(1) identify the topic and problem statement; (2) introduce main points; and (3) highlight related literature on topic. Contents I. Introduction II. Synthesis of Literature (10 scholarly sources) III. Conclusions IV. Recommendations I. Introduction a. Although there has been a long history of women’s equality, it is always difficult for women to obtain equal rights and social position. b. Identification of the problem addressed in the paper : Given that Title IX permits a gender-separate legal structure for athletic participation, can women’s sports achieve equal social status in the athletic department and the campus community? (consider statistical data and examples from personal experiences) c. Brief description of the significance of the problem: to recognize the situation of women in sports and some inequalities they have suffered. Therefore, some theories are developed to help female athletes achieve equality. d. State the purpose of the paper and what you plan to accomplish in the paragraphs that follow. This should be made explicit. II. Literature Review a. Analyze and interpret the bodies of related literature (10) for the identified problem. Organize the studies/literature by targeted population, theme, and/or topic.: Wage gap between male and female athletes/Opportunity….. III. Conclusions/Recommendations a. Provide a conclusion as well as bold and sensible recommendations that are supported by related literature: 1. Acosta, R. V. & Carpenter, L. (2012). Women in intercollegiate sport: A longitudinal national study 35 year update: 1977–2012. Retrieved from www.acostacarpenter.org 2. Branch, T. (2011). The shame of college sports. The Atlantic Monthly 308(3), 80–110. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/10/the-shame-ofcollege-sports/308643/ 3. Johnson, J. K. (1994). Title IX and intercollegiate athletics: Current judicial interpretation of the standards for compliance. Boston University Law Review, 74, 553–589. 4. Pascarella, E. T., Edison, M., Hagedorn, L. S. Nora, A., & Terenzini, P. T. (1996). Influences of students’ internal locus of attribution for academic success in the first year of college. Research in Higher Education, 37(6), 731-753. 5. Pascarella, E., & Terenzini, P. (1991). How college affects students: Findings and insights from twenty years of research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. 6. Pascarella, E. T., and Terenzini, P. T. (2005). How College Affects Students. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 7. Sedlacek, W., & Adams-Gaston, J. (1992). Predicting the academic success of student-athletes using SAT and noncognitive variables. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 724-727. 8. Sellers, R. (1992). Racial differences in the predictors for academic achievement of studentathletes in Division I revenue producing sports. Sociology of Sport Journal, 9, 48-59. 9. Yopyk, D., & Prentice, D. (2005). Am I an athlete or a student? Identity salience and stereotypethreat in student-athletes. B.

1. (1) identify the topic and problem statement;
(2) introduce main points; and
(3) highlight related literature on topic.
Contents
I. Introduction
II. Synthesis of Literature (10 scholarly sources)
III. Conclusions
IV. Recommendations
I. Introduction
a. Although there has been a long history of women’s equality,
it is always difficult for women to obtain equal rights and social
position.
b. Identification of the problem addressed in the paper : Given
that Title IX permits a gender-separate legal structure for
athletic participation, can women’s sports achieve equal social
status in the athletic department and the campus community?
(consider statistical data and examples from personal
experiences)
c. Brief description of the significance of the problem: to
recognize the situation of women in sports and some
inequalities they have suffered. Therefore, some theories are
developed to help female athletes achieve equality.
d. State the purpose of the paper and what you plan to
accomplish in the
paragraphs that follow. This should be made explicit.
II. Literature Review
a. Analyze and interpret the bodies of related literature (10) for
the identified problem. Organize the studies/literature by
targeted population, theme, and/or topic.: Wage gap between
male and female athletes/Opportunity…..
III. Conclusions/Recommendations
a. Provide a conclusion as well as bold and sensible
recommendations that are
supported by related literature:

2. 1. Acosta, R. V. & Carpenter, L. (2012). Women in
intercollegiate sport: A longitudinal
national study 35 year update: 1977–2012. Retrieved from
www.acostacarpenter.org
2. Branch, T. (2011). The shame of college sports. The Atlantic
Monthly 308(3), 80–110.
Retrieved from
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/10/the-
shame-ofcollege-sports/308643/
3. Johnson, J. K. (1994). Title IX and intercollegiate athletics:
Current judicial interpretation
of the standards for compliance. Boston University Law
Review, 74, 553–589.
4. Pascarella, E. T., Edison, M., Hagedorn, L. S. Nora, A., &
Terenzini, P. T. (1996). Influences of students’ internal locus of
attribution for academic success in the first year of college.
Research in Higher Education, 37(6), 731-753.
5. Pascarella, E., & Terenzini, P. (1991). How college affects
students: Findings and
insights from twenty years of research. San Francisco, CA:
Jossey-Bass.
6. Pascarella, E. T., and Terenzini, P. T. (2005). How College
Affects Students. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
7. Sedlacek, W., & Adams-Gaston, J. (1992). Predicting the
academic success of student-athletes using SAT and
noncognitive variables. Journal of Counseling and
Development, 70, 724-727.
8. Sellers, R. (1992). Racial differences in the predictors for
academic achievement of studentathletes in Division I
revenue producing sports. Sociology of Sport Journal, 9, 48-59.
9. Yopyk, D., & Prentice, D. (2005). Am I an athlete or a
student? Identity salience and stereotypethreat in student-
athletes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 27(4),
329-336.
10. Zimbalist, A. (1999). Unpaid professionals: Commercialism

3. and conflict in big-time college
sports. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
(1)
identify the topic and problem statement;
(2) introduce main points; and
(3) highlight related literature on topic.
Contents
I. Introduction
II. Synthesis of Literature (10
scholarly sources)
III. Conclusions
IV. Recommendations
I. Introduction
a.
Although there has been a long history of women’s equality, it
is always difficult for women
to obtain equal rights and social position.
b. Identification of the problem addressed
in the paper
:
Given that Title IX permits a gender
-
separa

4. te legal structure for athletic
participation, can women’s sports achieve equa
l social status
in the athletic
department and the campus community?
(consider statistical
data and examples
from person
al experiences)
c. Brief description of the significance of the problem
:
to recognize the situation of women in
sports and some inequalities they have suffered. Therefore,
some theories are developed to help
female athletes achieve equality.
d. State the p
urpose of the paper and what you plan to accomplish in the
paragraphs that follow
. This should be made explicit.
II. Literature Review
a. Analyze and interpret the bodies of
related literature (10)
for the identified problem. Organize
the studies/literatur
e by
targeted population, theme, and/or topic.
: Wage gap between male and female
athletes/Opportunity…..

5. III. Conclusions/Recommendations
a. Provide a conclusion as well as bold and sensible
recommendations that are
supported by related literature
:
1.
Ac
osta, R. V. & Carpenter, L. (2012). Women in intercollegiate
sport: A longitudinal
national study 35 year update: 1977
–
2012. Retrieved from
www.acostacarpenter.org
2.
Branch, T. (2011). The shame of college sports.
The Atlantic Monthly 308(3), 80
–
110.
Heungying Wong
Education 150
Annotated Bibliography

6. May 3, 2019
Bradshaw, S., Castellino, J., & Diop, B. (2013). Women's role
in economic development: overcoming the constraints, prepared
for the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015
Development Agenda. Retrieved fromhttp://unsdsn.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/02/130520-Women-Economic-
Development-Paper-for-HLP.pdf
The article by Bradshaw, Castellino and Diop is a recap of
the gender roles accorded to women and how they can or cannot
help in economic development. It is truly evident that despite
the long struggle for gender equality, women are still faced with
a challenge in exercising equal rights in social and economic
positions. The article is an evidence-based study of whether to
invest on women, the current constraints hindering women from
realizing their full potentials as well as the priority concerns to
implement to unblock these constraints (Bradshaw, Castellino &
Diop, 2013). Besides, women often struggle on strategies which
will make them productive in the social setting but majorly
faced with barriers such as male chauvinism which dominates
among many individuals. Women consistently try to build
economically productive tasks in an attempt to raise their social
settings but equality is highly interfered with mostly by the men
who do not want competition in the market setting.
International IDEA, (2016). Constitution Assessment for
Women’s Equality. International IDEA resources on
constitution-building processes, ISBN: 978-91-7671-049-4.
Retrieved
fromhttps://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/constit
ution-assessment-for-womens-equality.pdf
Women rights and gender equality is a major aspect of
study which has been constitutionally sated and clarified. The
constitution clearly states that both women and men are equal
and deserve equality in every task undertaken. However, in the
contemporary social setting, this deviates from the expected
course of order where women are presented as subjects to men.

7. With gender equality being the cornerstone to a democratic and
just society, several human rights activist groups have ventured
their concerns to protecting women rights and empowerment
(International IDEA, 2016). Despite all these efforts being put
in place, women are often exposed to diverse gender
discrimination instances in their day to day activities. Socially,
women are perceived to be less able to undertake certain tasks,
unlike men who are presented as able to do all the available
tasks as well as leading in all authoritative offices in any given
social setting.
Pittman, A., (2014). Fast-Forwarding Gender Equality and
Women’s Empowerment? Reflections on Measuring Change for
UNDP’s Thematic Evaluation on Gender Mainstreaming and
Gender Equality 2008-2013. Occasional Paper, United Nations
Development Program. Retrieved
fromhttp://web.undp.org/evaluation/documents/articles-
papers/occasional_papers/Occasional%20Paper_Gender_Pittman
%20.pdf
According to Pittman, when the topic about gender
equality is stated in any social setting, the main idea that rings
in our minds are women empowerment from the oppression
accorded to them. The article was scripted and published with
an aim to evaluate the best strategies which would enhance
women empowerment through a thematic evaluation of gender
roles. Mainstreaming and gender equality and women's
empowerment, the article lays a descriptive analysis of three
phases to achieve this. First, there is a historical overview of
the emergence of gender considerations in international
development (Pittman, 2014). Secondly, the article presents an
outline of gender mainstreaming in UNDP as a tool to fast-
forward gender equality and women’s empowerment. Lastly, as
mandated in the article, it narrates the key challenges, tools,
and methods to measure complex changes in gender equality and
women’s empowerment. Thus, it captures a more nuanced social
and structural changes in women’s and men’s lives.
Razavi, S., & Qayum, S. (2016). Gender Equality and

8. Sustainable Development. In Gender Equality and Sustainable
Development (Vol. 156, No. 166, pp. 156-166). ROUTLEDGE
in association with GSE Research. Retrieved from
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1900u
nwomen_surveyreport_advance_16oct.pdf
Gender equality is a factor which prevails in every aspect
of our daily living. With a society which practices gender
equality, the outcomes are significant by generating sustainable
developments guided by an equality perspective. The debate
about women rights has been in existence since time
immemorial where certain individuals think that women do not
deserve equal rights while others demand equality. However,
even with all these social conflicts of women equality, it
evident that women are not accorded the rightful gender shares
as compared to men (Razavi & Qayum, 2016). The link between
women and development is morally and ethically upright since
we cannot ignore their rights, dignity, and capabilities of
women forever baring with the fact that they form half of the
world’s population. Therefore, women’s knowledge, agency,
and collective action have huge potential to improve resource
productivity and sustainable use of natural resources where
failure to capitalize on this, it would be a missed opportunity.
Seguino, S., Sumner, A., van der Hoeven, R., Sen, B., &
Ahmed, M. (2013). Humanity Divided: Confronting inequality
in developing countries. UNDP. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Poverty%2
0Reduction/Inclusive%20development/Humanity%20Divided/H
umanityDivided_Ch5_low.pdf
Gender is the primary fundamental marker of every social
and economic stratification which comes by as a result of the
exclusion. Regardless of a woman's socioeconomic status, there
will always be specific gender disparities in matters to do with
material well-being even though the level of the inequality
might differ from one geographical region to another or time
periods. Furthermore, as an outcome, gender inequality is
associated with most communities where the men are averagely

9. better placed in social, economic, and political hierarchies as
compared to the women (Seguino et al., 2013). Over the past
decades, efforts have been put in place to reduce gender
inequality which has been a dominating aspect in both
international organizations and national or state strategy
statements. As a result, the millennium development goals
reflect on the global attention to the issue of gender inequality
and has been providing the impetus for governments to
eliminate gender inequality in primary social settings.