Advanced educational research and statistics

1 r. jdtjp
xuº√V¬z Ô_slB_ g´VFﬂE uÆD A^πlB_
Muha;r;rp Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd
nray;Kiw kw;Wk; Kiwfs;
(juhPjpapyhd kw;Wk; msThPjpapyhd)
(The Process and Methods of Conducting
Research (Qualitative and Quantitative))
1.1. Muha;r;rpapd; tiuaiw (Definition of Research)
Muha;r;rp vd;gJ xU jiyg;G my;yJ rpf;fiyg; gw;wpa
ekJ Ghpjiy mjpfhpj;J jfty;fisr; Nrfhpf;fTk;,
gFg;gha;T nra;aTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gbfspd; xU
nray;KiwahFk;. xU nghJthd epiyapy; Muha;r;rpahdJ
%d;W gbfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ:
1. xU Nfs;tpia vOg;Gjy;.
2. Nfs;tpf;Fg; gjpyspf;f juTfisr; Nrfhpj;jy;.
3. Nfs;tpf;F xU gjpiy Kd;itj;jy;.
,J xU gof;fkhd nray;Kiwahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ehk; xt;nthU ehSk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPHg;gjpy;
<LgLfpNwhk;. xU Nfs;tpAld; njhlq;fp> rpy jfty;fisr;
Nrfhpj;J> gpd;dH xU gjpiy cUthf;FfpNwhk;. ,e;j
%d;iwAk; tpl Muha;r;rpapy; ,d;Dk; rpy gbfs;
1
UNIT

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∂Èz á 1 ÂÁ¶xÁ≈ g´VFﬂEl[ x[º™u≈D uÆD kaxÁ≈Ô^
,Ue;jhYk;> ,JNt Muha;r;rpf;fhd xl;Lnkhj;j
fl;likg;ghFk;. kf;fs; ntspaplg;gl;l Ma;it
MuhAk;NghJ> my;yJ jq;fs; nrhe;j Ma;it
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ> ,e;j %d;W gFjpfisAk; Kf;fpa
$Wfshff; fz;lwpayhk;.
vy;yh fy;tpahsHfSf;Fk; Muha;r;rpiag; gw;wpa
GhpjYk; ghuhl;Lk; ,y;iy. rpyUf;F> fy;Y}hpfspYk;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fspYk; cs;s MrphpaHfSf;F kl;LNk
Muha;r;rp Kf;fpakhdJ vd;W Njhd;wyhk;. fy;Y}hp kw;Wk;
gy;fiyf;fof MrphpaHfs; Muha;r;rpia kjpg;gpLtJk;>
Nkw;nfhs;tJk; cz;ikjhd; vd;whYk;> gpw fy;tp
mikg;Gfspy; cs;stHfSk;> gs;sp cstpayhsHfs;>
Kjy;tHfs;> gs;sp thhpa cWg;gpdHfs;> %j;j
fy;tpahsHfs;> fy;Y}hp epHthfpfs; kw;Wk; gl;ljhhp
khztHfs; Nghd;wtHfs; Muha;r;rpfisg; gbj;Jg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
mnkhpf;f r%tpayhsh; Vh;y; uhgh;l; ghgp (Earl Robert
Babbie 1998) fUj;Jg;gb, “Muha;r;rp vd;gJ ftdpf;fg;gl;l
epfo;it tpthpf;fTk;, tpsf;fTk;, fzpf;fTk;,
fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; xU jpl;lkpl;l tprhuizahFk;. J}z;ly;
kw;Wk; tpyf;F Kiwfis Muha;r;rp cs;slf;fpaJ”.
1.2. Muha;r;rpapd; nray;Kiwapy; cs;s MW gbfs;
(The Six Steps in the Process of Research)
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; xU Ma;it Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ>
mtHfs; xU jdpj;Jtkhd gbfspd; topahfr;
nry;fpwhHfs;. gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G ,e;j
nray;Kiwfs; tprhuizapd; “mwptpay; Kiw" vd
milahsk; fhzg;gl;ld (nfHypq;fH> 1972@ yPb kw;Wk;
MHk;Nuhl;> 2001). “mwptpay; Kiwia" gad;gLj;jp>
Muha;r;rpahsHfs;:
 Muha;r;rpapd; Fwpf;Nfhisf; Fwpf;Fk; xU rpf;fiy
milahsk; fhzTk;
 cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> rpf;fiyj; jPHf;Fk; xU
fzpg;ig cUthf;fTk;
 ,e;jf; fzpg;Gld; njhlHGila juitr; Nrfhpf;fTk;

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 juT fzpg;ig Mjhpf;fpwjh kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp
njhlq;fpa Nfs;tpiaj; jPHf;fpwjh vd;Wk;
gFg;gha;T nra;J tpsf;fTk; Muha;r;rpahsHfshy;
,d;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
,e;jg; gbfs; fy;tp Muha;r;rpf;fhd mbj;jsj;ij
toq;Ffpd;wd. vy;yh Ma;TfspYk; fzpg;Gfs; ,y;iy
vd;whYk;> Muha;r;rpahsH xU Muha;r;rp Ma;it
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;Nghnjy;yhk; ,e;j nray;Kiwfspy;
<LgLthH. Muha;r;rpapd; nray;Kiw MW gbfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ:
1.2.1. Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy milahsk; fhZjy;
1.2.2. rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij kPsha;T nra;jy;
1.2.3. Muha;r;rpf;fhd xU Nehf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;
1.2.4. juT Nrfhpj;jy;
1.2.5. juitg; gFg;gha;jy; kw;Wk; tpsf;Fjy;
1.2.6. Muha;r;rp mwpf;if kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLjy;
1.2.1. Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy milahsk; fhZjy; (Identifying
a Research Problem)
fy;tpapy; nghJthfj; jPHf;fg;gl Ntz;ba xU gpur;rpid
my;yJ rpf;fiy Ma;T nra;a xU jiyg;ig milahsk;
fhz;gjd; %yk; Muha;r;rpahsH xU Muha;r;rp Ma;itj;
njhlq;FfpwhH. xU Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy milahsk; fhz;gJ
vd;gJ Ma;Tf;fhd xU rpf;fiyf; Fwpg;gpLtJ> mij
Ma;tjw;fhd xU epahaj;ij cUthf;FtJ kw;Wk; mwpf;ifia
thrpf;f NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l ghHitahsHfSf;F Ma;tpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ghpe;Jiuj;jy; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. xU
“rpf;fiy" Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk;> Muha;r;rpahsH ghlg;nghUis
tuk;Gf;Fl;gLj;jp> Ma;tpd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l mk;rj;jpy; ftdk;
nrYj;JfpwhH. gpd;tUk; "rpf;fy;fis" ftdpj;jhy;> mit
xt;nthd;Wk; Muha;r;rpf;Fj; jFjpahdit:
 ,sk;tajpdH jq;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; kw;wtHfSld;
vt;thW ,iztJ vd;gijf; fw;ftpy;iy
 ,sk;tajpdhpd; Gifgpbj;jpLk; gof;fk; gy mfhy
kuzq;fSf;F toptFf;fpwJ.

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,e;jj; Njitfs;> rpf;fy;fs; my;yJ rHr;irfshdJ
MrphpaHfs;> gs;spfs;> nfhs;if tFg;ghsHfs; my;yJ
Muha;r;rpahsHfshy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l fy;tpj;
NjitapypUe;J vOfpd;wd. mtw;iw ehk; Muha;r;rp
rpf;fy;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;. Muha;r;rpahsH xU
Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifapd; mwpKf gphpTfspy; mtw;iwf;
Fwpg;gpLthH kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;fhd xU
fhuzj;ij toq;FthH. Kiwahd mHj;jj;jpy;> ,e;jr;
rpf;fy;fs; xU nghpa vOjg;gl;l gphptpd; xU gFjp
“gpur;rpidapd; mwpf;if" vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;
,e;jg; gphptpy; jiyg;G> rpf;fy;> gpur;rpidf;F xU epahak;
kw;Wk; MrphpaHfs;> epHthfpfs; my;yJ Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
Nghd;w Fwpg;gpl;l ghHitahsHfSf;fhf ,ij Muha;tjpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cs;slf;FfpwJ.
1.2.2. rhh;gpyf;fpaj;ij kPsha;T nra;jy; (Reviewing the
Literature)
Muha;r;rpahsH jpl;lkpl;L Muha;tjw;F Ma;T rpf;fiy
ahH Muha;e;jpUf;fpwhHfs; vd;W mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F ,J
Kf;fpakhdJ. Ke;ija Muha;r;rpiag; gpujpgypf;Fk; xU
Ma;it mtHfs; Muk;gpj;J elj;JfpwhHfsh kw;Wk;
mtHfs; ,Uf;Fk; mwpit tsHj;Jf; nfhs;shj xU
Ma;itj; jpl;lkpLfpwhHfsh vd;W Muha;r;rpahsH
mQ;ryhk;. NkYk; xU jiyg;gpy; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;
jpul;lg;gLtjpy;iy vd;W MrphpaHfSk;, MNyhrfHfSk;
ngUk;ghYk; mQ;RfpwhHfs;. ,e;jf; ftiyfs; fhuzkhf>
rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij kPsha;T nra;tJ Muha;r;rp nray;ghl;by;
xU Kf;fpakhdg; gbahFk;. rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij kPsha;T
nra;tJ vd;gJ xU jiyg;gpy; RUf;fq;fs;> Gj;jfq;fs;>
gj;jphpiffs; kw;Wk; FwpaPl;L ntspaPLfspy; milahsk;
fz;lwpjy; MFk;. ,tw;wpy; mtHfspd; rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpy;
vij NrHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; NjHe;njLj;jy; gpd;dH xU
vOjg;gl;l mwpf;ifapy; rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij RUf;fkhff;
$WtJ MFk;.
rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij kPsha;T nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd
jpwd;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; kw;Wk; gapw;rpapy; cUthfpd;wd.

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gj;jphpf;if fl;Liufs; kw;Wk; ghl E}yfj;jpy; cs;s
Gj;jfq;fs;> fzpdp rhHe;j jfty; jpul;Lf;fis ,af;Fjy;>
mtHfSila jiyg;gpy; Ma;Tj; juj;jpid NjHe;njLj;J
kjpg;gpLjy; kw;Wk; mtw;wpid RUf;fkhf xU kPsha;tpy;
vt;thW fz;lwptJ vd;gjid xU Muha;r;rpahsH
fw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. E}yf tsq;fs; kpf mjpfkhf
,Uf;ff;$Lk;> vdNt rhHgpyf;fpaq;fisj; NjLtjw;Fk;
kPsha;it vOJtjw;Fk; xU El;gj;jpid ngw;wpUg;gJ
Kf;fpak;.
1.2.3. Muha;r;rpf;fhd xU Nehf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;
(Specifying a Purpose for Research)
Muha;r;rp rpf;fy; xU gue;j jiyg;ig cs;slf;fpajhf
,Ug;gjhy;> mjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhy; jhd; mJ Fwpj;J
Ma;T nra;a KbAk;. rpf;fiy ftdkhf kWmwpf;if
nra;tJ vd;gJ Nehf;fk; mwpf;if MFk;. ,e;j mwpf;if
Muha;r;rpapd; xl;Lnkhj;j Fwpf;Nfhs; my;yJ Nehf;fj;ij
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt> ,J Muha;r;rpapy; kpf
Kf;fpakhd mwpf;if MFk;. ,J KO Ma;itAk;
mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ> juTfisr; Nrfhpf;f gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
FwpaPLfis eilKiwg;gLj;JfpwJ, kw;Wk;
fz;lwptjw;fhd KbTfspd; tiffis Fwpf;fpwJ.
Muha;r;rpf;fhd Nehf;fk; xU Ma;tpd; Kf;fpa ,yf;F
my;yJ Fwpf;Nfhis milahsk; fz;L mij Fwpg;gpl;l
Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fUJNfhs;fshf RUf;fp
cs;slf;FfpwJ. Nehf;f mwpf;ifahdJ Ma;tpd; Kf;fpa
ftdk;> Ma;tpd; gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; kw;Wk; Ma;tpd; ,lk;
my;yJ jsk; Mfpatw;iw nfhz;Ls;sJ. Muha;r;rpapy;
gjpyspf;fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l fzpg;GfSf;F Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fzpg;Gfis ,e;j Nehf;f mwpf;if
gpd;dH FWg;gpLfpwJ.
1.2.4. juT Nrfhpj;jy; (Collecting Data)
Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; fUJNfhs;fSf;fhd
gjpy;fis toq;f rhd;Wfs; cjTfpd;wd. ,e;j
gjpy;fisg; ngw> juTfisr; Nrfhpf;Fk; my;yJ ngWjy;
gbapy; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;. juitr; Nrfhpg;gJ vd;gJ xU

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Ma;Tf;F jdpegHfis milahsk; fz;L NjHe;njLg;gJ>
mth;fis Muha;tjw;fhd mDkjpiag; ngWjy; kw;Wk;
kf;fsplk; Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;gjd; %yk; my;yJ
mtHfspd; elj;ijfis cw;WNehf;Ftjd; %yk;
jfty;fisr; Nrfhpj;jy; MFk;. jdpegHfsplkpUe;Jk;
,lq;fspypUe;Jk; Jy;ypakhd juitg; ngWtjw;fhd Njit
,e;j nray;ghl;by; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ MFk;. ,e;j gb xU
vz;fspd; njhFg;ig (Nrhjid kjpg;ngz;fs;>
elj;ijfspd; mjpHntz;) my;yJ nrhw;fis (gjpy;fs;>
fUj;Jfs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs;) cUthf;Fk;. ,e;j egHfisAk;
,lq;fisAk; xUKiw milahsk; fz;lTld;> Muha;r;rp
Ma;Tfspy; Kiw my;yJ nray;Kiw gphpTfis vOj
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; gphpTfs; juT Nrfhpg;gpd; ,af;ftpay;
kw;Wk; epHthfk; gw;wpa tphpthd> njhopy;El;g tpthjq;fis
toq;Ffpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk;> gy KbTfs; xU ey;y juT
Nrfhpg;G eilKiwia cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
1.2.5. juTfis gFg;gha;jy; kw;Wk; tpsf;Fjy; (Analyzing
and Interpreting the Data)
juT Nrfhpg;gpd; NghJ my;yJ cldbahf> Ma;tpy;
jdpegHfs; toq;fpa jfty;fisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
gFg;gha;T vd;gJ jdpg;gl;l gjpy;fisj; jPHkhdpf;f
“juitj; jtpHj;J"> gpd;dH mijr; RUf;fkhf “xd;whf
,izg;gJ" MFk;. juTfis gFg;gha;T nra;tJk;
tpsf;FtJk; mijg; gw;wpa KbTfis vLg;gij
cs;slf;FfpwJ. mij RUf;fkhf ml;ltizfs;>
Gs;sptptuq;fs; kw;Wk; glq;fspy; Fwpj;jy; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpy;fis toq;f thHj;ijfspy;
KbTfis tpsf;Fjy;. xU Ma;T mwpf;ifapd; gFg;gha;T
kw;Wk; tpsf;Fjy; gFjpahdJ nghJthf KbTfs;>
fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; my;yJ fye;Jiuahly;fs; vd;w
jiyg;gpidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
1.2.6. Muha;r;rp mwpf;if kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL (Reporting and
Evaluating Research)
Muha;r;rpia elj;jpa gpwF> vOjg;gl;l mwpf;ifia
cUthf;fp> jq;fs; jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l ghHitahsHfSf;F (rf MrphpaHfs;>

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epHthfpfs;> ngw;NwhHfs;> khztHfs; Nghd;wtHfs;) mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Muha;r;rp mwpf;if vd;gJ ghHitahsHfisj;
jPHkhdpg;gJ> ,e;j ghHitahsHfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba
xU tbtj;jpy; mwpf;ifia fl;likj;J> gpd;dH midj;J
thrfHfSf;Fk; czHjpwd; kpf;f tifapy; mwpf;ifia
vOJtJ Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;. gj;jphpif
fl;Liufis thrpg;gjpy; mtHfSila gq;fspg;ghdJ
KJepiy Ma;twpf;iffs; kw;Wk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liufis
kPsha;T nra;Ak; Mrphpa MNyhrfHfs; kw;Wk; FOf;fs;>
fy;tpapay; KftHfs; kw;Wk; gs;sp khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s
egHfs;> Muha;r;rp mwpf;iff;fhd rhpahd jiyg;Gfsh
vd;W ghHg;gjpy; fy;tp Muha;r;rpahsHfsplkpUe;J
Muha;r;rpf;fhd ghHitahsHfs; NtWgl;bUg;gH.
Ma;twpf;iffs; kw;Wk; Ma;Tf; fl;LiufSf;fhd xU
Kiwahd tbtikg;gpypUe;J gs;sp mwpf;iffSf;fhd
Kiwrhuh Mtzk; tiu Muha;r;rp mwpf;iff;fhd
fl;likg;G xt;nthU ghHitahsHfSf;Fk; khWgLk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> vy;yh tifahd mwpf;iffspYk;>
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; khpahijf;FhpatHfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
kw;Wk; ghypdk;> ghypay; Nehf;Fepiy> ,dk; my;yJ
,df;FO Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ghFghL fhl;Lk;
nkhopiaj; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Muha;r;rpahsUila mwpf;ifapd; ghHitahsHfs;
Muha;r;rpapd; juk; kw;Wk; gad;ghl;il jPHkhdpg;gjw;fhd mjd;
nrhe;j juq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdH. Muha;r;rpia kjpg;gPL
nra;tJ vd;gJ fy;tpapy; jdpegHfshy; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l
juq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp xU Ma;tpd; juj;ij kjpg;gpLtij
cs;slf;fpajhFk;. JujpH;ltrkhf> fy;tp Muha;r;rp
r%fj;jpy; fy;tpapay; Muha;r;rpia kjpg;gpLtjw;F khtl;l
gs;spfspy; my;yJ cs;Shpy;, khepy my;yJ $l;lhl;rp
mikg;Gfspy; epiyahd juepiyfs; ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;>
Ma;Tfspd; juj;ij jPHkhdpf;f ekf;F rpy topfs; Njit>
Fwpg;ghf ntspaplg;gl;l Muha;r;rp my;yJ gapw;rpahsH
ghHitahsHfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l mwpf;if.

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1.3. MW gbfs; xt;nthd;wpYk; msThPjpapyhd kw;Wk;
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; (The
Characteristics of Quantitative and Qualitative Research
in each of the Six Steps)
fy;tp Muha;r;rpia Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ Muha;r;rpapd;
Kf;fpa nray;fspy; <LgLtij tpl mjpfk;.
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp my;yJ juhPjpayhd Muha;r;rp:
,e;j ,uz;L Kf;fpa jlq;fspy; xd;wpy; Muha;r;rpia
tbtikj;jy; kw;Wk; vOJjy; MfpaitAk; ,jpy;
mlq;Fk;.
Muha;r;rp rpf;fypd; jd;ik kw;Wk; rpf;fiyj; jPHf;f
Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfspd; mbg;gilapy; kw;Wk; rpf;fypd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jiuf;Fk; rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpd;
kWMa;T> Muha;r;rpahsH msThPjpapyhd my;yJ
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp jlj;ij NjHT nra;fpwhH. rpf;fy;>
Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; rhHgpyf;fpa kjpg;Giufs;
Muha;r;rpahsiu msThPjpapyhd my;yJ juhPjpapyhd
ghijapy; nfhz;L nry;y cjTfpd;wd. ,it> Fwpg;gpl;l
Muha;r;rp tbtikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpy;
cs;slf;fpa eilKiwfs;> khjphp> juT Nrfhpg;G fUtpfs;
my;yJ newpKiwfs;> eilKiwfs;> juT gFg;gha;T
kw;Wk; KbTfspd; ,Wjp tpsf;fk; Nghd;wtw;iw
$Wfpd;wd.
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp gz;Gfs; (Quantitative Research
Characteristics)
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfshtd:
 Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpa xU tpsf;fk; my;yJ khwpfs;
,ilNaahd cwTfspd; xU tpsf;fj;jpd; Njit %yk;
xU Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy tpthpj;jy;.
 Nfl;fg;gl Ntz;ba Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfis
ghpe;Jiug;gjd; %yKk;> Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy
epahag;gLj;Jtjd; %yKk;> Ma;T jpirapd; (Nehf;f
mwpf;if kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ

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fUJNfhs;fs;) Njitia cUthf;Ftjd; %yKk;
rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpw;F xU Kf;fpa gq;if toq;Fjy;.
 Fwpg;gpl;l> FWfpa> mstplf;$ba kw;Wk;
cw;WNehf;ff;$ba Nehf;f mwpf;iffs;> Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; fUJNfhs;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
 Kd;Gmikf;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gjpy;fSld;
fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Vuhskhd kf;fsplkpUe;J
vz; juit Nrfhpj;jy;.
 Nghf;Ffisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;> FOf;fis xg;gpLjy;
my;yJ Gs;sptptu gFg;gha;itg; gad;gLj;jp
khwpfisj; njhlHGnfhs;tJ kw;Wk; KbTfis
Ke;ija fzpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; fle;jfhy Muha;r;rpfSld;
xg;gpLtjd; %yk; mtw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.
 jukhd> epiyahd fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L
cl;$Wfs; kw;Wk; xU Gwepiy> gf;fr;rhHgw;w
mZFKiwiag; gad;gLj;jp Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifia
vOJjy;.
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Gyj;jpd; Nghf;Ffs;
my;yJ VjhtJ Vd; epfo;fpwJ vd;gij tpsf;f
Ntz;bajd; mbg;gilapy; xU Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy
Gydha;thsH milahsk; fhz;fpwhH. xU Nghf;if
tpthpg;gJ vd;gJ Ma;thsHfshy; jdpegHfsplkpUe;J tUk;
gjpy;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j Nghf;if mikf;f> ,e;j Nghf;F
kf;fspilNa vt;thW khWgLfpwJ vd;gijf; ftdpf;fTk;
xU Ma;tpdhy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; gjpyspf;f KbAk;
vd;gjhFk;.
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij kWMa;T
nra;tjpy;> Ma;thsH nghJthf Ma;tpd; njhlf;fj;jpy;
fzprkhd rhHgpyf;fpa kjpg;gha;itr; nra;thH. vdNt>
rhHgpyf;fpak; ,uz;L topfspy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
Muha;r;rp rpf;fypd; Njitia epahag;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk;
Ma;Tf;fhd rhj;jpakhd Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpfis ghpe;Jiuj;jy; MFk;. Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy
epahag;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ Ma;tpy; Muhag;gl;l rpf;fypd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Mtzg;gLj;j Muha;r;rpahsH
rhHgpyf;fpaj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,ij epiwNtw;w>

10
r. jdtjp
rhHgpyf;fpaj;ijj; NjLjy;> rpf;fiy Muha;tJ Kf;fpak;
vd;W milahsk; fhZk; Ma;Tfisf; fz;lwpe;J> gpd;dH
,e;j rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij xU Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifapd;
njhlf;fg; gphpTfspy; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
Nehf;f mwpf;if kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ
fUJNfhs;fspy; Fwpg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sgb>
rhHgpyf;fpak; Ma;tpd; xU NjitiaAk; cUthf;FfpwJ.
Muha;r;rpahsH rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpd; Kf;fpa khwpypfs;>
cwTfs; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ffspy; milahsk; fhz;fpwhH>
NkYk; mtw;wpd; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk;
fUJNfhs;fSf;fhd jpiria toq;f ,tw;iwg;
gad;gLj;JfpwhH. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> fy;Y}hp khztHfisg;
gw;wpa xU rhHgpyf;fpa Ma;T> mjpfg;gbahd
Fbg;gof;fj;ijg; gw;wp ekf;F mjpfk; njhpahJ vd;gijf;
fhl;lf;$Lk;. vt;thwhapDk;> jw;NghJs;s rhHgpyf;fpaq;fs;>
rf FOf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;> khztH rf
FOf;fspilNa njhlHG nfhs;Sk; ghzpiaAk; milahsk;
fhzyhk;. MfNt> Kf;fpakhd Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; fy;Y}hp
tshfq;fspy; mjpf mstpy; Fbg;gij rfhf;fs; kw;Wk;
mtHfspd; ,iltpid ghzpfs; vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wd
vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,e;j topapy;> xU msThPjpapyhd
Ma;tpy; cs;s rhHgpyf;fpaq;fs; rpf;fiy Muha;tjw;F
Njitg;gLk; ,uz;L Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpfSf;fhd jpiria toq;Ffpd;wd.
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfspy;> khwpypfs;
Fwpj;J mstplf;$ba kw;Wk; cw;WNehf;ff;$ba juitg;
ngw Fwpg;gpl;l> FWfpa Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;. xU
Ma;tpd; Kf;fpa mwpf;iffs; kw;Wk; xU Ma;T jpirapd;
Nfs;tpfs; Nehf;f mwpf;if> Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk;
fUJNfhs;fs;-Fwpg;gpl;l kw;Wk; FWfyhdit> Vnddpy;
Ma;thsH Ma;T nra;a xU rpy khwpypfis kl;LNk
milahsk; fhz;fpwhH. ,e;j khwpypfs; gw;wpa Ma;tpy;
,Ue;J> Ma;thsH xU fUtpapd; mstPLfs; my;yJ
kjpg;gPLfisg; ngWfpwhH my;yJ cw;WNehf;fy; vd;w xU
msTNfhypypUe;J kjpg;ngz;fisg; gjpT nra;fpwhH.
msThPjpapyhd juT Nrfhpg;gpy;> Ma;thsH Ma;tpy;
khwpypfis msf;f xU fUtpiag; gad;gLj;JfpwhH. xU

11 r. jdtjp
fUtp vd;gJ msThPjpapyhd juit mstpLtjw;Fk;>
cw;WNehf;Ftjw;Fk; my;yJ Mtzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fkhd xU
fUtpahFk;. ,J Fwpg;gpl;l Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; gjpyspf;Fk;
rhj;jpaf;$Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mit Ma;tpid
Kd;$l;bNa epWTfpd;wd my;yJ cUthf;Ffpd;wd.
fzf;nfLg;G Nfs;tpj; jhs;fs;> jug;gLj;jg;gl;l Nrhjidfs;
kw;Wk; xU khztH my;yJ Mrphpahpd; elj;ijfis
cw;WNehf;f Muha;r;rpahsH gad;gLj;jf;$ba rhpghHg;G
gl;bay;fs; fUtpfSf;F cjhuzq;fshFk;. xU
Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j fUtpia gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;F toq;fp
vz;fspd; tbtj;jpy; juit Nrfhpf;fpd;whH. cjhuzkhf>
Muha;r;rpahsH xU gbtj;jpy; fl;lq;fisr; rhpghHf;Fk;
khztHfs; my;yJ tFg;giwapy; xU khztH xU
gzpiar; nra;tijg; ghHf;Fk; KOikahd rhpghHg;G
gl;bay;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;thsH gjpy;fisr;
Nrfhpf;fyhk;. ,e;j nray;Kiwapd; Nehf;fk; xU rpwpa
vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fsplkpUe;J nghpa vz;zpf;ifapy;
KbTfisg; gad;gLj;JtjhFk;. mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd
jdpegHfspd; Ma;thdJ> xU mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd
kf;fspd; KbTfshfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tof;fk;
cWjpahdJ.
msThpjpapyhd juT gFg;gha;tpy;> xU Muha;r;rpahsH
Gs;sptptuq;fs; vdg;gLk; fzpj eilKiwfisg;
gad;gLj;jp juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;fpwhH. ,e;j
gFg;gha;Tfs; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f juTfis
gFjpfshfg; gphpfpd;wd. FOf;fis xg;gpLtJ my;yJ
jdpegHfSf;fhd kjpg;ngz;fs; njhlHghd Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fUJNfhs;fis eptHj;jp nra;tjw;fhd
jfty;fis toq;Fjy; Nghd;wit Gs;sptptu
eilKiwfshFk;. ,e;j gFg;gha;tpd; KbTfis Muk;g
fzpg;Gfs; my;yJ Ke;ija Ma;Tfspd; ntspg;ghl;by;
Muha;r;rpahsH tpsf;FfpwhH. ,e;j tpsf;fk; Vd; mtHfs;
nra;j topia khw;wpaJ vd;gjw;fhd tpsf;fkhFk;> NkYk;
Ma;tpy; vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; fzpg;Gfis KbTfs; vt;thW
Mjhpf;fpd;wd my;yJ kWf;fpd;wd vd;gij ngUk;ghYk;
Muha;r;rpahsH tpsf;FfpwhH.
msThpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpia mwpf;ifapLjy; kw;Wk;
kjpg;gPL nra;tjpy;> xU Ma;tpd; xl;Lnkhj;j tbtk; xU

12
r. jdtjp
fzpf;ff;$ba Kiwahd mwpKfk;> rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpd;
kPsha;T> Kiwfs;> KbTfs; kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahliyg;
gpd;gw;WfpwJ. ,e;jg; gbtk; msThpjpapyhd
Ma;TfSf;fhd xU jug;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;likg;ig
cUthf;FfpwJ. $Ljyhf> ,J xU msThpjpapyhd
Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifapd; juj;ij jPHkhdpf;f Muha;r;rpahsH
gad;gLj;jf;$ba Fwpg;gpl;l msTNfhy;fSf;Fk;
toptFf;fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU Muha;r;rpahsH
msThpjpapyhd Ma;thdJ xU tphpthd rhHgpyf;fpa
kPsha;itf; nfhz;bUf;fpwjh, ey;y Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs;
kw;Wk; fUJNfhs;fis Nrhjpf;fpwjh> fLikahd>
gf;fr;rhHgw;w juT Nrfhpg;G eilKiwfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpwjh> nghUj;jkhd Gs;spapay;
eilKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpwjh kw;Wk; jutpypUe;J
,aw;ifahfNt gpd;gw;wg;gLk; tpsf;fq;fis
cUthf;Ffpwjh vd;W mwpf;ifapLfpwhH.
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fsJ
nrhe;j rhHG kw;Wk; kjpg;Gfs; KbTfis ghjpf;fhJ
vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j eilKiwfisAk; gad;gLj;JfpwhH.
xU Muha;r;rpahsH kjpg;ig ep&gpj;j kw;Wk; fle;jfhy
gad;ghLfspypUe;J ek;gfkhd kw;Wk; rhpahd
kjpg;ngz;fisf; nfhz;l fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;JfpwhH. xU
Ma;tpy; rhHGfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F midj;J
khwpypfis fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ Muha;r;rpahsH tbtikg;G
Ma;Tfs; MFk;. ,Wjpahf> Muha;r;rpahsH mth;fis
my;yJ mtHfspd; jdpg;gl;l vjpHtpidfisf; Fwpg;gplhky;
Muha;r;rpiag; mwpf;ifapLfpd;wdH.
juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd; gz;Gfs; (Qulitative Research
Characteristics)
juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Muha;r;rp nray;Kiwapd;
xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; ntt;NtW Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; cs;sd.
 xU rpf;fiy Muha;tJ kw;Wk; xU ika epfo;T gw;wpa
tphpthd Ghpjiy tsHf;fpwJ.
 rhHgpyf;fpa kPsha;T xU rpwpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ>
Mdhy; rpf;fiy epahag;gLj;JfpwJ.

13 r. jdtjp
 gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; mDgtq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu>
Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; nghJthd kw;Wk;
gue;j Kiwapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ>
 xU Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd egHfsplkpUe;J
nrhw;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L juitr;
Nrfhpg;gjhy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; fUj;Jf;fs;
ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
 ciu gFg;gha;itg; gad;gLj;jp tpsf;fk; kw;Wk;
fUg;nghUs;fSf;fhd juit gFg;gha;T nra;jy; kw;Wk;
fz;Lgpbg;Gfspd; nghpa nghUis tpsf;Fjy;.
 nefpo;thd> tsHe;J tUk; fl;likg;Gfs;, kjpg;gPl;L
msTNfhy;fs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsHfspd; mfepiy
epHge;jk; kw;Wk; rhHG cl;gl midj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp
mwpf;ifia vOJjy;.
xU Muha;r;rp rpf;fiyj; jPHf;f juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rp
kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ> ,jpy; Muha;r;rpahsUf;F khwpypfs;
Fwpj;J njhpahJ Muha Ntz;Lk;. Ma;tpd; epfo;T gw;wp
rhHgpyf;fpak; rpwpa jfty;fisf; nfhLf;ff;$Lk;> NkYk;
Muha;r;rpahsH gq;Nfw;ghsHfsplkpUe;J Ma;T %yk; NkYk;
mwpa Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> njhiyJ}u fy;tp
gbg;Gfspy; irif nkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jtij
rhHgpyf;fpak; NghJkhdjhff; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. njhiyJ}u
fy;tp khztHfspd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,e;j epfo;it Muha
xU juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rp Ma;T Njit. re;Njfj;jpw;F
,lkpd;wp> mj;jifa gbg;Gfspy; irif nkhopiag;
gad;gLj;JtJ rpf;fyhdJ mjdhy; Ke;ija
rhHgpyf;fpaq;fspy; ,J Fwpj;J Muhag;gltpy;iy. xU
ika epfo;T vd;gJ juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; Ma;T
nra;ag;gl;l Kf;fpa fUj;J> Nahrid my;yJ nray;Kiw
MFk;. ,t;thW> fhJ Nfshj Foe;ijfSf;F fw;gpg;gjpy;
cs;s rpukk; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp rpf;fYf;fhd xU Ma;tpy;
fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fw;wy; nray;Kiwiag; gw;wpa Ghpjy;
Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> rhHgpyf;fpa kPsha;thdJ
msThpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpiaf; fhl;bYk; Ma;tpd;
njhlf;fj;jpy; Fiwthd fzprkhd gq;iff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy; Muha;tjd;

14
r. jdtjp
mtrpaj;ij epahag;gLj;j Muha;r;rpahsH rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij
kPsha;T nra;jhYk;> Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;F rhHgpyf;fpak;
Kf;fpa jpiria toq;fhJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;> juhpjpapyhd
Muha;r;rp Ma;tpy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; fUj;Jf;fisNa
mjpfk; ek;gpAs;sJ kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsuhy;
rhh;gpyf;fpaj;jpy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l jpirapy;
ek;gpf;if FiwthfNt cs;sJ. vdNt> Ma;tpd; jpiria
Kd;dwptpg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ Fwpg;gpLtjw;Nfh
rhHgpyf;fpaj;ijg; gad;gLj;JtJ gq;Nfw;ghsHfsplkpUe;J
fw;wy; juhpjpapyhd mZFKiwAld; nghUe;jhJ.
juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Nehf;f mwpf;if kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; $wg;gLfpd;wd> ,jdhy;
gq;Nfw;ghsHfsplkpUe;J Muha;r;rpahsH rpwg;ghf fw;Wf;nfhs;s
KbAk;. MHtKs;s xU epfo;it Muha;r;rpahsH Muha;r;rp
nra;J ,e;j epfo;it xU Nehf;f mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
MrphpaHfspd; “njhopy;Kiwia” MuhAk; xU juhpjpapyhd
Ma;T> cjhuzkhf caHepiyg; gs;sp MrphpaHfsplk;> “xU
njhopy;Kiw epGzH vd;why; vd;d?" vd;W Nfl;fpwJ. ,e;j
Nfs;tp xU Nahridiag; Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjpy; ftdk;
nrYj;JfpwJ. xU njhopy;Kiw epGzuhf;FfpwJ kw;Wk;
mjw;fhd gjpy;fs; Nkw;Nfhs;fs; Nghd;w juhpjpapyhd juit
tpistpf;fpwJ.
juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Ma;tpy;
gq;Nfw;ghsHfsplkpUe;J fw;Wf;nfhs;s Muha;r;rpahsH
juitr; Nrfhpf;f Ma;it elj;Jk; juitg; gjpT
nra;tjw;fhf newpKiwfs; vdg;gLk; gbtq;fis
cUthf;FfpwhH. ,e;jg; gbtq;fs; nghJthd Nfs;tpfis
vOg;Gfpd;wd> ,jdhy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; Nfs;tpfSf;F
gjpy;fis toq;f KbAk;. juT Nrfhpg;gpd; NghJ
ngUk;ghYk; ,e;j gbtq;fspy; cs;s Nfs;tpfs; khWgLk;.
,e;j gbtq;fSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU NeHfhzy;
newpKiwia $wyhk;. ,jpy; ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J
Nfs;tpfs; cs;sJ> my;yJ xU cw;WNehf;F newpKiw
cs;sJ> ,jpy; gq;Nfw;ghshpd; elj;ijfs; Fwpj;J
Muha;r;rpahsH Fwpg;Gfis gjpT nra;fpwhH. NkYk;>
Muha;r;rpahsH ciu (nrhy;) my;yJ cUtk; (glk;) juit

15 r. jdtjp
Nrfhpf;fpwhH. vOjg;gl;l xypg; gjpTfs; nrhw;fshy; Md
juTj;jsj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;wd. cw;WNehf;fg;gl;l
gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; jq;fs; Ntiy my;yJ FLk;g mikg;gpy;>
Muha;r;rpahsH xU juhpjpapyhd juTj;jskhf khWk;
Fwpg;Gfis vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhH. rpW Foe;ijfis jq;fs;
vz;zq;fis xU ehl;Fwpg;gpy; vOJkhW Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
Nfl;Fk;NghJ> ,e;j ilhp Fwpg;GfSk; ciu juTj;jskhf
khWk;. xt;nthU tifahd juT gbtj;ijf; nfhz;L> xU
,Wjp Muha;r;rp mwpf;iff;fhd tphpthd fzf;Ffis
Nrfhpf;f Muha;r;rpahsH Kbe;jtiu jfty;fisr;
Nrfhpg;ghH.
juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; nghJthf Muha;r;rpahsH xU
ciu juTj;jsj;ij Nrfhpg;ghH> vdNt ciuapd; juT
gFg;gha;T mij thf;fpaf; FOf;fshfg; gphpf;fpwJ> ,J
ciu gphpTfs; (text sesments) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ>
NkYk; xt;nthU thf;fpaq;fspd; mHj;jj;ijAk;
jPHkhdpf;fpwJ. Gs;sptptuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg;
gjpyhf> Ma;thsH ika epfo;it tpthpf;f thHj;ijfs;
my;yJ glq;fis gFg;gha;T nra;fpwhH. ,jd; KbTfs;
jdpg;gl;l egHfs; my;yJ ,lq;fspd; xU tpsf;fkhf
,Uf;fyhk;. rpy juhpjpapyhd Ma;Tfspy;> KO mwpf;ifAk;
ngUk;ghYk; gy jdp egHfspd; xU ePz;l tpsf;fkhFk;.
,jd; KbTfs; fUg;nghUs;fs; my;yJ mtw;wpd;
fz;Lgpbg;Gfisf; Fwpf;Fk; gue;j tiffisf; nfhz;L
,Uf;fyhk;. ,U jdpegHfis tpthpf;Fk; kw;Wk;
fUg;nghUs;fis milahsk; fhZk; ,e;j juhpjpapyhd
Ma;Tfspy;> xU caHe;j> rpf;fyhd glk; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j rpf;fyhd glj;jpypUe;J> fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Vw;fdNt
,Uf;Fk; Muha;r;rpAld; vt;thW njhlHGgLfpd;wd
vd;gijg; gpujpgypg;gjd; %yk; Muha;r;rpahsH> Ma;tpd;
NghJ fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp
xU jdpg;gl;l gpujpgypg;igf; Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk; my;yJ
nghpa> mjpf mHj;jKs;s RUf;fq;fis vOJtjd; %yk;
juTfspd; nghUis Muha;r;rpahshH tpsf;FfpwhH.
juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpia mwpf;ifapLtjpy; mtHfspd;
Ma;Tfis mwpf;ifapl gue;j mstpyhd tbtq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;whH. xl;Lnkhj;j nghJ tbtk; Muha;r;rp
nray;ghl;bd; epiyahd gbfisg; gpd;gw;WfpwJ vd;whYk;>
Muha;r;rpapd; ,e;j “gFjpfspd;" thpir xU juhpjpapyhd

16
r. jdtjp
mwpf;ifapypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F khWgLk;. xU Ma;T fij
tbtj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;l xU ePz;l> jdpg;gl;l tpthpg;Gld;
my;yJ msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpia xj;j xU Gwepiy>
mwptpay; mwpf;ifAld; njhlq;fyhk;. ,j;jifa
khWghl;Lld;> juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpia kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd
juq;fSk; nefpo;thdit vd;gjpy; Mr;rhpakpy;iy.
vt;thwhapDk;> Ma;T xU Jy;ypakhd kw;Wk; ek;gfkhd
fzf;F vd;gij thrpg;gtiu ek;gitf;f ey;y juhpjpapyhd
mwpf;iffs; ajhHj;jkhdjhfTk;> ,zf;fkhdjhfTk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. epfo;T my;yJ nray;Kiwapd; rpf;fiy
ntspg;gLj;j juhpjpapyhd mwpf;iffs; nghJthf tphpthd
juT Nrfhpg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sd. juT gFg;gha;T tpsf;fk;
kw;Wk; fUg;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; fUg;nghUs;fspd; njhlHG
Mfpatw;iw gpujpgypf;fpwJ. $Ljyhf> Muha;r;rpahsH xU
Muha;r;rp Ma;tpy; mtHfspd; gq;F my;yJ epiyiag;
gw;wp tpthjpf;fpwhH> ,J gpujpgypg;G vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; nghUs;> Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs;
nrhe;j rhHG> kjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mDkhdq;fis gpujpgypj;J
mtw;iw Muha;r;rpapy; jPtpukhf vOJfpwhH. jdpg;gl;l
mDgtq;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpg;gJk;> Ma;T epiyfspd;
NghJ gq;Nfw;ghsHfSld; Muha;r;rpahsH vt;thW
xj;Jioj;jhH vd;gijAk; milahsk; fhz;gJk; ,jpy;
mlq;Fk;. mtHfspd; mDgtq;fSk; fyhr;rhu
gpd;dzpfSk; Ma;tpy; tiuag;gl;l tpsf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
KbTfis vt;thW ghjpf;fpd;wd vd;gijAk;
Muha;r;rpahsH tpthjpf;fyhk;.
msThpjpapyhd kw;Wk; juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpf;Fk;
,ilNaahd xw;Wikfs; kw;Wk; Ntw;Wikfs; (Similarities
and Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative
Research)
,e;j fl;lj;jpy; Muha;r;rpahsH msThpjpapyhd
Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rp vt;thW
xj;jjhfTk; NtWgl;ljhfTk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W Nfl;fyhk;.
xw;Wikiag; nghWj;jtiu> ,uz;L tifahd
Muha;r;rpfSk; Muha;r;rpapd; nray;ghl;by; MW gbfisg;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. xU Ma;tpd; mwpKfj;jpy; Muha;r;rp rpf;fy;
gphptpy; rpwpa NtWghLfs; cs;sd. ,jpy; ,U gphpTfSk;
gpur;rpidapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jiuf;f Ntz;bajd;

17 r. jdtjp
Njit cs;sJ. msThpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> Ma;tpy;
Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fUJNfhs;fis ,af;f
Muha;r;rp rpf;fy; gphpT gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ> mNjrkak;
juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; Muha;r;rp rpf;fy; fye;Jiuahly;
nghJthf ika Nahridapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mikf;f
gad;gLfpwJ. mwpKfg; gFjpia xg;gpLk; nghOJ
msThpjpapyhd Ma;T (ngw;Nwhhpd; <LghL) kw;Wk;
juhpjpapyhd Ma;T (gs;sp Nfhl;ghl;by; jha;khHfspd;
ek;gpf;if) NtWgl;L ,Uf;fpwJ. juT Nrfhpg;G
eilKiwfspy; kw;nwhU xw;Wik cs;sJ. msThpjpahd
kw;Wk; juhpjpapyhd juT Nrfhpg;G ,uz;Lk; NeHfhzy;fs;
my;yJ cw;WNehf;fy; Nghd;w xj;j mZFKiwfisg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> msThpjpapyhd mZFKiwfs; mjpf
%ba-Kbthd mZFKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd> ,jpy;
Muha;r;rpahsH mikf;fg;gl;l kWnkhop tiffis
milahsk; fhz;fpwhH. mNjrkak; jukhd mZFKiwfs;
jpwe;j Kbthd mZFKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd>
,jpy; Ma;thsH gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; nghJthd
Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;fpwhH> NkYk; gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; kWnkhop
rhj;jpaq;fis tbtikf;fpd;wdH.
juitr; Nrfhpf;Fk; tbtq;fSf;F mg;ghw;gl;l
jdpj;Jtkhd NtWghLfs; cs;sd. juT gFg;gha;tpy;>
eilKiwfs; Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lit. msThPjpapyhd
Muha;r;rpapy;> Ma;thsH jutpd; Gs;sptptu gFg;gha;it
ek;gpAs;shH> ,J nghJthf vz; tbtj;jpy; cs;sJ.
juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> juit gFg;gha;T nra;a
Gs;sptptuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy. mjw;F gjpyhf>
Ma;thsH nrhw;fs; my;yJ glq;fis gFg;gha;T
nra;fpwhH.
Gs;spapay; eilKiwfis ek;Gtjw;Fg; gjpyhf>
FwpaPL> gphpTfs; my;yJ fUg;nghUs;fs; Nghd;w nghpa
mHj;jq;fisg; Ghpa mtw;iwf; FOthf;Ftjw;fhd
juhpjpapyhd gFg;gha;it Muha;r;rpahsH nra;fpwhH.
mwpf;ifaply; tbtq;fSk; nghJthf NtWgl;lit>
tof;fkhd mwpKfk;> rhHgpyf;fpa kPsha;T> Kiwfs;>
KbTfs; kw;Wk; KbT gphpTfis msThpjpapyhd
fl;likg;G gpd;gw;Wfpd;wJ. juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;> ,e;j
gphpTfspy; rpy fhzhky; NghapUf;fyhk;> NkYk; ,e;j

18
r. jdtjp
tbtk; xU jdpg;gl;l RUf;fk; my;yJ gj;jpapy; xU
,yf;fpa jpwg;G> tphptilAk; fij> gq;Nfw;ghsH
fsplkpUe;J tphpthd Nkw;Nfhs;fspd; gad;ghL kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rpahshplkpUe;J gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jdpg;gl;l
gpujpgypg;Gfs; Nghd;witahf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,Utifapy;
,uz;L ,Wjp Gs;spfshf msThpjpapyhf kw;Wk; juhpjpahf
ghHg;gij tpl> njhlHr;rpahf ntt;NtW Gs;spfshf
,Ug;gijAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. Ma;Tfs; msThpjpapyhd
Muha;r;rpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfspd; rpy $WfisAk;>
juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd; rpy $WfisAk;
nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> Ma;Tfs; xU mZFKiw
my;yJ kw;nwhd;wpy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. NkYk; xt;nthU
tif Muha;r;rpAlDk; njhlHGila gz;Gfis
mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;T msThpjpapyhd
my;yJ juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpia Mjhpf;fpwjh vd;gij
kjpg;gPL nra;a xU Muha;r;rpahsUf;F cjTfpwJ.
msThpjpapyhd my;yJ juhpjpapyhd mZFKiwiag;
gad;gLj;jyhkh vd;gij Muha;r;rpahsHfs; vt;thW NjHT
nra;fpwhHfs;? %d;W fhuzpfs; Kf;fpakhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
Kjypy;> mtHfspd; Muha;r;rp rpf;fYf;fhd
mZFKiwAld; nghUe;jf; $bajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
msThpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd
rpf;fy;fspd; Nghf;Ffs; my;yJ tpsf;fq;fs; nra;ag;gl
Ntz;bajd; Njitia epidtpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
juhpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpf;F> xU Mokhd Ghpjiyg; ngw
rpf;fy;fis Muha Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtjhf> mtHfspd;
mZFKiwf;F ghHitahsHfs; nghUe;j Ntz;Lk;.
nfhs;if tFg;ghsHfs;> Mrphpa kw;Wk; gl;ljhhp FOf;fs;>
njhFg;ghsHfs; kw;Wk; kWMa;T thhpaq;fs;> khdpa
Kd;nkhopTfspd; kjpg;gPl;lhsHfs; kw;Wk; gs;spfspy;
my;yJ fy;tp mikg;Gfspy; cs;s egHfs; Nghd;w gy
ghHitahsHfSf;fhf fy;tpahsHfs; vOJfpwhHfs;. xU
Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiwia ghHitahsHfs;
mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. %d;whtjhf> mtHfspd;
jdpg;gl;l mDgtk; kw;Wk; gapw;rpf;fhd mZFKiwia
njhlHGgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. xU msThpjpapyhd Muha;r;rpahsH
nghJthf Nrhjidfs;> xl;LwT tbtikg;Gfs; my;yJ
fzf;nfLg;G El;gq;fs; Nghd;w mstPL> Gs;spapay; kw;Wk;
msThpjpapyhd juT Nrfhpg;G Mfpatw;wpy; rpy gbg;Gfs;

19 r. jdtjp
my;yJ gapw;rpia vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. juhpjpapyhd
Muha;r;rpahsHfSf;F fs Ma;Tfspy; mDgtk; Njit.
mjpy; mtHfs; xU mikg;gpy; jfty;fisr; Nrfhpg;gijAk;
jdpegHfis cw;WNehf;Fk; my;yJ NeHfhzy; nra;tjw;fhd
jpwd;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tijAk; gapw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
ciu juit gFg;gha;T nra;tjpy; ghlnewp my;yJ
mDgtk; cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. mj;Jld; mbj;jsf; Nfhl;ghL>
,dtpay; my;yJ fij Muha;r;rp Nghd;w Muha;r;rp
tbtikg;GfspYk; cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;. fyg;G Kiwfs;
Muha;r;rp my;yJ nray; Muha;r;rp Nghd;w msThpjpapyhd
kw;Wk; juhpjpapyhd Kiwfs; ,uz;ilAk; ,izf;Fk;
Muha;r;rpf;fhd mZFKiwfspy; rpy egHfSf;F
mDgtKk; gapw;rpAk; cs;sJ.
1.4. Muha;r;rpapd; tbtq;fs; kw;Wk; mjid
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fs; (Skills Needed to
Design and Conduct Research)
xU Gjpa Muha;r;rpahsuhf> Muha;r;rpahsUf;F thrpg;G>
kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; cz;ikapy; Muha;r;rp elj;Jk; jpwd;
,Uf;fpwjh vd;W rpe;jpf;fyhk;. Muha;r;rpapd;
nray;Kiwia mwptJ> NghJkhd Muha;r;rp Ma;Tf;F
cj;juthjk; mspf;fhJ vd;W Muha;r;rpahsH $wyhk;.
Muha;r;rpahsH kdij njspthf mikj;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. mtHfs; Vw;fdNt jq;fs; tho;f;if
mDgtq;fspd; %yk; kjpg;Gkpf;f Muha;r;rp jpwd;fisf;
fw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;shH. ,e;jj; jpwd;fspy; GjpHfisj; jPHg;gJ>
xU ePz;l ftdj;ij <Hg;gJ> xU E}yfj;ijg;
gad;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; mtHfspd; vz;zq;fis vOJtJ
Mfpait mlq;Fk;.
GjpHfisj; jPHg;gJ (Solving Puzzles)
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; rpf;fy;fis jPHf;f mtw;iw
GjpHfshfg; ghHf;fpwhHfs;. Muha;r;rp nray;Kiwapd; gbfs;
Ma;thsH NrHf;Fk; GjpH Jz;Lfspd; thpirahf
ghHf;fg;gLfpd;wd. GjpHfisj; jPHg;gjpy; Muha;r;rpahsUf;F
Vw;fdNt jpwd;fs; cs;sd. Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs;
fhNrhiy Gj;jfj;ij rkg;gLj;j gw;Wfs; kw;Wk; tuTfis
xd;whf nghUj;JfpwhHfs;. xU ngw;Nwhuhf> Muha;r;rpahsH
gfypy; gy Ntlq;fspy; <LgLfpwhH. mit ntt;NtW

20
r. jdtjp
gzpfisf; ifahSfpd;wd. ,it GjpHfs;> mtw;iw
epHtfpf;ff;$ba gFjpfshf cilj;J> ngwf;$ba
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mikj;J> mtw;iw vOJtjd; %yk; ehk;
nray;gLfpNwhk;. Muha;r;rpahsH Muha;r;rp Ma;Tfis
MuhAk;NghJ my;yJ tprhuiz nray;ghl;by; <LgLtjhy;>
Gjphpd; ,e;j gFjpfis xd;W NrHg;gJ Kjypy; xU
Muha;r;rp rpf;fypy; gzpGhptJ> gpd;dH xU Ma;Tf;fhd
Nehf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLtJ md;whl tho;tpy; ehk; jPHf;Fk;
gy GjpHfs; Nghd;wit vy;yh gFjpfSk; xd;whf
nghUe;j Ntz;Lk;.
mtHfspd; ftd <Hg;ig ePl;bj;jy; (Lengthening their
Attention Span)
ehk; tpUk;Gk; gzpfis Kbf;f nghJthf Neuk;
xJf;FfpNwhk; vd;whYk;> ek; ftdj;ij <Hg;gJ gzpf;F
gzp khWgLk;. Muha;r;rpapd; nray;KiwahdJ MW
gbfis nfhz;L 6 khjq;fs; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
fhy ,ilntspiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. xU gj;jphpif
fl;Liuiag; gbj;J> ,e;j xt;nthU gbfisAk;
milahsk; fhz> vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> nghWik kw;Wk; vijj;
NjLtJ vd;gJ gw;wpa mwpT Njit. ehk; midtUk;
Muha;r;rp nray;Kiwf;F khWgl;l ftdePsj;ij
nfhz;Ls;Nshk;. Mdhy; ehk; tpUk;Gk; gzpfisAk;
mtw;Wf;fhf ehk; xJf;Fk; Neuj;ijAk; fUj;jpy;
nfhz;lhy;> Muha;r;rpapy; fzprkhd Neuj;ij nrytpl
NghJkhd ePz;l ftd <h;g;ig ehk; nfhz;Ls;Nshk;.
E}yf tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tJ (Learning
to Use Library Resources)
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F rhHgpyf;fpaj;ij kPsha;T nra;a
Ntz;ba Muha;r;rp nray;Kiwapd; gb vd;gJ xU fy;tp
E}yfj;jpy; Neuj;ij nrytpLtjhFk;. ek;kpy;
ngUk;ghNyhUf;F> E}yfj;jpw;Fr; nry;tJ mNefkhf
gs;spapy; fpNubw;fhf gs;sp E}yfj;jpw;F nry;Yk;
gazq;fSld; njhlq;fpaJ MFk;. Muha;r;rpapy; <LgLtjw;F
E}yf tsq;fSld; Neuj;ij nrytopf;f Ntz;Lk;> ,J tPl;L
fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; E}yf gl;bay;fSf;fhd ,iza
,izg;Gfshy; vspjhf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; Muha;r;rpapd;
nray;Kiwf;F Muha;r;rpahsH Ma;Tfis fz;Lgpbg;gJ>
mtw;iwr; RUf;fkhff; $WtJ kw;Wk; rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpd;

21 r. jdtjp
kPsha;it vOJtjpy; jpwd;fisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Muha;r;rpahsHfSf;F Vw;fdNt> ,e;j jpwd;fs; ,y;iy
vd;why; Muha;r;rpapd; NghJ cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit xU
E}yfj;Jld; ek;Kila mbkl;lj;jpypUe;J> ek;
gs;spg;gbg;gpd; Muk;gj;jpy; njhlq;fpa mDgtq;fSlDk;
cUthfp> ,d;Wk; njhlHfpd;wd.
vOJjy;> jpUj;Jjy; kw;Wk; NkYk; vOJjy; (Writing,
Editing, and More Writing)
Muha;r;rpapd; xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhf vOj;J vg;NghJNk
,Uf;Fk; ,e;j mk;rj;jpypUe;J Muha;r;rpahsHfs; jg;g
KbahJ. vOj;jhsHfshfpa ehk; Vuhskhd tiuTfs;
%yk; Ntiy nra;fpNwhk;. kw;wtHfsplkpUe;J
vjpHtpidfisg; ngWfpNwhk;. Gjpa tiuTfis
cUthf;FfpNwhk;. Muha;r;rp vd;gJ ghHitahsHfSf;fhf
Ma;it vOJtij cs;slf;fpaJ. Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
jq;fs; vz;zq;fis vOJtijAk; mij
ntspg;gLj;JtijAk; tpUk;GfpwhHfsh? Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
xU gj;jphpif my;yJ xU ehl;Fwpg;gpy; vOj
tpUk;GfpwhHfsh? jpl;lq;fis Kbg;gjpy; ,Ue;J
Muha;r;rpahsHfSf;F jpUg;jp fpilf;Fkh? Muha;r;rpahsH
Vw;fdNt fy;Y}hpapy; gy fl;Liufis vOjpapUf;fyhk;
my;yJ kw;w khztHfs; my;yJ Mrphpa cWg;gpdUld;
Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifapy; gzpahw;wpapUf;fyhk;. RUf;fkhf>
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F vOj;jpy; mDgtk; cz;L. vOJtJ
vd;gJ fhfpjj;jpy; my;yJ fzpdp Nfhg;gpy; fUj;Jf;fis
gjpT nra;tij tpl mjpfk; vd;W Muha;r;rpahsUf;Fj;
njhpAk;. ,J rpe;jidfis xOq;fikj;jy;> NeHfhzy;
Nfs;tpfisj; jahhpj;jy;> cw;WNehf;fypd; NghJ
Fwpg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gJ kw;Wk; NtnwhUthpd; Nfs;tpfs;
my;yJ fl;Liufisg; gad;gLj;j mDkjpf;Nfl;L
vOJtijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Mf;fg+Htkhd nray;Kiwapd;
midj;J fl;lq;fspYk; vOj;J cs;sJ.
1.5. msThPjpahd Muha;r;rp Kiwapd; tiuaiw
((Definition of Quantitative Research Method)
mstplf;$ba juTfisr; Nrfhpj;J Gs;sptptu> fzpj
my;yJ fzf;fPl;L El;gq;fisr; nra;tjd; %yk;
epfo;Tfspd; Kiwahd tprhuiz vd msThPjpapyhd

22
r. jdtjp
Muha;r;rp tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp>
,Uf;Fk; kw;Wk; rhj;jpakhd thbf;ifahsHfsplkpUe;J
khjphp Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp jfty;fisr; Nrfhpj;J
epfo;epiy fzf;nfLg;Gfs;> epfo;epiy fUj;Jf; fzpg;Gfs;>
Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw mDg;GfpwJ> ,jd;
KbTfis vz; tbtj;jpy; rpj;jhpf;f KbAk;. ,e;j
vz;fis ftdkhf Ghpe;J nfhz;l gpwF xU jahhpg;G
my;yJ Nritapd; vjpHfhyj;ij fzpf;fTk;> mjw;Nfw;g
khw;wq;fisr; nra;aKbAk;.
1.5.2. msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd; gz;Gfs;
(Characteristics of Quantitative Research)
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd; rpy jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfs;:
 fl;likf;fg;gl;l fUtpfs;: mstPl;Lj; juitr; Nrfhpf;f
fzf;nfLg;Gfs;> thf;nfLg;Gfs; my;yJ
Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs; Nghd;w fl;likf;fg;gl;l fUtpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa fl;likg;G
Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;JtJ fzf;nfLg;G
gjpyspj;jtHfsplkpUe;J Mokhd kw;Wk;
nray;glf;$ba juit Nrfhpf;f cjTfpwJ.
 khjphp msT: ,yf;F re;ijia Fwpf;Fk; xU
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khjphp mstpy; msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp
elj;jg;gLfpwJ. Muha;r;rp Nehf;fj;ij tYg;gLj;j
khjphpiag; ngWk;NghJ nghUj;jkhd khjphp Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
 neUf;fkhd Nfs;tpfs;: %ba-Kbf;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpfs;
Muha;r;rpapd; Nehf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;j Nfs;tpfs; msThPjpapyhd juTfis Nrfhpf;f
cjTfpd;wd> vdNt> msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy;
tphpthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 Ke;ija Ma;Tfs;: gjpyspj;jtHfsplkpUe;J
fUj;Jf;fisr; Nrfhpg;gjw;F Kd; Muha;r;rp jiyg;G
njhlHghd gy;NtW fhuzpfs; Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
 msThPjpapyhd juT: tof;fkhf> msThPjpapyhd juT
ml;ltizfs;> tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> tiuglq;fs; my;yJ
NtW ve;j vz; my;yhj tbtj;jhy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,J Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l juitg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;tijAk; re;ij

23 r. jdtjp
Muha;r;rpapd; Vw;glikia ep&gpg;gijAk;
vspjhf;FfpwJ.
 KbTfspd; nghJikg;gLj;jy;: Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd
nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffis vLf;f ,e;j Muha;r;rp
Kiwapd; KbTfis KO kf;fSf;Fk;
nghJikg;gLj;jyhk;.
1.6. msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpAld; njhlHGila Muha;r;rp
tbtikg;Gfs; (Research Designs Associated with
Quantitative Research)
Muha;r;rp nray;ghl;bd; gbfis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ
NghjhJ. NkYk; xt;nthU mbapYk; msThPjpapyhd
eilKiwfs; NtWgLfpd;wd. Muha;r;rp tbtikg;Gfs;
vd;gJ Muha;r;rp nray;ghl;by; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l
eilKiwfis juT Nrfhpg;G> juT gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;
mwpf;if vOJjiyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1.6.1. fzf;nfLg;G tbtikg;Gfs; (Survey Designs)
ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs; fzf;nfLg;Gfis gw;wp
mwpe;jpUg;ghH. thf;fhsHfshf fUj;Jf;fisg;
gjpTnra;tjw;Fk;> EfHNthH jahhpg;Gfspd; xg;Gjiyg; gjpT
nra;tjw;Fk;> NjHjy; Ntl;ghsHfisg; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis
mstpLtjw;Fk; ehk;; ngUk;ghYk; fzf;nfLg;Gfisg;
ngWfpNwhk;. gyUf;F> fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rp vd;gJ xU
Nfs;tpj;jhs; my;yJ NeHfhzy; Nghd;W “fzf;nfLg;G" xU
vspa fUtpahFk;. fy;tp Muha;r;rpapy; xU fUtpiag;
gad;gLj;Jk; egHfis ehk; “fzf;nfLg;G" nra;jhYk;>
fzf;nfLg;G tbtikg;Gfspy; xU gue;j eilKiwapd;
xNu xU mk;rk; kl;LNk fUtp MFk;. ,e;j gphpT
fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpia tiuaWf;fpwJ. Muha;r;rpahsH
mijg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ kw;Wk; mJ vt;thW tsHe;jJ
vd;gij milahsk; fhzTk;> mjd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfis
kjpg;gpLfpwJ. NkYk; ,e;j tbtikg;ig elj;Jtjw;Fk;
kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fkhd eltbf;iffis Kd;Ndw;WfpwJ.
fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rp (Survey Research)
,jd; gy gad;ghLfSld;> fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rp
vd;gJ fy;tpapy; gpugykhd tbtikg;ghFk;. fzf;nfLg;G
Muha;r;rp tbtikg;Gfs; vd;gJ msThPjpapyhd

24
r. jdtjp
Muha;r;rpapd; eilKiwfshFk;. ,jpy; Ma;thsHfs; xU
khjphpf;F my;yJ KO kf;fs;njhiff;Fk; xU
fzf;nfLg;ig elj;JfpwhHfs;> mit kf;fspd;
mZFKiwfs;> fUj;Jfs;> elj;ijfs; my;yJ gz;Gfis
tpthpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j eilKiwapy;> fzf;nfLg;G
Ma;thsHfs; Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs; (v.fh.> mQ;ry;
tpdhj;jhs;fs;) my;yJ NeHfhzy;fis (v.fh.>
xUtUf;nfhUtH NeHfhzy;fs;) gad;gLj;jp msThPjpapyhd
juit Nrfhpj;J> Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpy;fisg; gw;wpa
Nghf;Ffis tpthpf;fTk;> Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ
fUJNfhs;fis Nrhjpf;fTk; juTfis Gs;spapay;hpjpahf
gFg;gha;T nra;fpd;wdH. Gs;sptptu Nrhjidapd;
KbTfis fle;j Muha;r;rp Ma;TfSld;
njhlHGgLj;Jtjd; %yk; jutpd; nghUis mit
tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
fzf;nfLg;G tbtikg;Gfs; ghpNrhjid
Muha;r;rpapypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wd. Vnddpy; ,it
Muha;r;rpahsuhy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;F toq;fg;gLk;
rpfpr;irapy; <LglhJ. fzf;nfLg;G Ma;thsHfs;
epiyikfis ghpNrhjid Kiwapy; ifahshjjhy;>
mtHfshy; fhuzj;ijAk;, tpisitAk; tpsf;f KbahJ.
Mdhy; ghpNrhjid Muha;r;rpahsHfshy; tpsf;f KbAk;.
mjw;F gjpyhf> fzf;nfLg;G Ma;Tfs; fLikahd
tpsf;fq;fis toq;Ftij tpl juTfspd; Nghf;Ffis
tpthpf;fpd;wd. fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rp xl;LwT
tbtikg;GfSld; kpfTk; nghJthdJ. fzf;nfLg;G
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; ngUk;ghYk; khwpypfis
xl;LwTgLj;JfpwhHfs;> Mdhy; mtHfspd; ftdk; xU
kf;fs;njhifiag; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk;> khwpypfis
xl;LwT nfhs;tjw;Fk; my;yJ tpisTfis fzpg;gjw;Fk;
FiwthfNt nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ. mNjNghy; xl;LwT
Muha;r;rpapy; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwhHfs;.
Muha;r;rpahsUf;fhd fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpapd; gad;ghL
(Use of Survey Research for Researcher)
gs;spAld; ,ize;j rpf;fy;fspy; r%f Mjhuq;fs;
my;yJ khztH rPuhd nfhs;iffisf; fl;lhag;gLj;Jjy;
Fwpj;J khepy my;yJ Njrpa Nghf;Ffs; Nghd;w

25 r. jdtjp
Nghf;Ffis tpthpf;f Muha;r;rpahsH fzf;nfLg;G
Muha;r;rpiag; gad;gLj;JfpwhH. nfhs;if rpf;fy;fisg;
gw;wpa jdpg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fisj; jPHkhdpf;f Muha;r;rpahsH
fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpiag; gad;gLj;JfpwhH. mjhtJ
khztHfs; gs;spfSf;Fr; nry;y mtHfspd; tpUg;gk;
Njitah vd;gJ Nghd;wtw;iw neUq;fpa cwTfspy;
jtwhd elj;ijfis cUthf;FtJ Fwpj;J fy;Y}hp
khztHfspd; ek;gpf;iffs; Nghd;w jdpegHfspd;
Kf;fpakhd ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; mZFKiwfis
milahsk; fhz Ma;Tfs; cjTfpd;wd. fy;Y}hpapy;
fy;tp fw;W 5> 10 my;yJ 15 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF
gl;ljhhpfspd; jw;Nghija tho;f;ifia gpd;njhlHtjw;F
mtHfSf;F gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. mwptpay; fy;tpapy; xU
Nuhghl;bf;]; jpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wp Nghd;wit gs;spfspy;
jpl;lq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F fzf;nfLg;Gfs; gaDs;s
jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpapd; tsHr;rp (Development of Survey
Research)
fzf;nfLg;G gy Mz;Lfshf fy;tpapy; gutyhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Muk;gfhy fzf;nfLg;G 1817Mk;
Mz;bypUe;J> khHf; md;Nlhapd; [{y;ypad; b ghhp]; (Marc
Antoine Jullien de Paris) Njrpa fy;tp Kiwfs; gw;wp 34
gf;f rHtNjr fzf;nfLg;ig tbtikj;jhH (b Nyz;l;PH>
1988). 1890fspy;> [p.];lhd;yp `hy; (G. Stanley Hall)
Foe;ijfis fzf;nfLj;jhH. 1907,y;> gpl;];gHf; r%f
gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa fzf;nfLg;G> gs;sp fl;blq;fSf;fhd
fy;tpapay; jpl;lkply; Kjy; tFg;giwfspy; cs;s
nkJthf fw;Fk; Foe;ijfspd; gpur;rpidfs; tiuapyhd
fy;tpg; gpur;rpidfs; cl;gl (Nghf;ld; & gpf;yd;> 1998)
Ma;T nra;jJ.
Kjyhk; cyfg; NghhpypUe;J ,uz;lhk; cyfg; NghH
tiuapyhd fhyfl;lj;jpy;> etPd fzf;nfLg;G ekf;Fj;
njhpe;jgb ntsptuj; njhlq;fpaJ. khjphpf;$W El;gq;fspd;;
Nkk;ghLfs; kw;Wk; mstPLfspd; ntt;NtW msTNfhypd;
tsHr;rp mjd; tsHr;rpf;F gq;fspj;j fhuzpfs; MFk;.
re;ij Muha;r;rp> gj;jphpif> nghJf;fUj;J Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;
epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; njhz;L epWtdq;fs; cs;spl;l gy

26
r. jdtjp
r%f mwptpay; Jiwfspy; Ma;Tfs; gutyhd
gad;ghl;ilf; fz;lwpe;jd (epa+kd;> 2000).
,ilf;fhyj;jpw;Fs; mnkhpf;f Ntshz;ikj; Jiwapy;
Ma;Tfs; %yk; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l Nfs;tpfis mikf;f
Kaw;rpfs; ele;J tUfpd;wd. ypfHl; (Likert) msTNfhy;
tsHr;rpapd; %yk; msTNfhy;fs; Nkk;gl;ld (v.fh.>
cWjpahf xg;Gf;nfhs;fpNwd; vd;gjpypUe;J cWjpahf
xg;Gf;nfhs;stpy;iy tiu). NkYk;> njspthd Nfs;tpfis
vOJtjw;Fk;> NeHfhzy; Nfs;tpfis jug;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;>
NeHfhzy; nra;gtHfSf;F gapw;rp mspg;gjw;Fk;> kw;Wk;
NeHfhzy; nra;gtHfspilNa epiyj;jd;ikia
rhpghHf;fTk; topfhl;Ljy;fs; vOjg;gl;ld (/NghyH> 2009).
fzf;nfLg;G tbtikg;Gfspd; tiffs; (Types of Survey
Designs)
fzf;nfLg;Gfspd; gad;ghLfs; gy ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>
,d;W ,U mbg;gil tifahd FWf;F ntl;L kw;Wk;
ePskhd Muha;r;rp Ma;Tfs; kl;LNk cs;sd. jw;Nghija
mZFKiwfs;> fUj;Jfs; my;yJ ek;gpf;iffs; gw;wpa
juTfis Nrfhpf;f fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpahsHfs; FWf;F
ntl;L tbtikg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
jdpegHfis Muha ePskhd tbtikg;Gfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
1. FWf;F ntl;L Ma;T tbtikg;Gfs; (Cross-Sectional
Survey Designs)
fy;tpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzf;nfLg;G tbtikg;gpd;
kpfTk; gpugykhd tbtk; xU FWf;F ntl;L fzf;nfLg;G
tbtikg;G MFk;. xU FWf;F ntl;L Ma;T tbtikg;gpy;>
Muha;r;rpahsH xU fl;lj;jpy; juit Nrfhpf;fpwhH.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> eLepiyg; gs;sp Foe;ijfs; Nfyp
nra;tJ Fwpj;j xU fzf;nfLg;ig Kbf;Fk;NghJ>
mtHfspd; jw;Nghija ghHitfisg; gw;wpa juitg; gjpT
nra;fpwhHfs;. ,e;j tbtikg;G jw;Nghija kdg;ghd;ik
my;yJ gapw;rpfis mstpLtjd; ed;ikiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. fzf;nfLg;ig mikf;f Njitahd Neuk;
kw;Wk; jfty;fisr; Nrfhpg;gJ Nghd;W xU FWfpa
fhyj;jpYk; ,J jfty;fis toq;FfpwJ.

27 r. jdtjp
FWf;F ntl;L tbtikg;Gfs; gy tiffisf; nfhz;L
cs;sJ. xU FWf;F ntl;L Ma;T jw;Nghija
kdg;ghd;ikfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> fUj;Jfs; my;yJ
gapw;rpfis Muhayhk;. kdg;ghd;ikfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;
kw;Wk; fUj;Jfs;, jdpegHfspd; gpur;rpidfisg; gw;wp
rpe;jpf;Fk; topfshFk;. mNjrkak; gapw;rpfs; mth;fspd;
cz;ikahd elj;ijfs; MFk;. cjhuzkhf> %d;W
Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; njhlf;fg; gs;spfspy; thrpf;Fk;
MrphpaHfspd; gapw;rpfs; Fwpj;J xU fzf;nfLg;ig
elj;jpdH. njhlf;f MrphpaHfspd; jdpg;gl;l> nghOJNghf;F
thrpg;ig mtHfspd; fy;tpawpT fw;gpj;jy; gapw;rpfSld;
njhlHGgLj;JtNj Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk; MFk;. ehL KOtJk;
njhlf;f MrphpaHfspd; gl;baiyg; gad;gLj;jp>
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; 3>600 Nfs;tpj;jhs;fis xU epfo;jfT
khjphpf;F mDg;gpdH. ,e;j khjphpapy;> ghypdk;> taJ
kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; mDgtk; Nghd;w Gs;sptptu jfty;fisf;
Nfl;Fk; gy fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l ehd;F gf;f
tpdhj;jhspy; 21 Nfs;tpfSf;F 52.3% NgH gjpyspj;jdH.
xl;Lnkhj;jkhf> Muha;r;rpahsHfs; jq;fis thrfHfshfg;
ghHj;j MrphpaHfs; jq;fis thrfHfshfg; ghHf;fhj
MrphpaHfis tpl ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l fy;tpawpT fw;gpj;jy;
gapw;rpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk; vd;W
KbT nra;jdH.
2. ePskhd fzf;nfLg;G tbtikg;Gfs; (Longitudinal
Survey Designs)
FWf;F ntl;L tbtikg;igg; gad;gLj;JtjpypUe;J xU
khWgl;l> xU ePz;l fhy Ma;T tbtikg;igg; gad;gLj;jp
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; juT Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. xU ePskhd
fzf;nfLg;G tbtikg;gpy; xNu kf;fs;njhifia nfhz;l
Nghf;Ffs;> xU $l;L FO my;yJ Jiz
kf;fs;njhifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; my;yJ
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mNj egHfspd; xU ty;YeH FOtpy;
Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa juTfis Nrfhpf;Fk;
fzf;nfLg;G nray;Kiw mlq;Fk;. vdNt> ePskhd
tbtikg;Gfspy;> gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; NtWgl;ltHfshfNth
my;yJ xNu egHfshfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. mNj egHfspd;

28
r. jdtjp
Ma;Tf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L caHepiyg; gs;sp khzth;fs;
gl;ljhhp; gl;lk; ngw;w gpwF mtHfspd; jw;Nghija njhopy;
1> 2> kw;Wk; 5 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF nra;ag;gLk; Muha;r;rp
MFk;. xU ePskhd tbtikg;gpw;F kw;nwhU vLj;Jf;fhl;L>
xU jpl;lk; my;yJ gs;spapy; khzth;fis njhlHe;J
mtHfspd; fy;tp mDgtq;fisg; gw;wpa mtHfspd;
fUj;Jfis Muha;tJ MFk;. fy;tpapay;
Muha;r;rpahsHfSf;F Nghf;F> xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; FO
tbtikg;Gfs; cl;gl gy tifahd ePskhd
tbtikg;Gfs; cs;sd.
(i) Nghf;F Ma;Tfs; (Trend Studies)
rpy fzf;nfLg;Gfspy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpapy;
rpy nghJ kf;fspilNa Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis Ma;T
nra;tij Muha;r;rpahsHfs; Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sdH.
ePskhd Muha;r;rpapd; ,e;j tbtk; xU Nghf;F Ma;T vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. Nghf;F Ma;Tfs; vd;gJ xU
kf;fs;njhifia milahsk; fhz;gJ kw;Wk;
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; me;j kf;fs;njhifapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis
Muha;tJ Mfpait mlq;Fk;. ,e;j tbtikg;gpd; xU
gpugykhd vLj;Jf;fhl;L fhYg; Nghy; (Gallhp Poll) MFk;.
,J NjHjy;fspd; NghJ Kjd;ik Kjy; ,Wjpj; NjHjy;
tiu thf;fhsHfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; Vw;gLk; Nghf;Ffisf;
fz;fhzpf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. fy;tpf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;
tifapy;> ,e;j tif Ma;T caHepiyg; gs;sp %j;jtHfs;
(xU kf;fs; njhif) kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jyhk; kw;Wk; 2001>
2002 kw;Wk; 2003 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; Nll;bq; Fwpj;j
mtHfspd; kdg;ghd;ikfspd; Nghf;Ffis Muhayhk;. ,e;j
Ma;tpy;> xt;nthU Mz;Lk; ntt;NtW %j;jtHfs; Ma;T
nra;ag;gLfpwhHfs;. Mdhy; mtHfs; midtUk; xNu
kf;fs; njhFjpiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wdH (caHepiyg; gs;sp
%j;jtHfs;). fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Nghf;Ffs; vt;thW khWfpd;wd
vd;gij kjpg;gpLtjw;F Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;jj; juitg;
gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
(ii) $l;LwT Ma;Tfs; (Cohort Studies)

29 r. jdtjp
xU kf;fs;njhifapy; khwptUk; Nghf;Ffis
Ma;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf> kf;fs; njhifapy; xU
Jizf;FOit milahsk; fhz;gjpy; Muha;r;rpahsH
MHtk; fhl;lf;$Lk;. ,J xU nghJthd tiuaWf;Fk;
jd;ikiaf; nfhz;l xU $l;LwT vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
xU $l;LwT Ma;T vd;gJ xU ePskhd fzf;nfLg;G
tbtikg;ghFk;. ,jpy; xU Muha;r;rpahsH rpy Fwpg;gpl;l
gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; xU Jiz kf;fs;njhifia
milahsk; fz;L gpd;dH fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Jiz
kf;fs;njhifia Ma;T nra;fpwhH. 2001 Mk; Mz;by; 18
taJ g+Hj;jpnra;jy; Nghd;w nghJthd Fzhjpraj;ij
midj;J cWg;gpdHfSk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. taJ
vd;gJ me;j gz;G vd;why;> Muha;r;rpahsH FOit FO
tajpduhf Muha;fpwhH. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> 18 taJ
rpWtHfisf; nfhz;l xU $l;Lf; FO 2001 Mk; Mz;by;
Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ. Ie;J Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF 2006,y;>
23 taJila xU FO Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ. mtHfs;
2001,y; gbj;j mNj egHfshf ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ
,y;yhky; ,Uf;fyhk;. mjw;F Ie;J Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF
2011,y;> 28 taJila xU FO Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
xt;nthU KiwAk; Muha;e;j egHfs; tpj;jpahrkhf
,Uf;Fk;NghJ> $l;Lf; FOtpd; gpujpepjpfshf jFjp ngw
mtHfs; 2001 Mk; Mz;by; 18 tajpduhf ,Ue;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(iii) FO Ma;Tfs; (Panel Studies)
ePskhd fzf;nfLg;G tbtikg;gpd; %d;whtJ tif
FO Ma;T tbtikg;G MFk;. Nghf;F kw;Wk; $l;LwT
Ma;T ,uz;bypUe;Jk; NtWgl;lJ. xU FO Ma;T vd;gJ
xU ePskhd fzf;nfLg;G tbtikg;ghFk;. ,jpy;
Muha;r;rpahsH fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mNj egHfis Muha;fpwhH.
1998,y; gbj;j caHepiyg; gs;sp %j;jtHfs; 2002Mk;
Mz;by; gl;lg;gbg;gpw;Fg; gpwF 1 tUlk; gbj;jtHfshfTk;>
kPz;Lk; 2003Mk; Mz;by; gl;lg;gbg;G Kbj;jg; gpwF 2
tUlq;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghHfs;. xU FO tbtikg;gpd; xU
jPik vd;dntd;why;> jdpegHfisf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ fbdk;.
Fwpg;ghf caHepiyg; gs;spapy; ,Ue;J gl;lk; ngw;w 2
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF. vt;thwhapDk;> ,e;j tif Ma;tpd;

30
r. jdtjp
ed;ik vd;dntd;why;> xt;nthU KiwAk; Muha;e;j
egHfs; xNu khjphpahf ,Ug;ghHfs;. Fwpg;gpl;l egHfspy;
cz;ikahd khw;wq;fisj; jPHkhdpf;f Muha;r;rpahsiu
mDkjpf;fpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf> %d;W ePskhd
tbtikg;Gfspy; FO Ma;T kpfTk; fLikahdJ.
fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpapd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; (The Key
Characteristics of Survey Research)
xU fzf;nfLg;G tbtikg;ghdJ ePskhd my;yJ
FWf;F ntl;L vd;whYk;> ,uz;bd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs;
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F xU fzf;nfLg;ig tbtikf;f cjTk;
my;yJ ntspaplg;gl;l fzf;nfLg;G Ma;it Muha;e;J
kjpg;gPL nra;a cjTk;. fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
,jd; nray;Kiwfspy; <LgLfpd;wdH:
 kf;fs;njhifapypUe;J khjphpf;$W
 Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs; my;yJ NeHfhzy;fs; %yk;
juit Nrfhpj;jy;
 juT Nrfhpg;Gf;fhd fUtpfis tbtikj;jy;
 mjpf kWnkhop tpfpjj;ijg; ngWjy;
kf;fs;njhifapypUe;J khjphpf;$W
fzf;nfLg;G Ma;thsHfs; nghJthf xU
kf;fs;njhifapypUe;J xU khjphpiaj; NjHe;njLj;J Ma;T
nra;fpwhHfs; kw;Wk; khjphpapypUe;J kf;fs;njhiff;F
KbTfis nghJikg;gLj;JfpwhHfs;. ehk; Kjypy; kf;fs;
njhif> ,yf;F kf;fs; njhif my;yJ khjphpf;$W
rl;lfk; kw;Wk; khjphp vd;w %d;W nrhw;fis tiuaWf;f
Ntz;Lk;. gue;j kl;lj;jpy; kf;fs; njhifahdJ cs;sJ.
,jpy; xU jdpegHfspd; FO> kw;w FOf;fsplkpUe;J
NtWgLk; xU gz;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
caHepiyg; gs;sp MrphpaHfs;> caHepiyg; gs;spfspy;
fw;gpf;Fk; egHfs; my;yJ gs;sp MNyhrfHfs;> fy;tpapay;
gs;spfspd; midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; MNyhrfH gjtpfis
tfpf;Fk; egHfs; MfpNahuhy; Md xU kf;fs; njhif
ek;kplk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,d;Dk; Fwpg;gpl;l kl;lj;jpy;>
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; vg;NghJNk xU KO kf;fs;njhifia
Muha;tjpy;iy. Vnddpy; mtHfs; jdpegHfis
milahsk; fhz KbahJ my;yJ ngaHfspd; gl;baiyg;

31 r. jdtjp
ngw KbahJ vd;gjhy; Nfs;tpj;jhis mDg;Gk;NghJ
gl;bay;fis gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdH. eilKiwapy;>
nray;ghl;L nrhw;fspy;> Muha;r;rpahsHfs; xU ,yf;F
kf;fs; njhifia (rpy Neuq;fspy; khjphpf;$W rl;lfk;
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ) Muha;fpd;wdH. xU Muha;r;rpahsH
cz;ikapy; ngwf;$ba xU kf;fs;njhifapy;
jdpegHfspd; gl;bay; my;yJ gjpT MFk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU khtl;l gs;spfspy; cs;s midj;J
Nky;epiyg;gs;sp MrphpaHfspd; gl;baiyAk;
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; ngwyhk;. ,e;j gl;bay; ,yf;F kf;fs;
njhif my;yJ khjphpf;$W rl;lfj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.
,yf;F kf;fs; njhifapypUe;J> Muha;r;rpahsHfs; xU
khjphpiaj; NjHT nra;fpwhHfs;. kpfTk; Fwpg;gpl;l
kl;lj;jpy;> Muha;r;rpahsHfs; ,yf;F kf;fs;
njhifapypUe;J xU khjphpiaj; NjHe;njLf;fpd;wdH. ,e;j
jdpegHfs; kf;fspd; Ma;thsHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdH.
Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; NeHfhzy;fs;
gytpjkhd fzf;nfLg;G gbtq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk;>
fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpahsHfs; nghJthf ,uz;L
mbg;gil gbtq;fshd Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk;
NeHfhzy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp juit Nrfhpf;fpd;wdH.
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; gbtq;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L
xt;nthd;wpd; ed;ikfisAk; jPikfisAk; vilNghl
Ntz;Lk;. fUtpapd; juit ahH g+Hj;jp nra;fpwhHfs;
my;yJ gjpT nra;fpwhHfs;> gq;Nfw;ghsHfsh
(gjpyspj;jtHfs; my;yJ NeHfhzy; nra;gtHfs; vd
miof;fg;gLgtH) my;yJ Muha;r;rpahsHfsh vd;gij
Muha;tjd; %yk; Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j gbtq;fis
NtWgLj;jp mwpayhk;. xU Nfs;tpj;jhs; vd;gJ xU
fzf;nfLg;G tbtikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU gbtkhFk;.
,ij xU Ma;tpy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; Kbj;J
Muha;r;rpahshplk; jpUg;gp nfhLf;fpd;wdH. gq;Nfw;ghsH
Nfs;tpfSf;fhd gjpy;fisj; NjHTnra;J mbg;gilahd
jdpg;gl;l my;yJ Gs;sptptu jfty;fis toq;FfpwhH.
,Ug;gpDk;> xU NeHfhzy; fzf;nfLg;G> Ma;tpy;
gq;Nfw;ghsH toq;fpa gjpy;fis Muha;r;rpahsH gjpT
nra;Ak; xU gbtkhFk;. xU NeHfhzy; topfhl;bapypUe;J
Muha;r;rpahsH gjpy;fSf;fhf xU Nfs;tpiaf; Nfl;fpwhH

32
r. jdtjp
my;yJ elj;ijia cw;WNehf;FfpwhH kw;Wk;
fzf;nfLg;gpy; gjpy;fisg; gjpT nra;fpwhH. msThPjpahd
NeHfhzy; eilKiwfs;> juhPjpapyhd NeHfhzYld;
Fog;gkilaf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhf ,q;F
fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpwJ. msThPjpapyhd fzf;nfLg;G
NeHfhzy;fspy;> Gydha;thsH ngUk;ghYk; %ba-
Kbf;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpfisf; nfhz;l xU fl;likg;G my;yJ
miu fl;likg;G NeHfhziyg; gad;gLj;JfpwhH. NeHfhzy;
nra;gtHfSf;F gjpyspg;G tpUg;gq;fis toq;FfpwhH.
NkYk; mtHfspd; gjpy;fis gjpT nra;fpwhH. juhPjpapyhd
fzf;nfLg;G NeHfhzy;fspy;> xU NeHfhzy; nra;gtH
gjpyspg;G tpUg;gq;fs; ,y;yhky; jpwe;j Nfs;tpfisf;
Nfl;fpwhH kw;Wk; NeHKfj; NjHthshpd; fUj;Jfisf; Nfl;L
gjpTnra;fpwhH.
msThPjpapyhd fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpapy; gy;NtW
tifahd Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; NeHfhzy;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fy;tpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kf;fpa
tiffis ,q;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. mitfshtd:
 mQ;ry; tpdhj;jhs;fs;
 ,iza mbg;gilapyhd Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs;
 xUtUf;nfhUtH NeHfhzy;fs;
 ftd FO NeHfhzy;fs;
 njhiyNgrp NeHfhzy;fs;
fUtp tbtikg;G
ey;y fzf;nfLg;G fUtpfis tbtikg;gJ vd;gJ xU
rthyhd kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd nray;KiwahFk;. mtw;wpd;
khwpypfis mstpl xU fzf;nfLg;G fUtp ,Uf;fpwjh
vd;gij Muha;r;rpahsH Kjypy; ghprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; fUtpia khw;wp mikg;gijAk;
Muha;r;rpahsH ghprPypf;fyhk;. ,e;j mZFKiwfs; vJTk;
xj;Jtutpy;iy vd;why;> mtHfshfNt fUtpia
tbtikf;fyhk;.
kWnkhop tpfpjk;
fzf;nfLg;G Ma;thsHfs; xU Ma;tpy;
gq;Nfw;ghsHfsplkpUe;J mjpf kWnkhop tpfpjq;fis
ehLfpd;wdH. ,jd; %yk; Ma;tpy; cs;s KO kf;fs;

33 r. jdtjp
njhFjpapd; KbTfis nghJikg;gLj;Jtjpy; mtHfs;
ek;gpf;if itj;jpUf;f KbAk;. NeHfhzy;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ> kWnkhop tpfpjk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ>
Vnddpy; NeHfhzy; nra;ag;gl;l egHfs; nghJthf
NeHfhzYf;F Kd;$l;bNa xg;Gf;nfhs;fpwhHfs;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ> te;j gjpy;fspd;
vz;zpf;if mQ;ry; %yk; my;yJ kpd;dZ Kiwapy;
khWgLk;. ,uz;bYk;> fzf;nfLg;G Ma;thsHfs; jq;fs;
Nfs;tpj;jhs; my;yJ NeHfhzYf;F mjpf gjpyspg;G
tPjj;ijg; ngWtjw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fpd;wdH. jpUg;gp
mDg;gg;gl;l fUtpfspy;> jpUk;gp te;j gjpy;fs;
gf;fr;rhHghdjh vd;gJ gw;wpAk; fzf;nfLg;G
Muha;r;rpahsH ftiyg;gLfpwhH. fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpapy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba kw;Wk; xU rpwpa tpfpjk;$l
rhHGilajhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. kWnkhop tpfpjk;
Kf;fpakhdJ vd;whYk;> gjpy;fspd; tpfpjj;ijtpl rhHG
xU nghpa ftiyahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Vnddpy; jpUk;gpa
gjpy;fs; gf;fr;rhHghf ,Ue;jhy;> jpUk;gpa tpfpjj;ijg;
nghUj;J juTj;jsk; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;fhJ.
1.6.4. fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpia elj;Jtjw;fhd gbfs;
fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpia elj;Jtjw;fhd nray;Kiwg;
gbfs; Muha;r;rpapd; nghJthd nray;Kiwiag;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. vt;thwhapDk;> fzf;nfLg;G gbfs;
Kjd;ikahf juTfis Nrfhpj;jy;> juit gFg;gha;T
nra;jy; kw;Wk; ,Wjp mwpf;ifia vOJtjw;fhd
eilKiwfis eptHj;jp nra;fpd;wd.
gb 1. xU fzf;nfLg;G gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Vw;w rpwe;j
tbtikg;G vd;gij KbT nra;jy;
Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F rpwe;j tbtikg;G
fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rp vd;gij Muha;r;rpahsH jPHkhdpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. fzf;nfLg;Gfs; xU kf;fs;njhifapd;
Nghf;Ffis tpthpf;f cjTfpd;wd my;yJ khwpypfSf;F
,ilNaahd cwit tpthpf;f my;yJ FOf;fis xg;gpl
cjTfpd;wd. xU kf;fs; njhifapd; Nghf;Ffs; my;yJ
gz;Gfis kjpg;gpLtjw;F jdpeghpd; kdg;ghd;ikfs;>
fUj;Jfs;> ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfisg; gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F> xU jpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wp my;yJ
nray;jpwid kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;F my;yJ xU r%fj;jpd;

34
r. jdtjp
Njitfis milahsk; fhz;gjw;F fzf;nfLg;Gfs;
kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
fzf;nfLg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; gy ed;ikfs;
cs;sd. Muha;r;rpahsH mtw;iw xU FWfpa fhyj;jpy;
epHtfpf;f KbAk;. mit juT Nrfhpg;Gf;fhd topKiwapy;
rpf;fdkhdit. NkYk; mit xU Gtpapay; hpjpahf
rpjwbf;fg;gl;l kf;fisr; nrd;W mila KbAk;. NkYk;>
Muha;r;rpahsH gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; gjpy;fis rhHG
,y;yhky; RakhfNt uj;J nra;ayhk;. ,Ug;gpDk;>
fzf;nfLg;G juT vd;gJ Ra-mwpf;if jfty;> kf;fs;
vd;d nra;fpwhHfs; vd;gij tpl mtHfs; vd;d
epidf;fpwhHfs; vd;gij kl;LNk mwpf;ifapLfpd;wdH. rpy
Neuq;fspy; gjpyspg;G tpfpjq;fs; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy;>
KbTfspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp Muha;r;rpahsHfshy;
chpik Nfhu KbahJ. Kd;dH Fwpg;gpl;lgb> rhHgw;w kw;Wk;
rhHG khwpypfSf;F ,ilapyhd cwit tpsf;ff;$ba gy
khwpfs; fzf;nfLg;Gfis fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ. NkYk; mit
Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspg;gjpy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;F
nefpo;Tj;jd;ikia toq;fhJ.
gb 2. Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fUJNfhs;fis
milahsk; fhZjy;
xU fzf;nfLg;G tbtikg;gpy; Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs;
kw;Wk; fUJNfhs;fs; ,uz;ilAk; Muha;r;rpahsH jPHf;f
KbAk;. Ma;Tfs; fUJNfhs; Nrhjidf;F jq;fis
fldhff; nfhLf;fpd;wd> Vnddpy; Muha;r;rpahsH xU
kf;fs;njhiff;F mDkhdq;fis vOj xU khjphpia
Muha;thH. Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fUJNfhs;fspd;
gbtq;fshtd:
 Mz; caHepiyg; gs;sp khztHfspilNa Gifapiy
gad;ghl;bd; mjpHntz; Nghd;W kf;fspd; xU kf;fs;
njhFjpapd; gz;Gfs; my;yJ Nghf;Ffis tpthpj;jy;.
 gzpapilapy; fw;wy; ehl;fisg; gw;wpa
kdg;ghd;ikfis cila MrphpaHfs; kw;Wk;
epHthfpfis xg;gpLtJ Nghd;W Fwpg;gpl;l gz;Gfspd;
mbg;gilapy; FOf;fis xg;gpLjy;.
 fw;gpj;jy; Mz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;ifAld; “vhpj;jy;"
njhlHGnfhs;tjw;F MrphpaHfspd; xU fzf;nfLg;G

35 r. jdtjp
Nghd;w ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khwpypfs;
Fwpj;J njhlHG nfhs;Sjy;.
gb 3. kf;fs; njhif> khjphpf;$W rl;lfk; kw;Wk; khjphpia
milahsk; fhZjy;:
fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpapd; nray;Kiw kf;fis
milahsk; fhz;gjpy; njhlq;FfpwJ. ,e;jgb
kf;fs;njhifia tiuaWj;jy;> mjpy; cs;stHfspd;
vz;zpf;ifia jPHkhdpj;jy; kw;Wk; khjphpf;fhf ngaHfspd;
gl;baiy mjhtJ khjphpf;$W rl;lfk; Muha;r;rpahsH ngw
KbAkh vd;gij kjpg;gPL nra;a Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;>
khjphpf;$W vLg;gjw;F Kd; kf;fs;njhifia mLf;fLf;fhf
mikf;f Ntz;bapUf;fyhk;. vdNt kf;fs;njhifapd;
NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l gz;Gfs; (v.fh.> Mz;fs; kw;Wk;
ngz;fs;) khjphpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. Muha;r;rpahsH
jdJ kf;fs; njhifia milahsk; fz;L mjd;
cWg;gpdHfspd; gl;baiyj; njhFj;jTld;> Muha;r;rpahsH
khjphpiaj; NjHe;njLf;fyhk;. rPuw;w khjphp eilKiwfisg;
gad;gLj;j Kd;Dhpikia jahhpf;fyhk;. khjphpf;$W gpio
#j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Muha;r;rpahsH NghJkhd khjphp
msit milahsk; fhz Ntz;Lk;.
gb 4. fzf;nfLg;G tbtikg;G kw;Wk; juT Nrfhpg;G
eilKiwfis jPHkhdpj;jy;
fzf;nfLg;G Ma;thdJ FWf;F ntl;L my;yJ
ePskhdjh vd;gij Muha;r;rpahsH fl;lhakhf jPHkhdpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. xU ePskhd my;yJ FWf;F ntl;L
tbtikg;igg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd KbT> Ma;T
nra;ag;gl;l rpf;fypd; jd;ik> gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;fhd
mZfy; kw;Wk; juT Nrfhpg;Gf;F Muha;r;rpahsHfSf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk; Neuk; Mfpatw;Wld; njhlHGilaJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> gs;spfspy; ,sk; gUtj;jpdhpd; r%f
jpwd;fspd; ePz;lfhy tsHr;rpiag; gw;wp mwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;F fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,sk; gUtj;jpdiug;
gpd;njhlHtJ kw;Wk; juT Nrfhpg;Gf;F tphpthd Neuj;ij
xJf;FtJ mtrpak;. ,jw;F NeHkhwhf> gs;spfspy;
xOf;fj;ijg; gw;wpa ngw;Nwhhpd; kdg;ghd;ikfis
Muha;tJ cldbahfTk; tpiuthfTk; kdghd;ikfis
kjpg;gpLtjw;F xU fl;lj;jpy; xU FWf;F ntl;L Ma;T

36
r. jdtjp
Njitg;gLfpwJ. juT Nrfhpg;G Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs; (mQ;ry;
my;yJ kpd;dZ) my;yJ NeHfhzy;fs; (jdpegH> ftdk;
FO my;yJ njhiyNgrp) mbg;gilapy; mikAkh
vd;gijAk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> xt;nthU gbtj;jpd;
ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; jPikfis vilNghl Ntz;Lk;.
gb 5. xU fUtpia cUthf;Fjy; my;yJ fz;Lgpbj;jy;
xU Ma;tpy; khwpypfis Nrfhpf;f my;yJ mstpl
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F xU fUtp Njit. xU fUtpia
cUthf;Ftij tpl xU fUtpiaf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ vspJ.
ek;gfj;jd;ik kw;Wk; cUthf;fg;gl;l Vw;Gilikapd;
juepiyfs;> Muha;r;rpahsH mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F
Kd;G ,Uf;Fk; fUtpfspd; kjpg;ngz;fSf;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU Ma;T xU rpy khwpypfis
kl;LNk eptHj;jp nra;jhy;> Muha;r;rpahsHfs; jq;fs; nrhe;j
fUtpfis tbtikf;f KbAk;. juT gFg;gha;tpd; NghJ
,e;j fUtpapypUe;J ngw;w kjpg;ngz;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik
kw;Wk; Vw;Gilikf;fhd Nrhjid kpf Kf;fpakhdJ.
gb 6. fUtpia epHtfpj;jy;
fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpapd; ,e;j gb mjpf Neuk;
vLf;Fk; epiyahFk;. fzf;nfLg;ig elj;Jtjw;fhd
mDkjpiag; ngWtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; NeHfhzy;
nra;gtHfSf;F gapw;rp mspg;gJ my;yJ mQ;ry;
mDg;Gtjw;fhd Nfs;tpj;jhs;fisj; jahhpg;gJ Nghd;w
juT Nrfhpg;gjw;fhd eilKiwfisg; gad;gLj;JtJk;
,jpy; mlq;Fk;. mjpf kWnkhoptPjj;ijg; ngWtjw;F
njhlHr;rpahfg; gpd;njhlHtJ> Nfs;tpj;jhs;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; gjpyspg;Gr; rhHgpid rhpghHj;jy; kw;Wk;
fUtpfspy; ,Ue;J jfty;fis fzpdp Nfhg;gpy;
FwpapLtjd; %yk; gFg;gha;tpw;fhd juitj; jahhpj;jy;.
gb 7. Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fUJNfhs;fis
eptHj;jp nra;a juit gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
juT gFg;gha;T eilKiwfshdJ Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs;
my;yJ fUJNfhs;fspd; tiffis gpujpgypf;FkhW
Muha;rpahsHfs; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;. gFg;gha;T vd;gJ
kWnkhop tpfpjq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtJ> kWnkhop rhHGfisr;
rhpghHg;gJ> midj;J Nfs;tpfspd; tpsf;fkhd gFg;gha;it

37 r. jdtjp
elj;Jjy;> gpd;dH tpsf;fkhd Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspj;jy;
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mDkhd Gs;spay;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Nrhjid fUJNfhs;fs; my;yJ Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpfSk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
gb 8. mwpf;if vOJjy;
xU mwpKfk;> rhHgpyf;fpaj;jpd; kPsha;T> Kiwfs;>
KbTfs; kw;Wk; fye;Jiuahly; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l
xU epiyahd msThPjpapyhd fl;likg;igg; gad;gLj;jp
Muha;r;rpahsH fzf;nfLg;G Ma;it vOj Ntz;Lk;.
fzf;nfLg;G eilKiwfs; gw;wpa tphpthd jfty;fis
“Ma;tpd; Kiwfs;" gphptpy; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. kf;fs;
njhifapd; KbTfis nghJkakhf;fy; gw;wp
“fye;Jiuahly;" gphptpy; cs;s fUj;Jf;fNshL NrHf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
1.6.5. fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rpia kjpg;gpLjy;
NeHfhzy;fs; my;yJ mQ;ry; tpdhj;jhs;fis
Muha;r;rp nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> fzf;nfLg;G Ma;Tfs; juj;jpd;
caH juj;ij g+Hj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Muha;r;rpahsH xU
fzf;nfLg;ig elj;j jpl;lkpl;lhy;> Muha;r;rpahsH jq;fs;
Ma;tpy; xU “Kiwfs;" gFjpia tbtikj;J vOj
Ntz;Lk;> mJ tphpthd fzf;nfLg;G Muha;r;rp
eilKiwfis ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
fzf;nfLg;GfspypUe;J fpilj;j KbTfis thrpf;f
kw;Wk; gad;gLj;Jk; fy;tpahsHfSf;fhf> xU fzf;nfLg;G
tbtikg;gpy; NrHf;f Ntz;ba $Wfspd; xU rhpghHg;G
gl;bay; xU ntspaplg;gl;l Ma;tpy; Njl mbg;gil
jfty;fis toq;f KbAk;. jukhd msTNfhy;fspd;
gpd;tUk; rhpghHg;G gl;bay; /NghyH (2009) kw;Wk; epa+kd;
(2000) Mfpatw;wpypUe;J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;Wk;
khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpa fUj;Jfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ. Muha;r;rpahsH:
 ,yf;F kf;fs; njhif kw;Wk; khjphpia
tpthpf;fpwhH kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
 khjphp vt;thW ngwg;gl;lJ vd;gij milahsk;
fhl;LfpwhH (v.fh. rPuhd khjphp, rPuw;w khjphp).

38
r. jdtjp
 khjphpapd; msT kw;Wk; khjphp msitg;
ngWtjw;fhd topKiwfisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fpwhH.
 Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fUJNfhs;fSld;
nghUe;jf;$ba xU tif fzf;nfLg;ig (mjhtJ>
ePskhd my;yJ FWf;F ntl;L) gad;gLj;JfpwhH.
 juT Nrfhpg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfs; kw;Wk;
mit vt;thW NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ld vd;gij
njspthf milahsk; fhl;LfpwhH.
 Nfs;tpj;jhs; my;yJ NeHfhzypd; fle;jfhy
gad;ghLfspypUe;J kjpg;ngz;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ik
kw;Wk; Vw;Gilikjd;ik gw;wpa jfty;fis
mwpf;ifapLfpwhH.
 fUtpfis epHtfpg;gjw;fhd eilKiwfisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fpwhH.
 xU nghpa jpUk;Gk; tpfpjk; kw;Wk; gjpyspg;G rhHG
,y;yhik Mfpatw;iw cWjpg;gLj;j nghUj;jkhd
gpd;njhlHjy; eilKiwfis Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
 Nfs;tpj;jhs; my;yJ NeHfhzypy; cs;s
Nfs;tpfSf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;il toq;FfpwhH.
 Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfs; my;yJ fUJNfhs;fSf;F
gjpyspf;f juT gFg;gha;T eilKiwfisg;
gad;gLj;JfpwhH.
 Ma;it mwpthHe;j topapy; vOJfpwhH (mjhtJ>
xU epiyahd fl;likg;igg; gpd;gw;WfpwhH) kw;Wk;
rhj;jpakhd newpKiw rpf;fy;fis milahsk;
fhZfpwhH.
1.6.2. xl;LwT tbtikg;Gfs; (Correlational Designs)
rpy Ma;Tfspy;> Muha;r;rpahsUf;F xU jiyaPl;il
toq;fNth my;yJ jdpegHfis FOf;fSf;F xJf;fNth
Kbahky; Nghfyhk;. NkYk;> nray;ghLfs; my;yJ
nghUl;fspd; jhf;fj;ij Nrhjpg;gij tpl xd;W my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khwpypfspd; njhlHG my;yJ cwit
Muha;tjpy; Muha;r;rpahsH mjpf ftdk; nrYj;JfpwhH.
xl;LwT tbtikg;Gfs; vd;gJ msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd;

39 r. jdtjp
eilKiwfspy; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khwpypfs;
,ilNaahd njhlHG msit my;yJ cwit
Ma;thsHfs; xl;LwT gFg;gha;tpd; Gs;spapay;
eilKiwiag; gad;gLj;jp mstpLfpd;wdH. ,e;j vz;zpd;
msT> xU vz;zhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J ,uz;L
khwpypfs; njhlHGilajh my;yJ ,d;ndhd;iwf; fzpf;f
KbAkh vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,ij epiwNtw;w> xU
ghpNrhjidiag; Nghy ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
FOf;fisf; fhl;bYk; jdpegHfspd; xU FOit
Muha;r;rpahsH Ma;T nra;fpwhH.
fy;tpapay; Muha;r;rpapy;> mtw;wpd; Nehf;fk; xU
ghpNrhjidiag; NghyNt rhHgw;w khwpiaf;
ifahStjw;Fg; gjpyhf khwpfs; njhlHGnfhs;tjhf
,Uf;fyhk;. mg;gbahdhy;> mtw;wpd; tbtikg;G xl;LwT
Muha;r;rp MFk;. ,J xU ghpNrhjidiag; Nghy
fLikahdjy;y vd;whYk;> Muha;r;rpahsH khwpypfs;
njhlHghd my;yJ tpisTfis fzpf;f ,ijg;
gad;gLj;j KbAk;. ,e;jg; gphpT xl;LwT Muha;r;rpia
tiuaWf;fpwJ. Muha;r;rpahsH mijg; gad;gLj;Jk;
nghOJ milahsk; fhZjy;> mjd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfis
kjpg;gpLjy;, NkYk; ,e;j tbtikg;ig Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;
kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fk; gbfis Kd;dNu $WfpwJ.
xl;LwT Muha;r;rp (Correlational Research)
xl;LwT tbtikg;Gfs; Muha;r;rpahsUf;F
kjpg;ngz;fisf; fzpg;gjw;Fk; khwpfs; ,ilNaahd
cwit tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; xU tha;g;ig toq;FfpwJ. xl;LwT
Muha;r;rp tbtikg;Gfspy;> Ma;thsHfs; ,uz;L my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khwpypfs; my;yJ kjpg;ngz;fspd;
njhFg;GfSf;fpilNaahd msit my;yJ njhlHig
tpthpf;fTk; mstplTk; xl;LwT Gs;spapay; NjHit
gad;gLj;Jfpd;whH. ,e;j tbtikg;gpy;> Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
xU ghpNrhjidiag; Nghy khwpypfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jNth
my;yJ ifahsNth Kaw;rpf;ftpy;iy. mjw;F gjpyhf>
mit xl;LwT Gs;sptptuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> xt;nthU
egUf;Fk; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
kjpg;ngz;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd (v.fh.> xU khzthpd;

40
r. jdtjp
ce;Jjy; kw;Wk; xt;nthU egUf;fhf xU khzthpd;
milT kjpg;ngz;).
xl;LwT vd;gJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
khwpypfs; my;yJ ,uz;L juT njhFg;Gfs; njhlHr;rpahf
khWgLk; Nghf;F my;yJ tbtj;ij jPHkhdpf;Fk; xU
Gs;spapay; NjHthFk;. ,uz;L khwpypfs; kl;LNk ,Ue;jhy;>
,uz;L khwpypfs; nghJthd khWghl;ilg; gfpHe;J
nfhs;fpd;wd my;yJ mit xd;whf NtWgLfpd;wd vd;;gJ
nghUs;. ,uz;L khwpfs; ,iz khWgLfpd;wd vd;W
nrhy;tJ XusT rpf;fyhd fzpj mbg;giliaf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,iz-khWghL vd;gJ xU khwpapy; xU
kjpg;ngz;iz kw;nwhU khwpypapy; jdpeghpd; kjpg;ngz;
gw;wpa mwpitf; nfhz;L fzpf;f KbAk;. xU vspa
cjhuzk; ,e;j fUj;ij tpsf;ff;$Lk;. ehd;fhk; tFg;G
khztHfSf;fhd xU fzpj tpdhb tpdhtpy; kjpg;ngz;fs;
30 Kjy; 90 tiu ,Uf;Fk; vd;W itj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
fzpjj;jpy; xU khzthpd; tFg;G gapw;rpapd; kjpg;ngz;fs;
(xU khwp) fzpj tpdhb tpdh kjpg;ngz;fis (kw;nwhU
khwp) fzpf;f KbAkh vd;gjpy; midtUk; MHtkhf
cs;sdH. gapw;rpapd; kjpg;ngz;fs; fzpj tpdhb tpdhtpy;
cs;s kjpg;ngz;fis tpsf;ftpy;iy vd;why;> mJ 30
Kjy; 90 tiu ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W nrhy;tijj; jtpu NtW
ahUila kjpg;ngz;izAk; ehk; fzpf;f KbahJ. fzpj
tpdhb tpdh kjpg;ngz;fs; midj;jpYk; ,e;j gapw;rpahy;
khWghl;il tpsf;f KbAk; vd;why;> fzpj kjpg;ngz;fis
ehk; rhpahf fzpf;f KbAk;. ,e;j epiyik vg;NghjhtJ
epfo;fpwJ. mjw;F gjpyhf> fzpj tpdhb tpdh
kjpg;ngz;fspy; 40% khWghL gapw;rpapd; kjpg;ngz;fshy;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,J fzpj tpdhb
tpdh kjpg;ngz;fisg; gw;wpa ekJ fzpg;ig 30 Kjy; 90
tiu 40 Kjy; 60 Nghd;W Fiwthdjhff; Fiwf;fpwJ.
nghUs; vd;dntd;why;> khWghL mjpfhpf;Fk;NghJ>
rhHgw;wjpypUe;J rhHG khwpf;F kjpg;ngz;fis vy;NyhuhYk;
Kd;$l;bNa mwpa KbAk; (fhy;> NghHf;> & fhy;> 1996).

41 r. jdtjp
xU Nehpay; njhlHghf xU xl;LwT Gs;spapaiy
ntspg;gLj;Jk; Gs;spapay; jahhpg;G fzk; xl;LwT Fzfk;
MFk;. ,J ,UNtWgl;l xl;LwT> xd;Wkw;w xOq;F
xl;LwT my;yJ rhjhuzkhf r vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
NkYk; ,J mjd; FwpaPl;Lf;F “r" My; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
xt;nthU fzf;fpYk; ‘x’ kw;Wk; ‘y’ Mfpatw;wpy; z
kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngUf;fp> gpd;dH xd;iwf; fopj;J
fzf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifahy; tFg;gjd; %yk; ,uz;L
khwpfspd; (rxy) Gs;spapay; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ. fzpjf;
fzf;fPLfs; gy mwpKf Gs;spapay; Gj;jfq;fspy;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
Muha;r;rpahsUf;fhd xl;LwT Muha;r;rpapd; gad;
tsHr;rpf;F Vw;w eilKiwfis mq;fPfhpf;Fk;
MrphpaHfSf;fpilNaahd njhlHG kw;Wk; thrpg;G
mwpTWj;jYf;fhd KO nkhop mZFKiwiag;
gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;W Muha;r;rpahsHfs; xUtUf;nfhUtH
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;JfpwhHfsh vd;gijg; ghHf;f ,uz;L
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khwpypfis njhlHGgLj;j
Kw;gLk;NghJ Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j tbtikg;igg;
gad;gLj;JfpwhH. jpwd;> gs;spg;gbg;gpd; juk;> khztHfspd;
ce;Jjy; kw;Wk; fy;tprhH ghlnewpfs; khztHfspd;
rhjidfis ghjpf;Fk; vd;w fzpg;G Nghd;w xU Kbit
fzpf;f ,e;j tbtikg;G Muha;r;rpahsiu mDkjpf;fpwJ.
Muha;r;rpahsH ,ij mwpe;jpUf;Fk;nghOJ ,e;j
tbtikg;igg; gad;gLj;JfpwhH kw;Wk; xl;LwT Gs;spapay;
Njh;it fzf;fpLtjd; mbg;gilapy; Gs;spapay; mwpitg;
gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
xl;LwT Muha;r;rpapd; tsHr;rp
xl;LwT Ma;tpd; tuyhW> xl;LwT Gs;spapay; NjHtpd;
Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tsHr;rpapd; fUg;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk;
NjHitg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; cs;s
eilKiwfs; Mfpatw;iw $WfpwJ. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
gpw;gFjpapy; xl;LwT Gs;spapaiy fzf;fpLtjw;fhd
eilKiwfis Gs;spapay; ty;YeHfs; Kjypy;

42
r. jdtjp
cUthf;fpdH. gphpl;b; gNahnkl;hppad;fs; 1800fspd;
,Wjp ghjpapy; “xl;LwT" gw;wpa mbg;gilf; fUj;Jf;fis
ntspg;gLj;jpdhYk;> fhHy; gpaHrd; ,d;W ekf;Fj; njhpe;j
gof;fkhd xl;LwT #j;jpuj;ij 1895 etk;ghpy;
,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;s uhay; nrhirl;bf;F Kd; xU
Ma;twpf;ifapy; Kd;itj;jhH. Rthu];akhf> lhHtpdpd
ghpzhkk;; Nfhl;ghl;bypUe;J tpsf;fg;glq;fis
gad;gLj;jpdhH kw;Wk; rH gpuhd;rp]; fhy;ldpd; guk;giu
kw;Wk; ,aw;if guk;giu gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fspd; xl;LwT
gw;wpa mtuJ fUj;Jf;fis njhptpj;jhH. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>
gpaHrd; Muha;e;j xU fUj;J> ,lJ Koj;Jf;Fk; (tise;j
,lJ ifapd; Koq;iff;Fk; eLtpuypd; Edpf;Fk;
,ilapyhd J}uk;) kw;Wk; ,sk; gUt Mz;fSf;fhd
cly; mikg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwitg; gw;wpa fhy;ldpd;
fUj;ij Muha;tjhFk;.
xl;LwTfisg; gw;wpa fUj;Jfis Kd;itg;gjpy;>
gpaHrd; xU xl;LwTf;fhd #j;jpuj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpaJ
kl;Lky;yhky;> khjphp mstpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> Jy;ypakhd
mstPl;bd; kjpg;G kw;Wk; gf;fr;rhHgw;w khjphpfspd;
gad;ghL Nghd;w msThPjpahd Ma;thsHfSf;F ed;F
njhpe;j fUj;JfisAk; mtH Kd;itj;jhH. vt;thwhapDk;>
E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; gy gphpl;b;
gNahnkl;hppad;fspy; gpaHrd; xUtH kl;LNk>
xl;LwTfisg; gw;wpa fUj;Jfisr; nrk;ikg;gLj;jp
tphpTgLj;jpdhH. 1897 Mk; Mz;by;> a+y; (gpaHrdpd;
khztH) ,uz;L> %d;W kw;Wk; ehd;F khwpypfs;
njhlHGnfhs;tjw;fhd jPHTfis cUthf;fpdhH.
gpaHrDld;> a+y; gpd;dilT Nfhl;ghl;ilAk;> njhlHG
Fzfq;fis njhlHGgLj;Jtjd; mbg;gilapy;
jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kjpg;ngz;fisf; fzpf;Fk;
jpwidAk; Kd;itj;jhH. 1904y;> ];gpaHNkd; Fzfq;fisf;
fhz;gpg;gjw;fhf xU xl;LwT ml;ltiz gw;wpa
fUj;Jfis ntspapl;lhH. NkYk; mtH xU rhjhuz> kzp
tbt gfpHTf;F nghUe;jhj juTfSf;fhf xU #j;jpuj;ij
];gpaHNkdpd; Nuh cUthf;fpdhH.
xl;LwT tbtikg;Gfspd; tiffs; (Types of Correlational
Designs)

43 r. jdtjp
gy Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G> Muha;r;rp Kiw vOj;jhsHfs;
xl;LwT Muha;r;rpia msThPjpapyhd tbtikg;Gfspy;
xd;whff; Fwpg;gpl;ldH. mjpetPd gad;ghLfs; kw;Wk;
xl;LwTfspd; ntspg;gilahd eilKiwfs; %yk;>
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapy; ek; tbtikg;Gfspy; xl;LwT
Muha;r;rp rhpahd ,lj;ijg; ngw KbAk;. ,uz;L Kjd;ik
xl;LwT tbtikg;GfshdJ tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; fzpg;G MFk;.
tpsf;f tbtikg;G
gy;NtW MrphpaHfs; tpsf;fkspf;Fk; xl;LwT
Muha;r;rpia njhlHGila Muha;r;rp> khWghl;bw;fhd
fzf;fpay; my;yJ tpsf;fkspf;Fk; Muha;r;rp vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. ,e;j tifahd xl;LwT Muha;r;rpapd; xU
mbg;gil Nehf;fk; khwpfs; ,ilNa my;yJ ,ilNaahd
xl;Lwit tpsf;FtJ vd;gjhy;> ,e;j tpthjj;jpy; tpsf;f
Muha;r;rp vd;w nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;JNthk;.
tpsf;fkspf;Fk; Muha;r;rp tbtikg;G vd;gJ xU xl;LwT
tbtikg;ghFk;. ,jpy; ,uz;L khwpypfs; my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;lit ve;j mstpw;F khWgLfpd;wd vd;gjpy;
Muha;r;rpahsH MHtkhf cs;shH. mjhtJ> xU khwpapy;
Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; kw;nwhd;wpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fspy;
gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. tpsf;f tbtikg;Gfs; ,uz;L khwpfs;
my;yJ ,uz;L khwpfSf;F Nky; xU vspa njhlHigf;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
Kd;fzpg;G tbtikg;G
Kd;fzpg;G tbtikg;gpy;> xU Neuj;jpy; ,uz;L
khwpypfs; my;yJ ekJ filrp vLj;Jf;fhl;L Nghd;w xU
rpf;fyhd njhFg;ig ntWkNd njhlHGgLj;Jtjw;F
gjpyhf> Muha;r;rpahsHfs; rpy khwpypfis
Kd;dwptpg;ghsHfshfg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
tpisTfis vjpHghHf;fpwhHfs;. cjhuzkhf>
fz;fhzpg;ghsHfs; kw;Wk; Kjy;tHfs; jq;fs; gs;spfspy;
ntw;wp ngWk; MrphpaHfis milahsk; fhz Ntz;Lk;.
ntw;wpf;F ey;y tha;g;Gs;s MrphpaHfisj; NjHe;njLf;f>
epHthfpfs; xl;LwT Muha;r;rpiag; gad;gLj;jp ntw;wpapd;
Kd;fzpg;ghsHfis milahsk; fhzyhk;. vdNt> fzpg;G
Ma;Tfs; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Vnddpy; mit vjpHfhy
elj;ijia vjpHghHf;fNth my;yJ fzpf;fNth
cjTfpd;wd.

44
r. jdtjp
xU Kd;fzpg;G Muha;r;rp tbtikg;gpd; Nehf;fk; xU
tpisT my;yJ msTNfhiyf; fzpf;Fk; khwpypfis
milahsk; fhz;gJ MFk;. ,e;j tbtpyhd Muha;r;rpapy;>
Ma;thsH xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l Kd;fzpg;G
khwpyp kw;Wk; xU msTNfhy; my;yJ tpisT khwpyp
Mfpatw;iw milahsk; fhz;fpwhH. xU Kd;fzpg;G khwpyp
vd;gJ xl;LwT Muha;r;rpapy; xU Kbitg; gw;wp
Kd;dwptpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU khwpyp. xU
gs;spapy; MrphpaH ntw;wpiaf; fzpf;Fk; tpaj;jpy;>
Kd;dwptpg;ghsH MrphpaH gapw;rpapd; NghJ my;yJ gy
Mz;L mDgt fw;gpj;jypd; NghJ topfhl;Ljy; Mf
,Uf;fyhk;. mjpf fzpg;G Muha;r;rpapy;> Ma;thsHfs;
ngUk;ghYk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Kd;fzpg;G khwpypfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
2.2.3. xl;LwT tbtikg;Gfspd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs;
tpsf;fkspf;Fk; kw;Wk; Kd;fzpg;G tbtikg;Gfshy;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lgb> xl;LwT Muha;r;rp Fwpg;gpl;l
gz;Gfis cs;slf;fpaJ:
 kjpg;ngz;fis fhl;Ljy; (rpjwy; mLf;Ffs; kw;Wk;
ml;ltizfs;)
 kjpg;ngz;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlHGfs; (jpir>
gbtk; kw;Wk; typik)
 gy khwp gFg;gha;T (gFjp xl;LwTfs; kw;Wk; gy
gpd;dilT)
kjpg;ngz;fis fhl;Ljy;
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F ,uz;L kjpg;ngz;fs; ,Ue;jhy;>
xl;LwT Muha;r;rp Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j kjpg;ngz;fis xU
tiuglj;jpy; (my;yJ rpjwy; mLf;F jpl;lkplyhk; my;yJ
mtw;iw xU ml;ltizapy; (my;yJ xl;LwT ml;ltiz)
toq;fyhk;.
rpjwy; mLf;Ffs; (Scatterplots)
kjpg;ngz;fspd; tbtj;jpd; xU fhl;rp glj;ij toq;f
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; xU tiuglj;jpy; ,uz;L khwpfspd;
kjpg;ngz;fisj; jpl;lkpLfpwhHfs;. ,J khwpfs;
,ilNaahd njhlHG tifia milahsk; fhzTk;
caHj;jg;gl;lJ. kjpg;ngz;fisf; fz;lwpaTk;

45 r. jdtjp
Muha;r;rpahsHfis mDkjpf;fpwJ. kpf Kf;fpakhf> ,jw;F
,ilapyhd tbtk; gw;wpa gaDs;s jfty;fis toq;f
KbAk; the kjpg;ngz;fs; Neupay; (xU NeH Nfhl;ilg;
gpd;gw;Wq;fs;) my;yJ tisT (A-tbt tbtj;ijg;
gpd;gw;Wq;fs;). ,jw;F ,ilapyhd jpiriaAk; (v.fh.> xU
kjpg;ngz; caHfpwJ> kw;nwhd;W NkNy nry;fpwJ) kw;Wk;
,ilapyhd msitAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. (cwT rupahdjh> 1.0
cld; njhlHGilajh> my;yJ rupahdij tpl Fiwthf).
gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;fhd ,uz;L kjpg;ngz;fSf;F ,ilapy;
,e;j njhlHig kjpg;gpLtjw;F xU mLf;F cjTfpwJ. xU
rpjwy; mLf;F (my;yJ rpjwy; tiuglk;) vd;gJ
gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;fhd ,uz;L njhFg;G kjpg;ngz;fspd;
tiuglj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLk; xU cUtg; glk; MFk;. ,e;j
kjpg;ngz;fs; nghJthf x kw;Wk; y vd milahsk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd> x kjpg;Gfs; fpilkl;l mr;rpy;
Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd> kw;Wk; y kjpg;Gfs; nrq;Fj;J mr;rpy;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. xU jdp eghpd; x kw;Wk; y
kjpg;ngz;fs; vq;F ntl;Lfpd;wd vd;gij xU Gs;sp
Fwpf;fpwJ.
xU xl;LwT ml;ltiz
xl;LwT Muha;r;rpahsH nghJthf xU ml;ltizapy;
xl;LwT Fzfq;fisf; fhz;gpg;ghHfs;. xU xl;LwT
ml;ltiz xU Ma;tpy; midj;J khwpfSf;Fk; xl;LwTG
Fzfq;fspd; glf;fhl;rpia toq;FfpwJ. ,e;j fhl;rpapy;>
xU fpilkl;l tupir kw;Wk; ml;ltizapy; nrq;Fj;J
neLtupir Mfpa ,uz;bYk; cs;s midj;J khwpfisAk;
Muha;r;rpahsH gl;baypLfpwhH. xl;LwT Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
ntspapl;l Muha;r;rp mwpf;iffspy; xU ml;ltiz
xl;LwT njhlHG Fzfq;fis toq;FfpwhHfs;.
2.2.4. xl;LwT tbtikg;Gfspd; gbfs;
gb 1. khwpfis ,izj;jy; my;yJ fzpg;Gfis
cUthf;Fjy;

46
r. jdtjp
jpUj;jk; nra;a vspjhd xl;LwT gFg;gha;tpw;fhd
khwpfs; my;yJ fzpg;Gfis Muha;r;rpahsH ,izf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
gb 2. Ma;tpw;F jdpegHfis milahsk; fhZjy;
ntWkNd> Muha;r;rpahsH Njhuhakhf kf;fs;njhifapd;
KbTfis nghJikg;gLj;j jdpegHfisj; NjHe;njLf;f
Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; nghWg;ghd mjpfhupfsplkpUe;Jk; epWtd
kWMa;Tf; FOtpypUe;Jk; juitr; Nrfupf;f mDkjp ngw
Ntz;Lk;. N=30 Nghd;w xl;LwT Gs;spapaiyg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F FO NghJkhd msT ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ngupa msTfs; Fiwthd gpio khWghl;bw;Fk;>
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; rpwe;j cupikNfhuy;fSf;Fk;
gq;fspf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf> xU Muha;r;rpahsH 100
caHepiyg; gs;sp tpisahl;L tPuHfs; ntt;NtW
tpisahl;Lfspy; gq;Nfw;gjd; msitAk;> mtHfspd;
Gifapiy gad;ghl;ilAk; njhlHGgLj;jyhk;. xU
kf;fs;njhifapypUe;J ngw;w FWfpa mstpyhd
kjpg;ngz;fs; xl;LwT cwTfspd; typikia ghjpf;fyhk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU tpisahl;by; $ilg;ge;J tPuHfspd;
cauk; kw;Wk; $ilfspd; vz;zpf;if Mfpatw;Wf;F
,ilapyhd cwit Muha;r;rpahsH ghHj;jhy;>
Muha;r;rpahsH Nf 12k; tFg;G khztHfspilNa tYthd
cwitf; fhzyhk;. Mdhy; Muha;r;rpahsH vd;gpV
tPuHfisj; NjHTnra;jhy;> ,e;j cwT fzprkhf
gytPdkhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
gb 3. Ma;tpy; xt;nthU egUf;Fk; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l eltbf;iffis milahsk; fhZjy;
,e;j xw;iwf; FOtpy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfis ,uz;L my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l gz;GfSld; xg;gpLtNj xl;LwT
Muha;r;rpapd; mbg;gil fUj;J vd;gjhy;> Muha;r;rp
Nfs;tpapy; cs;s khwpfspd; mstPLfs; milahsk;
fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;> NkYk; khwpfis mstpLk; fUtpfisg;
ngw Ntz;Lk;. ntWkNd> ,e;j fUtpfs; ep&gpf;fg;gl;l
Vw;Glikjd;ikAk;> ek;gfj;jd;ikiaAk; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;j Muha;r;rpahsHfs;
ntspaPl;lhsHfs; my;yJ MrpupaHfsplkpUe;J mDkjp

47 r. jdtjp
ngwyhk;. xt;nthU fUtpapYk; nghJthf xU khwp
mstplg;gLfpwJ> Mdhy; Ma;tpy; xU fUtp ,U khwpiaf;
nfhz;L njhlHGgLj;jg;glyhk;.
gb 4. juit Nrfupj;J rhj;jpakhd mr;RWj;jy;fis
fz;fhzpj;jy;
mLj;j fl;lkhf fUtpfis epHtfpg;gJ kw;Wk; xt;nthU
eguplkpUe;Jk; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L njhFg;G juit
Nrfupg;gJ. xU gl tpsf;ff;fhl;rpahf cz;ikahd
Muha;r;rp tbtikg;G kpfTk; vspJ. Ma;tpy; xt;nthU
eguplkpUe;Jk; Muha;r;rpahsH kjpg;ngz;fisg; ngWk; tiu
xt;nthU egUf;Fk; ,uz;L juT kjpg;ngz;fs;
Nrfupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
gb 5. juit gFg;gha;T nra;J KbTfis
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jjy;
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khwpfSf;F
,ilNaahd njhlHgpd; msit tptupg;gNj xl;LwT
Muha;r;rpapd; Nehf;fk;. Ma;thsH gjpy;fspd; tbtj;ijj;
NjLfpwhH kw;Wk; cwtpd; typikiaAk; mjd; jpiriaAk;
jPHkhdpf;f Gs;spapay; eilKiwfisg; gad;gLj;JfpwhH.
xU Gs;spapay; uPjpahf Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cwT>
fz;lwpag;gl;lhy;> fhuzj;ij (fhuzk; kw;Wk; tpisT)
Fwpf;fhJ> Mdhy; khwpfSf;F ,ilapyhd xU njhlHig
,izf;fpwJ. ghpNrhjidfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ Nghd;w
kpfTk; fLikahd eilKiwfs;> xU xl;LwT Ma;tpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fhl;bYk; rpwe;j fl;Lg;ghl;il toq;f
KbAk;.
gb 6. KbTfis tpsf;Fjy;
xU xl;LwT Ma;it elj;Jtjw;fhd ,Wjp gb
KbTfspd; nghUis tpsf;FtjhFk;. ,jw;F xU xl;LwT
Ma;tpy; KbTfspd; msT kw;Wk; jpiriag; gw;wp
fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk;> xU gFjp xl;LwT Ma;tpy;
jiyapLk; khwpfspd; jhf;fj;ij fUj;jpy; nfhz;L>
gpd;dilT gFg;gha;tpy; khwpfspd; gpd;dilT vilia
tpsf;FtJ kw;Wk; xU Kd;fzpg;G Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;j xU
Kd;fzpg;G rkd;ghl;il cUthf;Fjy; MFk;.

48
r. jdtjp
,e;j midj;J gbfspYk;> mtw;wpd; juthdJ
Nfhl;ghL> fUJNfhs;fs; my;yJ Nfs;tpfis Mjupf;fpwjh
vd;gij xl;Lnkhj;jkhf fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk;> KbTfs; kw;w Ma;Tfspd; fz;Lgpbg;Gfis
cWjpg;gLj;Jfpwjh my;yJ cWjpg;gLj;jtpy;iyah
vd;gij Muha;r;rpahsH fUJfpwhH. NkYk;> NkNy
tpthjpf;fg;gl;l rpy mr;RWj;jy;fs; jtwhd Fzfq;fSf;F
gq;fspj;jpUf;fyhkh vd;gijAk;> ,e;j fUj;Jfis jPHf;f
vjpHfhy Muha;r;rpahsHfshy; vLf;fg;glf;$ba
eltbf;iffs; gw;wpAk; xU gpujpgypg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
2.2.5. xU xl;LwT Ma;it kjpg;gPL nra;Aq;fs;
xU ey;y xl;LwT Ma;tpd; juj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;a
kw;Wk; mstPL nra;a> MrpupaHfs; fUJfpd;wdH:
 fUJNfhs; Nrhjidf;F NghJkhd khjpup msT.
 xU ml;ltiz my;yJ tiuglj;jpy; njhlHG
KbTfspd; fhl;rp.
 ,uz;L (my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l) khwpfs;
,ilNaahd ,izapaypd; jpir kw;Wk; msT
gw;wpa tpsf;fk;.
 jPHkhdj;jpd; Fzfk;> kjpg;Gfs;> tpisT msT
my;yJ Fzfj;jpd; msT Mfpatw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; cwtpd; msit kjpg;gPL nra;jy;.
 gFg;gha;tpw;F nghUj;jkhd Gs;spapaiyj;
NjHe;njLj;jy;.
 Kd;dwptpg;ghsupd; milahsk; fhZjy; kw;Wk;
msTNfhy; khwpfs;.
 njhlHGfspd; fhl;rp khjpup Nkk;gl;lhy;>
Muha;r;rpahsH khwpfSf;fpilNaahd njhlHGfspd;
vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; jpiriaNah my;yJ
cw;WNehf;fg;gl;l juTfspd; mbg;gilapy;
fzpf;fg;gl;l jpiriaNah Fwpj;jy;.
 Gs;spapay; eilKiwfis njspthf milahsk;
fhZjy;.
1.6.3. ghpNrhjid tbtikg;Gfs; (Experimental Designs)
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpahsHfs; rpyh; xU fy;tpapay;
eilKiw my;yJ fUj;jhdJ jdpegHfSf;F NtWghl;il

49 r. jdtjp
Vw;gLj;Jkh vd;gij Nrhjpf;f Kay;fpd;wdH. ghpNrhjid
Ma;T Kiwfs; ,e;j Ma;Tf;F kpfTk;
nghUj;jkhditahf ,Uf;fpwJ. ghpNrhjid tbtikg;Gfs;
(jiyaPl;L Ma;Tfs; my;yJ FO xg;gPl;L Ma;Tfs;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd) vd;gJ msThPjpapyhd
Muha;r;rpf;fhd eilKiwfs;. ,jpy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;fhd
KbTfspy; xU nray;ghL my;yJ nghUl;fspy; xU
NtWghl;il Vw;gLj;Jkh vd;gij Ma;thsH jPHkhdpf;fpwhH.
xU FOtpw;F xU nray;fis (jiyaPL vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ) nfhLj;J kw;nwhU FOtpw;F njhFg;ig
epWj;jp itg;gjd; %yk; Muha;r;rpahsH ,e;j jhf;fj;ij
kjpg;gpLfpwhH.
xU ghpNrhjid tbtikg;G vd;gJ msThPjpahd
Muha;r;rp nra;tjw;fhd ghuk;gupa mZFKiwahFk;. ,e;jg;
gpupT ghpNrhjid Muha;r;rpia tiuaWf;fpwJ>
Muha;r;rpahsH mijg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ milahsk;
fhZjy;> mjd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfis kjpg;gpLjy;> NkYk;
,e;j tbtikg;ig elj;Jtjw;Fk; kjpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fkhd
gbfis Kd;Ndw;WfpwJ.
gupNrhjid
xU ghpNrhjidapy;> ,J xU tpisT my;yJ rhHG
khwpia ghjpf;fpwjh vd;gij jPHkhdpf;f Muha;r;rpahsH xU
fUj;ij Nrhjpf;fpwhH. Muha;r;rpahsH Kjypy; xU fUj;ij
“gupNrhjid" nra;a KbTnra;J> mij mDgtpf;f
jdpegHfis epakpf;fTk;> gpd;dH me;j fUj;ij
mDgtpj;jtHfs; mij mDgtpf;fhjtHfis tpl rpy
KbTfspy; rpwg;ghf nray;gl;lhHfsh vd;gij
jPHkhdpf;fTk; nra;fpwhH.
xU gupNrhjid Muha;r;rpiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;
rhHgw;w kw;Wk; rhHG khwpfSf;F ,ilapy; rhj;jpakhd
Muha;r;rpahsH fhuzj;ijAk; tpisitAk; epWt
tpUk;Gk;NghJ Muha;r;rpahsH xU gupNrhjidiag;
gad;gLj;JfpwhH. ,jd; nghUs;> rhHgw;w khwpiaj; jtpHj;J
tpisTfis ghjpf;Fk; midj;J khwpfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;j
Muha;r;rpahsH Kaw;rpf;fpwhH. gpd;dH> rhHgw;w khwp rhHG
khwpia ghjpf;Fk;NghJ> rhHG khwpia “Vw;gl;lJ" my;yJ
“mNefkhf Vw;gLj;jpaJ" vd;W ehk; nrhy;yyhk;.

50
r. jdtjp
ghpNrhjidfs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;> mit rhj;jpakhd
fhuzj;ijAk; tpisitAk; epWt gad;gLk; msThPjpapyhd
tbtikg;Gfspy; rpwe;jit. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU FOtpd;
xU tpupTiu mDgtj;ijAk;> kw;nwhU FOtpd; tpthj
mDgtj;ijAk; Muha;r;rpahsH xg;gpl;Lg; ghHj;jhy;> “xU
tpdhb tpdhtpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fspd;" tpisit
ghjpf;ff;$ba midj;J fhuzpfisAk; Muha;r;rpahsH
fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwhH. Muha;r;rpahsH jdpg;gl;l jpwd;fs; kw;Wk;
NjHT epiyikfs; ,uz;L xd;Wjhd; vd;gij
cWjpnra;fpwhH. ,U FOf;fSf;Fk; xNu khjpupahdJ
kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsH ,U FOf;fSf;Fk; xNukhjphpahd
Nfs;tpfisf; nfhLf;fpwhH. fw;gpj;jy; tiffspy; cs;s
(tpupTiu my;yJ fye;Jiuahly;) NtWghl;ilj; jtpHj;J>
tpisit ghjpf;ff;$ba midj;J khwpfSf;fhd
Muha;r;rpahsH fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;. ,e;jr; nrhw;nghopT kw;Wk;
fye;Jiuahly; cjhuzj;ijg; NghyNt> Muha;r;rpahsUf;F
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l FOf;fs; Ma;tpw;F
,Uf;Fk;NghJ Muha;r;rpahsH xU gupNrhjidiaAk;
gad;gLj;JfpwhH.
gupNrhjid Muha;r;rpapd; tsHr;rp
19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapYk; 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kw;gFjpapYk; cstpay; ghpNrhjidfSld; gupNrhjid
Muha;r;rpAk; njhlq;fpaJ. 1903 thf;fpy;> {a;yH (Schuyler)
ghpNrhjid kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L FOf;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdhH>
NkYk; mtuJ gad;ghL kpfTk; nghJthdjhf khwpaJ>
mtHfSf;F xU fhuzj;ij toq;f Ntz;ba
mtrpakpy;iy vd;W mtH czHe;jhH. gpd;dH 1916 Mk;
Mz;by;> nkf;fhy; Njhuhakhf jdpegHfis FOf;fSf;F
epakpf;Fk; fUj;ij Kd;itj;jhH. 1925 Mk; Mz;by; xU
ngupa Gj;jfj;ij vOjpdhH. xU gupNrhjidia vt;thW
elj;JtJ> nkf;fhy; FOf;fis xg;gpLtjw;fhd
eilKiwia cWjpahf mikj;jhH. $Ljyhf> 1936
thf;fpy;> /gpupd; Muha;r;rp gzpahsHfSf;fhd Gs;spapay;
Kiwfs; cstpay; kw;Wk; Ntshz;ikapd;
ghpNrhjidfspy; gaDs;s Gs;spapay; eilKiwfisg;
gw;wp fye;JiuahLtJ ,e;j Gj;jfj;jpy;> /gpH xU
gupNrhjidiaj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;G Njhuhakhf

51 r. jdtjp
jdpegHfis FOf;fSf;F xJf;Ftjw;fhd fUj;ij
$wpdhH. ,e;j Neuj;jpy; Gs;spapay; eilKiwfspy; gpw
tsHr;rpfs; kw;Wk; NtWghLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; NjHT
Mfpait fy;tpapy; ghpNrhjid Muha;r;rpia
Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd. 1926 kw;Wk; 1963-f;F ,ilapy;>
Gs;spapay;; Fwpj;j Ie;J njhFg;G ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; gytpj
gjpg;GfSf;F cl;gl;ld. 1963 thf;fpy;> fhk;g;ngy; kw;Wk;
];lhd;yp MfpNahH Kf;fpa tif ghpNrhjid
tbtikg;Gfis milahsk; fz;ldH. mtHfs; 15
ntt;NtW tiffisf; Fwpg;gpl;L> xt;nthU
tbtikg;igAk; Vw;Gilikapd; mr;RWj;jy;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gPL nra;fpd;wdH. ,e;j tbtikg;Gfs;
,d;Wk; gpugykhf cs;sd. gpd;dH> 1979 Mk; Mz;by;> Ff;
kw;Wk; fhk;g;ngy; tbtikg;Gfspd; tiffis tpupthff;
$wp> Vw;Gilikapd; mr;RWj;jy;fs; gw;wpa
fye;Jiuahliy tpupTgLj;jpdH. 2002 thf;fpy;> Nb;>
Ff; kw;Wk; fhk;g;ngy; MfpNahH Kf;fpa ghpNrhjid
tbtikg;Gfisg; gw;wpa fye;Jiuahly;fis
nrk;ikg;gLj;jpdH. ,e;j Gj;jfq;fs; mbg;gil
tbtikg;Gfs;> FwpaPL> fhl;rp gpujpepjpj;Jtk;>
tbtikg;GfSf;F rhj;jpakhd mr;RWj;jy;fs; kw;Wk;
fy;tpapay; ghpNrhjidfspd; Gs;spapay; eilKiwfis
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1980fspy; ,Ue;J> ngUk;ghYk; fzpdpfs; kw;Wk;
Nkk;gl;l Gs;spapay; eilKiwfs; fhuzkhf
ghpNrhjidfs; mjpetPdj;jpYk; rpf;fypYk; tsHe;jd.
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; ,g;NghJ gytpj rhHgw;w kw;Wk; rhHG
khwpfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH> ,uz;L FOf;fSf;F Nky;
xg;gpl;L> KO mikg;Gfs;> FOf;fs; kw;Wk; jdpegHfs;
Nghd;w gy;NtW tifahd ghpNrhjid gFg;gha;T
myFfis Ma;fpd;wdH. eilKiwr; Rj;jpfupg;Gfs;
ghpNrhjidfspd; rkPgj;jpa tsHr;rp kw;Wk; fy;tpapay;
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F gy vz;zpf;ifapy; “vg;gb" Gj;jfq;fs;
fpilf;fpd;wd vd;gij Fwpf;fpd;wd. NkYk;> Kf;fpakhd
ghpNrhjidfis tbtikg;gjd; mbg;gilapy; Gs;spapay;
eilKiwfis Nrhjid tbtikg;NghL ,izf;Fk;
Gj;jfq;fs; Nrhjid Ma;Tfspy; eilKiwfis
tYg;gLj;JtJ gw;wpa Gjpa fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpf;fpd;wd.

52
r. jdtjp
Nrhjidfspd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs;
xU gupNrhjidia vt;thW elj;JtJ vd;gij
Muha;r;rpahsH fUj;jpy; nfhs;tjw;F Kd;G> ghpNrhjid
Muha;r;rpf;F ikakhd gy Kf;fpa fUj;Jf;fis ,d;Dk;
Mokhf Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ Muha;r;rpahsUf;F cjtpahf
,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j fUj;Jf;fshtd:
 rPuw;w xg;gilg;G
 Gwepiy khwpfs; kPJ fl;Lg;ghL
 rpfpr;ir epiyikfis ifahSjy;
 tpisT msTfs;
 FO xg;gPLfs;
 nry;YgbahFk; mr;RWj;jy;fs;
2.3.3. ghpNrhjid tbtikg;Gfspd; tiffs;
vy;yh ghpNrhjidfSk; nghJthd gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;bUe;jhYk;> mtw;wpd; gad; kw;Wk; gad;ghLfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tbtikg;gpd; tifiag; nghWj;J
khWgLk;. fy;tpapay; Muha;r;rpapy; Muha;r;rpahsH fhZk;
nghJthd tbtikg;Gfshtd:
FO tbtikg;GfSf;F ,ilapy;
 cz;ikahd ghpNrhjidfs; (Kd; kw;Wk; gpd;NjHT>
gpd; NjHT kl;Lk;)
 miu ghpNrhjidfs; (Kd; kw;Wk; gpd; NjHT> gpd;
NjHT kl;Lk;)
 fhuzp tbtikg;Gfs;
FO my;yJ jdpg;gl;l tbtikg;GfSf;Fs;
 Neuj; njhlH ghpNrhjidfs; (FWf;fPL> rkkhdit)
 kPz;Lk; msf;fg;gl;l Nrhjidfs;
 xw;iw nghUs; ghpNrhjidfs;
,e;j tif tbtikg;GfisAk; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpa
gz;GfisAk; milahsk; fhz KbtJ Muha;r;rpahsUf;F
mtHfspd; Ma;Tf;F xU nghUj;jkhd tbtikg;igj;
NjHTnra;a cjTk; my;yJ xU ntspaplg;gl;l Ma;tpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU ghpNrhjid tbtikg;gpd; rpe;jid
kjpg;gPl;il mDkjpf;Fk;.

53 r. jdtjp
 FOf;fSf;F gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; rPuw;w xg;gilg;G.
 xg;gplg;gLk; FOf;fs; my;yJ jdpegHfspd;
vz;zpf;if
 Muha;r;rpahsH gad;gLj;Jk; jiyaPLfspd;
vz;zpf;if
 rhHG khwp vj;jid Kiw mstplg;gLfpwJ my;yJ
cw;WNehf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Gw khwpfspd; fl;Lg;ghL
gpd;tUk; gf;fq;fspy; fye;Jiuahlg; xt;nthU
tbtikg;gpw;Fk;> tbtikg;gpd; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; kw;Wk;
mjd; ed;ikfs; kw;Wk; jPikfs; Fwpj;J Muha;r;rpahsH
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLthH. FiwghLfspy;> Vw;Gilikf;fhd
rhj;jpakhd mr;RWj;jy;fs;-Vw;fdNt mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
xU fUj;J. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ xt;nthU tbtikg;gpw;Fk;
Fwpg;ghf njhlHGilaJ.
2.3.4. gupNrhjid Muha;r;rpia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd gbfs;
Muha;r;rpahsH gy;NtW tifahd ghpNrhjid
tbtikg;Gfisg; gw;wp mwpe;jpUg;gjhy;> xU gupNrhjidia
elj;Jtjpy; cs;s rpy eilKiwfisAk; Muha;r;rpahsH
Gupe;Jnfhs;sj; njhlq;fpdhH. xU gupNrhjidia
elj;Jtjw;F ve;jtpjkhd eilKiwfSk; ,y;iy
vd;whYk;> Muha;r;rpahsH njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;G nghJthd
nray;Kiwiag; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk;.
gb 1. xU ghpNrhjid mtHfspd; Muha;r;rp rpf;fiy
eptHj;jp nra;fpwjh vd;W KbT nra;jy;
xU Gjpa gapw;rp xU Kbit ghjpf;fpwjh vd;gij
mwpe;J nfhs;s gupNrhjidahsHfshy; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l
gpur;ridapd; tif MFk;. fy;tpapy; cs;s midj;J
tbtikg;GfspYk;> fhuzk; kw;Wk; tpisT cwTfis
Muha ,J rpwe;j tbtikg;ghFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j
rpf;fy;fis Muha Muha;r;rpahsH gupNrhjidapd;
mikg;igf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;> rhHgw;w khwpapd; xU kl;lj;ij
ifahsTk; KbAk;. xU kf;fs;njhiff;F KbTfis
nghJikg;gLj;Jtjw;F rpf;fy; tUk;NghJ my;yJ
gupNrhjidapd; epiyikfis Muha;r;rpahsuhy; ifahs
KbahjNghJ xU ghpNrhjid rpwe;j NjHthf ,Uf;fhJ.

54
r. jdtjp
gb 2. fhuzk; kw;Wk; tpisT cwTfis Nrhjpf;f
fUJNfhs;fis cUthf;Fjy;
xU fUJNfhs; tpisTfisg; gw;wpa xU fzpg;ig
Kd;itf;fpwJ. ghpNrhjidahsH ,e;j fzpg;ig epWTfpwhH
(xU g+[;a my;yJ khw;W fUJNfhspd; tbtj;jpy;) gpd;dH
fUJNfhis Nrhjpf;f juit Nrfupf;fpwhH. fUJNfhs;fs;
nghJthf Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfisf; fhl;bYk; ghpNrhjid
Muha;r;rpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd> Mdhy; ,uz;ilAk;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
gb 3. xU gupNrhjid myif NjHe;njLj;J Ma;T
gq;Nfw;ghsHfis milahsk; fhZjy;
xU gupNrhjidia elj;Jtjw;fhd Kjy; gbfspy;
xd;W> mtw;wpd; ghpNrhjid myF Fwpj;J KbT nra;tJ.
xU gupNrhjidapd; NghJ Muha;r;rpahsuhy;
rpfpr;iraspf;fg;gl;l kpfr;rpwpa myF gFg;gha;tpd; xU
ghpNrhjid myF MFk;. rpfpr;iraspf;fg;gl;l nrhy;iyg;
gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ> ghpNrhjid rpfpr;iria ehk;
Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;. Muha;r;rpahsH jdpegHfsplkpUe;J juitr;
Nrfupf;fyhk;> Mdhy; cz;ikapy; rpfpr;iraspf;fg;gl;l
ghpNrhjid myF xU gupNrhjidapypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F
NtWgLfpwJ. rpfpr;iriag; ngWk; ghpNrhjid myF xU
jdp egH> gy jdpegHfs;> xU FO> gy FOf;fs; my;yJ
xU KO mikg;ghf ,Uf;fyhk;.
gb 4. xU gupNrhjid rpfpr;iriaj; NjHe;njLj;J mij
mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;
ve;jnthU ghpNrhjid tbtikg;gpw;Fk; Kf;fpakhdJ>
rpfpr;irapd; msit mikg;gJ kw;Wk; xt;nthU
FOtpw;Fk; xU epiy> mjhtJ xU ghpNrhjidf; FOtpw;F
xU epiy kw;Wk; xU fl;Lg;ghl;L FOTf;F kw;nwhU epiy
MFk;. FOf;fs; xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
tpisTfspy; xg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. jiyaPLfs;
Muha;r;rpahsuhy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l jpl;lq;fs; my;yJ
nray;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
gb 5. ghpNrhjid tbtikg;gpd; xUtifiaj; NjHT
nra;jy;

55 r. jdtjp
ghpNrhjidf;Fj; jahuhFk; xU mk;rk; tbtikg;igj;
NjHe;njLj;J mjd; fhl;rp tiuglj;ij toq;FtjhFk;. xU
tbtikg;igj; NjHe;njLg;gjw;F Kd;G> Ma;thsHfSldhd
mtHfspd; mDgtk;> Ma;tpy; gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; fpilg;gJ
kw;Wk; jpl;lj;jpy; ntspg;Gw jhf;fq;fis eilKiwapy;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; jpwd; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
Muha;r;rpahsH gy KbTfis vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gb 6. gupNrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
gupNrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l
tbtikg;NghL xj;j eilKiw topKiwfis
cs;slf;fpaJ MFk;.
,jpy; mlq;FtjhtJ:
 Muha;r;rpahsH xd;iwg; gad;gLj;j jpl;lkpl;lhy;>
xU Kd;NjHit epHtfpj;jy;
 ghpNrhjid FO my;yJ njhlHGila FOf;fSf;F
ghpNrhjid rpfpr;iria mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;
 nray;ghl;il cd;dpg;ghff; fz;fhzpg;gjd; %yk;
mf Vw;Glikf;fhd mr;RWj;jy;fs;
Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wd
 gpd;NjHT msTfis Nrfupj;jy; (tpisT my;yJ
rhHG khwp msTfs;;)
 mjhtJ vd;d elf;fpwJ vd;W mtHfs;
epidj;jijf; Nfl;gJ Nghd;W gupNrhjidapd;
Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; fhuzq;fis mtHfSf;Fj;
njuptpg;gjd; %yk; gq;Nfw;ghsHfSf;F tptupg;gjd;
%yk; newpKiw eilKiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;>
(epa+kd;> 2000).
gb 7. juit xOq;fikj;J gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
ghpNrhjidapd; Kbtpy; %d;W Kf;fpa nray;fshd
Njitg;gLfpd;wd: juitf; FwpapLjy;> juit gFg;gha;T
nra;jy; kw;Wk; ghpNrhjid mwpf;ifia vOJjy;. juit
FwpaPlhf;FtJ vd;gJ Muha;r;rpahsH msTfspy; ,Ue;J
jfty;fis vLj;J juT gFg;gha;tpw;fhf xU fzpdp
Nfhg;gpy; mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. fUtpfis
Kbj;jtHfs; fzpdp Nfhg;gpy; tof;fj;jpw;F khwhd juit
tpir mOj;j gpiofs; my;yJ jtwhd jtWfs; %yk;

56
r. jdtjp
cs;spltpy;iy vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j juit Rj;jk;
nra;tjd; %yk; ,e;j nray;Kiw njhlq;FfpwJ.
Gs;spapay; gFg;gha;T jpl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tpsf;fkhd
gFg;gha;it ,af;Ftjd; %yKk;> tof;fj;jpw;Fkhwhd juT
,Uf;Fk; khwpfisf; Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yKk; Muha;r;rpahsH
,e;j gpiofSf;fhd juTj;jsj;ij Muha KbAk;. ,e;j
tpsf;fkhd gFg;gha;T Ma;tpd; KbTfspd; Kjy;
kjpg;gha;it toq;f KbAk;> NkYk; KbTfis ];Nfd;
nra;tJ midj;J gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; tpisT
msTfSf;Fk; xU Gupjiy mspf;Fk;. ,e;j gb juT
gFg;gha;tpd; Kjy; epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;.
midj;J gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; tpsf;fkhd gFg;gha;tpw;Fg;
gpwF> KbTfspd; mbg;gilapy; FOf;fis xg;gpLtjw;fhd
gFg;gha;it Muha;r;rpahsH njhlq;FfpwhH. ,J xU
ghpNrhjid gFg;gha;tpd; ,jak; MFk;. ,J Ma;tpy;
cs;s fUJNfhs;fs; my;yJ Muha;r;rp Nfs;tpfSf;F
gjpyspf;f gaDs;s jfty;fis toq;FfpwJ. Gs;spapay;
NjHT vd;gJ xU FO xg;gPl;L Gs;spapayhFk;. mjhtJ t
Nrhjid my;yJ khWghL Gs;spapay;fspd; msTU
gFg;gha;tpd; FLk;gk; (v.fh.> ANOVA> Nfhthud;];
gFg;gha;T [ANCOVA] Nghd;W MFk;).
gb 8. xU gupNrhjid Muha;r;rp mwpf;ifia
cUthf;Fjy;
ghpNrhjid mwpf;if xU epiyahd tbtikg;igg;
gpd;gw;WfpwJ. xU gupNrhjidapd; “Kiwfs;" my;yJ
“eilKiwfs;" gpuptpy;> Muha;r;rpahsH nghJthf ,J
gw;wpa jfty;fis cs;slf;FfpwhH:
 gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; kw;Wk; mtHfspd; xg;gilg;G
 ghpNrhjid tbtikg;G
 jiyaPL kw;Wk; nghUl;fs;
 Gwepiy khwpfs; kPJ fl;Lg;ghL
 rhHG msTfs; my;yJ cw;WNehf;fy;fs;
xU msThPjpahd Ma;itg; NghyNt> Muha;r;rpahsH
,e;j mwpf;ifia Muha;r;rpf;fhd epiyahd nrhw;fis
(v.fh.> jiyaPL> fl;Lg;ghL> ghpNrhjidf; FO> Kd; kw;Wk;

57 r. jdtjp
gpd;NjHT) kw;Wk; xU Gwepiy> gf;fr;rhHgw;w ghHitia
gad;gLj;jp vOJfpwhH.
2.3.5. gupNrhjid Muha;r;rpia kjpg;gpLjy;
Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; xU ghpNrhjid
Ma;it kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd xU mbg;gilia
cUthf;Ffpd;wd. gry; (Bursell) (1994) ,ypUe;J jOtp
gpd;tUk; gl;bay;> ,e;j kjpg;gPl;by; gaDs;s
msTNfhy;fis Kd;itf;fpwJ. xU ey;y Nrhjidf;F>
,q;Nf rpy msTNfhy;fs; cs;sd:
 ghpNrhjid xU rf;jptha;e;j jiyaPl;ilf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 rpfpr;ir FOf;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; FiwT.
 gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; jiyaPl;bypUe;J ngWthHfs;.
 xU FOtpw;F gq;Nfw;ghsHfspd; vz;zpf;ifia
rpy Kiwahd topapy; Muha;r;rpahsH ngWfpwhH.
 Ma;tpy; NghJkhd vz;zpf;ifapyhd
gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ldH.
 Vw;Gilik> ek;gfkhd kw;Wk; czHjpwd; nfhz;l
msTfs; kw;Wk; cw;WNehf;fy;fis Muha;r;rpahsH
gad;gLj;JfpwhH.
 Kbit ghjpf;ff;$ba ntspg;Gw fhuzpfis
Muha;r;rpahsH fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwhH.
mfb kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw Vw;Gilikf;fhd mr;RWj;jy;fis
Muha;r;rpahsH $WfpwhH.
1.7. juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpAld; njhlHGila Muha;r;rp
tbtikg;Gfs; (Research Designs Associated with
Qualitative Research)
 xUtUf;nfhUtH NeHfhzy;
 mbg;gilf; FOf;fs;
 ,dtpay;
 tof;F Ma;T Muha;r;rp
 gjpT Ngzy;
 ftdpf;Fk; nray;Kiw
 mbj;js Nfhl;ghL tbtikg;Gfs;

58
r. jdtjp
 ,dapay; tbtikg;Gfs;
 tpthpg;G Muha;r;rp tbtikg;Gfs;
1.2. juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp Kiwapd; tiuaiw (Definition
of Qualitative Research Method)
juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp vd;gJ xU tif r%f
mwptpay; Muha;r;rp MFk;> ,J vz; my;yhj juitr;
Nrfhpj;J nray;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; ,yf;F itf;fg;gl;l kf;fs;
njhif my;yJ ,lq;fspd; Ma;tpd; %yk; r%f
tho;f;ifiag; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s cjTk; ,e;j juTfspypUe;J
nghUis tpsf;Ftjw;F Kay;fpwJ. kf;fs; ngUk;ghYk;
msThPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpf;F vjpuhf mij
tbtikf;fpd;wdH> ,J nghpa mstpyhd Nghf;Ffis
milahsk; fhz vz; juTfisg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ kw;Wk;
khwpfSf;F ,ilapyhd fhuz kw;Wk; njhlHG
cwTfisj; jPHkhdpf;f Gs;sptptu nray;ghLfisg;
gad;gLj;JfpwJ. r%ftpaYf;Fs;> juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp
nghJthf md;whl tho;f;ifia cUthf;Fk; r%f
njhlHGfspd; rpwpa epiyfspy; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ>
mNjrkak; msThPjpayhd Muha;r;rp nghJthf nghpa
epiy Nghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; epfo;Tfspy; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
1.2.2. juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp Kiwfspd; gz;Gfs;
(Characteristics of Qualitative Research Methods)
1. juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp Kiwfs; tof;fkhf ghHitapy;
juit Nrfhpf;fpd;wd> mq;F gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; gpur;rpidfs;
my;yJ rpf;fy;fis vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH. ,it epfo;Neu
juT kw;Wk; jfty;fis Nrfhpg;gjw;fhf gq;Nfw;ghsHfis
Gtpapay; ,lq;fspypUe;J ntspNa nfhz;L tUtJ mhpJ.
2. juhPjpapyhd Ma;thsHfs; nghJthf xU juT %yj;ij
ek;ghky;> NeHfhzy;fs;> mtjhdpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fs;
Nghd;w gy tifahd juTfis Nrfhpf;fpd;wdH.
3. ,e;j tif Muha;r;rp Kiw rpf;fyhd rpf;fy;fis
mHj;jKs;s mDkhdq;fshf cilg;gjd; %yk; mtw;iwj;
jPHf;Fk; tifapy; nray;gLfpwJ> mit midtUf;Fk;
vspjpy; gbf;ff;$bait kw;Wk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sf;$bait.
4. ,J xU jfty;njhlHG Kiw vd;gjhy;> kf;fs;
Muha;r;rpahsH kPJ jq;fs; ek;gpf;ifia tsHj;Jf; nfhs;s

59 r. jdtjp
KbAk;> ,t;thW ngwg;gl;l jfty;fs; Gjpa kw;Wk;
fyg;glkw;wit.
1.3. juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rp Kiwapd; tbtikg;Gfs;
1.3.1. xUtUf;nfhUtH NeHfhzy; (One-on-one Interview)
Mo;e;j NeHfhzy;fis elj;JtJ kpfTk; nghJthd
jukhd Muha;r;rp Kiwfspy; xd;whFk;. ,J xU jdpg;gl;l
NeHfhzy;> ,J xU Neuj;jpy; xU gjpyspj;jtUld;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kw;wpYk; ciuahly;
KiwahFk;> NkYk; gjpyspg;gthplkpUe;J Mokhf
tptuq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis miof;fpwJ. ,e;j
Kiwapd; ed;ikfspy; xd;W> kf;fs; vij ek;GfpwhHfs;
kw;Wk; mtHfspd; ce;Jjy;fs; vd;d vd;gJ gw;wpa
Jy;ypakhd juit Nrfhpf;f xU rpwe;j tha;g;ig
toq;FfpwJ. rhpahd Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;gJ
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F ed;F mDgtk; ,Ue;jhy;>
mtUf;F/mtSf;F nghUj;jKs;s juitr; Nrfhpf;f
cjTk;. mtHfSf;F $Ljy; jfty; Njitg;gl;lhy;>
Muha;r;rpahsHfs; gpd;njhlHjy; Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;f
Ntz;Lk;> mit $Ljy; jfty;fisr; Nrfhpf;f cjTk;.
,e;j NeHfhzy;fs; NeUf;F NeH my;yJ njhiyNgrpapy;
nra;ag;glyhk; kw;Wk; nghJthf miu kzp Neuk; Kjy;
,uz;L kzp Neuk; my;yJ mjw;F Nky; ePbf;Fk;. Mo;e;j
NeHfhzy; NeUf;F NeH elj;jg;gLk; NghJ>
gjpyspj;jtHfspd; cly; nkhopiag; gbg;gjw;Fk;
gjpy;fSld; nghUe;Jtjw;Fk; ,J xU rpwe;j tha;g;ig
toq;FfpwJ.
1.3.2. mbg;gilf; FOf;fs; (Focus Groups)
juT Nrfhpg;gpy; nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jukhd
Muha;r;rp Kiwfspy; mbg;gilf; FO xd;whFk;. xU
mbg;gilf; FOtpy; nghJthf ekJ ,yf;F
re;ijapypUe;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd
gjpyspg;gth;fs; (6-10) ,Ug;gh;. mbg;gilf; FOtpd; Kf;fpa
Nehf;fk; “Vd;” “vd;d” kw;Wk; “vg;gb” Nghd;w
Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpy;fisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjhFk;. mbg;gilf;
FOtpd; xU ed;ik ehk; FOTld; Nehpy; njhlh;G nfhs;s
Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy. ,g;Nghnjy;yhk; mbg;gilf;
FOf;fs; gy;NtW rhjdq;fspy; epfo;epiy fzf;nfLg;ig
mDg;gyhk; kw;Wk; xU nghj;jhidf; fpspf; nra;jhy;

60
r. jdtjp
gjpy;fisr; Nrfhpf;f KbAk;. gpw epfo;epiy juhPjpapyhd
Muha;r;rp KiwfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ mbg;gilf; FOf;fs;
xU tpiyAah;e;j KiwahFk;. nghJthf, mit rpf;fyhd
nray;Kiwfis tpsf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. Gjpa re;ij
Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis Nrhjpf;Fk; NghJ ,e;j
Kiw kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
mbg;gilf; FOf;fs;/FO NeHfhzy;fs;
mbg;gilf; FOf;fs; vd;gJ juhPjpapyhd Muha;r;rpapd;
xU %NyhghakhFk;> ,jpy; xU gpur;rpid> jahhpg;G> Nrit
my;yJ jpl;lk; Fwpj;j mZFKiwfs;> fUj;Jfs; my;yJ
czHTfs; xU FOtpd; cWg;gpdHfs; kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rpahsUf;F ,ilNa xU Rje;jpu kw;Wk; jpwe;j
fye;Jiuahlypd; %yk; Muhag;gLfpd;wd. mbg;gilf;;
FOf;fs; kw;Wk; FO NeHfhzy;fs; ,uz;Lk; FO
tpthjq;fSf;F trjpahfpd;wd> ,jpy; xU Muha;r;rpahsH
rpf;fy;fis vOg;GfpwhH my;yJ FOtpd;
cWg;gpdHfspilNa tpthjj;ijj; J}z;Lk; Nfs;tpfisf;
Nfl;fpwhH. mjd; Fiwe;j nryT fhuzkhf> fpl;lj;jl;l
xt;nthU njhopy;Kiw gFjp kw;Wk; fy;tpj; JiwapYk;
jfty;fisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhd gpugykhd KiwahFk;.
r%f> murpay; kw;Wk; elj;ij tpQ;Qhdpfs;> re;ij
Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; jahhpg;G Nrhjid KftH kw;Wk; efHg;Gw
kw;Wk; efu jpl;lkply; ty;YeHfs; ngUk;ghYk; ,e;j
tbtikg;ig gy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH.
cUthf;Fk; kw;Wk; RUf;fkhd kjpg;gPLfs; kw;Wk; r%f
jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis tsHg;gjpYk; mbg;gilf;
FOf;fs; eilKiwapy; cs;sd. rpf;fy;fs;> tpUg;gq;fs;>
Nkk;ghl;L cj;jpfs; kw;Wk; vjpHfhy jpl;lkply; kw;Wk;
Nkk;ghl;L jpirfis milahsk; fhz r%f kw;Wk;
efHg;Gw jpl;lkplypy; ,J xU gaDs;s fUtpahFk;.
mjd; tbtikg;gpy;> ,J kpfTk; vspJ. xU
Muha;r;rpahsuhf xUtH Muha tpUk;Gtijg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;f rpwe;jJ vd;W epidf;Fk; xU FOitj;
NjHe;njLf;fpwhH. mbg;gilf;; FOtpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisg;
nghWj;J> mjpf gapw;rp ngw;w ty;YeHfs; my;yJ xU
r%fj;jpd; ruhrhp FbapUg;ghsHfs; FOtpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l
egHfis ,e;jf; FO cs;slf;fpapUf;fyhk;. ftdk;
nrYj;Jk; FOtpd; cUthf;fj;jpy;> FOtpd; msT xU

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