendar. In Chavín, they
increased in trading, which benefited them with new produces such as quinoa, potatoes, and llamas.
Llamas, which were domesticated, were very important in Chavín because they were the source of
transporting goods to different places. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, because of the shortage of water, China built dikes so that they were able to get water
easily even though there was little rainfall. For the elite groups, the new technology of tools and
weapons were very important and they are part of what made them successful. Agriculture was
important for each civilization as well, because it provided more food for the people, which led to
larger

Identity And Colonialism In Tombos
When discussing identity and colonialism between the Egyptians and Nubians in Tombos, it is
critical to consider how the two cultures influenced one another and how identity is emphasized and
displayed through culture (primarily memorialization) and the physical landscape. Additionally, we
must also consider what archaeology reveals and how it allows us to potentially answer about
Egyptian society, identity, and interactions between ethnic groups. Specifically, the author uses
archaeological evidence to demonstrate the intersection and balance of power between Egypt and
Nubia culturally through burials and memorialization, but also the political interaction and how it
relates to history. Subsequently, understanding the archaeological record requires us to understand
how identity is formed through memorialization in burials, which Tombos gives insight into.
Finally, the archaeological record reveals an abundance of information about Egyptian identity,
cultural and ethnic mixing with Nubians, and how this interaction (with respect to the idea of
exclusion vs inclusion) relates to the structure and function of each society and, ultimately, how this
relates to the greater history, religion, and culture of the region. The first and most critical element
to analyze is the interaction between Egypt, Nubia, and how the two cultures ultimately influenced
each other. Despite Egyptologists of the past characterizing Egypt as a sophisticated core with the
inferior Nubian periphery (Smith and Buzon 188), the archaeological record and what the author
gleans from it is superior as a hypothesis. What is evident is that Egypt was obviously dominant
initially during the New Kingdom period due to having military and colonial control over Nubia –
and through this military dominance, conformation to Egyptian culture was rewarded by less
violence. This is demonstrated by the author through a study of head and defensive wounds, with
the results demonstrating lower rates of violence at the more Egyptianized Tombos compared to
surrounding, earlier Nubian cities (197–199). The existence of violence is indicative of a degree of
resistance to Egyptian colonialism, nulling the argument that a 'sophisticated' Egyptian culture was

Three Different Tribes, And Cultures In Early Africa
This essay introduces the reader to some of the different tribes, and cultures that resided in early
Africa. Three of the tribes that are explored in this paper are the Bantu, the Twa, and the Khoisan.
Two different cultures are also discussed in this paper. Them being the Nok, and the Kushite's. The
first tribe that is discussed is the Bantu tribe. The Bantu tribe originated around Nigeria. Because
they were nomadic people the eventually migrated to Uganda. The Bantu people were polytheistic.
The second tribe that is discussed is the Twa. They were a group of pygmies who were known to
have inhabited Rwanda. The third tribe that is discussed is the Khoisan's. This tribe were
descendants of two different tribes. They were a polytheistic tribe. ... Show more content on
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The Twa were known as pygmies, which meant that the average height of the people in the tribe was
atypically short. The average height for a Twa man is five feet ("The Twa"). They are viewed as the
first tribe to tenant the regions around the great lakes in Central Africa. But the Twa were known to
have domination of the African country Rwanda ("The Twa"). The Twa people were nomadic group.
The Twa people are intertwined with many different cultures also. For example, it is believed that
the first god, and goddess that the Egyptians believed in who were called Ptah and Bes were
originally Twa ("Home"). Because the Twa people were nomadic they traveled and settled down in
many places. One of these places that the Twa people went to was Ireland. This is where the legend
of the leprechaun comes into play. When the Twa people traveled to Ireland they had advanced
knowledge on things like medicine which the Irish thought was magical ("Home"). It is also
believed that the people who St. Patrick chased out of Ireland were the Twa people. This is because
another name for the Twa people is Naga which translated to snake

Positive And Negative Effects Of Colonialism In Africa
Africa, although it is the mother of all the continents and is the origin of humankind, is considered
the most misunderstood continent that has gone through centuries of strife and exploitation from
other countries all over the world. Since the beginning of slavery in Africa in the medieval times,
many changes in Africa have occurred in a social and economic standpoint in relations to other
countries and within the native land itself by causing colonialism, which is the process of taking
control of another area politically while also using their land. Colonialism has had a negative effect
on Africa both socially, politically, and economically and can be fixed with the help of other
countries. Africa in and of itself was the mighty continent before slavery and colonialism. Africa
serves as the Mater Hominum and the Mater Continentium, or the creator of the first humans and
the mother continent. It is regarded in the book African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from
Antiquity to the 21st Century, written by Dr. Daniel Don Nanjira, that Africa is the "first cradle of
the humankind," which makes it the only continent in the world to have the whole human species
inhabit the area for "at least 5 million years running" (Nanjira 7). Therefore, Africa is revered as the
first continent in existence for the world and is the oldest place of human life which in turn
illustrates the value and true importance of the land and people that have for so long been
disregarded and corrupted. Before the use of slavery and colonialism, African had flourishing and
prosperous civilizations that been first established in the Nile River valley like the Kingdoms of
Kerma in the ancient region of Nubia. There are also many other empires that have been known all
over Africa such as the Aksumite, Mali, and Luba empires. These Kingdom's once prospered before
or during slavery and colonialism and had their own cultures and significant contributions to
civilization. The Kingdom of Kerma was established in the northern part of Sudan in 2500 BC and
ended in 1500 BC after the Egyptian invasion of the country after they had already invaded
neighboring lands and allianced states or cities. It is one of the many Kingdoms found in the ancient

The Artistic And Architectural Evidence For The Nubian...
Sam Morton
ART 2813
March 6, 2017
Describe the artistic and architectural evidence for the Nubian assimilation of Egyptian forms and
ideas.
Nubians art and architecture is traced back hundreds of years. They urbanized one of the oldest and
utmost civilizations in their region until they lost their last empire years ago. Nubia was a land of
expected wealth and prosperity and Sudan had remained the main home of Nubians through their
long history, but many live in Egypt today. Nubian art impacted Egyptian Art through their past art
and architecture, one can see how glorious and influential these group of people were to the world.
Some art included the "ba" which was, in Egyptian portrayal, a sculpture of a small bird with a
human head ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These forms were perhaps used to satisfy the desire to fill the void with selected or mixed elements
that may have resulted in a kind of chaos or art. It can be distinguishing by the manner in which the
artist regulates the elements of his composition by reflecting all the elements of the design which are
used for functional and aesthetic purposes.
The Nubians were also remarkable in their architecture. Ancient constructions that appeared to be
palaces at their time are discovered throughout Northern Sudan. Archeologists excavated the land
and identified few dwellings that date back to the pre–Kerma period. Remarkably large huts
reaching seven meters in diameter have been found and interpreted by some as residence of wealthy
individuals. The architectural materials, structures, and the presence of staircases in most of the
palaces suggest that they were mostly built of more than one floor. The majority of the palaces had a
rectangular or square plans with long corridors and narrow rectangular rooms. The temples of the
Kushite Kingdom were built of durable materials, such as red fired–bricks and stories that helped
them to endure the ravages of time and nature. Temple columns were worked with extensive designs
curved to shape lotus flowers and the heads of gods Bes and Hathor. One known Egyptian temple is
The temple of Ramses II, and the temple of Nefertiti dedicated to Hathor, they stood for a very long
time, until they had a

To reiterate, each society began with farming as their main backbone behind its further
development. Nubia took this to the next level by incorporating an extensive system of animal
husbandry as well. This form of raising livestock involved cattle, sheep, goats, and donkeys. The
institution of animal husbandry was partly due to the fact that Nubia received little seasonal rain.
Parts of the agricultural economy was saved, however, by it being located near the Nile River which
brought water and soil necessary for human settlement. Nubia was also a major trade corridor
located in the heart of Africa. It linked the developed society of the north with the undeveloped
society of the south with the trading of raw materials with manufactured goods. ... Show more
Many people in Ethiopia, which shares a border with southern Arabia, also suffered from the
problems of self–identification. The traditional theory of emergence of this state hypothesized that
immigrants from the Arabian Peninsula settled in northern Ethiopia bringing a myriad of customs to
the area, however, a new confounding principle negates this theory. A new theory challenges this
emergence of a mixed African and Arab culture. This theory says that both sides of the Red Sea
were a single, cultural unit. The rise of civilization in the highlands was actually a colonization of
southern Arabian territory. This new emergence of people somehow worked because the cultural and
economic exchange of these two cultures played a vital role in the legacy of

Understanding The New Kingdom Of Egypt
Understanding the New Kingdom of Egypt
Perhaps no other culture has intrigued the human imagination as that of ancient Egypt. From the
Ancient Greeks, who treated Egypt with venerable respect, to Alexander the Great, and Napoleon,
who felt it was imperative to go there, few other cultures have represented so much of universal
value to all humans. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief survey of the ancient New
Kingdom of Egypt. An emphasis on scholarly views will focus on culture, agriculture, Nubian
Pharaohs, religion, and war. Of particular interest is the manner in which this historical knowledge
is repeatedly made relevant in today's world.
Culture
Spanning approximately 1550 to 1070 BCE, the New Kingdom of Egypt represents a golden age,
one which was almost the opposite of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt in terms of its
accomplishments. Some of the most prestigious names of ancient Egypt come from this period, such
as Hatsetshup, the female pharaoh, Thutmose III, Ramses II, the last warrior pharaoh of the New
Kingdom, King Akhenaten, the sun worshipper, his beloved wife Nefertiti, and Tutankhamun, the
much–celebrated boy king.
There is no probable way to estimate the amount of highly valued art and artifacts that have been
discovered and taken out of Egypt. Whether by contract, government arrangement or smuggling, the
allure of Egyptian art and culture has mesmerized every other culture that beheld it. Only the size of
the pyramids themselves, or the New Kingdom

Nubia Relationship
Nubia, being one of the earliest civilizations suffered tremendous amounts of turmoil during it's
early existence due to major violence with a similar neighbor, Egypt. One reason for the Turmoil;
Egypt, being one of the most military powerful civilizations at that time, wanted to exercise
aggressive expansions against Nubia to gain more land. Another reason for violence, would be the
need to attain more goods. This was marked by military raids, expeditions and conquests by the
Egyptians. Even though the two civilizations did go through great periods of peace, the standstill
never lasted because of how harrowing the relationships between the two civilzations were. Nubia
and Egypt were one of the earliest civilizations of ancient Africa. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During the reign of Ramesses II around (1279–1213) BC, Nubia had been a colony for about two
hundred years. Its subjugation was depicted in a painting at the temple of Ramesses II which was
constructed at Beit el–Wali in Northern Nubia. (Fandom, par 11) Nubians fought back against
Egyptians as well. Powerful leaders would rise and establish control over areas of Egypt.
Relationship between Nubia and Egypt changed intensely in the years from 750–730 BC (25th
Century). The Kingdom of Kush and the Nubian prince Piankhy pushed into the north to capture
Egypt from the Libyan control and establish their capital at Thebes. The record of these moving
events is contained on a large granite stela which Piankhy erected in the temple at Gebel Barkal.
Having taken immediate action with his troops in Egypt, Piankhy gave orders for his army in Nubia
to advance into Egypt, with orders to "fight ye on sight." ( More reasons for violence between the
two would be the allocation of goods.
"The culture of Nubian goods led Egyptian kings to begin a long series of invasions into Nubia to
secure them. Initial efforts to establish trade relations, as well as military campaigns during the early
dynastic period, had set the stage for a more complex arrangement during the Old Kingdom."
(Hawas,

Why Was Egypt So Successful
Ancient Egypt Started To form Around 3100 B.C.But when Alexander the great took control at 332
B.C. That's when Egypt started to develop. Egypt was one of the world's first organized society
because their written language, religion, and institutions. Egypt Became successful Because their
leaders, Military, Culture, and artifacts.
Alexander the Great was born to parents King Philip II and Queen Olympia. At age 18 and aided
Philip in defeating the Athenian and Theban armies at Chaeronea. Egypt was successful because
Alexander the Great. Egypt was first Being controlled by persians. The Persian army Would attack
Egypt over and Over.This is an example of their massive army, being able to gain something back
that is theirs. Of course the fight wasn't easy but what Egyptian military was able to bring, started
shaping Egypt to a bigger and better civilization. Around 332 B.C. Alexander the great Had
Defeated Persian army and took over Egypt himself. With Alexander the great army Egypt was able
to protect its own country and conquer more land.
Another good reason Egypt was successful is because their military.Their military help build them
together, starting with their weapons and strategy. During the old kingdom the military was formed
by farmers. however, during the new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the old kingdom the military was formed by farmers. however, during the new kingdom is
when the egyptian civilization started to expand. Their military used bows and arrows that was
made out of wood, it took strength and years of practice to be proficient with bows and arrows. Also
they used Shields to protect themselves from invaders and enemies. Their main military focus was
to keep enemies out. The egyptians built fortresses and outposts along the borders east and west of
the nile delta, in the eastern desert and in nubia to the

Manetho's Legitimacy Of Thutmose III
The understanding of Egyptian history has been greatly influenced by the work of Manetho, a
historian and priest who lived in Egypt around 300 BC who organized the country's history. He
created 30 Dynasties to divide history under the ruling pharaohs and their related royal families. The
most influential and important period of Egyptian history is labeled the New Kingdom, covering the
18th, 19th, and 20th Dynasty. During this time Egypt expanded and reached its highest point as an
empire under the rule of the great Thutmose III. Thutmose III was able to expand Egypt's
prominence through the use of administration and governance as king. This was supported by his
new strategy for Egyptian foreign policy and the use of its adapted military. Egypt ... Show more
He gained an education from the priesthood of Amun–Re and eventually served as a priest. It is
likely that during his time with the priesthood, he learned how to read and write, which was highly
valued. He was exposed and influenced by many different ideas through reading and learning.
"Probably around this age at the temple of Amun at Karnak he was placed in the care of the priests
to oversee his further education it would not have been unreasonable that the priests should have
encouraged Thutmose to become one of them. Such encouragement may, perhaps, even have come
at the instigation of the queen and her advisers, who might have reckoned that the priesthood was an
ideal place to imprison her rival for the throne." (TIII 11) Around the age of 12 or 13 he underwent
"a time of great importance marked by the ceremonies of shaving the Horus lock and of undergoing
circumcision. The origins of the Egyptian practice of circumcision are quite obscure and very old,
perhaps reaching back to the earliest days of man's original settlement in Egypt." (TIII 11) Then it is
unknown how much more time he spent at the temple before he went to the

The Nile River In Ancient Egyptian Civilization
In ancient Egyptian civilization the Nile River was the single most important thing to the Egyptians.
If the Egyptians did not have the Nile River they would have never survived. The Egyptians thrived
because of the Nile it provided them with trade, protection, farming, irrigation and transportation.
The Nile River was a huge help to the Egyptian civilization with trade. Without it they would not
have been able to trade nearly as much. They are surrounded by deserts so there are certain things
that they needed that they could not make. They would usually trade some of the crops that they
harvested for things they needed. Some of the things that they would trade the most would be
papyrus and minerals. These minerals would include gold and copper. Some things they would
receive from their trades would be wood, incense, metal, slaves and animals. Since Egypt is located
in the desert there is not very many trees. Wood was needed to build houses and furniture. Ships
were also built out of wood. Egypt did not have much metal but it did have lots of gold and other
minerals to trade for metal. Egypt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Every year the Nile would flood and the places where it did flood was fertile. The Egyptians then
figured out what time the Nile would flood every year. They then developed their farming system to
go around the flood of the Nile. They had several different seasons in which they would either plant
crops or harvest them. Eventually the Egyptians figured out how to use the Nile for irrigation so
they wouldn't have to wait for the Nile to flood. It was a good thing the Egyptians figured out how
to farm because they would then trade what they farmed for things they needed more. Most of
Egypt's wealth could be turned back to farming and crops. The pharaoh would own all of the land so
with the crops that people planted they would get a small percentage then he would take the rest of
the

Gold And The Gods : Jewels Of Ancient Nubia
Jewels from Tombs of Ancient Nubia Include Rare Works of Gold and Precious Materials
BOSTON, MA (June 23, 2014)–A world–class collection of jewels from ancient Nubia at the
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA), will go on view this summer in Gold and the Gods: Jewels of
Ancient Nubia. The MFA's collection of Nubian adornments is the most comprehensive outside
Khartoum–the result of an early 20th–century expedition by the Museum with Harvard University.
The exhibition opens on July 19, and includes works by Nubian goldsmiths and jewelers, who were
among the most innovative in the ancient world. Featuring some 100 excavated ornaments dating
from 1700 BC to AD 300, which will be on view in the Rita J. and Stanley H. Kaplan Family
Foundation Gallery, the exhibition explores the royal tombs of kings and queens, which were filled
with elaborate jewelry such as necklaces, amulets, stacked bracelets and earrings. The MFA is
unique in its ability to mount an exhibition of Nubian jewelry and adornment drawn exclusively
from its own collection. In addition to gold––Nubia's most important commodity––jewelry in the
exhibition incorporates precious materials such as lapis lazuli (imported from Afghanistan), blue
chalcedony (imported from Turkey), amethystine quartz and carnelian, as well as enamel and
glass––both of which were rare and valuable new technologies at the time. The exhibition is
accompanied by a fully illustrated MFA Publication on Nubian jewelry.
"The Nubian Nile valley was

How Did The Nile River Shaped The Worldview Of Ancient Egypt?
Just as the Tigris and Euphrates rivers shaped the worldview of early Mesopotamians, The Nile
shaped the world view of the Egyptians. The Nile River was easily navigated and fairly temperate,
which made for one of the greatest agricultural regions in the world at that time. Like clockwork,
each year the Nile River would flood the land, leaving behind nutrient–rich silt that provided a
bountiful harvest the following season. Due to the agricultural success of the land that followed the
Nile the majority of Egyptians would settle close to it shores. The Nile Rivers benevolent waters
also allowed the Egyptians to transport its most valuable resources to the southern regions of Africa,
especially the divine metal that had been endowed by the gods to Egypt's elite. Even today the
Egyptians are considered to be the pioneers of water management. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore the Egyptians were able to consistently produce high yielding crops which to a
considerable surplus, while investing minimal resources. Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted from
3000 B.C.E to 332 B.C.E. Egyptian history has been divided into three broad categories each of
which were divided by intermediate periods of cultural stability in which the arts and sciences
flourished. The first period of in the ancient Egyptian timeline was the called the Old Kingdom and
lasted from 2649 B.C.E. to 2152 B.C.E. The succeeding era was called the Middle Kingdom, lasting
from 2040 B.C.E. to 1640 B.C.E.; followed by the New Kingdom which lasted from 1550 B.C.E. to
1070

The Culture I Have Chosen
The culture I have chosen is the Nubian culture. The name "Nubians" come from either the Nubian
language meaning "slaves" or ancient Egyptian word nab meaning "gold". It was a meaning for gold
because the Nubian Valley had gold mines area surrounding the valley. To some scholars, Nubians
are also referred as Kushites because of the Kingdom of Kush. The Nubians originated form
present–day Sudan and Egypt. The Nubia region was in the southern part of Egypt and northern part
of Sudan. Nubia was also broken into two parts, the Lower Nubia region and Upper Nubia region.
Today, most of the Nubian descendants still live in the area of ancient Nubia and some parts of
Egypt. The ancient people of Nubia inhabited the along the banks of the Nile ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
They also worshipped gods and goddesses. For government they had kingdoms, chiefdom, and
tribes. The government or class structure of Nubian culture was that they were in a hierarchy.
Meaning they had kings and queens. One known king of the Nubian people was King Piankhi he
ruled between 752–721 B.C.E. he is also known as Pharaoh Piye (Granville).
TABOO
The taboo I will be focusing on is birth and baby taboos, because they are both related to caring for
a new born baby. The Nubians have many taboos that correlate to the birth of the children. For the
mother's first birth she must where all white and her best gold jewelry. Then she is bathed in the
Nile river and decorated in ancient Egyptian eye–liner. This is to please the spirits (Kennedy, page
689). Right before the birth of the child the mother has varies items around her the items are to
please the spirits, to persuade the spirits to permit an easy child birth, and to keep harm away from
her. The items around the mother are: oil, cotton, a knife or nail, onions and kohl (for the child's
eyes), and a special food, called aseeda. After the birth the mother is to bite fresh dates and spit them
into the baby's face to ensure beauty, health, and melodious voice (Kennedy, page 689). Another
taboo related to child birth is when you go to visit the mother and child, there are several
accountants that took place. The first is when a woman from Kenuz went to go visit and
congratulate her neighbor for her child birth.

Nubia Short Story
My next scene was the royal wedding. Before Radames and I went onstage Jasmine went to the
middle of the stage and danced with Sloan, a live snake, around her neck. Then she left and we
walked on. "Did the princess like my gift?" Radames asked me. "Yes, Aida managed to make herself
indispensable in record time." I answered. "Did she tell you anything about herself, because I've
never met a woman like her before, and I can't help but wonder..." "No! Nothing... she said
nothing!" I said walking away quickly. When I got back I was holding a tray of chalices, which I
handed to Radames and Amneris. Two slaves across from me were talking with Aida. "Princess,
word of your arrival has spread throughout the Nubian camp." One said. "Your people have been
waiting. Welcome princess, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The songs roll sweetly across the harvest plain. The tears of Nubia, a passing aberration. They wash
into the river and never cried again."
Aida lifted Nahebka up as together we all sang sadly
"The gods love Nubia, we have to keep believing though scattered and divided, we are still it's heart.
The fall of Nubia, ephemeral and fleeting, the spirit always burning though the flesh is torn apart."
We continued to sing as Aida and Nahebka lifted us up and rose our spirits. Then, we would go to
others and do the same to them hugging and sharing encouraging looks as we passed.
"Take me in my dreams recurring, cheerful as a childhood dance.
Into one more taste of freedom, one more longing backward glance.
The gods love Nubia the beautiful, the golden, the radiant the fertile the gentle and the blessed.
The pain of Nubia is only of the moment the desolate, the suffering, the plundered the oppressed."
The music stopped and we turned toward the audience preparing to sing our song in four–part
harmony accapella.
"The gods love Nubia, we have to keep believing though scattered and divided, we are still it's

The Ancient Civilization Of Egypt
Egypt was an ancient civilisation found in the northern Africa. Like many early civilizations, it
developed along a river, that being the Nile River. It was important that it developed along a river
such as the Nile because it provided water for agriculture and drinking, which were necessary for
survival in a permanent settlement or civilization. South of Egypt was the civilization of Nubia, or
Kush. This was important to Egypt's culture because the back–and–forth conquering of each other
that went on led to the integration of one another's culture. Egypt adopted Nubian traditions and vice
versa. Egypt was a prominent, African civilization for roughly 1500 years, being divided into three
separate kingdoms, those being Old, Middle, and New. The Old Kingdom through the New
Kingdom lasted from about 2575 b.c.e to 1075 b.c.e. The Old Kingdom was established in roughly
2575 b.c.e. and lasted to about 2130 b.c.e. During the Old Kingdom, leaders called pharaohs created
a strong, central, organised government for Egypt. Theocratic rule was present throughout Egyptian
government, meaning that Egypt's government was headed and led by religious leaders. The chief
religious adviser to the pharaoh was their vizier. Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom established a
bureaucratic form of government, meaning it had varying levels of authority and departments tasked
with handling specific objectives. The Middle Kingdom of Egypt endured from approximately 1938
b.c.e. to 1630 b.c.e. The Middle

Nile River Dbq Essay
The Nile river shaped ancient Egypt in many ways. The Nile was important to everyone who lived
in ancient Egypt. Without the Nile River the ancient Egyptians would have never survived. The Nile
was a big part in everything that the Egyptians did. The Nile took a big part in agriculture,
economics, and religion in ancient Egypt.
The Nile River took place in Egypt's agriculture. All of the major cities in ancient Egypt are near the
Nile and the fertile land around it. The Nile produced a type of silt when it flooded. The ancient
Egyptians used this silt to plant crops such as wheat and bareley which was one of the Egyptians
only food source. This is why it was very important when the Nile flooded. The Egyptians even had
a their seasons based off of when the Nile River flooded. The Nile produced almost every food
source that the Egyptians had. It produced wheat, bareley, papyrus roots and fish. They used the
Nile's wheat and barley for bread and beer, and ate papyrus roots and fish. Without the Nile River
the ancient Egyptians would have nothing to eat or trade.
(Doc A, Doc B, Doc E) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Nile helps with trade, transportation and jobs. The Nile river travels down south to Nubia, a
place that they trade with. They could trade goods up and down river on the Nile which helps with
Egypt's relations with Nubia and also increases income of merchants. The Nile was also used for
transportation. They could sail on the Nile to trade, move materials for a pyramid or tomb faster, and
could bring important people from place to place. As said before, the seasons were based on when
the Nile flooded. They also had a season for selling crops that were grown on the Nile. There are
also many jobs that are on the Nile. Some of them are, sailors, rowers, boat builders, navigators,
loaders, merchants, gaurds and a lot more. Without the Nile Egypt wouldn't have any trade routes
and there would be a lot less

The Origin Of Ancient Africa
Africa is the origin of mankind, the early civilizations that migrated throughout the continent set a
basis for studying and understanding why humans will migrate. When examining the people of
ancient Africa, historians identified the fact that many groups migrated throughout the continent. It
became evident that the different societies had some similarities and influences from one another.
The Bantu people shared a common foundational language, which was a main factor in their
expansion to the west as well as the south. In the northern part of the continent there was a colonial
powerhouse forming. The Egyptian empire migrated along the Nile River in search for trade routes,
which expanded their kingdom and made them stronger. To develop a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The same strategies that helped them become so large, and powerful, led to their downfall. "The
process of Egyptian colonial expansion in Africa involved three major stages. The first was a period
of more or less uncoordinated exploration and plundering, which served to make the Egyptians
aware of the economic resources and opportunities beyond their southern frontier. This was
followed by the establishment of trade relations with a powerful interior chiefdom, backed up by an
Egyptian monopoly of trade on the lower Nile." The Egyptians explored beyond the borders of their
primary colonization, as stated the first period was uncoordinated; it was simply human nature to
explore, and see what there was beyond their borders. This led to trade relations, and the Egyptians
developed a trade monopoly along the Nile. In turn this helped their economy grow, and expand as a
result of their migration southward. When a historian looks at ancient Egypt he or she can see that
by studying it's migration patterns south, it was able to extend its influence on the culture and
societies that it encountered. In the south the people of Nubia were the most directly affected by
Egyptian occupation. The various natural resources that were sought after in Nubia by the Egyptians
were what led to the empires initial purpose for migrating further south. As a result, Nubian culture
showed evidence of

Kush-By The Time Of The Unification Of Egypt In 3100 BC
Kush – By the time of the unification of Egypt in 3100 BC, several Nubian kingdoms had already
been established along the middle Nile between the first and fourth cataracts. After an Egyptian
invasion of Nubia as far as the second cataract in about 1900 BC, the Nubian kingdoms formed a
loose unity, centered on the city of Kerma, just south of the third cataract. Little is known about this
kingdom until it was brought within the Egyptian New Kingdom empire about 1500 BC. As
Egyptian control weakened after 1100 BC, Nubia reasserted its independence and became known as
Kush. A new capital and religious center was established at Napata, near the fourth cataract, and
Kushite culture flourished. Kush's agricultural economy was based on cattle herding

Ancient Egyptian Costumes : Tradition And Innovation Essay
Kushite Kings in Egyptian Costumes: Tradition and Innovation
Tamer Fahim
Lecturer of Ancient Egyptian Archaeology
Faculty of tourism and Hotels– Fayoum University
Tme00@fayoum.edu.eg
Abstract
The costumes of Kushite kings were characterized with mingled and overlapped style, which
appeared in various types of crowns, ornaments, clothing, and Kushite 's costumes were
distinguished with ethnic features, belong to Nubia beside the traditional Egyptian costumes. Due to
the longtime of interaction between Egypt and Kush, we can notice that the Kushite royal costumes
reveal the Egyptian influences. In this paper I answer an important question about interconnections
between the Egyptian and Kushite costumes during the Twenty–fifth Dynasty. Did the Kushites
have adopted all the costumes and designs of Egyptians without adding their own Nubian identity?
Or they may have adopted a new style that combines two identities the Egyptian–Kushite in same
time, attempting to appease the Egyptians, as well as the Kushites, the article conclude that,
Kushites did not imitate Egyptian art directly or excessive, but they were able to collect between
Egyptian culture and Kushite identity.
Key words: Costumes– Egyptian– interconnections– Kushite– Twenty Fifth Dynasty.
Introduction
Many scholars who interested in the relation of Egypt and Nubia, they focus on their study about the
interchange influences between them, and the direct impact of the culture of Egypt and Nubia, may
appear obvious in

Origin
Ancient Nubia emerged in Northern Nubia in about 3500 B.C., according to the Ancient Near East
Encyclopedia. A small kingdom emerged and was called the first Nubian Kingdom. Egyptians called
would call their land "Ta Seti". This meant the land of the bow. It was given the name because it
indicates what the Nubian culture was known for. The Nubian Kingdom was shaped by the Egyptian
culture. They dressed themselves after the Egyptian Rulers, built large tombs, and were buried with
wealthy items.
Government
The Nubian government was a mimic of the Egypt's government and law codes. Ancient Nubia had
a
monarchy government. A monarchy government is a government ruled by a King or Queen in a
Kingdom or empire. The King and Queen were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Growing crops was only possible when it was fall. Farmers were able to
grow grains, peas, lentils, dates, and possibly melons. They were also able to mine carnelian, gold,
and
other minerals.
Technology
Ancient Nubia had many advancements when it came to technology. The Nubians had built
pyramids
and burial mounts using the same materials used to make wrenches, pulleys, and lifts. The

developed
ovens to bake and silos for storing grains. Nubians had also designed chariots used for warfare.
They
also built a saqia which is a wooden wheel equipped with pots to bring in water from the Nile River.
So
many of these technologies have played a part in what we use today.
Art and Literature
Nubian art was distinctive and remarkable. The sculpture were cubic and frontal. When they
sculpted
the pharaohs, they added two cobra heads on the crown. This displays that the pharaoh was ruler of
both
Egypt and Nubia. Literature in Nubia is not really known in modern day. Nubians used stealaes to
write.
Stelaes are writing tablets. They are often made out of stone. The Kings would erase or destroy them
so
the writing could not be used as evidence against them by their

Ap World History Chapter 3 Summary
Chapter three is about early Africa and Egypt. Africa is divided into five sections by climatic and
vegetative differences. The five sections were: Mediterranean, Sahel, Deserts, rainforest and
savannah. Depending on the climate section in which they lived, the range of people in Africa
urbanized special ways of being. The chapter also talked about the people that lived during this
time. The first group was called the Khoisan. Initially they populated the eastern part of Africa. The
next groups were called the Nilo–Saharan and Afro–Asiatic. At first regions by the Nile River valley
were occupied. The final group was called Niger–Congo. They occupied the forests of western
Saharan Africa over the wet phase.
Chapter three is also about the land ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pharaoh was really responsible for the welfare of Egypt. Pharaoh had great partnerships with the
gods assured affluence and banned natural disasters such as drought, insect pests and epidemics.
The last Pharaoh ended the reign that ravaged the Persian invaders.
In addition, Dynasties tended to be clustered under three kingdoms Old, Middle and New
Kingdoms. The Old Kingdom was 3100–2200 BC. It was fundamentally productive and successful
period of ancient Egypt. During this period many accomplishments were made, for example, art and
architecture, divine kingship, religion, social and economic stability, and prosperity. This was the
period that saw the construction of the most important sights to the Pharaohs of Egypt, the pyramids
of Giza. In the Middle Kingdom 2100–1650 B.C.E. Trade was imperative with their neighbors, that
included Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Crete, and Nubia became more widespread. Religion became
more democratic in its view of who can go into the afterlife. The New Kingdom began after the
defeat of the Hyksos invaders in 1500. It lasted through the years of imperial wars in opposition to
the Hittites and other for the control of Mesopotamia, which ended with the retreat of Egypt that
caused the Egyptian civilization to support the invasion of

Egypt: the Five Themes of Geography
Egypt– The Five Themes of Geography Egypt is a land of rich culture, society, religion, customs,
and prosperity. Tourists flock over in floods to marvel at the wonders of Egypt: the pyramids, the
temples, the Sphinx, and the fortresses. But if the Egyptians hadn't been lucky to stumble upon the
land of Egypt, there would not be much left to see. Egypt's unique geography separates it from other
lands. Each of the five themes of geography, which are location, region, place, interaction, and
movement, are distinctly different from the others and have shaped Egypt's environment throughout
the ages. Location is the spot or setting of an area. There are two kinds of location: exact and
relative location. Exact location is where in latitude ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Every time there was a war, prisoners were enslaved. Slaves were common in Egypt. However,
slaves in Egypt had many more rights than slaves in other areas; they could own property, get
married, and win their freedom. The Egyptians also advanced in their technology. They invented a
writing system called hieroglyphics, mummification, pyramids, and more. Egypt was a fascinating
place with many cultural and natural features that allowed Egyptians to cooperate, interact with, and
make use of their environment. Interaction is how humans interact, adapt to, modify, and depend on
their surroundings and environment. The Egyptians adapted to living on the Nile. They depended on
its water and its annual floods to provide their farmlands with rich black silt and water. In the silt,
farmers generally planted wheat. Women took and ground the wheat to flour to make bread. The
extra grain was stored by the government in the granaries. The fields were irrigated with water from
the Nile. Slaves worked as laborers and dug the irrigation ditches. Egyptians also used animals to
plow the fields. Farm tools were manufactured out of copper and bronze. Egyptian men farmed their
fields in the spring, but in the summer, the land was no good, so the turned to buildings. In the fall,
they harvested last spring's crops. A surplus of food developed, which allowed division of labor and
different people to be doing different jobs. Some people used the river clay to make

Nile's Lifeblood
"The Nile was the lifeblood of Ancient Egypt. Discuss."
By Herbie Fischbacher, 7 Lombard
The Nile river has so many things that Ancient Egyptians needed, so if you called it the lifeblood of
Ancient Egyptians, it would fit perfectly. Trading, farming, transport and defence were things that
without the Nile River, weren't possible. These four points were all very big factors in why Ancient
Egypt flourished and was rich and successful.
The Nile River allowed Ancient Egyptians to feed their crops, meaning they could survive in the
extreme temperatures of the desert. This is because the Nile provided Ancient Egyptians fertile
growing silt when it flooded Egypt, but also the water that was carried in the river's body. The
planting, harvesting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A wide variety of things and people that were transported along the Nile, which affected the
economy and wellbeing of Ancient Egypt. Things that were transported included traded goods, both
imported goods and goods to be exported, people, animals and building materials such as stones,
granite and obelisks. Boats or ships that travelled along the Nile were made using bundles of
papyrus reed, and had one sail, which powered them to go forward, and an oar at the back to go
backwards. The dead bodies of Pharaohs would be taken by boat or ship to the burial site called the
"Valley of the Kings". Boats were also used to catch food. One technique to catch fish and
swimming animals in the Nile was trawling. This was where you had a net tied between two boats,
and the boats would go against the flow of water, which would cause fish coming with the current to
be caught in the net between the boats. Ships were used to transport soldiers throughout Egypt and
beyond. News was brought by people travelling along the Nile, which would keep people up to date
with things happening locally and outside Egypt if travelling from that far. Coming and going along
the Nile River meant that people could get to places and things could be accomplished, which
proves the point that without the Nile, then Ancient Egyptians couldn't

Unification Of Ancient Egypt
Settling along the banks of the Nile River, hunters – gatherers evolved into subsistence agriculture.
The Egyptians had a unique and special bond with the Nile River which was the life source that
made Egypt function with great power. The Nile provided them everything they need from fertile
soil and fresh water, to rich hunting grounds with an endless supply of fish. Thanks to the river,
Egypt grew into a wealthy, vast mystical land. With that Egypt became a target to foreign invaders.
To conquer this land would prove to be difficult. Egypt's location was protected by the terrain
surrounding the city. You had in the north the Mediterranean Sea, west the Sahara Desert, east the
Red Sea, in the south Nubia, another city advanced like Egypt, and finally the Nile River running
straight down Egypt. With their land flourishing one may ask, why didn't Egypt want to expand and
conquer new territory? Simply because the Egyptians weren't interested. The
Nile provided everything that they needed. Expanding would mean trying to cross the
Mediterranean Sea, then the desert, as well as the Red Sea. Faced ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Egyptians living along the banks of the Nile River spoke the same language and worshiped many of
the same gods. They were considered homogeneous meaning that many people in that society share
the same culture values, languages, ethnicity and religion. Even thought Egypt didn't have much
contact with other cities the Egyptians still managed to provide some trade with others by sailing
along the Nile River as well as the Mediterranean Sea. Being isolated not only unified the people
but it allowed them to develop a truly distinctive culture all on their own. Egypt developed written
languages, religion and insitwtians that made it the worlds first organized society. The disadvantage
of being isolated though would be little to no help from allies during an attack or

Egypt Social Structure

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