Ethics And Ethics Of Care

Ethics And Ethics Of Care
Ethics of care can be defined as "a normative ethical theory often considered a type of virtue ethics.
Dominant traditional ethical developed ethical theories based on an understanding of society as the
aggregate of autonomous, rational individuals with an emphasis on rules, duties, justice, rights,
impartiality, universality, utility and preference satisfaction; care ethics, on the other hand,
developed based on the understanding of the individual as an interdependent, relational being and
emphasized the importance of human relationships and emotion based virtues such as benevolence,
mercy, care, friendship, reconciliation, and sensitivity." The author divided the article into three
sections: first, the analysis of Avishai Margalit's argument ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It argued that memory includes an element of forgetting. It is impossible for us to remember
everything with equal weight. Remembering a unique event, such as the Holocaust, it becomes
linked to a specific narrative that is selective. Giving much emphasis on the Holocaust blocked the
memory of the al Nakba, a particularized memory of the Palestinians. It was not only the destruction
of Palestine, but of the memories and names of Palestine. Maragalit refers to it as a double murder,
to be killed not only in body but in name. Memory is also said to have the possibility to be
institutionalized and influenced by emotions. In the last section, the author used the feminist
argument of the ethics of care. It is to acknowledge the existing boundaries of moral and political
life often omit the concerns and activities of the relatively powerless. We need to remember that we
humans are interdependent. Awareness and recognition both the Holocaust and the al Nakba are
essential to the ending of the struggle and start a process of reconciliation. The author has shown its
consistency with Margalit's argument that memory is the condition for caring, and the absence of the
former suggests the absence of the
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Difference Between Ethics And Normative Ethics
i. Consequential Theory
In the ethical and normative theory, the principle or principle of distinguishing the correct behavior
from the wrong behavior is put forward. These theories can be divided into consequentialism and
non–consequentialism.
Consequentialism is an important theoretical category in normative ethics. Consequentialism theory
means the moral right or wrong of an action is ultimately determined by the consequences of the act.
If its consequence is good, the act is right; if the result is worse then the act is bad. Therefore, this
kind of theorist called consequentialists and they like to use or take this type of method to determine
an act is a right or wrong base on the result or benefits or we can say that the result will be ... Show
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But it has its own advantages and disadvantages. There are some advantages of Kant's Ethic. First,
the categorical imperative enables us to follow strict rules in moral decision–making and it provides
a solid standard for setting rules for any business environment. Second, Kant accentuates the full
worth and respectability of the personal. Third, Kant accentuate the importance of acting on the right
intentions and if a behavior is motivated by a sense of responsibility, then it has moral value – it is
for its own sake and wants to do the right thing. Here are some disadvantages of Kant's Ethic. First,
Kant's ethical moral is too intense, because it excludes the affection of moral decision–making and
puts responsibility first. Second, in ruling out the distinction between himself and the rule, Kant
can't distinguish it and base the rule as an omission. Third, it is not always clear when people are
used for a purpose and only as a means.
For Mr. Ali case, Mr. Ali bribe to to Mr. Micheal to secure the contract with China Medical Ltd, the
purpose of Mr. Ali is just want to settle the RM1.5 million debt of ABC company and he want to
protect his employees won't face the risk of lose their work. However, according Kant's Ethic in this
case, this action is not ethical, it is because bribery is a quite serious illegal action although it can
solve the problem and get a good

Normative Ethics
Moral Reasoning Guidelines Making good moral decisions is difficult and part of the difficulty is
that we do not live in a vacuum. Making moral decisions are complex and are connected to different
contexts. You are being asked to do an ethical analysis as compared to a political, religious, or
economic one. Your research topic or case study focuses on a moral dilemma and probably has
several different proposals or solutions to your dilemma.. For our purposes, it is not so important
which moral judgment or moral rule you draw, (Discovery essay) but on how well you justify,
defend, and argue for your moral position (Justification essay) and that you demonstrate clear and
consistent reasoning as well as critical thinking skills. In making ... Show more content on
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We must always ask ourselves what values are at stake or what value a particular action respects or
promotes, neglects, or thwarts. This section will be an important part of your essay, so be sure to
give sufficient thought to assessing what values are involved in your dilemma. In you have
discovered all the values involved in the moral dilemma, rank your values in order of importance to
you. What is the reasoning behind your ranking? Closely review Exploring Values, Rules, and
Principles. Delineating the moral values, ranking them, and explaining them are an important
section of your paper and must be included in it. We must know what we value before we can begin
to make an informed moral decision. Your highest–ranking value should be the one that helps define
your moral rule or grounds your moral judgment. 3. Any action will normally have an effect or
outcome. When analyzing a values conflict or moral dilemma, one should, as far as possible, be
aware of the beneficial or harmful effects that result from the action and how it affects the people
involved, including of course, the person performing the action. Are the effects emotional?
Physical? Immediate? Delayed? Obvious? Subtle? Hidden? Intentional? (Ruggiero 112). What are
the effects of our actions on our obligations or values? A morally aware person must take into
account the effects of our obligations, both on others and on what values

The Moral Theories Of Normative Ethics
Utilitarianism is one of the general moral theories of normative ethics, which is made up of two
principles: utility and equality. Utility is to maximize things like happiness, pleasure, and desire–
satisfaction. Equality is the principle that the interests of all members of the moral community who
are involved are completely equal. The utilitarian theory, therefore, tries to create the most amount
of well being and the least amount of displeasure or suffering. To apply the utilitarian view to
whether it is possible to be an ethical carnivore, consideration of all the interest of all those involved
is essential, which would include humans and non–human animals. Farmers, meat eaters, animals,
activists are all affected by ethical and unethical choices made by carnivores. One way to be an
ethical carnivore, according to the utilitarian view, would be to consume happy meat, which is meat
that is raised, treated and killed humanely, minimizing suffering to animals. According to
philosopher Peter Singer, animals have the ability to feel pain and so have an interest in avoiding
pain; this makes animals part of the moral community says Singer .In a utilitarian based world, if all
meat eaters would only purchase happy meat, it would substantially reduce the pain and suffering of
the non human members of the moral community and thus maximizing the good for the most
number of beings thus supporting that there can be such a thing as an ethical carnivore. People have
personal reason

Normative Ethics And Ethical Ethics
Normative ethics is a study that tries to determine which things are good, which actions are right,
which motives are worthy and which character traits are virtues. In other words, normative ethics is
a philosophy about what we should morally do. Metaethics is a theory about normative ethics which
is concerned about what exactly do normative ethics are claiming. This is a philosophy about the
nature of moral claims, moral judgements and moral disagreements made by the normative ethics.
Many theologians believe that religion is the only basis for morality. The Divine Command Theory
is a view that an action, behaviour, choice is morally good or right because it is commanded by God
and something is morally bad or wrong if God forbids it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Divine command theorist claim that since God's character and nature is perfectly good, He would
not command us or allow us to act in a way that He forbids or is bad for us (Alston 1990, p. 317).
Because God is a legitimate authority and commands us to act in ways that are morally right, then
that alone can serve as a reason for us to act and obey such commands regardless of our desires
being satisfied or not. For example, believers of God who believes that God's commands or wills
has some motivation for us to do x may think that this is their motivational force. However, what
about the atheists who don't believe in God? Some people can make moral judgements without
believing in God at all and this then leaves a possible claim that not all moral judgements require
motivational force. Thus, it seems that atheists contradict themselves when they make moral
judgements. For instance, Atheists may say that "God doesn't exist and lying is wrong and if the
divine command theory is true then it actually means that "God doesn't exist and God commands or
wills that we do not lie" which is obviously inconsistent. Furthermore, the divine command theory
poses what is called a Euthyphro–like dilemma which deals on the question whether "an act is pious
because it is loved by the gods or is loved by the gods because it is pious" (Alston 1990, p. 304). In
this case, is an action good or

Moral Realism And Normative Ethics
What "ought" you do? Such a simple question can and most likely would have several answers
depending on who you asked. This simple question can be answered using philosophical ethics but
more specifically meta and normative–ethics. Meta–ethics is understanding the nature of our moral
thought and/or language whereas normative–ethics is evaluating the competing theories about what
grounds morality. Here we will use the following normative and meta–ethics to discover how moral
realism, moral anti–realism, and cultural relativism can all change what a person or a society
believes they "ought" to do to be morally right. When asking what one ought to do moral realism
says that there is only one answer. Moral realism tries to identify ... Show more content on
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This view can be favorable in that it is an "each to their own" view and it can be seen in different
societies such as having a society where women showing skin is offensive in one society but does
not matter in another. Both of these meta–ethical views have positives and negatives but between the
two I feel that anti–realism could be more accurate. In today's society, just about everything falls
into the hands of what that individual believes meaning there will always be a battle or argument on
whatever topic is being discussed. Abortion, for example, has been a hot topic in the united states for
years because different people all have different views on the topic and whether it is right or wrong.
Personally, it is difficult to grasp the idea that a higher power could be what determines what a
person ought or ought not to do especially since there is no proof of this power. Where both moral
realists and moral anti–realists belong to meta–ethics, cultural relativism belongs to normative
ethics. According to cultural relativism moral facts are not universal; they are essentially indexed to
a culture at a time and each can be determined by the time, place, and circumstance of that culture.
In other words, what can be considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another
society, and, since there are no universal standards of morality, no one can judge or punish another
society's customs. As for the time and circumstance, we can

Normative Ethics Reflection Paper
Ethics surrounds many emotions which are not accepted by morality as not important what is
discussed about it at the moment. It is also regularly used in same manner as with morality. Ethical
concern having largely taken place with friends, family and society as well, preparing a place for
ideals such as social justice. Such Ethics able to exist or occurs together without conflict, like
ancient Greek explanation of the good life as found in Aristotle and Plato.
The type of ethical philosophy that I am interested to me is Changing Modern Philosophy.
Inheriting good things from past is not bad. We human beings we learn from surroundings, our
nature is also with mixture of good and bad. As long as we have the talent to choose what suits us
and does not, we have to choose the one fits us. After reading the unit 2 writings of different
philosophers, I am interested with Changing Modern Philosophy. In 1958 Elisabeth Anscombe,
came with a modern philosophy which changed the way we think about normative theories. Her
critics were the moral philosophy's pre–occupation by conceiving laws of ethics. This law deals with
highly regarded rules and regulations. Her critics on theories which were universally applied J.S
Mills ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It looks for an engaged personality of the right behavior. The normative ethics has got an example of
normative principle. The normative ethics is like give and take, systems, expecting from someone to
give and to take it back. I agree with golden rules of normative ethics regarding the Golden rules
which do not allow to lie, to harass, victimize assault or kill others is single principles judging all
actions. In normative ethics there is no alternatives only one happening coming at the end of the
process with criterion of moral conduct. It doesn't matter whether it comes in a single rule or a set of

Obligations, Reasons, And The Will By Ruth Chang Essay
In "Commitments, Reasons, and the Will," Ruth Chang argues that there are "special reasons" for
actions produced within committed relationships which do not arise in other relationships, and that
the commitment itself gives these reasons their normative force (75). In contrast, in "Autonomy and
the Authority of Personal Commitments: From Internal Coherence to Social Normativity" Joel
Anderson objects that views which emphasize volitions fail to adequately explain the normative
failure of one who acts contrary to their commitments (94). First, this paper will explicate Chang 's
argument for voluntarist reasons, and, second, it will examine Anderson 's objection and his "social
normativity" proposal. I will argue that Chang fails to establish why volitional reasons are necessary
to explain the normativity of commitments, and, furthermore, that Anderson 's account is more
plausible.
Chang regards commitments as "exercises of our normative powers," whereby we will reasons into
existence for ourselves (75). She focuses on commitments made to friends, family, and romantic
partners, and those made to oneself in terms of projects. These differ from other types of
commitments, such as promises, since the obligation to keep a promise exists only because promises
invite others to develop expectations (76). The commitments Chang discusses create internal
obligations rather than moral obligations because, according to her, they need not cause expectations
in others (although they often

Most Frequently Used Approaches to Normative Ethics
The three most frequently used approaches to normative ethics are, in no particular order of
importance, virtue theory, deontology, and utilitarianism (Hursthouse, 2012). As such, there are a
number of inherent differences and similarities that exist between these philosophical approaches to
determining what sort of behavior constitutes that which is moral. In fact, the relevance of all three
philosophies to the determination of action that is deemed ethically sanctioned is the chief similarity
that exists between these three approaches to normative ethics. Yet in doing so, each of these
philosophies chooses to emphasize diverse aspects of a particular situation to indicate that which is
morally permissible. A utilitarian approach to the determination of whether or not an action is
ethically sound chooses to analyze the result of that action. If an action produces more good than
any other action, or more good than not committing the action, then that action is considered moral.
A utilitarian approach always considers the consequences of an action, and evaluates those
consequences to see if they can maximize utility or felicity. The deontological method of
determining what constitutes ethical behavior focuses not on the consequences of the action, but on
the moral rules which it is based upon. Deontology believes there are a certain set of moral rules that
one should always follow an example of which is Immanuel Kant's notion of the categorical
behavior which upholds, for

Philosophical Ethical Theories Essay
Philosophical Ethical Theories As we know, philosophers divide ethical theories into three major
classes. They are Metaethics(descriptive), Conceptual(applied), and Normative(prescriptive).
Metaethics basically takes the scientific approach to concocting where exactly our ethical principals
and philosophies come from (Feiser, 2005). Descriptions and explanations of moral behaviors and
beliefs are provided on the basis of facts studied by such specialists of anthropology, sociology and
history (Beauchamp ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There really isn't one moral philosophy that I can choose. All different divisions coincide with one
another. Take the ever–controversial topic of abortion, for instance. According to metaethics,
abortion stops a beating heart. Through conceptual ethics, we ask if stopping that beating heart is
right, if it does any good, if it's responsible, or if it is performed under obligation. Then, normative
ethics come into play. In our society, one's morals take hold of their conscience and we think back to
what mom and dad said was ok. They said don't hurt someone and don't take someone's life. Or we
think to our religious beliefs, and Christians follow "Thou shalt not kill" (Exodus 20:13 King James
Version). Then what about this; the girl was raped and impregnated as a victim of a malicious sex
crime. Now, going back to the morals mom and dad said about not hurting someone. Rape is
considered a malicious sex crime because it hurt someone. Since the baby is on the way, is abortion
ok then? You didn't willfully conceive this child. Should the decision be made by the Federal
government or should it be the woman's personal choice whether she wants this done or not?
All of these questions and beliefs and nostalgic implications relate to any modern day controversy or
concern. Many problems follow the pattern of using one, two or even all three of the philosophical

Lysistrat Women 's Rights
Using the three Greek works that divulge many facts about the everyday life of Athenian women, I
will compare how the reality of women's lives is depicted. Such as the wife of Euphiletus having a
mistress, Lysistrata was so brave towards men, nor Neaera whom was a slave.
In the play of Lysistrata we see how women are depicted sexual. Also on how women were
supposed to always be at home while their husbands were away at war. Women duties were to be at
home with their son and taking care of the household needs. Lysistrata notes "Oh what a low and
horny race are we! No wonder men write tragedies about us we're nothing but Poseidon and a
bucket... (145)". Women were depicted as having no control of themselves, and their husband seem
the need to keep them controlled because of their desires. Which Lysistrata has shown as being
tragedies men wrote about their wives. Lysistrata goal was to get the women help to have men end
the war against Sparta, but when she mentioned to women that they had so resisted from their
husband sexual desired they started to walk away from the Akropolis. The act of the women turning
away therefore shows why Lysistrata reacted by saying "All right. We're going to have to give up
––––cock. Why are you all turning away from me? Where are you going? (130)". In reaction to their
act that is why Lysistrata mentioned the fact in line 145 on what horny race they were.
In the 3rd Episode of the Lysistrata play, lines 845–1025 shows how Kinesias, Myrrhine

Feminist Ethics : A Better Alternative Than Traditional...
I want to address the question: Could feminist ethics provide a "better" alternative than traditional
normative ethical theories? In order to answer this question, one must have an understanding of
what feminist ethics is and what it aims to accomplish. According to Rosemarie Tong and Nancy
Williams, feminist ethics is "an attempt to revise, reformulate, or rethink traditional ethics to the
extent it depreciates or devalues women 's moral experience." An important point in feminist ethics
is to understand how gender affects our societal expectations. When approaching the inequality of
women and men, feminist ethicists also have to argue against the societal structure of "class, race,
physical or mental ability, sexuality, and age" (Lindemann 142). Feminist ethicists also have to
question the relationships of power between different groups of people and the trust that they have
in them. They question who, what, and why trust is given. Furthermore, they have to try and figure
out which relations of power apply to whom and how they relate to morality. Many traditional
philosophers argue over what ought to be, but in doing so they teach that being ethical is something
that cannot be attained. In order to understand what is morally right, a person has to understand
humanity's current role in the world. Lindemann further explains this idea:
If, as many feminists have noted, a crucial fact about human selves is that they are always embedded
in a vast web of relationships,

Normative Ethics Of Capital Punishment
That is because politicians fail to involve the citizens in the making choices on behalf of the state. In
other words, because the politician's views about capital punishment are misunderstood citizens are
not aware of their effect on a politician's behavior. One such behavior entails the social aspect as
part of normative ethics (Malici & Smith, 2013). Normative ethics involves the behavior of society
to do right or wrong associating with politicians in states that decide to retain or abolish capital
punishment. So, because capital punishment is controversial, it is part of applied ethics as it defines
a type of human behavior (Malici & Smith, 2013). For this reason, it makes it difficult for
researchers to depict research ethically efficiently. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The problem with the study is it may involve egoism in research because many scholars and people
know that there is racism in the United States, but does it connect to sentencing procedures? An
excellent example is in the Woodson v. North Carolina case finding James Tyrone Woodson guilty,
but the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the North Carolina ruling as automatic death sentences were
unconstitutional and juries have the right to decide the fate of the defendant record and crime
(Larkin, 2016). The significance of the Woodson case is that he was a black man and as the U.S
Supreme Court noted it is all about the crime committed and the individual's record. Linde fails to
acknowledge or pinpoint crimes committed a significant factor in determining the sentence, not the
person's skin

Moral Relativism and Normative Ethics
Moral Relativism and Normative Ethics
Normative ethics encompasses the study of moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct.
British philosopher W.D. Ross emphasizes prima facie duties. Ross argues that our duties are part of
the fundamental nature of the universe. Ross claims his list of duties reflects our actual moral
convictions. They are 1) fidelity – the duty to keep our promises, 2) reparation – the duty to
compensate others when we harm them, 3) gratitude – the duty to thank those who help us, 4) justice
– the duty to recognize merit, 5) beneficence – the duty to improve the conditions of others, 6) self–
improvement – the duty to improve our virtue and intelligence, and 7) non–malfeasance the duty not
to injure others (Skelton, 2010).
I believe this means we have a moral obligation to do no further harm to others while we better
ourselves. The problem is that in today's society a pervasive sense of moral relativism seems to
prevail. This is the belief that "most often is associated with an empirical thesis that there are deep
and widespread moral disagreements and a meta–ethical thesis that the truth or justification of moral
judgments is not absolute, but relative to some group of persons" (Gowans, 2012). This belief in
moral diversity leads to the conclusion that there are no absolutes and therefore personal conduct is
subjective. In other words do not judge me and I will not judge you, all moral values are not equal or
relatively valid or anything of

Understanding Ethics Through Cavell 's Moral Perfectionism
Understanding Ethics Through Cavell's Moral Perfectionism
Ethics is commonly perceived as the moral principles that govern a person or group's behavior and
is fundamentally concerned with the distinction between right and wrong. Quite often our views of
right and wrong vary, giving rise to ethical debate in order to reveal morally–supported reasons for
or against a certain course of action. Ultimately the aim of this reasoning is to reach an agreement
over a certain conclusion, however even to this day philosophers fail to achieve a consensus with
regards to which ethical system is the most effective. Some normative theories such as
Utilitarianism and Kantianism offer competing interpretations concerning the question of 'what
ought we to do'. They construct specific systems and principles in their attempts to answer questions
about the morality of actions. Contrarily, Cavell's moral perfectionism does not weigh into this
competition of moral reasoning and is instead concerned with the various difficulties of self–
knowledge, of becoming intelligible and answering the question of 'who am I really?' Nevertheless
Cavell claims that his interpretation of moral perfectionism is "a relevant form or dimension of
moral reasoning" . The issue with Cavell's assertion is that the relation between perfectionist
methods of self–knowledge and the practice of providing moral reasons for a given action is unclear.
In more blatant terms, the lack of clear theoretical structure, paired with

Normative Theories Of Ethics And Its Principles
Normative theories of ethics
The area of philosophy which is concerned with systematizing, defending and recommendation the
concepts of right and wrong is briefly defined as ethics. Thus, ethics can be consider as a set of
moral rules practiced by a group of people or community. The origin of word Ethics is greece,
derived from the word 'ethikos', meaning habit. The theories of ethics and its principles are the
standing pillars of ethical analysis. These ethical theories are always aimed towards a common set of
goals. Such set of goals are the basic principles of ethics. In 1979, in the United States, the Belmont
Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research was
published. The basic principles according to this report are: i) Respect for Persons. ii) Beneficence
which has its two set of rules – do not harm and maximize possible benefits and minimize possible
harms; iii) Justice which implies the sense of 'fairness of distribution' and 'what is deserved'. The
three major types of ethics are Meta ethics, Normative Ethics and Applied Ethics. Meta ethics also
known as Analytic ethics which explores and understands the status, foundation and scope of moral
values, properties and words. It is mainly concerned on morality. The two main schools of met
ethics are cognitivism and non–cognitivism (Argandona, 2004). Normative ethics: The area under
moral philosophy which approaches to understand the right or wrong

The Life Of Living In Slums In Dharavi, Mumbai
In Slumming It, you experience the life of living in slums in Dharavi, Mumbai. A slum is an
overpopulated urban residential area where is consisted of closely packed destroyed housing units
which is most likely a deteriorated or an uncompleted infrastructure. In these slums the water is
contaminated, sanitation is hard to keep up with as you can see how diseases are easily prevalent.
Dharavi has a population of approximately 16 million people and more than half live in these slums.
The community of Dharavi keeps a high spirit regardless of what they are facing. They pray every
day and their religion keeps them going and with lots of hope and faith. This documentary can be
interpreted using the normative theories such as ethics of care, rights theory, and egoism.
The first normative theory that came to mind when watching the situations happening in these slums
was the Ethics of Care. The reason being is because one of the principles of ethics of care is to do
what is the greater good for others than oneself. The government should try to make some type of
relation with these citizens and ask what they think would make their lives easier. When building a
relationship with these citizens it gives them a sensation of security and that they are being cared for
especially living in the conditions they have. Based on this theory, the government should be
worried more of where are these citizens are going to live or finding a solution for these citizens.
In Addition, the Rights

Persuasive Essay : Video 2 Commentary
Video 2 Commentary:
Now 5 weeks into the semester, students learned to write an organized essay using textual evidence
in an analysis. While they conceptually understand picking meaningful textual evidence and develop
that evidence by advancing to deeper inferential warrants and backings with logical connections,
implications and consequences, their writing demonstrates superficial inferences and shallow logical
connections. As I have explained to the students, the warrants and backings are their thinking and
not paraphrasing the texts. I knew, because of their struggling academic history in underclassmen
English classes, these seniors don't make their thinking public. With student thinking confidence, I
could address their writing.
I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I used text graffiti strategy to expose students to specific lines prior to having them watch and hear
the song video. My intent is for students to read selected quotes out of context, silently comment on
the quotes and then respond to their peers' comments. I knew this engaging task would activate
schema as they construct meaning and cultivate their thinking that could evolve into inferences with
depth. Using text graffiti would enhance their closed reading of the song.
Before the video clip, I reviewed the unit. I was certain this grounding would help students see the
whole and the parts of this demanding unit. At the beginning of the video, I used a small whiteboard
with the task, so students will stay focused. I purposefully used different colors on the small
whiteboard to emphasize the parts, which support the challenged learners (31% of the class). At
0:15, I compliment the students on finding evidence, thus acknowledging their accomplishment,
because I believe success breeds success. Reflecting, I know praise is important since it validates
student contribution. At 0:41, I explain the text graffiti task using visual aid of the actual butcher
paper with lines and referencing the whiteboard so students are clear on my expectations. In
hindsight, I should have used the phrasing "text graffiti" with my students. It would have increased
their interest and helped

The Four Levels Of Moral Distice In Normative Ethics And...
The four levels of moral discourse is used in addressing biomedical dilemmas. These four levels are
Level of Case or Casuistry, Rules and Rights (Codes of Ethics), Normative Ethics and Metaethics.
One level of moral discourse is Level of Case or Casuistry which states that in most ethical
conditions the more ethically convincing action to do is obvious or easy to notice but not all the
time. In this level healthcare workers or practitioners use older or previous cases that are most likely
similar to the case they are working and this is what we call the paradigm cases. These cases can be
an initial action that can done by health practitioners and they can also compare these cases that
have been done successfully to the current case they are handling. But not all cases are applicable to
paradigm cases and not all will resolve the biomedical dilemmas. If this happens the second level of
moral discourse will be used.
The second level of moral discourse is the Rules and Rights (Codes of Ethics). Rules is the vantage
point or perspective of the health care provider or the one duty bound to act while rights is the
perspective of the patient or the one acted upon. When these rules and rights are combined the
Codes of Ethics will be formed. These codes of ethics are published by different organizations
including the Philippine Medical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the present case the parents of the child are Muslims, members of the Nation of Islam, who firmly
believed in the power of Allah and also believed that Allah would intervene if it was his will, and
that it was the physicians' job to give Allah that opportunity. They know this because it is written in
their scriptures but the attending doctors of the patient may not believe of the things that the parents
said because they might not be

Social Issue
1) Ethical and conceptual issues Current research and research results It is increasingly recognized
that within many areas (e.g., disability and handicap), conceptual issues and ethical issues about
proper conduct and underlying values are highly intergrated. The treatment of ethical and policy
issues depends on the content of the concepts employed and, at the same time, many central
concepts are informed by moral opinions and, as a result, contested on ethical grounds. Taking this
intergration of conceptual and ethical issues seriously from a research point of view requires that
they are very strongly interconnected, i.e. mere studies of the way in which concepts are in fact
informed by moral opinions and social values is not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such issues are additionally explored in particular in the EuroPHEN project, which involves
researchers from 12 European countries, Canada and the U.S, undertaking empirical research, and
ethical analyses regarding the concept of health, medical screening, and the goals of health policy,
among other things. Besides this, our team have access to a broad international network of
researchers in bioethics, the philosophy of medicine and social care, as well as relevant empirical
disciplines. Of particular interest are: Lennart Nordenfelt (Linköping U.) and Jerome Wakefield
(NYU), both world–leading researchers in the area of the concepts of health, disease, disability,
disorder, dysfunction etc; William Ruddick (NYU), Wayne Sumner (U. of Toronto), Torbjörn
Tännsjö (Stockholm U.) are all renowned experts on several of the underlying normative ethical
issues; Angus Dawson (Keele U.), John Harris (U. of Manchester), Julian Savulesco (Oxford U.)
and Stephen Wilkinson (Keele U.) are leading bioethicists who have all made important
contributions to discussions in this field with strong connection to disability issues. Besides the ones
listed below, there are a number of additional publications communicating our studies, as well as
numerous presentations that have been made at national as well as international scientific meetings.
Members of the team are all active as referees or editors for various journals, as well as regurlarly

Ethics Paper
Ethics Paper
Week 1 Assignment
Rheana Willis
01/08/2012
Dilemma
Choice 2: A married couple, both addicted to drugs, are unable to care for their infant daughter. She
is taken from them by court order and placed in a foster home. The years pass. She comes to regard
her foster parents as her real parents. They love her as they would their own daughter. When the
child is 9 years old, the natural parents, rehabilitated from drugs, begin court action to regain
custody. The case is decided in their favor. The child is returned to them, against her will. Does
ethics support the law in this case? Discuss.
Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing,
defending, and recommending concepts of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, normative ethics is sometimes said to be prescriptive, rather than descriptive. Using this
method of choice to solve this dilemma would mean that both the foster parents and the rehabilitated
parents would have to come up with an agreement in which the child is seeing both her real parents
and her foster parents until she is comfortable to move in with her real parents permanently. That
would mean that both parents would have to set aside their differences for the sake of the child and
work on having unity together. Applied ethics is, in the words of Brenda Almond, co–founder of the
Society for Applied Philosophy, "the philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of
particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment". It is thus a term used
to describe attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in
various fields of human life. Applied ethics is distinguished from normative ethics, which concerns
what people should believe to be right and wrong, and from meta–ethics, which concerns the nature
of moral statements. Morally in this situation when using applied ethics, you solve the dilemma by
act–utilitarianism. If raising their child on their own without involving the foster parents produces
greater benefit than disbenefit, then, according to act–utilitarianism, it would be morally acceptable
to do so, even if the child has been raised by them the first nine years of her life.

Family Life Cycle Essay
Road Ends There are moments in life that society portrays as phases or experiences in which most
and predicted to go. These moments are referred to as stages, by theoretical approaches, that are
predicted as normative events. The "Family Life Cycle" approach suggest that families have life
courses with predictable stages that are identified by normative events. Though, non–normative
events that are not often experienced by families can take a different toll on one's life. In the story,
"Road Ends", by Mary Lawson, is a prime example of
"Family Life Cycle". Lawson portrays a distinct family structure, each following a different path,
with independent experiences, leading in life changing experiences. Through analyzing the
characters ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Megan's implying that felt as if she was held back by this stage, or event in her life, and wanted to
get it over with. This step is a very personal step yet it is normative and everyone at some point
experiences, whether it's through marriage or before that it's a significant event. The second
character Displayed significance to demonstrating "Family Life Cycle" approach is Tom, Although
Tom's experience is the opposite of Megan's, instead of it being positive change it became negative.
Tom had a non–normative event occur in his life with the death of his friend Robert, who committed
suicide after and accident occured by hitting a little girl with his car and killed her, he than felt very
guilty, not having to go to jail either he took his own life, "Robert had stepped off the cliff...Kill
himself virtually in front of you", (page 91) This event placed a huge impact on Tom's life, the loss
of a friend is not a normal event, this is a non–normative event that does not occur often. An event
the most families do not experience as it has a very large impact on on someone's life. This event
scarred Tom and put him in a position where he is not very comfortable has to think about often.
Tom Demonstrates this later in the book when "A mouse drowned in the honey...Death again. It
followed him

The Shareholder Approach For Managerial Responsibility Essay
The Shareholder approach to managerial responsibility was highlighted in Milton Friedman's New
York Times article "The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Profits". In essence, that
article states that the responsibility of a manager is solely to the shareholders; he or she must follow
the shareholders' interests as long as it stays within legal and certain social parameters. In this essay,
I will further explain Friedman's arguments, address main counterpoints, and ultimately argue that
Friedman's conclusion is a correct and normative view of the moral responsibility from the
perspective of management in a non–private company.
The shareholder approach to managerial moral responsibility has a few main points that are
necessary to address in explaining Friedman's argument, especially in the context of distinguishing
the approach from other arguments that have been suggested as alternative approaches.
Friedman's first two arguments are similar in nature–they both point out the lack of ownership of a
firm's assets by the managers. In his article, Friedman writes:
"The stockholders or the customers or the employees could separately spend their own money on the
particular action if they wished to do so. The executive is exercising a distinct 'social responsibility,'
rather than serving as an agent of the stockholders or the customers or the employees, only if he
spends the money in a different way than they would have spent it." (Friedman 212)
In other words,

Ethical Egoism And The Ethics Of Care
The following paper will investigate whether it is moral or immoral to apply strong affirmative
action programs at Lethbridge College in attempts to increase the representation of male registered
nurses. Further investigation into the topic will be done through the application of ethical egoism
and the ethics of care.
Section A: Ethical Egoism
Ethical Egoism is a normative theory which focuses on individualistic consequences (Burgess–
Jackson, 2013). Everyone is said to be motivated by their own self–interest, as it is their moral
obligation to do what is best for themselves (Rachels, 2003). How an individual ought to behave is
determined by whether the action creates the highest net utility for themselves (Rachels, 2003). In
Thomas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The adoption of affirmative action would not only disadvantage an individual by limiting his or her
personal chances of being accepted into the program, but in order to adopt an affirmative action
program there is time, effort, and money removed from Lethbridge College. An egoist would argue
that the staffing, energy, and funds would be better used elsewhere, more so where it could benefit
the egoist's college experience (Rachels, 2003). If an individual were to not speak up in attempt to
reject the affirmative action plan, an egoist would say the individual was failing to follow his or her
moral obligation because he or she did not take the action to better his or her own personal outcome
(Rachels, 2003)
Rachels (2003) described ethical egoism to having three arguments which makes it a valid ethical
theory to abide by. One of the arguments explained how it is in one's self–interest to not have help
from others (Rachels, 2003). It is considered degrading to have someone offer his or her "charity"
(Rachels, 2003, p.194) in attempts to make one's life better. A person does not want to be regarded
as incapable and in need of someone's help. If everyone was to adapt an ethical egoist point of view,
no one would be seen as inferior and everyone would be given an equal chance to succeed (Rachels,
2003). If strong affirmative action programs were employed to the NESA program everyone would
undermine

Ethical Theories Of Normative Ethics
Over the last couple of weeks in Philosophy 103, we learned five theories concerning normative
ethics: utilitarianism, duty ethics, virtue ethics, care ethics, and natural law ethics. While learning
about those theories, I often thought about how the arguments for some theories included interesting
ideas that I personally agreed with, but the methods of reasoning were somewhat lacking.
Contrastingly, I encountered theories with arguments that were not thought–provoking ideas at first,
but I became acclimated to them due to the logical and well–thought out methodologies. In this
essay, I will argue for my own normative ethical theory; an act is right if it is virtuous and
conductive towards relationships with other people and wrong if it is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A person who practices virtue attempts to live a well–balanced and stable life. While I recognize
Aristotle's argument, the argument itself presents people as isolated human beings who try to be
virtuous, or at least attempt to, with no consideration of how our interactions with others affect us
and, therefore, affect what is considered right and wrong.
The lack of reflection on how interpersonal relationships affect morality is where Virginia Held's
view completes my normative ethical theory. Her view of care ethics establishes the importance of
relationships with others, as people depend on one another to some capacity. Virginia Held declares
that an act is right if it nurtures a relationship and wrong if it does not. What is significant about
Held's methodology is that it considers the feminine perspective of caring for someone, which many
philosophers did not consider when making their arguments. The importance of interpersonal
relationships in care ethics is something that is certainly applicable to this day and age. With new
technology and globalization, our capacity to interact with others has greatly increased, and to
dismiss our connectedness while making a normative ethical theory in the modern era would be
irrational. Aristotle's virtue ethics and care ethics could then be

Thucydides vs. Plato
Paper about Thucydides versus Plato on the nature of the Good Life
1: Thucydides versus Plato on the nature of the Good Life. Some have claimed that Thucydides is
making empirical claims, whereas Plato is making normative claims. Is that true? Support your
answer in your paper. Plato and Thucydides together had strikingly dissimilar views on their tactic
on the good life. Many have demanded that Plato is making normative rights, whereas Thucydides
has made empirical claims. Let's first take a look at Plato. Plato's philosophy on the decent life was
based on the confidence that all has an objective or use that is classically suited for asset, beauty,
fairness, and excellence of the exact thing, and all will depend on the conclusion ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such an account we find chiefly in the Rules and Phaedrus, nonetheless also indirectly in the
Timeous. On the additional hand, in hominid beings the depth is also distinctly moral, a self–ruler
that systematizes its needs so that it can truly love understanding. The rank of Plato's rights and
argumentation about individuals with incapacities is that this argumentation quantities to a
justification founded upon a logical logos or reasoned quarrel rather than through a plea to mythos
or approximately other socially built cultural objects.
2: Write a 750–word paper on the biblical view of science, technology, and the business world. Back
up your conclusions with examples from your reading. How do you think the eighteenth–century
world that gave rise to the Utilitarian reacted to the biblical view? The marvels of contemporary
science are overwhelming to see and to use. This very episode is only likely by the processer and the
Internet, surely two of the utmost creations of the 20th Century. There is no discipline or technology
that inside itself is also bad or decent (moral or ethical). The discipline of the atom can be
rummage–sale to generate power for thousands of people or it can be rummage–sale to kill and
mutilate thousands in a horrifying way. The science of smallpox can eliminate it after existence or
unleash scar and death. The automobile stretches great liberty to people around the biosphere,
nonetheless also kills tens of thousands and hurts far more.

A Look At Ethical Egoism Essay
A look at Ethical Egoism Introduced in 1874 by Henry Sidgwick in his book The Moral of Ethics,
Ethical Egoism is an ethical theory that states that one ought to do what is in their best long term
interest. This theory states that a morally correct being must in all cases do the thing that will give
them the best result for their long term being. [1] Ethical Egoism stems from the idea that the self is
the most important thing and that an ethical being has a moral obligation to do what is in the self's
best long term interest. Egoism is a normative ethical theory, meaning that Egoism gives us a
framework based on reason that moral beings ought to follow.
Ethical Egoisms principles are in sharp contrast to those of the Divine Command ethical theory. The
ethical theory of Divine command in short states that good actions are those that are aligned with the
will of God and that bad actions are those that God opposes. [3] Since Divine Command is all about
what God wants and an ethical being following what God wants is considered moral, Ethical
Egoism's self–interested principles care not for the thoughts or even the well–being of others,
including God. This does not mean that a self–interested Ethical Egoist is actively trying to harm
others or that they can't care for the well– being of others, it just means that if an action does not
benefit the Egoist in some way or if taking an action will harm the Egoist in some way, that is not
counteracted by some long term good coming

Essay about Article 92
Article 92 Good order and Military discipline: The Disciplinary Regulations of the United States
Army define military discipline as "a strict and honorable compliance by all servicemen with the
order and rules prescribed by laws, military regulations and orders of commanders (superiors)."
Military discipline is a special form of military relations. Its specifics lie in coordinating the conduct
and actions of military personnel and in serving to establish such relations as are required for
successful joint activity. The conduct of servicemen is regulated by special rules and standards of
behavior set forth in laws, military regulations and orders of commanders (superiors) and reflecting
the specific features of the military ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All enlistees, both as personalities and members of definite service and public structures (including
those with a negative impact on discipline), their relations and degree of activity form in the
aggregate the disciplinary system of an element (unit). Psychological support for troops has emerged
as a necessity because this kind of work can deal, to a considerable extent, with a set of specific
psychological problems arising within disciplinary systems at all levels, not the lower echelons
alone, as is often believed. Occasionally it is just the matter of an enlistee being unprepared for
discipline–abiding lifestyle (ignorance of army regulations, orders and regulatory documents).
Sometimes, however, psychological problems stem from clearly expressed anti–disciplinary
attitudes in some or other serviceman, which attitudes tend to disorganize military activities, mixing,
and off–duty routine. Two groups of disciplinary psychological problems are identified. First,
inadequacy (weakness, instability, incompleteness, and unfinished nature) of individual, group or
organizational mechanisms for normative behavior and control thereof as is revealed by practice;
certain enlistees lack the required disciplinary motivation and/or they cannot behave in an organized
way in conformity with the regulations, rules, laws, and military traditions. Military command and
control agencies, for their part, do not have enough energy and skills to

Theme Of Ethical Egoism In Crime And Punishment
Life is not easy, which Fyodor Dostoevsky makes very clear in his novel Crime and Punishment. In
life, you encounter people that you find admirable. People who persevere, making tough decisions
even though they may not be easy, or benefit themselves in any way. Those are the Razumikhins,
and Sonyas of our world. Honorable (sometimes to a fault), willing to sacrifice themselves to help
those they love. They embody what virtue theory followers believe. Unfortunately, you will also
encounter people who are not wonderful. There are awful, disgusting people that take advantage and
exert their power over others. Those are the Luzhins and the Svidrigailovs of the world. People like
them will not hesitate to use their wealth or power to bend those they wish to take advantage of,
forcing others to submit to their will. Ruining people, or making others feel terrible about
themselves, or taking what they think they are entitled to because they believe it is their right. These
are the type of people that display features of ethical egoism. Raskolnikov finds himself constantly
drifting between these two extremes. He may do something good, then when it causes more trouble
than he intended, he berates himself instead. Raskolnikov is a very conflicted character, and after
murdering Alyona, and her sister Lizaveta with his axe he became even more conflicted. In a way,
Raskolnikov kind of represents the everyday person (if you forget about murdering two people with
an axe). The everyday

Essay on Reverse Outline
Reverse Outline ¶ 1 Topic Sentence: In examining Kurt Vonnengut's Slaughterhouse–Five, we can
illuminate the faults in Weisenburger's theory of satire dichotomy, as well as illuminate the nature of
the satirical qualities of Slaughterhouse–Five itself. Function: This is the thesis of Gil Henkin's
essay "Steven Weisenburger and the Big Scary Normative Value: An Exercise in Postmodern
Posturing." Its function is to provide the main idea which the author will argue thorough the essay.
¶2 Topic Sentence: Weisenburger rejects the concept of the dichotomy between a "good" and a
"bad" example, yet in rejecting this moral polarization, he presents degenerative as good as opposed
to inherently evil generative. Function: This paragraph ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By this author shows that grotesque is the tool Vonnegut uses frequently just like Weisenburger. I ¶6
Topic Sentence: All the same, Vonnegut deviates from Weisenburger's general diagnosis of satire as
violence. Function: This paragraph serves to illustrate the differences between Vonnegut's ideas and
Weisenburger's claim. Author uses a quote from Vonnegut's novel to show how the sight of powerful
destruction inspires the readers and how this idea deviates from Weisenburger's claim in which
violence supports a moral code. ¶7 Topic Sentence: Billy Pilgrim is at least in part playing a Christ
figure. Function: The author analyzes Billy Pilgrim, the main character of Vonnegut's novel, and
claims that there are similarity between him and Christ. By analyzing Billy's actions author is able to
illustrate what makes him resemble Christ and what makes him distinct. By this author shows that
there is a gross perversion of moral norm in Vonnegut's novel. ¶8 Topic Sentence: This all may
seem, in total, evidence that Slaughterhouse–Five is purely degenerative satire. Function: Author
analyzes the specifics of Vonnegut's novel and states that the evidence suggest it to be a
degenerative form of satire. This paragraph creates an argument as to whether Slaughterhouse–Five
really is a degenerative satire. ¶9 Topic Sentence: In this sense, Vonnegut is in sense a generative
satirist. Function: By analyzing several other aspects of the novel and thinking

The Island Of Kora
In the story of The Island of "Kora", the island had been devastated by a violent earthquake that had
been triggered by a volcano eruption four years earlier. The island which had prior to the disaster
been about twenty square miles in size and been reduced to less than a fourth that size to about four
square miles. The island prior to the earthquakes had previously been able to support comfortably
850 to 900 people. It was a peaceful island where the inhabitants got along well. Because of the
disasters the lives of the inhabitants had been changed forever.
The aftermath left by the disaster has left the conditions on the island rather bleak. If something isn't
done quickly conditions will continue to deteriorate and the resulting ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But the facts by themselves don't tell us everything; they only tell us what the current conditions are.
Having a plan that will resolve the moral issues requires a plan that will appeal to the values of the
people.
So given the current situation on the Island of Kora, which ethical theory should we use? Normative,
meta–ethical, deontological, teleological, ethical egoism, Kant's formalism theory, divine command
theory, hedonism, or situational ethics, which one would be the most appropriate one to use?
Looking at each one we find some that are totally inappropriate for the situation and others had have
some merit. Normative ethics would have a practical value in this situation because assesses what
behaviors and moral standards ought to be permitted and not allowed. It would provide the
guidelines or ground rules for the basis of our decision making. Examples of normative ethical
standards would be the Ten Commandments found in Exodus 20 of the Bible which say you should
not lie, cheat, steal, or kill. It also talks about respecting not only your family, but also your
neighbor, which is everyone on the island (Ussery, 2002, n.p.).
Meta–ethics considers the questions of moral language. Metaethics unlike normative ethics that
looks at the act or characteristic of right and wrong, it looks at right and wrong more by implications
of what is the nature of good and bad. Metaethics tends to ask the questions of what are the
difference

Elizabeth Warren Social Contract Theory
Usury laws are set to cap the interest rates on loans. Elizabeth Warren argues that we should we
should return to using these laws. Both Consequentialism and the social contract theory can provide
similar viewpoints on this issue. Each one provides strengths and weaknesses in regards to these
laws. Usury laws are regulations governing the amount of interest that can be charged on a loan.
They specifically target the practice of charging excessively high rates on loans by setting caps on
the maximum amount of interest that can be levied. These laws are designed to protect consumers.
Consequentialism is the normative ethical theory that says that an act is morally right just because it
produces the best actual or expected results. Social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since there would be a cap on interest, they would not be able to raise the interest rates for those
with bad credit or those who cannot make their payments on time. As for a consumer, implementing
these laws would greatly help them out. By capping the interest, the fear for going in debt or filing
for bankruptcy would greatly decrease. From a social contract theory standpoint, enforcing these
laws would have to make lenders agree to put caps on their interest rates. I believe that this would
also reduce the competition of lenders trying to get those that are financially troubled. For the
consumer, when they enter into a lending contract it would benefit them as well giving them peace
of mind knowing that they can get a loan without interest gouging. However social contract theory
recognizes that people are rational, so consumer would have to understand the fact they would have
to pay their debts on time etc. The only really weakness that I see between the two is the fact that
Social contract theory relies on people to be rational across the board. When money is concerned,
people tend to be irrational and not make morally right decisions. This can be with both the lender
and the consumer. I would have to whole heartedly agree with Elizabeth Warren on the fact that
Usury laws should be brought back. Consequentialism would be the best option on this topic. I

Ethics : Ethics And Ethics
Ethics
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that involves an organize system, defending, and recommending
concepts of right and wrong behavior. Ethics researches the two questions "What is the best way for
people to live?" and "What actions are right or wrong in particular circumstances?" Ethics attempts
to settle questions of moral behavior by defining what is good or bad and right or wrong. There are
three branches in ethics, meta–ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics.
Meta–ethics deals with understanding judgements, attitudes, and statements. It examines what is
truthful. Normative–ethics is the study of moral action, the difference between right and wrong. It
examines the behavior of how one should act. Applied–ethics is what a person is obligated to do in a
professional disciplinary or a particular domain of action.
Ethics in Accounting
Accounting is a business field in which accuracy and interpretation are both very important. It
requires that Executives display leadership, honesty, and loyalty to employees and shareholders.
Ethics in accounting, is the practice of behavior that does not allow for intentionally inaccurate or
false accounting practices. This means not only must an accountant follow the law, but also be able
to interpret financial data as clearly and honestly in all situations. There have been several cases
where small discrepancies lead to sizeable sums of money being reported inaccurately, especially in
larger companies.
The data collected by

The Normative Foundations Of Public Service Ethics
The Normative Foundations of Public Service Ethics
Introduction
Those thought to be ethical or moral are described in terms of their values in regards to honesty,
integrity and good character. Our ethical conduct originates from our values which are greatly
influenced by our morals; they provide guidance and are our standard for the ways in which we
carry out and view right and wrong decisions. For these reasons, personal ethics are said to be our
foundation and, as such, often influence how we administer ethical codes of conduct in our personal
lives, and the ways in which we carry out our organizational duties. The normative foundations of
public service ethics are those standards used to justify and defend one's conduct, i.e. reasoning
about obligations, consequences and ultimate ends in specific situations. In addition to personal
codes of conduct, leadership in the public sector requires the ability to apply ethical reasoning based
on formal controls and technical standards.
Leaders in the public sector are expected to maintain a level of morality and integrity which serves
the interests of society, while at the same time demonstrates personal responsibility, diplomacy, and
truthfulness. Therefore, when attempting to arrive at appropriate ethical decisions, public
administrators must possess the capacity to exercise moral imagination. However, moral
imagination is not enough. Responsible administration in the public sector also requires acting based
on the "right"

The Code Substitution ( Cdd ) Learning Essay
The Code Substitution (CDD) Learning is Immediate and Delayed Memory Tests. This test is based
on the symbol digit–coding paradigm. The ANAM rendition emphasizes scanning and paired
associate learning of the symbol–number pairs. The test also includes a recall component. A string of
up to nine symbols and nine digits are paired in a "key" across the upper portion of the screen.
During the test, there is a box at the bottom of the screen that contains a single symbol–number pair.
Pairings at the bottom change and at times match the pairing in the key at the top. Other times the
pairing is incorrect. During the learning phase, the participant indicates whether or not the pairings
at the bottom match the key and receives feedback for incorrect responses. An immediate and/or a
delayed recall trial can also be included. During the recall phase (M2S), there is no key at the top
and the participant must indicate if the pairings appearing at the bottom are correct or incorrect from
memory The ANAM test is portable and can be administrated by a proctor who is available to
clarify questions the participant may have about how to complete the assessment. The proctor can
provide minimal, i.e. percentage of correct, mean, throughput information on how the individual
performed compared to his norm group, i.e. age, education. The test is not timed however the
participants are assessed on accuracy and reaction time. The test proctor should have counseling
skills to assist in mitigating

Ethical Ethics And Normative Ethics
What is a right or obligation? What is good or bad? These two questions are examples of why mete–
ethics and normative ethics exist. To be able to create an environmental ethic, one must have a sense
of moral conclusion. Whether these morals are categorized through self–interest or obligation, meta
ethics and normative ethics try to decipher these notions. To derive a normative ethic, meta–ethics
needs to explain the language of morality, and how do humans come to a consensus of specific
actions and thoughts. Ethics, by short definition, is how we (humans) relate to other beings (humans,
animals, environment, etc.). Language such as, "right", "wrong", "good", "bad", and "obligation" are
defined in different ways by different people, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I believe that individuals are granted the perception of free will under a higher authority, but there
are overarching human rights that should be abided by. Normative ethics can be separated into two
categories, utilitarianism and deontology. Utilitarianism can be defined by Jeremy Bentham in the
book The Elements of Moral Philosophy as "morality, he urged, is not a matter of pleasing God, nor
is it a matter of faithfulness to abstract rules. Morality is nothing more than the attempt to bring
about as much happiness as possible in this world" (Rachels, 80). Bentham suggested that there is
only one fundamental moral principle, the "Principle of Utility (Rachels, 80). Bentham describes the
"Principle of Utility" as "whenever we have a choice between alternative actions or social policies,
we must choose the one that has the best overall consequences for everyone concerned" (Rachels,
80). Utilitarianism is a scientific way of making decisions and objectively making decisions.
Utilitarianism is views moral judgements based on a measurement of pleasure and pain. This can be
interpreted as the greatest good for the greatest amount of people. Utilitarianism can be broken
down into two sub categories, act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism considers
only the consequences or outcomes of an action. Rule utilitarianism considers the consequences or
outcomes that follow a rule of conduct. Deontology does not solely focus on the consequences of an
act,

The Buddha of Suburbia by Hanif Hueshi
Hanif Kueishi's Buddha of Suburbia depicts a young man called Karim Amir and his search for
identity in 1970s London. As the plot progresses, it becomes apparent that Karim does not fall into a
distinct category, defined by sexuality, class, or race. He is a young mixed–race man with fluid
sexuality. He is "a funny kind of Englishman"–a product of two old histories (Kureishi 3). He is
placed in the position of a hybrid because of his cultural background, and by the endless racist
encounters that occur in his life. He is not a traditional protagonist who fully belongs to one social
group or identity. The narrative ultimately brings Karim to a realization that it is impossible for him
to find a place in the society. Karim's character dismantles the normative movement of adolescence
into a societally accepted adulthood, and the societal expectations that discriminate against him
because he is "almost English." By residing in a queer space and time in the Buddha of Suburbia,
Karim not only subverts the conventional construction of adulthood, but also withstands the
hegemonies of race that affect him as a half–Indian living in London. Often placed as the Other,
Karim rejects both extremes. He rejects England's racialized view of him, and normative ideas of
home, and family. He acknowledges his "odd mixture of continents and blood, of here and there, of
belonging or not" and sets out to look for trouble, which would distract him from his "gloomy, slow
and heavy" family life (3).

Normative Ethics : A Theory Or System Of Moral Values
Webster's Dictionary defines ethics as "a theory or system of moral values" (Agnes, p. 295).
Normative ethics is an area of ethics that centers on the standards for human conduct. Utilitarianism
is a perspective of normative ethics, which focuses on consequences. The utilitarianism perspective
regarding morality emphasizes that when making ethical decisions; we should choose to do
whatever will result in the greatest good, taking all of mankind into consideration. The "moral thing
to do" under this framework is choosing to do whatever makes the world a better place.
Another perspective of normative ethics is rights and duties. Rights and duties ethics focuses on
intentions, and emphasizes that the basis of morality is to act out of an obligation to do the right
thing. Under this framework, people are never treated as a means to an end. Although neither
framework is more beneficial or fitting to society all of the time, each have assumptions that can
help us when making ethical decisions. We make decisions everyday, which affect individuals,
families, and communities. It is not always easy to decide what the "right" thing to do is. This is
where ethics come in. Sometimes ethical dilemmas can be decided using a concern for outcomes
and draw from the utilitarianism perspective. Other times a dilemma can be decided by asking
ourselves what the right thing to do is based on our obligations and thus draw from the rights and
duties perspectives.
There is no particular

The Theory Of Normative Ethics
One day you wake up and you are faced with a dreaded decision: to sacrifice a family member to
save the man who has the cure to cancer, or to sacrifice the man who has the cure to cancer to save
the family member. These scenarios are ones that seem impossible to formulate an answer for.
Would you rather save millions of lives or save the individual closest to you? One way that makes
this scenario slightly easier to answer is from a Utilitarianism form of view. Utilitarianism is a
theory of normative ethics defined as, "the view that right actions are those that result in the most
beneficial balance of good over bad consequences for everyone involved" (191). If one day you
were to wake up and be faced with an impossible decision, ... Show more content on
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The people who were trapped were faced with two options, do nothing and drown, or use the stick
of dynamite they have and blow up the fat guy to ensure their safety. Looking at this case from a
Utilitarianism view Nielsen states that, "[the fat man] should be blasted out" (215). Nielsen is well
aware that the decision overrides the principle of "the innocent should never be deliberately
killed...but the people involved are caught in a desperate situation in which, if such extreme action is
not taken, many lives will be lost and far greater misery will obtain" (215). Blowing up the fat man
does not mean that the people did not care about him, "the fat man's person–his interests and rights–
are not ignored" (215). The decision will haunt the people for the rest of their lives. This case
portrays how Utilitarianism view aims to save as many people as possible with the least amount of
casualties, and also shows how moral reasoning is considered. I believe that utilitarianism is the
correct view to take when faced upon extreme situations. A real world example of extreme situations
is war. During World War II the decision for the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was taken
from a Utilitarianism stand point. What led the United States to make such a decision was the
Japanese attack, the bombing of Pearl Harbor. The Japanese showed no mercy, they attack killed lots
of innocent man, women, and children. The United States was well aware that if they did not silence
their

Ethics And Ethics Of Care

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