Spss training notes

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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
Training
BSA Group Ltd
Trainer: Theogene KUBAHONIYESU (theogenek9@gmail.com)+250785816726
Welcome

CONTENT OF THE TRAINING
 SESSIONI:Introduction to SPSS
1. Background andobjectives
2. Definition
3. Useof SPSS
4. Strengthof SPSS
 SESSIONII: Dealingwith SPSS
1. Gettingstartedwith SPSS
2. Creatingadictionary
3. Dataentry
 SESSIONIII:Data management
Dataanalysis using SPSS
1. Exploratoryanalysis
2. Descriptiveanalysis
3. Inferentialanalysis

I.Introduction toSPSS
1.1Background
SPSS is the acronym of Statistical Package for the Social
Science. SPSS is one of the most popular statistical packages
which can perform highly complex data manipulation and
analysis with simple instructions. It is designed for both
interactive and non-interactive (batch) uses.
SPSS is a Windows based program that can be used to perform data
entry and analysis and to create tables and graphs. SPSS is capable of
handling large amounts of data and can perform all of the analyses
covered in the text and much more. ... SPSS is updated often.
SPSS is beneficial in performing sound statistical research
particularly in writing dissertations and in other research

Background cont’d
 The firstversion ofSPSSappeared on the market wayback in1968. The original
meaning ofthe abbreviation SPSSis StatisticalPackage forthe SocialSciences, but
initspresent formSPSSismuch more than that
 Since1968when SPSS wasintroduced asstatisticalanalysisprogramforsocialsciences
 AtthattimeSPSSwasusedinpsychologyresearchtoanalysesocialresearchdata. Today
howeverisusuallyusedinbusiness,market
 TheSPSSconsistsofbasemoduleneededforallapplications,plusofadd-onmodulesfor
additionalpurposesthatwillbediscussedlater.

Training Expectations
 At the end of this training any trainee should be able to
use SPSS for data entry, (template design: coding , naming
and defining variable and defining a missing value etc.),
manage data, producing summary statistics.
 Be able to run statistical analysis, incorporate Analytical
results in written reports;
 By providing many practical exercises objectives will be
achieved.

LEARNING OUT COME
At the this session, participants will:
 appreciate the power of SPSS as a statistical package
 Be able to undertake elementary data management and
statistical analyses in SPSS
 Be able to produce graphs and tables using SPSS,
 have sufficient knowledge of SPSS to be able to
work independently to produce other analyses

1.2 Definition
SPSS is statistical package for social
science
SPSS is a data management and
statistical analysis tool

1.3Use ofSPSS
 Creatingdata entrymatrix(data entrymask) and datasets and
managingdatasets
 Generatingroutine frequency tables, descriptivestatistics,
distributionofmultiple-choicequestion responses etc.
 Creatinggraphical presentations ofdata for reporting,
presentations orpublications
 Exploringrelationshipsbetweenvariablesusinglinearandnon-
linearmodels
 Transformingvariables orcreatingnew variablesfrom
existing
ones
 Sub sampling adataset
 Identifyingoutliersin the dataset

1.4 STRENGTH OF SPSS
Data can easily be imported from excel or CSV files
Dataset of SPSS can be saved as STATA or excel so as
to perform different analysis.
Data analysis are easy to carry and output exported to Ms
word ,Ms excel …
SPSS offers a vide range of statistical methods usable
friendly.

II. Dealing withSPSS

Opening SPSS
Start → All Programs → SPSS Inc → IBM
SPSS STATISTICS 20 →
SPSS 20

The Four Windows: Data Editor
Data Editor
Spreadsheet-like system for defining,
entering, editing, and displaying data.
Extension of the saved file will be “sav.”

Variable view: which displays metadata or information about the data in the
active file, such as variable names and labels, value labels, formats, and missing
value indicators

The Four Windows: Output Viewer
Output Viewer
Displays output and errors. Extension of
the saved file will be “spv.”

The Four Windows: Syntax editor
Syntax Editor
Text editor for syntax composition.
Extension of the saved file will be “spss.”

The Four Windows: Script Window
Script Window
Provides the opportunity to write full-
blown programs, in a BASIC-like language.
Text editor for syntax composition.
Extension of the saved file will be “sbs.”

Questionnaire data entry:
 questions are translated into variables
 Using codebook we show how the answers to the
questions becomes values of variables
 Coding:
 It is done by defining value label that is description
assigned to a value of variable
 You can use numeric or string coding however string
coding posses some problems.

2.2 Creating a dictionary
Variable viewColumns
Column1:Variable name
 Shortname:somecharactersarenotacceptedtobeused
(betteruse lettersand numbers)
Column2:Variable type
 Numeric
 Date
 String
Column 3:Width
 Numberof characters
Column4: Decimals
 Numberofdecimals tobe displayed

Creating a dictionary
Variable viewColumns Cont’d
Column5: Labels
Descriptionofthe variables
Column6: values
Listofpossible valuesfordiscrete or qualitative
variables
Column7: Missing
Codesformissing values

Entering Data Directly
 Missing: options include up to 3 discrete missing
value
 •By default SPSS put dots or commas for numeric and
leave empty cell for string variables
 •Missing values are: no responses, refused to answer, and
data mistakes

Creating a dictionary
VariableviewColumnsCont’d
 Column8: columns
Numberofcolumns booked forthe variable
 Column9: alignment
Centered,leftorright alignment
 Column10:measure
Nominal:name,marital status,race, gender.
 Ordinal:education level:noteducated, primary, secondary,
university.
 Scale: age, weight, household spending,….

2.3 Data entry
Enteringdatain Data View
 Click on dataview (tomove from variable view todata
view)
 Type data in the spreadsheet
 Createyour folder:My documents
/PAJER/family-n ame/
 Saveyour dataset as../family-name/exercise1
 Exit SPSS

Opening anexistingSPSS file
 OpenSPSS
 File
Go to the folder containing exercise
Type new labels
Name : name of the participant
Missing value: for weight and height use 999
Click on data view
What do you observe in the dataset?

Entering Data Directly
 Practice 1: put the following information into
SPSS?
 Enter in SPSS the name of different persons
and their gender and height
 About gender enter value 1 as male and 2 as
female enter like 10 different observation.
Solution

Saving Data File
To save the data file you created simply click „file‟ and click
„save as.‟ You can save the file in different forms by clicking
“Save as type.”

Opening an existing SPSS dataset
In SPSS, go to FILE/OPEN → Click on the button “Files of
Type.”→ Select the option “SPSS (*. Sav ).” →Select the
file, then click on → Click on "Open.”

Importing Data from Excel
into SPSS
In SPSS, go to: File, Open, Data →Select Type of file (of
Excel) you want to open → Select File name you want to
open→ Open Note: the same procedure holds to open a
Comma delimited (.csv) file and simple database file (. d“ d
Base (*.dbf).

Basic Data Management (Data exploration)
 Sorting the Data: to change the order of cases in data
editor
 Click „Data‟ and then click Sort Cases
 Double Click „Name of the students.‟ Then click ok.

Basic Data Management
(Data exploration)

(Data exploration)
Practice2:How would you sort the data by the „Height‟
of students in descending order?
 Answer: Click data, sort cases, double click „height
of students, ‟click„ descending,‟ and finally click ok.

Basic Data Management (Data exploration
Select Cases
For a subset of the data file, use
Select Cases if your analysis is
willingly to be done on that
subset
In the menu, click Data.
Click Select Cases...

To select only those cases which meet certain
criteria, choose the If option
At the bottom of the dialogue box you can specify how
SPSS has to deal with the cases not selected

•Enter the expression that will determine which variables will be
selected
•Click Continue

(Data exploration)
When you’ve finished specifying selection criteria, click OK.

Split file
 It often happens that you distinguish between groups
and with to carry out analysis for each group of cases
separately ( e.g. You may wish to analyse men and
women as two separate groups, etc.).
 The split file command is useful when you want to
perform the analyses for each group (You use split file
to specify each group are to be distinguished and to
instruct SPSS to perform each of the following analyses
separately for each of groups)

Split file
You find the split file command by selecting:
Data Split File.

Split file
You now need to do is to “switch on” split file, by
clicking either of the following options:
compare groups: the output shows the results
of all groups together.
Choose this option when you want to compare the
groups with each other.
Organize output by groups: the results of each
analysis are shown for each group separately.
Choose this option if you wish to perform the
same analysis for several groups.

MERGING FILES
Merging: Adding cases and variables
Some times there is a need to combine data files.
An example is when three persons have separately
entered the responses to a questionnaire. The three
resulting data files then have to be combined into one
overall data file.
Procedure
Data Merge files Adding cases or Adding
variables.

MERGING FILE
THE WAY THE SCREEN LOOK LIKE:

Recodevariables
Recodevariable e.g “Gender”
Transform Recodeintodifferent variable
Select variable
Type the name ofthe newvariable
Type thelabel
Old and newvalues
Type oldvalue then new value and clickon
add
Repeatforother values OK

Computing newvariables
Mathematical operators
Arithmetic operators: +, -,/,*,**
Boolean operators: >, <, <=, >=,
Mathematical functions: abs, arc sin, arc tan,….
Statistical functions: Cfvar, Max, Mean,…..

III. Datamanagement
 For anyanalysis ofdata,thestarting point is
analysed on the menubar,therestfollow according
tothe aim andgoal oftheanalysis
 Practice, innovationandknowledgeof exploration,
inferentialanddescriptivestatistics isparamountasSPSSis
justatoolforanalysis, oneneedstohaveknowledgeofwhat
shouldbe analyzed andhowtointerpret theresults.
 Makeuse ofthehelpwindow onthemenu bar.

3.1 Exploratoryanalysis
 Basically,it involves the use ofstatistical charts,tables
and diagrams:
 Ganttcharts,bargraphs,Piecharts,Frequencytables
(absolute orcumulative,simpleoraggregated),Pareto
diagrams,scatterplots,cross-tables(withnominaldatasets),
contingencytables(withordinalcategorydata),stem-and-
leafdisplay, etc.
 The command to perform statistical charts,tables
and diagramsisGraphs or one maypassthrough
Analyze descriptive statistics

CHARTS AND COMPUTATION
SPSScontainsmultipleoptionsfordoingthisthegraphs menu
containsthreedifferentcommandstocreatebar charts.Thereason
forthisratherconfusingsituationisthe longhistoryofthesoftware
package.Whatusedtobeeasy canhowbeaccomplishedinanyeven
simplermanner,butfor thesakeofusersoftheolderSPSSversion
thesoftware designers kept the oldoption inthe program.
we will create bar chart inthis sectioninthe easiest way
possiblebyusingthechartbuilder.Selectinthemenuofthe data
editorthe option.

Intheupperleftcornerofthechartbuilder SPSS displays
the
variables ,the large rectangle tothe right willshowa
previewofthecharttobecreatedandthebuttonahalf the
windowcontainstabsandbuttons forthe design ofthe chart.
Currentlythetabgalleryisshown.Thistabscontainthe
most
oftenusedcharts,namelybarcharts,line charts,area charts,
pie charts andscatterplot.
Choosethemostappropriatecharttobeusedaccordingto
your variable, and move the picture that you needtothe
chartpreview.

the preview nowshowsabarchartinwhich
horizontalandverticalaxis are still empty.
Wedo notneed the dialogue boxofthe elements
propertiesthatalsoaspresented.
Closethis boxbyclickingthebuttonwiththe
crossintitle bar.
Inthenextstep,wedeterminethevariablethat
havetobeshowninthebarchart.Dragthe variable
tothe horizontal axis(x-axis).
SPSS displaysapreview ofthe barchart.

How Can YouMake ADesign Of
YourChart
You can make adesign ofyour chart in two differentways:
- providingamoredetailedspecificationofyourchart when
defining something.
-changing anexistingchart.
Itmeansthatyouareabletoturntheverticalbarsinto
horizontalbars,addatitletothechart,changetheorderof the
bars and add shading tothe bars
How toturn verticalbars intohorizontal bars?
aftergettingyour chart inchart builder window


clickthe tab basicelements.
then clicktranspose.

3.2 Descriptiveanalysis
Basically descriptive analysiscan broadly subdivided intothree
analysis:
Measuresofcentral tendency:Mean,Mode, Median
Measuresofdispersion:Variance,Standarddeviation,
Coefficient of
variation, (and covariance)…
Measuresofshape:Skewnessand Kurtosis
 The command to performstatisticaldescription isAnalyze

3.3 Inferentialanalysis
Inferentialstatisticsisconcernedwithmakingpredictionsor
inferencesaboutapopulationfromobservationsandanalysesofa
sample.Thatis, wecantaketheresultsofananalysisusingasample
andcangeneralizeittothelargerpopulationthatthesample
represents.Inordertodothis,however,itisimperativethatthe
sampleisrepresentativeofthegrouptowhichitisbeing generalized.
Toaddressthis issueofgeneralization,wehavetestsofsignificance.A
Chi-squareorT-test,forexample,cantellustheprobabilitythatthe
resultsofouranalysisonthesamplearerepresentativeofthe
populationthatthesamplerepresents.Inotherwords,thesetestsof
significancetellustheprobabilitythattheresultsoftheanalysiscould
haveoccurredbychancewhenthere isnorelationshipatall between
the variables westudied inthe population westudied.

The command to perform
inference is Analyze
e.g:

Review some important
notes(commands) toremember
Wemuchmoreuse:
 Filecommand:tocreatenewdataset,openexisting
dataset, importing and exporting data….
 Datacommand:tosplit files,merge files,selectcase,sort
case,transpose…
 Transformcommand:compute variable,recodevariable..
 Analyzecommand:toshowfrequency tables,cross tables,
charts, statistics, regression, statistic tests…
 Graphs:toshow charts and diagrams…..
For this training muchtimeis concerned bypractical
exerciseson computer (beingassisted)

+250785816726

Mzee_Theogene
@BSAGrpLtd
About The Company
BSA Group Ltd
About The Trainer
Mzee Theogene KUBAHONIYESU
@MzeeTheogene

THANK You !!!!!!!!!!!!!

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