ECONOMIC EDUCATION FOR CONSUMERS ○ Chapter 15WHAT’S AHEA.docx

ECONOMIC EDUCATION FOR CONSUMERS ○ Chapter 15
WHAT’S AHEAD
15.1 Health Insurance Basics
15.2 Health Insurance Plans
15.3 Choose a Health Plan
15.4 Health Care Rights and Responsibilities
15.5 Life Insurance
Economic Educatin for Consumers
Economic Educatin for Consumers
*
Chapter 15
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Chapter 15
LESSON 15.1
Health Insurance Basics
GOALS
Identify health care needs to be covered by your basic health
insurance policy.
Discuss purchasing extra insurance to cover special health care
needs.
© 2010 South-Western, Cengage Learning

Slide *
KEY TERMS
malpractice insurance
generic drug
Slide *
What Health Insurance Covers
Basic coverages
Hospitalization
Surgery
Outpatient services
Major medical
Additional coverage choices
Medications
Dental care
Vision care
What’s not covered
Slide *
Insurance for

Special Health Needs
Catastrophic and specified-disease insurance
Long-term care insurance
Disability income insurance
Slide *
What should you expect your basic health insurance policy to
cover?
If you have basic insurance that covers hospitalization, why
might you also need catastrophic, specified-disease, or long-
term insurance? What is the purpose of disability insurance?
Slide *
What should you expect your basic health insurance policy to
cover?
Hospital stays
Surgical procedures
Physician services when you are not in the hospital
Major illnesses and injuries
Slide *

If you have basic insurance that covers hospitalization, why
might you also need catastrophic, specified-disease, or long-
term insurance? What is the purpose of disability insurance?
Some illnesses or disabilities require very expensive care, or
care over a long period of time that would exceed the lifetime
limits set for ordinary insurance.
Disability insurance is designed to replace lost income when
you cannot work because of an accident or illness.
Slide *
LESSON 15.2
Health Insurance Plans
GOALS
Describe how a fee-for-service health insurance plan works.
Discuss common forms of managed care plans.
Slide *
KEY TERMS
fee-for-service plan
coinsurance
reasonable and customary charge
managed care plan

capitation
copayment
health maintenance organization (HMO)
primary care physician
preferred provider organization (PPO)
point-of-service (POS) plan
Slide *
Fee-for-Service Plans
Costs
Limits
Slide *
Managed Care Plans
How managed care works
Health maintenance organizations (HMO)
Preferred provider organizations (PPO)
Point-of-service (POS) plan
Slide *

Slide *
More choice of providers
Higher premiums
Less choice of providers
Lower premiums
Fee-for-
service
PPO
POS
HMO
How does a fee-for-service medical insurance plan work?
How is managed care different from fee-for-service plans? How
do the managed care plans differ from each other?
Slide *
How does a fee-for-service medical insurance plan work?

When you have fee-for-service health insurance, you pay the
deductible and a percentage of the charges (coinsurance).
The insurance company reimburses you for the major portion of
reasonable and customary charges.
You are able to choose your own physician.
Slide *
How is managed care different from fee-for-service plans? How
do the managed care plans differ from each other?
Fee-for-service plans permit you to choose any doctor you wish
and then reimburse you for expenses.
Managed care is provided through approved member health care
providers who are paid a negotiated fee.
HMO members must obtain care from providers of the group to
receive coverage. Members of PPOs may choose non-member
providers but pay a higher cost to do so. POS plans combine
aspects of HMOs and PPOs.
Slide *
LESSON 15.3
Choose a Health Plan
GOALS
Identify the major sources of health insurance.
Discuss how to evaluate health insurance options.

Slide *
KEY TERMS
open enrollment
COBRA
pre-existing condition
Medicare
Medigap
Medicaid
workers’ compensation
Slide *
Sources of Health Insurance
Group health insurance
Employer-sponsored plans
COBRA
Pre-existing conditions
Individual health insurance
Government-sponsored health insurance
Medicare
Medigap
Medicaid
Workers’ compensation
Slide *

How to Shop for Health Insurance
Questions to ask yourself
Insurance provider concerns
Slide *
What sources of health insurance are available to people who
live in the United States?
Why should you decide what is important to you before you
choose health insurance?
Slide *
What sources of health insurance are available to people who
live in the United States?
Employer-sponsored plans
Private purchase plans
Government-sponsored Medicare and Medicaid programs
Slide *

Why should you decide what is important to you before you
choose health insurance?
Before buying health insurance, you should:
Understand the trade-offs in buying insurance.
Know what you want and what doesn’t matter when looking for
a plan.
Find a plan that meets your needs without spending more than
necessary.
Slide *
LESSON 15.4
Health Care Rights
and Responsibilities
GOALS
Describe your medical care rights and responsibilities.
Discuss how to get protection you need from your health plan.
Slide *
KEY TERMS

patients’ bill of rights
referral
Slide *
Patients’ Bill of Rights
Your proposed rights
Your responsibilities
Slide *
Take Charge of Your Health Care
Referrals
In-plan providers
Pre-approvals
Second opinions
Pre-existing conditions
Experimental treatments
The appeals process
Slide *
What are the rights and responsibilities offered by the proposed

patients’ bill of rights?
Why is it important to know how your health plan and its
appeals process work?
Slide *
What are the rights and responsibilities offered by the proposed
patients’ bill of rights?
A description of each of the medical rights and the
corresponding responsibilities can be found on pages 517–519
of the text.
Slide *
Why is it important to know how your health plan and its
appeals process work?
Knowing how your health plan works will help you:
Understand what is expected of you and what is expected of
medical care providers that belong to the plan.
Make sure that all the elements of the contract—both your
rights and your responsibilities—are preserved.
Understand the appeals process so you can defend your rights if
you feel they have not been respected.
Slide *

LESSON 15.5
Life Insurance
GOALS
Explain why life insurance should be part of your financial
plan.
Identify different types of life insurance you may choose.
Slide *
KEY TERMS
death benefit
beneficiary
term life insurance
permanent life insurance
Slide *
The Value of Life Insurance
What is life insurance?
How life insurance works
Slide *

Types of Life Insurance
Term life insurance
Level term life insurance
Renewable term life insurance
Convertible term life insurance
Permanent life insurance
Whole life insurance
Variable life insurance
Universal life insurance
Life insurance as an investment
Slide *
How Much Life Insurance
Should You Buy?
Your family responsibilities
Your financial situation
Your future
Your special needs
Slide *

How does life insurance protect a family’s financial well-being?
What are the major differences between term and permanent life
insurance? What should you consider in deciding which type
and how much to buy?
Slide *
How does life insurance protect a family’s financial well-being?
Life insurance protects families from financial loss that can
result from the death of a family member.
Slide *
What are the major differences between term and permanent life
insurance? What should you consider in deciding which type
and how much to buy?
Term life insurance coverage lasts only a limited time period
and is pure insurance that includes no savings element.
Permanent life insurance lasts as long as premiums are paid and
includes a savings element.
Considerations in selecting an insurance policy that is right for
you include your family responsibility, your financial situation,
your future, and any special needs.
Slide *

3/12/2016
1
Montclair State University Department of Anthropology
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World
Dr. Richard W. Franke
Ancient Egypt
Week 07
Lecture 03 – Ancient Egypt
Religion and Philosophy
Medicine
Last updated 27 March, 2017
This slideshow was last updated 12 March, 2016
2
Week 07 Ancient Egypt
The learning objectives for week 07 are:
to appreciate the nonwestern origins of writing and the alphabet
to understand what scholars know about the ancient pyramids
to know a few basic facts about life in ancient Egypt
to appreciate some of the major medical advances made in
ancient Egypt
to understand the likely Egyptian influences on the Judeo-
Christian tradition
3

Week 07 Ancient Egypt
Terms you should know for week 07 are:
Hieroglyph
Cartouche
Rosetta Stone
Kufu pyramid
Monotheism (origins)
4
Week 07 Lecture 02 Ancient Egypt and
the Pyramids
Sources:
Allen, James P. 2005. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt.
New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale
University Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibition
“The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt,” held at the MMA New
York from September 13, 2005 to January 15, 2006
Breasted, James Henry. 1933. The Dawn of Conscience. New
York: Simon & Schuster. Excerpted as Egypt’s Moral Legacy:
The Impact on Early Judaism. In Turning Points in World
History: Ancient Egyptian Civilization, edited by Brenda
Stalcup. San Diego CA: Greenwood Press, pages 196–208.
Hurry, Jamieson B. 1926. Imhotep: The Vizier and Physician of
King Zoser. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mininberg, David T. 2006. Gallery lecture on The Art of
Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006;
Nunn, John F. 1996. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Norman:

University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement with the
British Museum Press.
Smith, W. Stevenson. 1958. The Art and Architecture of
Ancient Egypt. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Trigger, B. G., B. J. Kemp, D. O’Conner and A. B. Lloyd. 1983.
Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Zaslavsky, Claudia. 1990 [1973]. Africa Counts: Number and
Pattern in African Culture. Brooklyn, New York: Lawrence Hill
Books. Page 22
3/27/2017
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Ancient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy
Overview
Osiris and Isis story
Pharaohs and pyramids
Influences on Judeo-Christian beliefs?
Body and soul
Lesser gods and goddesses
3/27/2017
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The Osiris and Isis Story
Osiris, son of Amun-Ra, the sun god, was murdered by
Seth, his jealous brother. Seth cut up Osiris' corpse into several

(sometimes 14) pieces and scattered them across Egypt.
3/27/2017
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Isis, sister and wife of Osiris, painstakingly found and
reassembled the body parts, wrapped them in mummy cloth and
resurrected him long enough to climb on his erect phallus and
become pregnant with Horus.
3/27/2017
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Osiris then became god of the night sky and of the realm
of the dead.
Horus eventually kills Seth to avenge the murder of Osiris.
3/27/2017
9

Each living pharaoh took on the identity of Horus, and
became Osiris at death. A cult of worshipers of Isis became
widespread for thousands of years, and was well established in
Roman times.
3/27/2017
10
It may have influenced the development of early Christian ideas
about Mary and Jesus.
The Da Vinci Code novel contains speculations about the
possibility that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were part of an Isis
cult.
3/27/2017
11
As we noted in previous slides about the pyramids – pharaohs
were gods as well as humans
Burial in pyramids established their connection to the realm of
the dead
May be star connections as well
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12
Judeo-Christian Influences?
Ancient Egyptian religion is more than 1,000 years older than
earliest known Judeo-Christian writings
Ancient Egyptians first known culture to imagine reunification
of “soul” with body after a period after death
3/27/2017
13
Earliest known Egyptian gods/goddesses were elements of
nature.
Early parts of Old Testament: God as fire and/or as volcano
3/27/2017
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Egyptians among the earliest known people to develop belief in
anthropomorphic (human form) gods/ goddesses.
This is a major feature of the Judeo-Christian tradition: God as

father, king, judge, shepard
3/27/2017
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Early Egyptian anthropomorphic deities had a transitional
quality, keeping parts of animals mixed with humans. Thus the
anthropomorphic god Horus often has a falcon's head. (A falcon
god called Horus was also known in ancient Egypt.)
3/27/2017
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The Egyptian creation story begins with a dark, watery void,
probably a reference to the Nile flood. Atum, the creator, rises
out of the waters and creates all living things. The Genesis
creation story two thousand years later has strikingly similar
elements.
3/27/2017
17

Some of Egypt's gods and goddesses came down from "heaven"
to earth to perform particular tasks – another possible precursor
of later Christian ideas.
3/27/2017
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Soul in Ancient Egypt
Egyptians developed complex ideas about soul
3. One's
body could not visit outside the tomb
3/27/2017
19
Soul in Ancient Egypt
the eternal identity of the individual; during one's life it played
some role not yet well understood by modern observers. A
person's tomb was known as the "house of his/her ka."

3/27/2017
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Egyptian religion developed and changed somewhat over
the 3,000 years of its existence, so other versions of the Osiris
story are found, as are other gods, goddesses, cults, and beliefs.
3/27/2017
21
Ptah: patron of craftsmen
Thoth: patron of scribes; god of mathematics
Hathor: goddess of love and childbirth
Maat: goddess of truth, justice, and order; maat later became an
abstract principle of truth and justice
3/27/2017
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Egypt the first culture historically to adopt monotheism
In 18th dynasty in reign of pharaoh Akhenaten
3/27/2017
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Influences on Judeo-Christian Tradition?
Reigned about 1353 BC to 1336 BC
Combined Atum, Ra, and Horus into one god called “Atum”
3/27/2017
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Also famous because of wife Nefertiti
Her bust in Berlin museum considered one of finest remains
from antiquity
3/27/2017
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Akhenaten’s monotheism at least 100 years before Moses wrote
down first five books of Old Testament
Name Moses is Egyptian word (Moishe) for “child”
Moses grew up and was educated in Egypt
3/27/2017
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Passages in Book of Proverbs and other Old Testament writings
virtual quotes from earlier Egyptian writings
Especially from Egyptian text called “Maxims of Amenemope,”
written 1,500 years before Bible
3/27/2017
27
More info –
Breasted, James Henry. 1933. The Dawn of Conscience. New
York: Simon & Schuster.
Excerpted as Egypt’s Moral Legacy: The Impact on Early
Judaism. In Turning Points in World History: Ancient Egyptian
Civilization, edited by Brenda Stalcup. San Diego CA:
Greenwood Press, pages 196–208.

3/27/2017
28
Ancient Egyptian Medicine
Ancient Egypt was the most medically advanced culture of
its time. Many of the practices developed by Egyptian
physicians, physician-priests, and magicians laid the basis for
modern medicine, being passed through the Greeks and other
later cultures.
3/27/2017
29
1. Much of our knowledge of ancient Egyptian medicine comes
from the Edwin Smith Papyrus, a document from 1600 BC that
laid in various storehouses in New York for the past 100 years.
3/27/2017
30
Recently exhibited for the first time in centuries, it

provides 48 medical cases with diagnoses and suggested cures.
Sources for the next several slides: Allen, James P. 2005. The
Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan
Museum of Art and Yale University Press. Published in
conjunction with the exhibition “The Art of Medicine in
Ancient Egypt,” held at the MMA New York from September
13, 2005 to January 15, 2006; Mininberg, David T. 2006.
Gallery lecture on The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10
January 2006; Nunn, John F. 1996. Ancient Egyptian Medicine.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement
with the British Museum Press.
3/27/2017
31
3/27/2017
32
2. Knowledge of the medicinal properties of the lotus – also a
sacred object in ancient Egypt. They would grind up the roots
and swallow as a pain killer. Modern scientists have discovered

that lotus roots contain a morphine-like substance.
3/27/2017
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3. The use of honey and of raw meat to heal wounds. Both are
osmotics – they suck up moisture and speed healing – they both
have enzymes that aid in healing, and honey has antibiotic
properties.
3/27/2017
34
4. Knowledge of the pain killing and sedating properties of
opium itself, which the Egyptians imported.
3/27/2017
35
5. Use of pomegranate seeds as a contraceptive. They turn out
to contain estrogenic chemicals similar to the modern birth
control pill.

Glass jars for pomegranate seeds or root grounds, New
Kingdom 1280–1080 BC →
3/27/2017
36
6. Use of ground up pomegranate roots that contain peletrin, an
antiparasite. Infections and parasites were common problems for
ancient Egyptians.
3/27/2017
37
7. Use of lead- and copper-based black paint under the eyes to
cut down on glare (just like modern baseball players). The
galena (lead sulfide) also killed flies that caused river blindness
– a serious disease in ancient Egypt.
3/27/2017
38

8. Ancient Egyptians had medical schools where doctors were
trained from textbooks and took exams to get certified.
9. There were apparently several types of specialists including
gastroenterologists, obgyns, dentists, nurses, pharmacists and
proctologists. Several known physicians were women.
3/27/2017
39
10. Perhaps because of their mummification experience,
Egyptians possessed substantial anatomical knowledge and
developed a detailed specialist terminology for parts of the body
including various bones and internal organs.
Mummification
10a. 2017 Update: The ancient Peruvians developed
mummification 7,000 years ago, way before the Egyptians 3,500
years ago. These two cultures independently created this means
of preserving – and understanding – features of the human body.
This slide was added on 27 March, 2017
40
See the New York Times article of 23 March, 2017 about

Peruvian and Egyptian mummies:
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/23/arts/design/mummies-
exhibition-american-museum-of-natural-history.html
Mummification
10b. 2017 Update: The ancient Peruvians used their mummies in
ceremonies where bringing back the ancestors was important.
The Egyptians put their mummies in tombs where they
were to be preserved for the eternal afterlife.
This slide was added on 27 March, 2017
41
Peruvian mummies
See the New York Times article of 23 March, 2017 about
Peruvian and Egyptian mummies:
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/23/arts/design/mummies-
exhibition-american-museum-of-natural-history.html
3/27/2017
42

11. The Edwin Smith Papyrus contains the first known
description of the physical characteristics of the human brain.
3/27/2017
43
12. Disease prevention: Ancient Egyptians were aware of the
importance of washing the body with water, but they did not
understand germs.
← Washing bowl with human feet. The bowl mimics the
hieroglyph for “clean” and the tilt indicates that the water
should be poured onto the body.
3/27/2017
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13. Egyptian physicians did not develop surgery to anywhere
near the level of the ancient Native Americans (discussed
earlier in the course).
3/27/2017

45
14. Medicine and religion were closely connected. Many
physicians were also priests and could administer chants and
spells as well as ointments or powders.
15. Sekhmet was the goddess of medicine in ancient Egypt.
3/27/2017
46
16. Taweret, the female hippopotamus was the guardian of
women during pregnancy and childbirth.
Taweret figurine, 300 BC–30 BC →
46
Sources: Allen, James P. 2005. The Art of Medicine in Ancient
Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale
University Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibition
“The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt,” held at the MMA New
York from September 13, 2005 to January 15, 2006;Mininberg,
David T. 2006. Gallery lecture on The Art of Medicine in
Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006; Nunn, John F. 1996. Ancient
Egyptian Medicine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press by
special arrangement with the British Museum Press.
3/27/2017

47
End of Week 07
Lecture 03 on Egyptian
Religion
Philosophy
Medicine
1/3/2016
1
Week 06 Slides
Native American Influences on Architecture
Native American Contributions
to American English
The Inca – The Maya
(Weatherford chapters 12 – 14)
1/3/2016
2
Week 06; Lecture 01

Last Updated 03 January, 2016
02 July, 2015
26 June, 2014
3
Native American Influences on Architecture; Native American
Words in American English; The Inca; The Maya
The learning objectives for week 06 are:
to discover some of the architectural contributions from Native
Americans
to note some of the English words from Native American
languages
to learn a few of the achievements of the Incas and pre-Inca
peoples of the Andes
to learn a little about Maya astronomy and mathematics
4
Native American Contributions to Architecture, American
English; The Inca; The Maya
Terms you should know for week 06 are:
great room
hurricane
Canada (linguistic origin of)
Quipus
Nazca
Tikal–is one of the most important Maya cities and
archaeological sites, now in Guatemala. It had up to 50,000

inhabitants in 600 AD.
5
Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World:
English, Inca, Maya
Week 06 Sources:
Aveni, Anthony. 2000. Nasca: Eighth Wonder of the World?
London: British Museum Press. Overview of 80 years of
scientific and non-scientific attempts to explain the lines and
drawings of Nazca.
Bauer, Brian S., and David S. P. Dearborn. 1995. Astronomy
and Empire in the Ancient Andes: The Cultural Origins of Inca
Sky Watching. Austin: University of Texas Press. An
astrophysicist combines with an archaeologist to unravel the
impressive level of Inca astronomical knowledge.
Hughes, J. Donald. 1999. Ripples in Clio’s Pond: Conservation
in the Inca Empire. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism – A Journal
of Socialist Ecology 10(4):69-76.
Moseley, Michael E. 1992. The Incas and Their Ancestors: The
Archaeology of Peru. London. Thames and Hudson. Best overall
introduction to the Incas and their ancestors.
Patterson, Tomas C. 1991. The Inca Empire: The Formation and
Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State. New York: Berg.
History and social structure of the Inca empire.

6
English, Inca, Maya
Week 06 Sources: -- Continued
O’Brien, Jane. 2015. Inca Road: The ancient highway that
created an empire. BBC News Magazine, 02 July, 2015.
Washington. http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33291373
Weatherford, Jack. 1991. Native Roots: How the Indians
Enriched America. New York: Fawcett Columbine. Pages 199–
202.
Zuidema, R. Tom. 1990. Inca Civilization in Cuzco. Austin:
University of Texas Press. Translated from the French by Jean-
Jacques Decoster. Details of Inca astronomy, architecture,
surveying knowledge, and their calendar.
Video
Peruvian Weaving—a Continuous Warp for 5,000 years.
[Sprague Library Video #4010]. Archaeologists trace one of the
oldest known textile processing traditions.

7
Native American Architectural Contributions
The Stockade: Algonquian speaking Indians of Virginia taught
settlers to build walls of posts with shart points. The Indian
stockade was the prototype of the American military fort
The Sod House: White settlers in the American Plains copied
the Native American pit houses or “earth lodges” that provide
protection against tornados; can be cheaply insulated
Sod house today called “earth berm” construction – widely used
in environmental house building in cold North American
climates – combines with “heat pump” to cut energy costs
This slide updated 29 December 2012
Native American Architectural Contributions
The Plank House: on northern Pacific Coast. European settlers
copied Native American rectangular house built above ground
and with attractive woods such as redwood or cedar
Frank Lloyd Wright: used Native American building ideas such
as
minimal interior walls,
free-flowing space;
led to idea of the “great room.”
8

This slide updated 29 December 2012
8
Weatherford page 226
1/3/2016
9
Native American Words in American English
canoe
moccasin
parka
pancho
toboggan
hammock
Arawak or Carib
Algonquian
Aleut
Auricanian/Mapuche
Micmac
Taino
1/3/2016
10

cigar
tobacco
maracas
kayak
teepee
tomahawk
Mayan
Arawakan
Tupi
Eskimo
Dakota
Algonquian
1/3/2016
11
Hurricane
Chinook
blizzard
Pogonip
Carib
Salish: moist warm wind, now also a type of helicopter
First known white use by Davy Crockett in 1834
Paiute: ice fog; common in far west of US

1/3/2016
12
Quinine
Savanna
Hickory
Pecan
Potato
Tomato
Quechua
Taino
?
?
Quechua
Nahuatl (Aztec)
1/3/2016
13
Avocado
Chocolate
Mangrove
Raccoon
Caucus
Barbecue

hootchy-kootchy
Punk
Nahuatl
Nahuatl
?
?
Algonquian
Taino
Hochinoo (Alaskan group)
Delaware
Source: Weatherford, Jack. 1991. Native Roots: How the
Indians Enriched America. New York: Fawcett Columbine.
Pages 199–202.
13
Indians Enriched America. New York: Fawcett Columbine.
Pages 199–202.
1/3/2016
14
Native American State Names
1. Alabama
2. Alaska
3. Arizona

4. Arkansas
5. Connecticut
6. Dakota
Choctaw for panther-three-killed
Aleut for peninsula
Papago for small springs
?
Algonquian for long river
Dakota for friend
1/3/2016
15
7. Hawaii
8. Idaho
9. Illinois
10. Iowa
11. Kansas
12. Kentucky
Hawaiian for homeland
?
The Illini people
Siouan for beautiful land
The Kansa People
Algonquian for dark and bloody ground

1/3/2016
16
13. Massachusetts
14. Michigan
Minnesota
16. Missouri
17. Mississippi
18. Nebraska
The Massachusetts people
Ojibwa for great water
Siouan for waters that reflect the sky
Dakota for water flowing along
Algonquian for big river
Omaha for flat river
1/3/2016
17
19. Ohio
20. Oklahoma
Oregon

22. Tennessee
23. Texas
24. Utah
Iroquoian for good river
Choctaw for red people
Algonquian for beautiful water
Cherokee name of a village
Caddoan for friend
The Ute people
1/3/2016
18
25. Wisconsin
Wyoming
Delaware
Algonquian for place of the beaver
Algonquian for large prairie
Origin in dispute --
Delaware people, or from Lord De La Warr, a colonial
official
1/3/2016

19
Canada
Mexico
Iroquoian for village
Nahuatl for place of the Mexica (Aztecs)
19
Indians Enriched America. New York. Fawcett Columbine.
Pp.218–233 and Webster's 3rd International Dictionary.
Non Western Words in American English
2013 Update
If you like the study of word origins – etymology – wait for
Week 11 Lecture 02 where there are many more examples and
links to sites with lots of Non Western words in English.
Also Week 08 the Black Athena debate has examples of Ancient
Egyptian and Ancient Hebrew words in English

20
This slide added 29 December, 2012
20
Indians Enriched America. New York. Fawcett Columbine.
Pp.218–233 and Webster's 3rd International Dictionary.
2014 Update: Navajo Code Talkers
A major cause of the U.S. military victory over the Japanese in
World War 2 was a group of about 430 Navajo Native
Americans who developed the only oral military code that has
never been broken.
Navajo “code talkers” devised catchy phrases that – even if
translated into words – could not be understood except by
Navajo speakers. Because the Navajo language was understood
by no one in Japan, this double-level code could not be broken.
Many Najavo code talkers worked right in the fox holes of
battles – identifying enemy positions from the front lines. Many
died.
Source:
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/06/us/chester-nez-dies-at-93-
his-native-tongue-helped-to-win-a-war-of-
words.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar&_r=0

21
This slide added 21 June, 2014
21
Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/06/us/chester-nez-
dies-at-93-his-native-tongue-helped-to-win-a-war-of-
Ironically, the code talkers had been punished in white
controlled schools prior to the war for speaking their own
language – fortunately for U.S. forces, many had secretly kept
their language alive.
Read more about this Native American contribution in the
obituary of Chester Nez, one of the code talkers who died on
June 4, 2014. The article includes examples of how the code
worked. Click on the link below:
Source:
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/06/us/chester-nez-dies-at-93-
his-native-tongue-helped-to-win-a-war-of-
22

22
See also:
http://navajocodetalkers.org/
23
23
1/3/2016
24

The Inca
Empire in 1531
1. Was probably the largest nation on earth at the time (larger
than Ming China or the Ottoman Empire, the other two large
empires of the time.)
2. Was the largest state ever created in the western hemisphere.
3. Was built on the second most difficult terrain on earth, after
the Himalayas.
25
The Inca
4. The Inca themselves called it Tahuantinsuyu, the "land of the
four quarters." This referred both to administrative boundaries
and to astronomical concepts.
5. Had a population of 10 million or more.
Source: Moseley, Michael E. 1992. The Incas and Their
Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru. London: Thames and
Hudson. Pages 7–8.
This slide updated 29 December, 2012
25

1/3/2016
26
The Inca Capital of Cuzco in 1531
The city [was filed with]...spacious malls with sparkling
fountains...paved avenues flanked by cut-rock palaces, villas,
halls, temples, stone walls shimmering with bril-liant hues of
gold and silver, and shrines...The city was unbelievable [to the
conquistadors] because there was nothing of comparable
splendor in [Spain]...was home of Inti the Sun god whose
temple of Coricancha was decorated with gold and precious
stones.
1/3/2016
27
The Inca
Roads
By the time of the Spanish conquest in 1532, Inca and pre-Inca
peoples had constructed the world’s longest high quality road
system. The Inca main roads ran through some of the world’s
most difficult terrain for more than 5,000 miles, from Ecuador
to Chile.
1/3/2016
28

The Inca
Inca roads had tambos, or storehouses and inns, every 14 miles.
Their system of chasquis, or runners, was faster than the US
pony express. The Inca and their predecessors also built some of
the world’s finest bridges.
2014 Update: Inca Roads
As of 2014, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization’s World Heritage Committee has received
a proposal from 6 South American countries for making several
sections of the Inca road network a World Heritage Site. Read
more about the road network and its historical significance –
Source:
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/19/arts/design/protection-
sought-for-vast-and-ancient-incan-
road.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C[%22
RI%3A9%22%2C%22RI%3A17%22]&_r=0
29
29
Source

The Inca
The total road length built by ancient Peruvians is at least
14,000 miles.
Source: Weatherford, Jack. 1988. Indian Givers: How the
Indians of the Americas Transformed the World. New York:
Fawcett Columbine. Pages 241–45.
The Inca called their network the the Qhapaq Ñan, or Main
Andean Road.
To see the official UN site with details of the proposed 2014
heritage site stops, click here.
6/26/2014
30
This slide was updated 26 June, 2014
30
Source: Weatherford, Jack. 1988. Indian Givers: How the
Indians of the Americas Transformed the World. New York:
Fawcett Columbine. Pages 241–45.
The Inca:
Forerunners of Sustainability?
Modern engineers are now studying Inca road building

techniques to see why Inca roads are resisting the collapse
experienced by many modern roads in the Andes area. For
details about this recent discovery, click on the link below:
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33291373
7/2/2015
This slide added 02 July, 2015
31
31
1/3/2016
32
The Inca
Canals
Inca and pre-Inca peoples built hundreds of miles of canals
to an accuracy of ½ degree of incline and made many
innovations such as wide versus narrow flows to control water
speed. Western scientists did not equal pre-Inca surveying and
building techniques until 800 years after the Peruvians built
their canals.
1/3/2016
33

The Inca
The Backstrap Loom
Inca and pre-Inca peoples invented one of the finest
weaving devices ever. The quality of Peruvian weaving today is
still among the best in the world.
1/3/2016
34
The Inca
1/3/2016
35
1/3/2016
36

1/3/2016
37
The Inca
Much of our knowledge of the Inca comes from drawings by
Guamán Poma -- a Spanish-educated Inca who wrote a 1,200
page letter to the King of Spain in 1613
1/3/2016
38
The Inca
Astronomy
Inca and pre-Inca peoples observed the movements of the sun
and moon, and were familiar with several constellations and the
movements of star systems through the night sky. Their
astronomical knowledge is today being rediscovered by modern
astronomers.
1/3/2016
39

The Inca
Only world empire without writing
But did have a written mathematical system called “quipus”
1/3/2016
40
The Inca
Quipus are knots
Different knots have different numerical values
1/3/2016
41
The Inca
Allowing Inca to write small and large numbers
Able to calculate as well

1/3/2016
42
The Inca
Now thought quipus used for tax calculation;
Also probably for calendar
Other uses?
1/3/2016
43
Inca Quipus: 2016 Update
On 3 January, 2016 the New York Times reported on some new
discoveries of the uses of quipus now understood to have
possibly been part of a food storage or sales management
system. Different colors may have referred to different food
items. Click the link here or just below to read the article and
see additional photos of quipus:
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/03/world/americas/untangling
-an-accounting-tool-and-an-ancient-incan-
mystery.html?ref=world&_r=0

1/3/2016
44
The Inca
The Inca capital city of Cuzco laid out in the shape of a giant
puma.
Significance of this surveying design still not known.
1/3/2016
45
The Inca
The Coricancha, or main temple was dedicated to the Sun.
The temple forms the tail of the puma.
1/3/2016
46
The Inca

The Ceques of Cuzco
Several lines or “ceques” emanate from the Coricancha
The 41 or 42 ceques lead in straight lines to points on the
hillsides above Cuzco.
1/3/2016
47
The Inca
On these points, the Inca built stone pillars called gnomons by
astronomers today. These gnomons apparently cast shadows
from the sun during the day, or pointed to the location where
star groups of particular religious significance to the Inca rose
or set in the night sky.
47
Source: Bauer, Brian S. and David S. P. Dearborn. 1995.
Astronomy and Empire in the Ancient Andes: The Cultural
Origins of Inca Sky Watching. Austin. University of Texas
Press.
1/3/2016
48
The Inca

Inca called these small shrines “huacas”
Four of the ceques of Cuzco divided the Inca empire into four
regions (suyus). Additional ceque lines subdivided the regions
into smaller administrative zones.
1/3/2016
49
The Inca
One major ceque line follows on the ground the exact path of
the Milky Way. Inca astronomers had names for several stars
and constellations and knew about the movements of the stars in
the night sky at different times of year. It is likely the layout of
Cuzco and the Coricancha had something to do with star
patterns.
49
1/3/2016
50
The Inca Ceques: A Calendar?
The ceques emanating from the Coricancha line up with 328
huacas or sacred sites on the hills above Cuzco.
Colgate University Astronomy Professor Tony Aveni notes that

328 is the precise number of days in a 12-month lunar sidereal
year.
1/3/2016
51
The Inca: A Calendar?
A sidereal calendar uses the observation of when the moon
appears and reappears against the backdrop of the same star
pattern
1/3/2016
52
The Inca: A Calendar?
It is possible the Inca used more than one kind of calendar
1/3/2016
53

The Inca
We know the Inca – probably pre-Inca – cultures found the
exact location of the equator
Shown here outside Quito Ecuador
1/3/2016
54
Inca Solar Knowledge
Mapped shadows at various locations at
Solstice
Equinox
1/3/2016
55
Studying the Sun
Equinox
The two days of the year when the sun passes the equator;

Night and day of equal length all over the earth
March 21 and Sept 23
1/3/2016
56
Studying the Sun
Solstice
The two days of the year when the sun is at its greatest distance
from the equator
Is about to turn back towards the equator
June 22 and Dec 22
1/3/2016
57
Inca Solar Knowledge
Mapped shadows at various locations at
Solstice
Equinox

1/3/2016
58
The Inca Empire: Organized Conservation?
The Inca Empire included a stretch of land 2,500 miles
along the West coast of South America, encompassing a wide
range of environments. Among the reasons to think the Inca
instituted environmental protection as part of their rule:
1/3/2016
59
1. The Inca developed a vast system of storehouses,
connected by the world’s greatest road system. The Spanish
conquerors were amazed at the amount of goods in the
storehouses – which they looted after the conquest.
1/3/2016
60
2. Inca set aside parts of their lands for widows, orphans, the
handicapped, and soldiers.
Inca thus did not have problem of dispossessed degrading

environment to make a living
1/3/2016
61
3. Inca agriculture involved extensive terracing that was
consciously understood as a means of protecting the soil. Inca
had specialist engineers to design terraces and irrigation canals.
1/3/2016
62
4. The Inca understood and practiced agroforestry:
in areas such as around Lake Maracocha they reforested areas
that had become barren.
63
5. Inca protected certain species of animals such as sea birds
and regulated the hunting of many animals.

Only predators such as foxes and wild cats could be hunted
without restriction.
Source: Hughes, J. Donald. 1999. Ripples in Clio’s Pond:
Conservation in the Inca Empire. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism
– A Journal of Socialist Ecology 10(4):69-76.
This slide updated 29 December, 2012
63
Source: Hughes, J. Donald. 1999. Ripples in Clio’s Pond:
Conservation in the Inca Empire. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism
– A Journal of Socialist Ecology 10(4):69-76.
1/3/2016
64
Inca and Pre-Inca Basics
1. Chan Chan
Pre-Inca capital of the Chimu culture that flourished in the
northern Peruvian desert between 1,000 and 1,400 AD. At its
height in 1250 AD, Chan Chan had over 30,000 inhabitants.
1/3/2016
65

Inca and Pre-Inca Basics
2. Pacatnamu
A religious complex near Chan Chan; also possibly the
name of a Chimu military leader.
3. Nazca
A pre-Inca culture of the Ica Valley in southern Peru. It
flourished between 250 and 750 AD. The Nazca developed a
unique pottery style and laid out and built the famous lines and
geoglyphs of Nazca.
Next lecture in pdf.
Next lecture in powerpoint
1/3/2016
66
End of Week06 Slides on:
Native American words in American English
US state names in Native American Languages
Inca
1
The Non Western History of
Writing and the Alphabet

Week 07
Lecture 01
This lecture was last updated 12 March, 2016
Previously updated 22 March, 2013
3/12/2016
2
The Origins of Writing and the Alphabet
The learning objectives for week 07 lecture 01 are:
to appreciate the nonwestern origin of writing and the alphabet;
to understand the superiority of the alphabet as a means of
writing;
to understand the continuing use of some pre-alphabetic writing
systems such as hieroglyphs
3/12/2016
3
Week 07 lecture 01 terms you should know:
Hieroglyph

Cartouche
Rosetta Stone
3/12/2016
4
Week 07 Lecture 01 Sources:
Budge, E. A. Wallis. 1983 [orig. 1910]. Egyptian Language:
Easy Lessons in Egyptian Hieroglyphics. New York: Dover
Publications.
Morrow, Susan Brind. 2015. The Dawning Moon of the Mind:
Unlocking the Pyramid Texts. New York: Farrar, Strauss and
Giroux.
Parkinson, Richard, and Stephen Quirke. 1995. Papyrus. Austin:
University of Texas Press.
Robinson, Andrew. 1995. The Story of Writing: Alphabets,
Hieroglyphs and Pictograms. London: Thames and Hudson.
Zauzich, Karl-Theodor. 1992. Hieroglyphs without Mystery: An
Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Writing. Translated and
Adapted for English-Speaking Readers by Ann Macy Roth.
Austin: University of Texas Press.

3/12/2016
5
Writing one of the most significant inventions of all time
Allows storage of knowledge
Allows accumulation of knowledge
Allows much greater and faster communication and sharing of
ideas
3/12/2016
6
2. Many pictorial writing systems in use worldwide
eg Native American drawing to be shown on slide 15
3/12/2016
7

3. True writing developed at least three times
Ancient Middle East – Sumer and Egypt – around 4,000 BC
Ancient China – about the same time
Maya of Central America – around 2,000 BC
3/12/2016
8
3/12/2016
9
4. True writing is writing that can convey everything humans
are capable of thinking
Picture writing is limited in its ability to achieve this
True writing developed into the alphabet
3/12/2016
10
5. Alphabet the most efficient system of writing

Letters represent only the sounds
Meaning comes only from the sounds
A few letters can be endlessly recycled (called “duality of
patterning” in linguistics)
Much easier to learn
3/12/2016
11
6. True alphabet maybe invented only once
Derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs
Developed over the millenium 3000 BC to 2000 BC in Egypt
“North Semitic” people took to ancient Canaan
Phoenicians took to Greeks
3/12/2016
12
Greeks added vowel sounds
Our word “alphabet” is the first two letters of the Greek
alphabet
Alpha and beta come from Semitic “aleph” and “beth,” still seen
in Hebrew alphabet
Aleph originally picture of ox head
Can trace back to 4000 BC to Sumerian “gub”
3/12/2016

13
Can you go from the Semitic on to the Greek and then
Roman letters?
3/12/2016
14
. Steps in writing and the alphabet
First came picture writing
See the Native American picture writing example on the next
page
3/12/2016
15

3/12/2016
16
8. Next came “logogramic” writing
Mixture of pictures and sound elements
Chinese character writing is an example
3/12/2016
17
3/12/2016
18
8. The modern Western – or Roman – alphabet derives
ultimately from a process similar to that of Chinese, except that
the Egyptians gradually transformed their hieroglyphics
(“sacred pictures”) into more abstract – sound related or
“phonetic” – symbols →
3/12/2016

19
3/12/2016
20
9. The gift of alphabetic writing comes to us from three main
sources:
Ancient Sumer (Babylonia) around 4,000 BC
Ancient Egypt 3000 BC to 2000 BC
The ancient semitic peoples (later some came to call themselves
Jews, possibly from “people of Judah”)
3/12/2016
21
10. Of these, the most important were the Egyptians
Developed the earliest writing of the Sumerians
Transformed hieroglyphs into near alphabetic or true alphabetic
writing
Passed on their system to the nearby North Semitic cultures

3/12/2016
22
11. The earliest hierglyphs (3000 BC) were pictures
3/12/2016
23
12. Hieroglyphs are still in use
3/12/2016
24
2013 Update
12a. Hieroglyphs are still in use – do they make use of the
phone faster?

3/12/2016
25
13. Egyptian writing disappeared around 500 AD.
14. By 1700 no one had any idea what the strange picture-like
drawings meant
15. Then, in 1799 a French military officer in Egypt made an
astonishing discovery
3/12/2016
26
16. He picked up a stone in the village of el Rashid – now
known in English as “Rosetta.”
17. He saw strange writing on the stone and passed it on to his
superiors who immediately realized it was a document of great
historical importance.
3/12/2016
27

18. The Rosetta Stone provided the key to unlocking the ancient
Egyptian hieroglyphs
3/12/2016
28
19. The Rosetta Stone had been carved in 196 BC
20. It contained an inscription by priests honoring the then
Egyptian pharaoh
3/12/2016
29
21. The inscription was written in three languages
Ancient hieroglyphs
Demotic, a writing system for Egyptian commoners
Greek, which was the language of the Egyptian rulers in 196 BC
3/12/2016

30
The Rosetta Stone
3/12/2016
31
22. The Rosetta Stone was deciphered in 1822 by the French
scholar Jean-François Champillion.
23. Champillion knew Greek and also Coptic – the language of
Ethiopian Christianity that is derived from ancient Egyptian
3/12/2016
32
24. Through his knowledge of those two ancient languages and
with much hard work he was able to decipher the first seven
signs from demotic to Coptic
25…and from there he gradually worked out the meaning of the
other symbols
3/12/2016

33
26.
Egyptian Writing Principle No. 1
3/12/2016
34
Egyptian Writing
27. Egyptian writing principle no. 2
Only consonents have writen symbols
Vowels are figured out –
3rd flr apt in hse, 4 lg rms, exclnt loc nr cntr, nr rr, prkg, w-b-
frpl, hdwd flrs, skylts, ldry, $600 lincl ht.
3/12/2016
35

Egyptian Writing
28. Consonants-only writing is still common in modern Arabic
and Hebrew
3/12/2016
36
Egyptian Writing
29. Principle #3 is the “determinative,” marking a sound to
make it into a picture meaning:
The “mouth” symbol denotes the sound “r”
The determinative stroke causes it to
mean “mouth” or “speech”
3/12/2016
37
Egyptian Writing
30. Advanced writing techniques

nb = all, any, every
nfr = beautiful
3/12/2016
38
Egyptian Writing
31. More advanced techniques
sba = star
pr = go forth
running legs indicate verb of motion
3/12/2016
39
Egyptian Writing
32. The Egyptian scribes’ attachment to aesthetics led them
from the balanced rectangle to the rounded off rectangle we
know as a “cartouche”
3/12/2016

40
33. Cartouches were especially popular as emblems for the
pharaohs –
This one is perhaps the most famous of them all…
3/12/2016
41
Egyptian Writing
34. The boy-king –
Tutankhamun, Ruler of Thebes
(Ruled 1333 to 1324
BC)
3/12/2016
42

Egyptian Writing
35. Red arrows show order of spelling of Tutankhamun – do you
recognize the “ankh” part of his name?
Blue lines show “ruler of Thebes of Upper Egypt”
3/12/2016
43
Egyptian Writing
36. Here is the cartouche of another famous pharaoh – Ramses
II who reigned for 66 years (1279 to 1213 BC)
3/12/2016
44
Egyptian Writing
37. Some people believe Ramses is the pharaoh described in the
Bible in Exodus – but there is no verification from the Egyptian
materials

3/12/2016
45
38. We can only say for sure that by the time of Ramses II
Egyptian writing had long been alphabetic and had influenced
the spread of the alphabet to ancient Canaan and was probably
on its way to the Greek islands.
3/12/2016
46
Writing and the Alphabet:
2012 Update
39. Along with priestly hieroglyphics, Egyptian commoners had
also developed a writing system, called “demotic,” which is one
of the three languages on the Rosetta Stone.
3/12/2016
47

2012 Update
40. In 2012 scholars at the University of Chicago have
published an online dictionary of 2,000 words in Egyptian
Demotic – words of family, love, words used in private letters.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/18/science/new-demotic-
dictionary-translates-lives-of-ancient-
egyptians.html?_r=1&ref=science&gwh=30A6E687832BD8B9E
B7873BF1D5CB169
3/12/2016
48
2012 Update
41. You can read the September 18, 2012 New York Times
Science Section article about this dictionary here.
You can directly access the dictionary at the University of
Chicago Oriental Institute here.
3/12/2016
2016 Update
42. Egyptian writing is known to be connected with religion,
mysticism, poetry and multiple layers of imagery…
3/12/2016

This slide was added 12 March, 2016
49
50
2016 Update
43. Archaeologist and Egyptologist Susan Brind Morrow has
recently RE-translated some of the oldest and most mysterious
of all the hieroglyphs…
3/12/2016
51
2016 Update
44. Known as the “pyramid texts,” these writings are found all
over the inside walls of 5th Dynasty pharaohs’ tombs at a site
called Saqqara near modern Cairo.
3/12/2016
52
2016 Update

45. By contrast, the more famous and older 4th Dynasty
pyramids of 2,613 BCE (Before the Common Era = BC in the
older notation) to 2,495 BCE – see the next lecture – while
mathematically amazing – contain no writing at all.
3/12/2016
53
2016 Update
46. The 5th Dynasty runs from about 2,494 BCE to 2,345 – the
approximate date of the burial of the Pharaoh Unis (or Unas).
3/12/2016
54
2016 Update
47. On the inside West wall of Unis’s pyramid, one sees…
[written in about 2,345 BCE = about one thousand years before
Moses wrote down the book of Genesis]
3/12/2016

48. … “the earliest surviving body of written poetry and
religious philosophy in the world.”
Source: Morrow, Susan Brind. 2015. The Dawning Moon of the
Mind: Unlocking the Pyramid Texts. New York: Farrar, Strauss
and Giroux. Pages 20 – 21.
3/12/2016
55
56
2016 Update
49. Partial translation of this text from about 2,345 BCE:
Over the fire
Beneath the holy ones as they grow dark
As the falcon flies, as the falcon flies
May Unis rise into this fire
Beneath the holy ones as they grow dark
They make a path for Unis
Unis takes the path
3/12/2016
57

2016 Update
50. Growing dark may refer to the dawn when the stars (which
the Egyptians thought were gods in the sky) grow dark and the
falcon grabs the deceased’s soul to carry him towards the sky….
3/12/2016
58
2016 Update
50. …and much more is hidden in several multiple meanings
that only emerge when one has studied the hieroglyphs
themselves…
3/12/2016
59
2016 Update
51. If you are interested in the multiple images and complex
meanings of this and other pyramid texts, see her fascinating
book.
3/12/2016

60
End of
Week 07 Lecture 01
3/12/2016
*
Nazca
Week 06 Lecture 02
The Mysterious Lines and Geoglyphs in Southern Peru
This lecture was last updated on 15 March 2013
*

The Lines at Nazca
The learning objectives for week 06 lecture 02 are:
to learn a few of the achievements of the Incas and pre-Inca
peoples of the Andes to understand how archaeologists and
other scientists reconstruct the past and how they come to
improved conclusions with better information
*
The Lines at Nazca
Terms you should know for week 06, the topic of Nasca are:
Nazca – also spelled Nasca
*

The Lines at Nazca
Week 06 Sources on Nazca:
Aveni, Anthony. 2000. Nasca: Eighth Wonder of the World?
London: British Museum Press.
Hall, Stephen S. 2010. Spirits in the Sand: The Ancient Nasca
lines of Peru Shed their Secrets.
National Geographic March 2010.
Lansing, J. Stephen. 1993. Priests and Programmers:
Technologies of Power in the Engineered Landscape of Bali.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Moseley, Michael E. 1992. The Incas and Their Ancestors: The
Archaeology of Peru. London. Thames and Hudson. Pages 187-
190;
This slide was updated 14 March 2013
*
Nazca
Nazca is a desert plain near the Southwestern Peruvian Ica

River Valley.
*
*
Nazca
*
Nazca
2. Nazca is also the name of a cultural historical period of
Pre-Inca Peru. The Nazca culture lasted from about 100 BC to

1,000 AD, with its height just after 500 AD.
*
Nazca
3. Nazca is also the name of a pottery style, famous for its
intricate depictions of demons.
*
Nazca: 2013 Update
The Nazca lines are GEOGLYPHS, or markings on the desert
floor.
The Nazca lines were made by brushing away the upper, dark,
oxidized desert dust to expose lower, lighter-colored surfaces.
Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru. London. Thames and
Hudson. Pages 187-190; Aveni, Anthony. 2000. Nasca: Eighth
Wonder of the World? London: British Museum Press.

*
Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru. London. Thames and
Hudson. Pages 187-190; Aveni, Anthony. 2000. Nasca: Eighth
Wonder of the World? London: British Museum Press.
*
Nazca
There are two main kinds of Nazca glyphs:
6.1 Enormous drawings depicting humans, llamas, or other
life forms as well as geometric or abstract symbols, and
6.2 Straight lines.
*
Nazca
7. Individual Nazca lines reach 20 km (12.5 miles) and cover
an overall area of 3.6 million square meters. There are 762 such
lines totaling 1,600 km or 1,000 miles. Some lines are narrow

while others are several feet wide.
*
Nazca
8. The Nazca Lines Were Re-Discovered in the 1920s
When Airplanes First Flew Over the Region
*
Nazca
Theories of the Nazca
8.1 The Nazca lines have been used to support a number of
Western theories:
*

Nazca
8.2 The Nazca flew in hot air balloons over their desert floor to
view the glyphs and lines much as a church spire in the Middle
Ages was used to show God where the Christians were.
*
Nazca
8.3 The lines were part of an ancient Andean Olympics where
naked men ran along them to capture naked Andean women who
then had to have sex with them.
*
Nazca
8.4 In his 1968 book Chariots of the Gods, Swiss Playboy Club
manager turned archaeologist Erich von Däniken suggested the
Nazca lines were landing strips for ancient astronauts from
outer space. These astronauts have not yet returned.

*
Nazca
8.5 Von Däniken may have been inspired by the film 2001:
A Space Odyssey, and by the panspermia theory that humans
arose from life-giving spores that are drifting thru the universe.
The parents of these spores are called “the Initiators.”
*
Nazca
8.6 Astronomer Gerald Hawkins thought the lines would make
Nazca an Andean Stonehenge, an astronomical siting device.
*

Nazca
Recent Discoveries
9. The “Queen” of Nazca research is Maria Reiche, a
German woman who came to Nazca in 1932 to escape the Nazis.
Knowledgeable in math and astronomy, she lived the rest of her
life at Nazca until her death in 1998 at the age of 95.
*
Nazca
10. For decades Reiche walked and mapped the lines and
figures, coming to the conclusion that the lines were part of a
sophisticated calendar system and that the animal figures
represented the implementation of a basic mathematical unit of
about one yard, based itself on the distance from a human nose
to the fingertips.
*

Nazca
11. More recent archaeological and historical research
suggests that Reiche was partially correct but there is more to
the story of the lines.
*
Nazca
12. Colgate University astronomer Anthony Aveni and
archaeologists Gary Urton, Persis Clarkson, and Helaine
Silverman have been studying the lines for the past 30 years.
*
Nazca
13. Their combined research suggests that:
14. The lines radiate outwards from several centers, just like the
Inca ceques from Cuzco, built hundreds of years later.

*
Nazca
15. From the center of the spokes, several of the lines
stretch perfectly straight to the horizon where they line up with
the rising and setting of star constellations known to the Incas
(and therefore probably to pre-Inca peoples of the Andes).
Among these are the Pleiades:
*
Known to us as the 7 Sisters
*
Nazca
16. The rising of the Pleiades – known in Pre-Columbian Peru

as “Collca,” and “Oncoy,” coincided for the Inca with the onset
of certain agricultural practices.
*
Nazca: 2013 Update
16a. The researchers came up with a surprising new
interpretation of the Nazca lines, based on the idea that they
ultimately connect to access and control of water for irrigation
– this control was implemented through both religion and a kind
of ancient science of landscaping.
This slide was added 14 March 2013
This slide was added 14 March 2013
*
Nazca
17. At Nazca, the appearance of the Pleiades at the end of
certain lines to the horizon heralded the coming of the rainwater
down from the mountains.

*
18. On closer examination, other lines turn out to be trapezoids,
the favorite architectural shape of the Incas.
*
Nazca
19. The trapezoids show evidence of having once been
cultivated fields, and…
20. Underground water canals run from the rivers at each side
of the Nazca plain to these trapezoidal fields.
*
Nazca

21. The lines may also have been part of a giant ceremonial
system in which kinship groups maintained canals and pathways
according to a ritual plan.
*
Nazca
22. This has been found among the Inca and among pre-Inca
Peruvian peoples. The irrigation system on the island of Bali in
Southeast Asia is also maintained in this way.
*
Nazca
23. Along the lines, archaeologists have found the remains of
small buildings that may have functioned as shrines and/or
travelers inns. This feature is also known from the Inca roads.
[This was explained last week for the Inca.]

*
Nazca
24. In other words, the lines of Nazca may have served
agricultural, sociopolitical, and religious purposes combined
into a single worldview similar to that of the Inca ceques and
their organization of the empire, but developed at Nazca by 500
AD.
*
Nazca
25. The Nazca lines were constructed about 200 years after the
giant animal drawings and were superimposed on them.
*

Nazca
*
Nazca
26. The purpose of these giant drawings remains a mystery.
*
Nazca
27. Based on rituals still practiced in the Andes, Aveni and
colleagues speculate that the forms were used as pathways for
ritual dances.
*

Nazca
28. The massive Nazca spirals suggest mazes similar to those
found in religious sites around the world,
…including in the famous 12th century cathedral in
Chartres, France.
*
Nazca:
Spiral 1
*

Nazca:
Spiral 2
*
The Chartres Cathedral Southwest of Paris
*
Showing the Cross as basis of the architectural design

*
…and the famous labyrinth which has no specific Christian
heritage
*
…but a ritual walk within the labyrinth seems to hold some
meaning for pilgrims who come to Chartres for this purpose.
*

…and may originate in some pre-Christian ritual similar to
that of the Nazca
*
Nazca: 2013 Update
In Week 08 of the course we will discuss how the stonemasons
who built the great medieval cathedrals of Europe…
*
Nazca
…led to the rise of the Masonic Order (the Masons) and its

adoration of the knowledge of the ancient Egyptians.
*
Other famous Nazca geoglyphs include the condor…
*
The humming bird
*

Nazca
Hummingbird sucking nectar
(next two slides)
*
*
Nazca
*

The spider
*
*
Nazca
…and the most famous, the monkey glyph with a double
spiral tail and connections to a ritual walk

*
Nazca
*
*
Nazca
29. Nazca potters were highly skilled in the techniques of
drawing and in using colors – as well as in fashioning ceramic
shapes.

ECONOMIC EDUCATION FOR CONSUMERS ○ Chapter 15WHAT’S AHEA.docx

ECONOMIC EDUCATION FOR CONSUMERS ○ Chapter 15WHAT’S AHEA.docx

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