Hydrogen And Hydrogen As A Fuel

Hydrogen And Hydrogen As A Fuel
Introduction
Hydrogen is proven to be the most efficient furl because of its abundance and the production of
harmless bi–products as compared fossil fuel. Despite the abundance in its natural existence,
Hydrogen can also be obtained through processes such as the electrolysis of water and methanol
steam conversion. Hydrogen as a fuel is capable of the replacement of most of the other sources of
energy. However, Hydrogen faces numerous obstacles to its entry into the economy and the
utilization by human beings. The technology to contain and manage hydrogen as a fuel is already
present. However, the hindrances bar the launch of hydrogen as a basic fuel. The essay discusses the
various obstacles to the hydrogen economy such as the market entry issues and issues related to
policies.
Thesis statement: The government–ownership of fossil fuel reservoirs and gas outlet companies is
the main obstacle to the launch and adoption of the hydrogen economy.
Background and history The use of hydrogen as a fuel requires the adoption of the fuel cells
technology for their role in the reaction activity between hydrogen and hydrogen for the production
of energy. The fuel cells convert more of their energy potential from the fuel source as compared to
the regular gasoline fuels. The insignificance of the impact caused by the bi–products of such
reactions makes it the much better option than the fossil fuels that face the threat of exhaustion.
However, the adoption of hydrogen as the primary
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Hydrogen Fuel or Others Essay
Hydrogen Fuel or Others
It is stated in the article "Benefits of a Hydrogen Economy" in Hydrogen Future that if we use
hydrogen as an energy source in the U.S.A, it could help address concerns about energy security,
global climate change, and air quality. Hydrogen fuel cells appear to be an one important enabling
technology for increasing energy savings and reducing global climate change; however, I suggest
that much more research is needed before the nation becomes absorbed in developing the hydrogen
economy. In addition to the hydrogen fuel cells, the nation should continue to investigate other
technologies such as new generation diesel, hybrids and solar cells. At present these technologies
have come to maturity to some degree. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For that reason, it is likely that GHG emissions might not be reduced even if hydrogen fuel cells
could be put to practical use.
Moreover, another vulnerable point was mentioned in the article "Road to Hydrogen Cars May Not
Be So Clean." Hydrogen is a very leaky gas that could escape from cars and hydrogen plants into
the atmosphere. Hydrogen that leaks into the atmosphere binds with oxygen molecules, forming
vapor and clouds. This could lead to additional global warming according to Tim Patterson, a
professor at Carlton University in Canada. He claims that the amount of water vapor in the
atmosphere has the most significant influence on global temperature. And Catherine G. Padro, at
Los Alamos National Laboratory, says that hydrogen can act as a kind of CFC, destroying part of
the earth's atmospheric ozone which shields us from cancer–causing solar radiation. At present,
there are still a lot of problems which should be investigated in detail before we commit ourselves to
the use of hydrogen fuel cells.
On the other hand, hybrid petrol–electric cars such as the Toyota Prius are becoming increasingly
popular. Compared with new American cars of the same size, the Prius consumes roughly half as
much petrol, and so releases half as much carbon dioxide. Moreover, its emissions of smog–forming
pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon, are 90% lower. These hybrid cars cut
emissions and improve fuel economy by coupling a conventional

World-Scale Hydrogen Economy: Pros and Cons Essay
Proponents of a world–scale hydrogen economy argue that hydrogen can be an environmentally
cleaner source of energy to end–users, particularly in transportation applications, without the release
of pollutants like particulate matter and carbon dioxide. However hydrogen continues to have
technical obstacles associated with it, including storage issues, due to the fact that hydrogen has a
high energy density by weight, but has a low energy density by volume when not highly compressed
or liquefied. A lot has been written about hydrogen and human being's emergence into a "hydrogen
economy". There are many studies published and numerous advances in the related technologies. As
a matter of fact the November 13th edition of the journal, Science, ... Show more content on
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Hydrogen freely bonds with other elements and is therefore bound into molecules on earth. Plants
use Photosystem II to carry out a hydrolysis reaction in their chloroplasts; cleaving a water molecule
and biding the hydrogen into carbohydrates while letting the oxygen free. This is where the energy
in fossil fuels is originally derived. On earth hydrogen is mostly found in water. Hydrogen makes up
roughly 11% of the mass of water and water is roughly 0.09% of the total mass of the earth. [2]
How do you free the hydrogen? There are at least four ways do so. The most common is "steam
reforming", 95% of current hydrogen production comes from steam reforming fossil fuels.
Environmentalists argue that using carbon–rich fuel sources like fossil fuels would defeat the
purpose of switching to hydrogen in the first place; Using fossil fuels would just turn a non–point
source emission (from tailpipes), into a point source emission (from power plants). They argue the
solution to carbon pollution is to combine hydrogen production with renewable non–carbon
releasing forms of power, like wind energy and solar power. Hydrogen carries energy through its
attractiveness towards other elements. When hydrogen bonds with gaseous oxygen (O2) energy is
released. The products of this reaction are energy and water, (H2O). We can use this energy to
power electrical devices and

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: Renewable Resources
Hydrogen and Fuel cells
Renewable energy
Hydrogen and fuel cells are not technically renewable energy although they are everywhere and
don't cause much pollution. With hydrogen, it can be used as fuel and the only emission is water. By
using hydrogen there can be a large reduction in green house gases and air pollution. Plus the
hydrogen can be used in the fuels cells to power electric motors or batteries for electricity. If your
wondering what fuel cells is, there pretty much batteries, or what you would power an electric car
with. The only thing about hydrogen is that it is hard to obtain, or it takes more energy to make it
than it gives off. Hydrogen is an element on the periodic table and is in the gas family. Hydrogen's
atomic number is 1and it was discovered by a man by the name of Henry Cavendish in the year of
1766. Hydrogen has no color, taste, and smell, is slightly soluble in water and is highly explosive.
Hydrogen can be found anywhere in the universe and is used as the fuel for many solar reactions.
The hydrogen that is in our atmosphere has three different isotopes and they are called protium,
which has one proton, then deuterium, which has one proton and one neutron. Then the third is
tritium, which has one proton and two neutrons. Now if your wondering what protons and neutrons
are, then you came to the right place. A proton is sub atomic particle with a positive charge found in
the nucleus of an atom. A neutron is a sub atomic particle with a negative

A Short Note On Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plug
This report shows a comparison between hydrogen fuel cell plug–in hybrid vehicles (FCHEV) and
battery (BEV) and hydrogen fuel cell (FCEV) electric vehicles. Comparing infrastructure and
technology requirements along with the lifecycle cost of the drivetrain (the main components that
generate power and deliver it to the road surface) over 100k miles taking fuel costs and capital costs
into consideration.
This can then be compared to a conventional petrol–fuelled internal combustion engine (ICE)
drivetrain. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis shows that FCEVs could achieve lifecycle costs
similar to conventional petrol vehicles in the near future. However, both the BEV and FCHEV have
significantly lower lifecycle costs. Looking forward, the drivetrain lifecycle costs of FCEVs could
range from around £5000 to £15000, whereas those for BEVs range from £4300 to £7600 and
FCHEVs, from just under £3000 to £8400. All vehicle platforms exhibit significant cost sensitivity
to drivetrain capital cost. The BEV and FCHEV are relatively unaffected by electricity costs but the
FCHEV and FCV are affected by the cost of hydrogen. The BEV and FCHEV are alike in lifecycle
cost and one could offer an advantage over the other depending on driving patterns.
In conclusion, the hydrogen fuel cell plug–in hybrid vehicle would be the best route towards future
development of the fuel cell electric vehicles.
1. Introduction
Transport is one of the main contributors towards

Personal Understanding of Hydrogen Fuel Cells Being the...
Every element is valuable and unique due to the endless arrangements of sub–atomic particles,
which fascinates me. This allows for a diversity of elemental properties, sparking innovation for
chemists to develop new products from different tasting chocolates to materials used for rockets–
shaping society and the environment of the modern world. The sheer range of applications where
chemistry is involved inspires me to contribute, while learning, unlocking why everything behaves
the way it does.
With the hydrogen fusion project in construction and the recent use of hydraulic fracturing which
has caused environmental and social dispute, I chose to undertake the extended project qualification
related to this, energy, as chemistry leads these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having read Phillip Balls 'the elements', Bill Brysons philosophical book 'short introduction on
nearly everything' and a regular reader of chemistry review; I have encountered various topics and
experiments that I would like to know more about, for example colloidal gold, the properties of this
suspended gold, how this happens and its applications.
Outside my academic ability I am passionate about music, playing the bass guitar and guitar. I have
performed at school concerts presenting my creativity to large audiences. I have participated in sport
days for high jump, cross country and 800m runs obtaining podium positions using hard work. I
captain a 5 man team in the prestigious berry hall league (5 a side football) at school and we attempt
to finish the season on top; I took the credit of being "the best signing of the season" last year. With
the family or solo, I have travelled across Europe, Asia and America developing tastes for new food,
understanding new cultures and apprehending to new environments. As the whole world is involved
in Chemistry, my travel experiences will prove vital in working or studying, involving Chemistry,
abroad.
I have been employed, working as a co–secretary for a landscape architecture company. Dealing
with memorandums, company's purchase report and mainly helping with IT. From this, I obtained
crucial communicational and presentational skills

Hydrogen as an Option for Fuel
With gas prices escalating and fossil fuels becoming limited, scientists have been researching an
alternative fuel source that will be more abundant and cost efficient. Issues with our current fuel
source include the pollution that is emitted in our air and water sources and the fact that fossil fuels
are becoming scarce. One alternative to gasoline is the use of hydrogen as a fuel source. With
hydrogen as a fuel source pollution will be in decline, it has become increasingly more abundant
than fossil fuels through extracting hydrogen from various sources, and is domestically produced.
There are many pros to using hydrogen as an alternative fuel source; namely, its abundance, its low
pollution, and the fact that it is being researched and extracted domestically. Hydrogen is one of the
most abundant elements on earth and can be found in water, hydrocarbons and other organic matter.
Because of hydrogen being so abundant scientists are able to extract it from a variety of sources,
therefore, the problem with hydrogen as a fuel source is how to exactly make hydrogen an efficient
fuel source. Currently hydrogen is extracted from natural gas, but this releases the greenhouse gas
CO2 and uses up a limited resource. This does not relieve our current issues with using up fossil
fuels, just displaces them. Recent research has suggested a means of how to resolve both of these
problems. Zhang, a research scientist from Virginia Tech, and his team have altered an enzyme that
can

Essay Alternative Energy Sources for the World
The world has relied on the same sources of fuels and delivery systems for at least the past one
hundred years. Since the turn of the Industrial Revolution, the world has been dependent on coal,
oil, and other natural resources. These sources of fuel have worked fine for the world, until now. At
the rate it that these fuels are used the world may one day run out of these precious resources. Our
society must prepare now to utilize an alternate source for its fuel. The longer the world waits, the
harder it will be to replace these fuels before they run out. Four different types of fuels are currently
under research. These fuels are hydrogen, natural gas, bio–fuels, and solar energy. Currently under
research is a new type of motor, known as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1). In a process known as electrolysis, hydrogen is created by applying electricity to water. When
applied to water, electricity breaks down the water into bubbles of oxygen and hydrogen gases.
Some argue that this process would require electricity produced by current fuel sources. However,
this electricity could also be supplied by solar energy. Once created hydrogen must then be stored
and distributed. Hydrogen must be stored at super high pressures as a liquid. Once stored, the
hydrogen will then be converted back into a gas. This area of research is making large strides to
develop this storage technology. Once the researchers can overcome this stage, it will be more
readily available to the public. The infrastructure for hydrogen could be adapted from the current
system that is used. The gas, stations, and fueling stations could already act as a means of
distribution. This means hydrogen may one day be a logical replacement for conventional fuels.
Another promising type of fuel that can replace conventional fuels is natural gas. Natural gas, found
along with conventional fuels, is very abundant. Nearly 85% of natural gas is made of methane
(Gotlib, par. 1). It is found "among the same petroleum deposits that conventional oil is found or in
sole gas deposits" (Gotlib, par. 1). This gas has been around since the beginning of time. In the early
Chinese dynasty, collected from vents in the ground, the Chinese used this

Hydrogen Batteries And Fuel Cells
Introduction– Batteries/Fuel Cells Fuel cells operate via a chemical reaction which generates
electricity. All fuel cells contain a positive anode, a negative cathode and an electrolyte to carry the
charged particles through the cell. They also contain a catalyst which will increase the rate of the
reaction occurring. The electricity produced can then used to power various appliances. This, in
turn, creates a circuit with the current continually flowing in and out of the cell until the reaction
ceases . Recently the development metal–air batteries (which can be produced from a range of
metals from Aluminium to Zinc Primary and Secondary Batteries) have become very important.
They are used to power electric vehicles and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
O2 + 2H2O+4e–→4OH– Hence the following radox reaction occurs : Mg→Mg2++2e– O2 +
H2O+4e–→4OH– 2Mg +O2+ 2H20→Mg2++4OH– The voltage theoretical voltage and specific
energy density of a magnesium–air fuel cell is 3.1V and 6.8kWhkg–1iii hence has the potential for
creating highly efficient fuel cells in the future. This coupled with the fact that there is no shortage
of Magnesium on the planet means that the resources, although finite, are unlikely to run out and so
Magnesium is an ideal material to use. Also the properties of the metal, such as reactivity, toxicity
etc are ideal for this applicationi. Materials Involved in the production of Magnesium Air Batteries
Anode As mentioned previously the anode is composed of Magnesium metal (atomic weight 24.312
) and is oxidised to produce electrons. The reason this metal is used because it is lightweight, cheap
and has a high standard potential. These fuel cells are also generally very durable and can be easily
stored. Easy storage is made possible by the fact that a protective film is naturally produced over the
positive anode. However this decreases once some of the energy has been released from the cell.
Hence it is not ideal to be used in a situation where over a long period of time there are times when
the cell is not being used. This is part of the reason why lithium batteries are

Essay on Hydrogen Fuel Cells Vs. Gasoline
Hydrogen Fuel Cells Vs. Gasoline: Who's Down With HFC?
ABSTRACT:
The world's oil supply is a diminishing nonrenewable resource. Soon, a new fuel for automobiles
will be needed. Hydrogen fuel cells may very well become the chief replacement for gasoline in our
society.
INTRODUCTION:
In our busy world today, we often find ourselves surrounded by vehicles. But how often do we
ponder about by which means these vehicles are running? Vehicles are fueled by gasoline, a
gradually diminishing resource. As a replacement for this fuel, scientists have been experimenting
with a new technology called hydrogen fuel cells.
Swiss scientist Christian Friedrich Schönbein developed the principle behind the fuel cell in 1838.
Then in 1932, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
alone. But with a new fuel comes the need for a new type of refilling station, which would cost a lot
of money. The gaseous hydrogen cannot be contained in the same manner as the liquid gasoline
because it is much less dense and requires
HFC 3 stronger storage facilities to compress. The facilities must be able to retain adequate
amounts, which is difficult due to hydrogen's immensely small structure and ability to diffuse
through most barriers.
The transportation of hydrogen is also difficult because strong storage tanks are also needed to
compress and protect the volatile substance. However, hydrogen and oxygen are easily accessible.
The oxygen portion of the fuel cell cycle is obtained through the air around us.
Hydrogen can be obtained through processes such as biological water splitting,
photoelectrochemical water splitting, and biomass reformation. Biological water splitting is the
process of obtaining hydrogen through photosynthetic microorganisms whose metabolic activities
produce hydrogen from water. Photoelectrochemical water splitting involves the use of light
gathering systems that use absorbed light to generate enough energy to split water into hydrogen and
oxygen. Through pyrolysis, biomass resources, such as plastic and waste grease, can be reformed
into a liquid called bio–oil that contains many useful components. Then bio–oil can be broken down
into its components, which include hydrogen (Hydrogen

Hydrogen As An Alternative Source Of Energy
Khaled AlGhunaim NASC 130 Professor Gartner November 16, 2015 Hydrogen As An Alternative
Source Of Energy The contemporary industrial sector has been built on the capacity created by
energy. The bulk of human activities from survival to economy rely on the use of energy. Indeed,
widespread access to energy has a significant influence on the level of achievement a particular
jurisdiction achieves (Johnstone, Mayo and Khare 572). Access to energy sources determines the
quality and course of life undertaken by the residents of a specific region. Numerous factors interact
to determine the supply of energy. Among them include the cost, quantities available and the extent
of availability. The fact that fossil fuel is the primary source of energy means that distribution is
uneven. It should be noted that oil, coal, and natural gas account for three–quarters of the global
energy consumption. Indeed, it is estimated that traditional forms of energy such as wood and
animal dung form the primary source of energy for close to two billion people across the globe. The
realities raised by the use of fossil fuels create an incentive to explore alternative forms of energy
sources. The use of hydrogen as an alternative source of energy provides several new advantages to
the world in terms of abundance, pollution, and its future importance to the business world along
with everyday use to the people. The abundant nature of Hydrogen's existence and simplicity in
structure make the compound an

Hydrogen As A Fuel For Cars
CONTENT 1. Title 2. Objective 3. Introduction 4. Fuel cell 5. Production of hydrogen. 6. Working
of fuel car. 7. Procedures of working of fuel car. 8. Future scope. 9. Advantages of fuel cell car. 10.
Drawbacks of fuel cell car. 11. Suitable for the society. 12. Conclusion , 13. Researched papers. 14.
Reference . 1.Title My title is using of the hydrogen as a fuel for cars as a fuel cell method and also i
analysis the advantages and disadvantages of the research. 2.Objective The objective of my research
is to examine the hydrogen is used as a fuel for the cars and also is not environmentally pollutant it
is safe and also the efficiency wise is good and also i carry out my research in briefly. 3.Introduction
Now days due to population and technology improvement cars and automobiles is very important in
their life but we use the cars and any other automobiles by petroleum fuel or gasoline but these are
non renewable source of energy we use more than our need due to these there is loss of the
petroleum source in the world to overcome these i researched the renewable source of energy fuels
.In the world many renewable source of energy fuel is available like solar energy, wind energy ,etc
but i researched different method is the by taking hydrogen from these energy and making these as a
fuel for the cars. We can see the briefly of the research and making the it is sufficient to human
beings or not. 4.Fuel

Fossil Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission Essay
Fuel cells powered by hydrogen represent the latest technology in the push to reduce fossil fuel
consumption and greenhouse gas emission. The internal combustion engine's design limitations
have been pushed to their limits and fuel economy has been maxed out. While a shift in consumer
preference to smaller and more fuel efficient automobiles would decrease consumption and
emissions, the economic model alone will not prompt such a change. The hydrogen fuel cell's new
technology calls for a radical change in design approaches that will test the automakers that choose
to mass–produce this technology. The hydrogen harvesting methods required to power the fuel cells
have environmental challenges. Regardless of the challenges, the ... Show more content on
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The push to design and develop different methods of propulsion for motor vehicles came only after
petroleum solutions became exhausted. Emissions reduction policies and the rising price of oil
forced automakers to pursue more fuel efficient vehicles and eventually alternatively fueled
vehicles. While the hybrid electric vehicle and the plug–in electric car have proven to be more
viable solutions in the near term, the need for hydrogen fuel cells will only increase.
The technology behind hydrogen fuel cells is rather unremarkable, however, the difficulties and
dangers created by the fuel cells will require extraordinary engineering. Today's fuel cells use the
same reverse electrolysis phenomena that Grove's battery did over a century ago (Lampton).
Hydrogen is ionized and passed through a membrane that separates the electrons from the hydrogen
ions. The electrons are formed into an electrical current while the hydrogen ions react with the
oxygen in the air to form water vapor, the heat generated by the reaction typically boils the water
(Lampton). The catalyst and membrane can be tweaked and optimized by engineers to improve the
technology but the basic principle will remain the same.
Hydrogen fuel cells make up for the simplicity with a number of operational challenges facing
applications in automobiles or other vehicles. A fuel cell costs between $50,000 and $100,000 and
relies on a platinum catalyst

Hydrogen Cars
Hydrogen Automobiles The effect of pollution that is emitted from vehicles is a serious concern in
today 's society. The cause of this pollution is the toxic emissions from current vehicles. This toxic
emissions or pollution destroys the Earth 's ozone layer or atmospheric gases Acknowledging these
facts, many are very concerned with the condition of the Earth 's atmospheric gases in the future. In
just a very short time, scientists produced a new vehicle which only emits water out of its exhaust
rather than carbon monoxide and other toxic pollutants in modern day internal combustion engines.
The Hydrogen automobiles do not require gasoline or ethanol to function, but all they require in
Hydrogen. As the name entails, Hydrogen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of coarse, as the name implies, this process involves the use of coal. One of the more popular
methods of attaining Hydrogen is electrolysis. This is process of which water is broken down into
pure hydrogen and pure oxygen. Elements other than hydrogen attained from the reaction are excess
and are emitted from the vehicle through the exhaust. This is why only water vapor is the only
exhaustion given off from hydrogen vehicles. Another commonly overlooked benefit of Hydrogen
as a power source is that it is a renewable energy source. Rather, it can be obtained from a
renewable energy sources with no increase in carbon dioxide emissions. Hydrogen acts like a carrier
of energy rather than a source of energy. It can be produced and consumed continuously. Using
solar, electric, water, wind and nuclear power to power electrolysis and other forms of attaining
hydrogen. Although Hydrogen may environmentally safe and renewable, Hydrogen as an energy
source still has its downfalls. Hydrogen has a low volumetric energy density
Traditional combustion engines can be converted to run on hydrogen. This involves the use of fuel
cells and electric motors instead of a traditional engine. Hydrogen reacts with oxygen inside fuel
cells, which makes electricity to power the motor. Fuel cells are very fragile and are very costly to
produce. Scientists are currently searching for more efficient and less costly methods of producing
fuel cells. Scientists

Annotated Bibliography: Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Bibliography
Cooper, Mary H. "Alternative Fuels" CQ Researcher 15.8 (February 25, 2005): 173–196. Web
This source mainly concentrates on the use of hydrogen fuel cells as an alternative to the United
States dependency on foreign oil. It elaborates on the negatives of our countries reliance upon
external sources for the vast majority of our power production needs, and suggests that hydrogen
fuel cells are the answer to a sustainable energy future. The author is a writer for CQ Researcher
who concentrates on energy, environmental, and defense issues. While the article is mainly geared
toward individuals interested in the automotive industry and the applications of hydrogen fuel cells
in vehicles, it does an excellent job of contrasting oil based ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Refrigerators to keep our food fresh, washers and dryers to condition our clothing, hot or cold water
coming from a tap, lighting at the touch of a switch, and air conditioning systems to heat and cool
our homes. These and countless other schemes are all tied to one common factor: the electricity that
powers them. Imagine if you woke up tomorrow and the electrical grid as you knew it were gone.
Life for many would be unbearable because as a society we have become too reliant upon receiving
our power needs from offsite sources rather than just producing them ourselves. While this concept
may seem far–fetched, it is not, as any war analyst will tell you that the first plan for any war is to
remove the enemy's capability of making war, and to cause them such inconvenience that war is no
longer a viable solution. Since our electrical grid is so ingrained in everything we do, it is obviously
our most vulnerable point, and therefore better alternatives to our current system should be
mandated more so than explored. The recent rise of solar energy is an excellent first step into self–
sufficiency, and therefore reduced vulnerability, however it is not a wholly viable solution, as power
can only be produced during certain periods of the day. Batteries have been implemented as a
solution, but they are costly, have a limited lifetime, and do not have

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research Paper
An arising problem in today's world is the destruction of the ozone layer because of the emissions
and harmful gases that vehicles are giving off. Forget ethanol or biodiesel. The next big thing in
automotive fuel may very well be hydrogen. Automakers rapidly are closing in on making hydrogen
fuel cell vehicles an everyday fact of life, with several test models set to debut over the next few
years. Hydrogen fuel cells to power vehicles are desirable, experts say, because hydrogen is a
renewable fuel that can be used to create electricity to run cars. A chemical reaction between oxygen
and hydrogen produces the electric power, and when pure hydrogen is used, the only emission from
the tailpipe is harmless water vapor.
Many people are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can go 125 miles on its hydrogen mode and 300 on its gasoline mode, thus limiting the possibility
that its driver might be stranded, given that there's only one hydrogen filling station in California,
near Los Angeles. Along with the hydrogen fuel cells' high efficiency (from 40–70%), the
possibility of utilizing both heat and electricity from them will make a significant contribution to
reducing atmospheric emissions. For example, a fuel cell operating at 60% efficiency would emit
35–60% less CO2 at the fossil fuel stage and 80% less from hydrogen. Both GM and Honda are
hoping to bypass concerns about the lack and cost of developing hydrogen filling stations by
creating home hydrogen refueling devices that would allow cars to be refilled overnight in garages.
Much of the push for hydrogen fuel–cell vehicles is aimed at putting the public at ease through
demonstration models and projects
Energy sources of the future will have to be cleaner and more efficient than current sources – fuel
cells fulfill these requirements. Several challenges remain before we will see wide–spread
commercialization, mainly because of restrictions with size, cost, reliability and safety, but an
environmentally–friendly source of power is definitely on its

America Must Invest in Energy Efficiency Essays
America Must Invest in Energy Efficiency
In recent years our country has had many debates over what must be done to lessen the amount of
oil that our country consumes. It is well known that we need to make some type of change to help
not only the environment, but also lessen our reliance on imported oil. President Bush recently
announced his new plan that could someday greatly reduce that amount of oil that Americans use by
replacing oil with hydrogen fuel cells. Although this plan is a step in the right direction, it is not the
answer. There are far too many downsides that could actually hurt our country in the long run. One
problem is that the plan proposed by Bush will take far too long before any changes will be seen. ...
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. If cars were required to run on 55 miles per gallon, the U.S. would save about five million barrels
per day. This alone is about seven times the amount of oil that was imported from Iraq alone last
year (Kennedy 11). All major auto companies can already make cars that run on seventy miles per
gallon; meaning that Clinton's goal was nearly reached. However, because funding is being cut by
the new plan, these cars will most likely never be available in the large market. We do need to
someday totally end our reliance on oil, especially in cars, but why stop funding a plan that would
have an immediate effect? Money is simply being wasted due to the fact that millions of dollars
were spent on a plan that is being ended because funding is suddenly being spent on new areas of
research. We need to continue funding Clinton's plan even if we do start more research in hydrogen
fuel cells.
A second major problem with the plan is not easy to see at first. You must look much closer at what
types of research is being done. There are two ways that hydrogen fuel cells can be made. One is by
a reaction with oxygen. These cells are about 70% efficient and the only emissions are water vapor.
The second way it by using oil or coal to make the cells. These cells are about 33% efficient and
release harmful emissions into the atmosphere (Abelson 1469). I feel that we should fund research
into using oxygen as opposed to fossil fuels when making hydrogen

Fuel Cell Disadvantages
Hydrogen fuel cells are an emerging technology that could be the next mass produced energy source
of the future. The application of hydrogen as a fuel source can be used to power cars, homes, and
even cell phones. Hydrogen is the most abundant molecule in the universe. The most profound use
for hydrogen fuel cells will be for vehicles. Hydrogen fuel cells will revolutionize the automobile
industry. Hydrogen fuel has been used by NASA since the early 1970s to launch space stations and
other rockets into orbit (Renewable Energy World). A fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to
produce electricity, heat, and water. Fuel cells are often compared to batteries. Both convert the
energy produced by a chemical reaction into usable electric power. However, the fuel cell will
produce electricity as long as fuel (hydrogen) is supplied, never losing its charge (Renewable
Energy World). There has been a big push in recent years for automobile companies to produce
lower emission producing vehicles. Hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles can help to solve the issue.
Hydrogen is clean burning, producing only water vaper as waste. Hydrogen Fuel cell vehicles will
be zero–emission, reducing air pollution (Bernard Meyerson). Fuel cell offer all the same benefits as
conventional fuel powered cars with cruising range up to 500 miles. To refill a take with hydrogen
will take about three minutes, about the same amount of time as traditional fuel fill ups. Down side
is the first production of

Hydrogen Fuel Of The Future
With nations like Costa Rica, Albania, Paraguay, and Iceland all currently running on 100%
renewable electricity, the notion of clean Audi e–fuels rule and sustainable energy is becoming a
more realistic and feasible option in the minds of many.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and has been present since the beginning of
time. Hydrogen is the smallest element in the universe, hydrogen consists as a diatomic, gaseous
molecule with a single proton and a single electron. Hydrogen does not exist in its pure form on the
planet, but it is present as a compound in molecules like water, glucose, natural gas, and even oil
(Busby). Because it is found in such a variety of sources, hydrogen is the perfect power source for
fuel cells.
What exactly are hydrogen fuel cells and why will they be the fuel of the future? Hydrogen fuel
cells are a mechanical device that convert the electrochemical energy found in a fuel source, like
hydrogen, into electrical energy, with the only byproducts being heat and water (Hoffmann 6). In all
fuel cells there are two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, with an electrolyte, a membrane capable
of moving ions, in between the two (Sorenson 73). During their operation, hydrogen fuel is injected
into the anode side, while oxygen, usually from the air, is pumped to the cathode. The hydrogen
molecule disassociates, and the proton passes through the electrolyte to join the oxygen, while the
electron from the hydrogen molecule travels in an

Are Hydrogen Cars Good Or Bad
What are hydrogen fuel cells? Are hydrogen cars good for the environment? Hydrogen fuels cells
are made by running electricity through water. According to Trace Dominguez hydrogen makes up
75 percent of the universe meaning we can't run out at least not anytime soon. Some people think
hydrogen cars are bad because they have an invisible flame. Other people think hydrogen fuel cells
are good because in a car crash the hydrogen would almost evaporate instantaneously. Everyone
should have a hydrogen car because they are good in a lot of ways and they look cooler than gas
cars. Hydrogen cars are good because they are environmentally friendly, they use less fossil fuels,
and they have a longer driving distance (300 miles per hydrogen cell). What makes a hydrogen car
better? Well for starters hydrogen cars are better because they dont use fossil feuls ''The Energy
Policy Institute at the University of Chicago'' says it's environmentally friendly and so does Dnews
and more. Hydrogen cars use less fossil fuels which means less pollution and stopping global
warming! Using fossil fuel is bad because to get fossil fuels some sacrifices have to be made, like
drilling into the earth, taking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrogen cars are better because they go a longer driving distance according to Danielle Muoio
hydrogen cars can go 300 mile per hydrogen cell! Hydrogen cars can also refuel in a minimum of 3
minutes. Dnews says ''hydrogen–powered cars are hitting the road this year, and eventually one's
going to be in a crash so what would happen would it explode?'' In the video he talks about how
when the hydrogen car gets in a crash the hydrogen cell would not start a fire because the hydrogen
would evaporate almost instantly be the gas doesn't evaporate because the gas is heavy. The
hydrogen car is just like the gas car but with better mileage, can go longer distance, faster recharge,
environmentally friendly and they don't make pollution or

Hydrogen Fuel Cell
One of the biggest challenges facing the world today is the shortage of fossil fuels for energy
production. Finding solutions to energy production that can be man made will benefit future
generations and improve the quality of life in our country as well as the lives of those abroad. In
America we use the greatest amount of energy per person of any country in the world. Even though
we have tried to cut energy consumption and greenhouse gas emmission since the 1990's we have
steadily increased use. Since it is becoming more and more clear that American refuse to forgo
creature comforts in order to help restore the environment we must find alternative energy sources
that do not pollute the environment. Chemistry can provide ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This increases the size of the system exponentially. Another obstacle in the widespread use of
hydrogen fuel cells is that the main catalyst used to speed up the production of oxygen is platinum,
which limits the competitive pricing of units and vehicles. There has been a new catalyst discovered
by scientists at the Massauchusetts Institute of Technology. The study, led by Daniel Nocera, Ph.D.
found a substitute for the platinum catalyst which increases oxygen production 200 fold. This
information was reported on at the 240th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in
Boston, Massachusetts. The new catalysts formula has been licensed to Sun Catalytix, they project a
two year timeframe until the electrolyzer is proven safe and effective for residential and small
business use. The research team of Nocera, Mircea Dinca, Ph.D., and Yogesh Surenranath hope to
find related cost–effective compenents, as well as nickel–borate compounds that can be used in long
term storage for the energy produced. Durability is also another challenge facing the developers of
fuel cells. Chemists are faced with the challenge of also finding suitable materials to withstand the
reactions and to contain the pressure needed to hold the hydrogen fuel but still lightweight enough
to meet

Electricity Is Generated From The Energy
HYDROFUEL CELLS
Abstract: Electricity is generated from the energy; we get, by the burning of fossil fuels, where the
fuel can be stored and used when needed according to the immediate energy requirements. Hence it
is speaking to a concentrated and stable type of energy. On the opposite side, we have some
irregular types of energy, for example, wind, wave, tidal and sunlight based. These can 't be put
away and must be utilized according to accessibility; generally their energy possibilities are lost. For
the usage of these energy sources, there is a need to convert this energy into suitable forms for
storage. For this Hydrofuel Cells are one of the best way to create and store energy as they possess
many positive qualities such as renewable, environment friendly, readily available elements for
electricity generation etc. Here it is discussed about the working of Hydrofuel cells, advantages and
disadvantages and lots more. The paper also contributes the comparison of Hydrofuel cells with the
batteries.
Index terms: Introduction, working, why only Hydrogen element, comparison with Batteries, cost
analysis, advantages and disadvantages, applications, problems faced in Hydrofuel cells, conclusion.
Introduction: Renewable energy advancements are required to play the main part in the inevitable
energy era portfolio keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish manageable energy era. The real
requirements for expanding entrance of renewable energy sources are their accessibility and

Negative Effects Of Acid Rain
Another consequence of using Acid rain is rain that contains high levels of nitric and sulphuric
acids, which are the result of burning fossil fuels because when sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
are released into the air as byproducts of burning fossil fuels, the SO2 and NO react with water,
oxygen and other chemicals to form sulphuric and nitric acids. These then mix with water and other
materials before falling to the ground. This rain can be harmful to plant and animal life. For example
The harmful effects of acid rain can be seen in marine life, such as streams, lakes, and marshes
where it can be harmful to fish and other wildlife, because as the rain flows through the soil, the
acidic rainwater can separate aluminium from soil clay particles and then causes it to flow into
streams and lakes, And as more acid is introduced to the ecosystem, the more aluminium is released.
Some types of plants and animals are able to tolerate acidic waters and moderate amounts of
aluminium. Others, however, are acid–sensitive and will die as the pH declines. Dead or dying trees
are a common sight in areas affected by acid rain. Acid rain removes aluminium from the soil which
may be harmful to plants as well as animals. Acid rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the
soil that trees need to grow, making it unsuitable for plant growth. Pure water has a pH of 7 while
normal rainwater has a pH of 5.6. Acid rain, however, has a pH between 4.2 and 4.4; this is due to
the gases

Oil Dependency Essay
Brian Turner Turner 1
Professor Dimon
English 091
November 5, 2006
"Oil Dependency: Increase Research Funds" America's dependency on foreign oil is slowly
crippling the average citizen's hard–earned income with outrageous fluctuation in gas prices. The
American government seriously needs to step it in gear and start taking action on possible
supplemental energy sources to replace foreign oil and actually begin providing those sources to the
public without overpricing. Today's foreign oil is polluting our air and crushing we as American's
pockets. "Rising U.S. demand for imported oil accounts for more than a third of the U.S. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But with more money for further research into the problem, this could ultimately become obsolete
with the hybrid car. There are other means of possible future solutions to our oil dependency, one
being hydrogen fuel cars. This is my main personal solution to oil energy. The process of retracting
hydrogen from water to be stored within a power cell is genius. This fuel cell is the power source for
the car's engine to run. Maker's of this cell are attempting to develop a hydrogen power center than
can be kept at the owner's residence for fuel fill–ups. The idea is for water to be pumped within this
power center and then separate the hydrogen molecules to be stored within a hydrogen cell. This
greater hydrogen cell within the center would be able to be pumped or drained into the car's power
cell, ultimately creating an alternative fuel source for motor vehicles. With good intentions, there are
already some companies sponsoring further research for this technology. "The FreedomCAR and
Fuel Partnership includes the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), United States Council for
Automotive Research (USCAR), whose members are DaimlerChrysler Corporation, Ford Motor
Company and General Motors Corporation; and five major energy companies. The government
research program supporting the partnership's goals is part of the administration's $1.7 billion
initiative

Global Warming And The Current Energy Source
Problem with our current energy source Today, though renewable energy sources exist, fossil fuels
are still very prominent in supplying us with the everyday energy that we need. One of the biggest
problems our world suffers today is the mistreatment of our environment, as seen by global
warming and pollution which we face today. Though there are many factors influencing pollution,
the following reasons are the most energy focused and are considered by many as the largest causes
of our environmental problems: o Exhaust from Combustion Engines o The burning of coal and
other fossil fuels to produce energy o Petroleum, the major source of energy for vehicles
Transportation related green–house emissions are currently the fastest increasing contributor to the
green–house effect. Earth's natural green–house gases is what keeps it warm, but the effect that
causes global is caused to human's affecting and accelerating the effect through the burning of fossil
fuels, hence global 'warming'. However, this not only affects us, but also eco–systems due to the
increased occurring of forest fires, thus adding to the list of problems with our environment. As
well, acid rain can be caused by the release of emissions from factories, vehicles, etc. In turn, once
again affecting our eco–system in a negative manner. Out of fossil fuels, there is no positive effect
that comes with our current mass production of energy. Oil will theoretically never run out since we

Use Of Hydrogen Fuel Cells Is Better Than The Use Of...
A lot of people in our society have been questioning whether the use of hydrogen fuel cells is better
than the use of fossil fuels. Each of the two differs from the other massively. They are made in
different ways, have different outcomes, advantages and disadvantages, so in order to consider
which of the two should be promoted all of the things mentioned should be first analysed.
Fossil fuels are defined as hydrocarbons primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, which is formed from
the remains of dead plants and animals. When these fuels are burnt, the energy released can be
harnessed to produce electricity. Fossil fuels are the most popular form of energy as they have very
low ignition temperature. All fossil fuels undergo through the process of combustion. Combustion
necessarily requires oxygen. All the reactions are exothermic in nature which therefore means they
give out heat and sometimes light. The constituent hydrogen and oxygen react with each other
chemically and produce high amount of heat and energy. Different fossil fuels burn at different rates
because the structures of the hydrocarbons are different in each of these compounds. However, one
common by–product of each of these fossil fuel is carbon dioxide.
The combustion of fossil fuels can be shown by an example of a simple combustion reaction for
methane. The combustion of methane means that it is possible to burn it. Chemically, this
combustion process consists of a reaction between methane and oxygen in

Hydrogen Fuel : Hydrogen Gas Fuel
Nickolas Edmunds English Period 6 Mr. Schut 03–18–2016 Hydrogen Fuel Hydrogen fuel is one of
two important elements found in water h2o. Hydrogen fuel also is currently being researched as a
alternate fuel so were using less oil products. It is created from fossil fuels but can also be obtained
from wind, solar, and nuclear power. As fetched as this seems hydrogen fuel may be the best viable
option in the near future. Hydrogen nuclear plants are going to be a clean hydrogen fuel source.
Also hydrogen fuel has been imagined for about 100 years or so people with the vision of this
hydrogen fuel think its the new economy. When hydrogen is burned its the cleanest and outputs
water transportation is looking good for us in the near future. There looking into better ways to
make hydrogen but right now the only way they look at it nuclear plants do best. Every major car
company is going to work on getting hydrogen–electric powered cars on the road. Hydrogen is
released from a steam process from methane or natural gas. Cracking water for hydrogen takes 700
to 900 degrees. Also the economy will take decades to transition to hydrogen fuel. Solar power can
create hydrogen fuel by two processes electrolysis and splitting water. Also high temperature
thermochemical cycles they solar heat to make hydrogen by water splitting using thermochemical
steps. Next photobiological these involve the making of hydrogen from living biological systems
using sunlight. Also Certain algae

Disruptive Innovation
1 Introduction This assignment provides the study on Disruptive Innovation using Clayton
Christensen's framework. Apart from this, this assignment also tells how the companies should react
to the upcoming technologies and what should be the course of action for the same. 1.1 Innovation
There is no specific definition for innovation as such. But, according to me, innovation is creating
something new or changing the old to achieve the competitive advantage and meet the increasing
customer demands. This is achieved either by introducing new products, new ideas, and processes or
just by changing the design of the product or the processes as per the customer demands. Innovating
and creating new products and services has become very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
the research is still on on how to produce hydrogen on a larger scale. Following Figure show the
working of a hydrogen Fuel Cell. Figure 1: Working of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell 2.2 Benefits of a
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Following are the benefits of a hydrogen fuel cell Zero green house gas
Emissions: As water is the byproduct of the fuel cell, the emissions of harmful gases such as carbon
dioxide, sulphur monoxide, etc is not there. Hence, it is a zero emission product. Though some
amount of carbon dioxide is produced during manufacturing hydrogen, but research is on to
manufacture hydrogen using renewable energy resources. Reduced Air Pollution: As there are no
harmful gases emission involved in fuel cell, air pollution will be reduced considerably. Improved
efficiency: Fuel cells are more efficient than internal combustion engine. A conventional combustion
egine generates efficiency up to 40% whereas a fuel cell generates efficiency more than 50% and
has the potential to reach 85%. Other Benefits: the transportation will be oil independent, since there
are no moving part, it is more reliable. 2.3 Applications Fuel cells have wide range of applications.
Following are the applications of a fuel cell: Transportation system: currently oil industry and
internal combustion engine dominates the transportation system. But keeping environment and
diminishing resources of fuel in mind it is

The Power of Water Essay
There is a balloon the shape and size of a beach ball. A string keeps it tethered to the ground.
Someone in a white lab coat stands about eight feet away with a rod about as long with a small
flame on the end. They put on a protective headset and put the flame in contact with the floating
balloon. Not even a second later the balloon violently explodes in a large fireball and a loud bang.
All that remains of the balloon is the string that held it down and invisible molecules of water vapor
now floating through the room. With the continuing buzz on the issue of global warming and the
general rise of cost of fossil fuels alternatives have been explored. One of these is hydrogen power
in the form of the hydrogen fuel cell. This source of power ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In order to understand the why behind the need to change from fossil fuels to hydrogen power, it is
necessary to understand what that power is and how it works. Hydrogen is the most abundant and
simplest element on earth. It is most commonly found as part of water. In its pure gaseous form it is
extremely light, but when ignited in this state releases a large amount of energy in an explosion. In
this violent reaction the hydrogen combines with free oxygen molecules in the atmosphere and
creates water vapor. This is similar to the way gasoline is combined with air and ignited in an
internal combustion engine in the cars used today and like with gasoline, the combustion of
hydrogen has risks. In addition to the risk, some of the energy released in the reaction is lost in the
form of sound and heat. As an alternative to burning, these same gases can be combined with the use
of catalysts to extract the free electrons produced as liquid water is formed(Popovici and Hoble
Dorel). Using cables connected to a fuel cell such as this, those electrons go through a circuit,
generating electricity. This is more efficient than combustion because less energy is wasted in the
form of sound and heat. Going further, greater efficiency for this reaction can be had the lower the
temperature it is allowed to take place at, with 83% power at 25◦C(77◦ F)(Popovici and Hoble
Dorel). As fuel cells are created with better heat management and

Hydrogen Power and Energy
Most of the energy we produce causes waste and pollution. Water allows us to cut some of this out
of the equation. In 1874, a French author named Jules Verne wrote that hydrogen has the potential to
be our next fuel source long before its potential was even discovered. And above all else, its
abundant! Not only is the earth covered in 70% of water, but 90% of all matter contains hydrogen in
it. Hydrogen itself produces miniscule amounts of pollution when burned. The problem that stands
is that hydrogen is only found as a compound, and not by itself. Water contains a good amount of
hydrogen, but also contains oxygen. However, we can extract the hydrogen atoms through a process
called electrolysis. Electrolysis separates the hydrogen atoms from the oxygen atom to create HHO
gas.
The problem with this however is that electrolysis requires electricity to decompose the compound.
The more current that is passed through the water the more chemical change it will undergo.
Electrolysis is carried out in an electrolytic cell which don't contain a membrane. These cells
contains two electrodes which separates the oxygen and the hydrogen.
Now when most people think of converting water into energy, they usually think of water powered
cars. Even though this is not entirely what electrolysis does, it isnt too far off. Fuel cell technology,
even though it is still being developed, works with electrolysis to make this possible. An obstacle
with making fuel cell technology possible is

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Essay
An alternative form of energy source is using a fuel cell. A fuel cell is a device that generates
electricity by a chemical reaction by converting chemical energy stored in hydrogen fuel into
electricity. A PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) cell uses hydrogen gas and oxygen gas as fuel.
The products of the reaction in the cell are water, electricity, and heat (Hydrogen + Oxygen =
Electricity + Water Vapour) The advantages of using hydrogen fuel cells is that one, the amounts of
pollution being produced will significantly drop as there are no harmful by–products being released,
which means this type of fuel would contribute to global warming as it does not release any
greenhouse gases. Secondly, hydrogen fuel cells are renewable sources, therefore it can be
constantly reused unlike fossil fuels and thirdly since it requires hydrogen, which is extracted from
water there will be no shortage. Also, it's far more efficient than other sources of energy as
Hydrogen is an efficient energy type since it has the ability to convey a lot of energy for every
pound of fuel. This means that an automobile that utilizes hydrogen energy will travel more miles
than one with an equal amount of gasoline. However the disadvantages are Hydrogen energy is
expensive as a result, it is not heavily used by people around the world and currently today,
hydrogen energy is only used to power most hybrid vehicles. Another disadvantage is that hydrogen
gas is highly flammable making it very dangerous and not a

Essay On Air Pollution
Energy is essential to life. Without it, billions of people would be left cold and hungry. The major
source of energy comes from fossil fuels, and the dominant fossil fuels used today by most
industrialized and developing countries are oil, coal, and natural gas. This burning of fossil fuels is
causing several health and environmental issues.
The first issue is air pollution. As many of you already know, burning fossil fuels emits several air
pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and the most common pollutant,
carbon dioxide. These harmful gases are toxic to both the environment and public health.
Another issue associated with air pollution is acid rain. Acid rain is formed when sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, there is one simple solution to this global crisis:
The hydrogen fuel cell.
Fuel cells are used in a wide range of portable, stationary and transport applications, such as battery
chargers and home heating, but the fuel cell is best known for powering cars. Fuel cells are quite
possibly the most versatile energy solution ever invented.
The fuel cell seems like the perfect energy source: Quiet, clean and independent of gasoline. In a
fuel cell vehicle, the fuel cell transforms hydrogen and oxygen into electricity, and the left–over heat
and water is all that it emits. Most importantly, the fuel cell is environmentally friendly.
Take NASA as an example. NASA is a world known space program, and their technology expands
the frontiers of knowledge and capabilities in aeronautics, science, and space. NASA develops the
latest innovative technology and has the best scientists and engineers from around the world
working for them.
Quote from NASA
"Producing power without damaging our environment is a continuing challenge. Fossil fuels like
gasoline, coal, and jet fuel are non–renewable, and burning these fuels is increasing air pollution and
harms the environment. Batteries have limited lifetimes and need to be disposed of in hazardous–
waste landfills. Many environmentally friendly alternatives (solar, wind, hydroelectric, and
geothermal power) can only be used in specific environments. In contrast, hydrogen fuel cells have
near–zero

Are Hydrogen Fuel Cells Worth the Cost?
The automotive industry is one of the largest industries in the entire world. As the world's
population grows and economic development occurs, the auto industry also expands. Unfortunately
the growth in car numbers has had a negative environmenta, impact due to carbon dioxide and
particulate emissions generated and released from the combustion process. Technology has
developed a solution by utilizing the concept of hydrogen fuel cells. As the years have passed, there
has been continuous development on automotive fuel cells and now it has come close to mass
production of these vehicles. The main problem is the continued development of hydrogen fuel cells
and their infrastructure may not be worth the cost. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (fcvs) have not been
around for long, but over the past decade that have developed into a new potential successor of the
combustion engine. Fcvs function the same as an electric cars but the difference is the hydrogen fuel
cell stack. Hydrogen fuel stacks are just multiple layers of fuel cells stacked up and when hydrogen
is pumped in to mix with oxygen a reaction takes place. From this reaction electricity and water
vapor is created. The electricity carries on and powers the electric motor(s) in the car. The vapor is
released from the exhaust and since only water vapor is released, no harm is done to the
environment. The cost of producing these has been debated over for the past decade, to see if it is
worth mass production. For fcvs the cost

Environmental Effects Of Acid Rain And Its Effects On The...
The effects of acid rain greatly affect the environment. Some lakes become so acidic fish cannot
survive in them. The degradation of minerals present in soil produces metal ions. These are
subsequently washed away, causing the release of toxic substances, such as Al3+, into the water
supply. This also causes the loss of important minerals, such as Ca2+, from the soil, killing trees and
crops. Long–term effects from global warming include landslides and increased seismic and
volcanic activities, due to land no longer being depressed by the weight of ice. Tsunamis could also
be generated, landslides caused by warmer ocean water thawing ocean–floor permafrost or releasing
gas hydrates. Some world regions already show an increase in landslides, such as the French Alps.
Humphry Davy first successfully introduced the concept of a fuel cell in the 19th century. This was
followed by by the scientist Christian Friedrich Schönbein, who made work on what were to
become fuel cells in 1838. William Grove, a chemist, physicist and lawyer, widely known for
basically inventing the fuel cell in 1839. Grove conducted experiments with a gas voltaic battery,
proving that electrictricity could be produced from an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen
and oxygen over a platinum catalyst. With the 1970s came the emergence of environmental
awareness amongst governments, prompted by concerns over air pollution. From this, clean air
legislation was passed in America and Europe. Clean air and

The Conversion Of Solar ( Pv ) Energy Into Hydrogen Gas...
Name: Institution: Course: Instructor: Date: The Conversion of Solar (PV) Energy into Hydrogen
Gas for Fuel Cells. Introduction Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems convert sunlight into direct
current. For this to be achieved, semi–conducting materials would be required to induce the
photovoltaic effect. A photovoltaic system comprises solar panels, each fitted with a number of solar
cells that supply solar energy to the system. In the absence of sunlight, solar power would be
available for household or commercial lighting applications (Ratlamwala 86). This paper examines
the feasibility of converting solar PV electricity into hydrogen for fuel cells based on: cost of
hydrogen production (per kilogram), the quantity of solar power required to generate hydrogen (per
kilogram), the feasibility of the technology in the UAE amid the costs and efficiencies of the system
components. Question 1 Just like the rest of the world, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the
Middle East have intensified efforts to curb the global warming menace. Several independent
studies (e.g. Harder 790 & Radhi 18) have pointed out that overdependence on fossil fuels tends to
heighten global warming. At a glance, hydrogen can be considered as an ideal substitute to fossil
fuels. Hydrogen provides about three times of renewable energy harnessed from natural gas. When
hydrogen is used in energy production, pure water is emitted as the sole by–product of the process
(Radhi 12).

The Fuel Of Fuel Cell Vehicles
Table of Contents Content 1 Plagiarism repot 2 Introduction 3 Literature review 6 Analysis 8
Discussion 9 Conclusion 9 Bibliography 10 Plagiarism Report Introduction A motor fuel is a fuel
that is used to provide power to motor vehicles. Most of the vehicles today are powered by either
gasoline or diesel. Power sources may also include ethanol, biodiesel, propane, compressed natural
gas, electric batteries charged from an external source, and hydrogen. ( Wikimedia Foundation, Inc,
2015) Fuel cell vehicles (FCV) run on hydrogen gas rather than gasoline. Several challenges must
be overcome before these vehicles will be competitive with conventional vehicles (powered by
petroleum). (U.S department of energy) Research Question Is it safe to use hydrogen, instead of
petrol, as a fuel in cars? Hypothesis Hydrogen is not safer than petrol as a fuel in cars. In 1885 a
German engineer called Karl Benz fastened a small gasoline (petrol) engine to a three–wheeled cart
and made the first primitive, gas–powered car. Although Benz developed the automobile, another
German engineer, Nikolaus Otto he was the man who invented the gasoline engine in the first place,
about two decades earlier. The current day engine was greatly inspired by Otto's "four–stroke"
design. (Bellis, 2015). Petroleum is also known as "crude oil "and is a thick, black, energy–rich
liquid buried deep underground which became the world 's most important source of energy
(American Association of Petroleum

Essay on Hydrogen Car Power of the Future
Hydrogen: Car Power of the Future Abstract Recent years have shown an increasingly large need for
a practical renewable energy source for such reasons as diminishing fossil fuels and increases in
greenhouse gasses. Hydrogen appears to be a way out of this gasoline–dug hole, or at least, a way
out in the future. Hydrogen fuel cell cars are being engineered as we speak as the technologies to
refuel them cleanly are being proposed. Unfortunately, most of the technologies associated with
hydrogen are still in the prototype/pre–production stages and require better enhancements before
becoming mainstream. This paper assesses the practicality of hydrogen power in cars both now and
in the future while explicating the actual process of how a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Hydrogen is comprised of a Hydrogen: Car Power 3 small, positively–charged proton with a
negatively–charged electron orbiting very fast, a model analogous to the earth orbiting the sun, or
the moon orbiting the earth. Fuel cells take advantage of this structure. Using a membrane and a
catalyst, hydrogen is broken up into a proton and an electron. While there are many different
membrane models for fuel cells, the most appropriate one for car travel is the Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane (PEM, also called the Proton Exchange Membrane). It is called this because protons are
able to easily pass through the membrane. However, because the membrane does not allow electrons
to pass through it, the electrons take a detour through an electrical circuit to the other side of the
cell. If hydrogen is supplied into the cell at a steady rate, the stream of electrons in the electrical
circuit creates electric power. However, like all batteries, you need a positive end (cathode) and a
negative end (anode); in other words, the hydrogen atoms must have a "reason" to make this
electrical circuit. And what is this reason? Oxygen. With oxygen at the other end, hydrogen is more
than willing to create this current so that it can bind and form H2O, or water on the other end.
Unfortunately, one fuel cell alone produces less than 1.16 volts, which can't really do much on its
own. However, when dozens or even hundreds of fuel cells are lined up together

The Pros And Cons Of Hydrogen
Jasmine Nguyen, Annie Vo
The energy source that will have a thorough description from how it works to what it's made of and
much more, is hydrogen fuel source. The first fuel cell was invented by Sir William Robert Grove in
1839. Hydrogen is the fuel of destiny mainly due to it's elevated transformation efficiency,
salvaging, and non–contaminating nature. Hydrogen plays a higher role in the sustainability of life
and can be employed to cause energy. Hydrogen can also be manufactured using several various
processes such as electrolysis, solar energy, and can be assembled, both thermochemically and
biologically. Electrolysis is the process of using a dynamic current to isolate water into hydrogen
and oxygen gas. Unfortunately this procedure has more intensive energy. The electrolysis process is
pretty valuable since it involves high energy consumption. The energy used to generate a current in
the electrolysis process is pretty valuable since it involves high energy consumption. The energy is
also limited from fossil fuels like oil, natural gas or coal. The electrical charge that is tested to water
will shatter the chemical bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms. As a result, it will produce
charged particles called ions. The ions must be free to proceed in order for electrolysis to work.
When classic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As time in the future comes near, hydrogen could join electricity as an important energy carrier. An
energy carrier is able to transport and deliver energy in a useable form to consumers. There are
renewable energy sources such as the sun and wind, but they can't produce energy all the time. With
hydrogen being a fuel cell, it has a higher efficiency than diesel or gas engines. Most fuel cells are
able to operate without making sound, compared to central combustion engines. Therefore they're
perfectly convenient to be usable in buildings such as

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fuel Cell Technology
One of the greatest problem faced by the world is pollution, which is causing a lot of damage to the
planet which is irreparable damage. The damaged being caused is affecting the human society by
polluting the basic needs like fresh air, water and food (Everythingconnects.org, 2013). Pollution
caused by humans is rising daily and as a result radical changes to the planet are happening.
Pollution is caused by many things, but a major contributor is the automobile industry. Vehicles
which are part of our lives, they are emitting greenhouse gas which causes pollution.
Today there are about 1.2 billion cars on road in the world (Voelcker, 2014) and fossil fuels like
petrol, coal and crude oil are not renewable and burning these fuels causes ... Show more content on
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The positive terminal is a catalyst which is meant to speed up the chemistry in the fuel cell. When
atoms of hydrogen reach the catalyst they split into hydrogen ions protons and electrons. The
protons which are positive they attract towards the negative terminal and travel from electrolyte
towards this layer is made up of plastic film and only protons can pass through it. This process
powers the electric motor the fuel cell is made of stacks of fuel cells because a single fuel cell has
power similar to a single battery.
The central theme is exploring if Fuel cell technology can be a viable alternative to fossil fuel cars.
Firstly, most cars on road use petrol or diesel. As fossil fuels are non–renewable these fuels are
crude oil – fossil fuels and have taken years to form, but fuels are used at a faster rate than formed.
Furthermore, the combustion of these fuels leads to global warming and climate change caused by
greenhouse gases from the combustion. These effects can be solved by using fuel cells as a
replacement for fossil fuels. fuel cells have near zero emissions, as fuel cell cars use hydrogen gas
as fuel. The hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen from the air, this reaction's end result is electricity and
water (Torres, 2014). The use of fuel cells will drastically lower the amount of greenhouse gases
released, as only water comes out of the exhaust instead of CO2 and N2. The effect of that

Hydrogen And Hydrogen As A Fuel

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