The document discusses the debate over compensating collegiate athletes, emphasizing the need for financial support to alleviate student-athletes' burden and enhance their educational experience. It highlights issues such as the insufficiency of scholarships to cover all college expenses and the mental health implications of being undervalued. Additionally, it references research on racial resentment affecting opinions on athlete compensation and the broader effectiveness of higher education in addressing these disparities.

1. Compensating Collegiate Athletes
Introduction
There’s a significant debate on whether paying college athletes
is appropriate in the modern age.
One major factor in this subject is that colleges make money off
their athletes through ticket and merchandise sales.
College athletes should receive some form of compensation
because it reduces the financial burden on the athlete, increases
the quality and effectiveness of the education received, and
shows support and value to the athlete as refusing to pay them
could make the athlete feel disposable. Paying college athletes
reduces the financial burden on the athlete
A. College is expensive and most scholarships don’t cover all
expenses. Fees, supplies, and food are often excluded from
scholarship money. Many athletes do not receive full
scholarships.
B. College athletes aren’t able to work as they are committed to
training, practice, and games for the school. 1. Working a part-
time job takes time. College athletes have rigorous schedules
that already compromise their study time. Paying athletes
increases the quality of the education received
A. Athletes have more time to focus on getting a solid
education.
B. Athletes have fewer distractions to worry about.Refusing to
pay athletes can affect their mental health by making them feel
disposable

2. A. Athletes want to feel valued as they garner a lot of attention
for colleges.
B. College is tough of the psyche and can be an extremely
stressful experience. Opposition: Paying college athletes is
spoiling them as they already receive scholarships
A. Scholarships do not cover all costs of a college education.
B. College athletes have greater responsibilities as they must
perform for the school by physically and mentally in the
classroom. Conclusion
A. Paying college athletes is a necessary part of growth in the
modern society.
B. Athletes need to feel valued as the school makes millions of
dollars from their performances.
C. Paying college athletes can reduce their financial burdens as
many come from homes that aren’t able to afford many college
luxuries.
Compensating Collegiate Athletes Page 2 of 2
Howard 1
Jennifer Howard
Professor Nelson
English 1301 Composition I
3 March 2021
Progress Report
Wallsten, Kevin et al. "Prejudice or Principled Conservatism?
Racial Resentment and White Opinion Toward Paying College
Athletes". Political Research Quarterly, vol 70, no. 1, 2017, pp.
209-222. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1065912916685186.
Accessed 3 Mar 2021.
The article by Wallsten, Nteta, McCarthy, and Tarsi (2017)

3. acknowledges the role of racial resentment in studies that focus
on race, ethnicity, and politics. Through their research, they
attempt to address the role of racial resentment in the shaping of
opinions shared by the majority race. The study primarily
focuses on policies such as “pay for play” which does not
require federal or government relocation of resources. By
focusing on college athletes, they employ cross-sectional and
tentative data from two main sources. First is the 2014
cooperative Congressional Election Study and the Mechanical
Turk from Amazon. The sources were instrumental in the
identification of racial resentment when expressing views and
prepositions in the paying of college athletes. The data
collected by the researchers also identified that white was
racially resentful over the concept of paying African American
athletes compared to white athletes. The researcher’s approach
to the issue resulted in various hypotheses that focused on
measuring the relationship between racial resentment and the
antiblack effect. They exploited online resources and conducted
a survey involving 55,000 participants from over 40 colleges
and universities in the country. The independent variable was
the measure of racial resentment whereas the dependent
variables included financial compensation. The results
supported the thesis developed by the researchers identifying
that racial antipathy affected white opinion of NCAA (National
Collegiate Athletic Association) compensation policies.
Marsters, Caleb, and Jemaima Tiatia-Seath. “Young Pacific
Male Athletes’ Experiences of
Mental Wellbeing in Elite Rugby Union and Rugby
League.” Pacific Youth: Local and Global Futures, edited by
HELEN LEE, ANU Press, Australia, 2019, pp. 247–
272. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvt6rj8x.13. Accessed 4
Mar. 2021.
The authors Marsters and Tiatia-Seath address the
increasing mental health issues among young Pacific athletes.
The researchers recognized the recent media attention to the
suicides in New Zealand and Australia. According to the data

4. presented, pacific people account for over 7% of the total
population in New Zealand. Of the population, approximately
55% are under the age of 25 years. Additionally, Pacific people
account for most players in elite rugby clubs. Nevertheless,
secondary data used in setting the parameters of the study
demonstrated that mental wellness was a serious issue affecting
the athletes, however, the data was inconclusive on the rate of
mental illness due to the scarcity of quality research. The
researchers developed a qualitative study that focused on
exploring the experiences and acuity of positive mental health
in the profession. The researchers exploited a semi-structured
interview that fixated on specific questions. The open-ended
questions allowed for the data collected to be diverse thus
offering a more in-depth understanding of the issue. It involved
20 young Pacific males aged between 16 and 24 years. The
interviews lasted between 45 and 90 minutes with responses
recorded as audio files. The study concluded that the
participants as well as members of rugby unions view mental
health as an agglomerate of various factors. If one factor is
impacted, it affects an individual’s concept of mental wellness.
Steven Brint, and Charles T. Clotfelter. “U.S. Higher Education
Effectiveness.” RSF: The
Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, vol. 2,
no. 1, 2016, pp. 2–37. JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/rsf.2016.2.1.01. Accessed 4 Mar.
2021.
The article by Brint and Clotfelter (2016), on the other
hand, assesses the effectiveness of higher education in the US.
According to the authors, the term effectiveness is not
prominently used in learning resulting in the need for scholars
to evaluate how colleges and universities operate. The lack of
information on the notion also prompts researchers to address
the various forces in high education that influence change. The
research topic is a critical issue as it plays a central role in the
development of American society. Moreover, the notion of
effectiveness is affected by the expectations of society thus

5. forming the core parameters of the study. A historic evaluation
of higher education is imposed with the researchers addressing
the topic from a system level. They acknowledge the great
expansion of higher education in the US after the Second World
War. The objective of then policymakers was to focus on the
capacity and skills students needed when they became
professionals. The researchers further identify that with the
current expanded higher education system, contemporary
policymakers want to assess if the opportunities are impartially
distributed and accessible. Based on the assessment, it is
evident that the researchers want to evaluate the effectiveness
of higher education by measuring its societal expectations.
Survey Analysis
Based on the data collected from the survey, more than
90% of participants surveyed are for paying college athletes.
Unfortunately, it is evident that higher education institutions
have preset expectations by society. Among them is the efficacy
of the educational and athletics aspects of the institutions.
However, the policies that regulate academic and athletic
performance are influenced by society’s perception of racial
resentment. According to the data collected by Wallsten, Nteta,
McCarthy, and Tarsi (2017) race play a critical role in
determining policies in higher education. When addressing
minority races, it is essential to note that racial discrimination
plays an influential role (Wallsten et al. 211). The implications
of discrimination on athletes can significantly impact their
effectiveness thus affecting overall performance. Additionally,
it has the potential of affecting mental wellness, the notion has
supported the research conducted by Marsters and Tiatia-Seath
(Lee 244). The data collected by the researchers contributed to
the conclusion that mental wellness is affected by various
factors and in the case of minority athletes, discrimination.
The data and information collected from the survey can be
implemented in the research on paying college athletes. Among
the first incorporation, strategies would be the modification of
policies in higher educational institutions to equally consider

6. athletes from the majority and minority races. By offering equal
opportunities it ensures that higher educational institutions
attain societal approval and efficacy in resource allocation
among athletes. The potential of the approach is a reduced
probability of mental disorders such as depression.
Additionally, the data can be implemented on colleges and
universities to offer more paid positions for athletes to bolster
the efficacy of the learning institutions in helping students
become professionals. Finally, by evaluating society’s
perception of effectiveness, it can allow colleges and
universities better handle their athletes by imposing attainable
objectives promoting self-confidence.
Works Cited
Brint, Steven, and Charles T. Clotfelter. "U.S. Higher Education
Effectiveness". RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of
The Social Sciences, vol 2, no. 1, 2016, p. 2. Russell Sage
Foundation, doi:10.7758/rsf.2016.2.1.01. Accessed 3 Mar 2021.
Marsters, Caleb, and Jemaima Tiatia-Seath. “Young Pacific
Male Athletes’ Experiences of
Mental Wellbeing in Elite Rugby Union and Rugby
League.” Pacific Youth: Local and Global Futures, edited by
HELEN LEE, ANU Press, Australia, 2019, pp. 247–
272. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvt6rj8x.13. Accessed 4
Mar. 2021.
Wallsten, Kevin et al. "Prejudice or Principled Conservatism?
Racial Resentment and White Opinion Toward Paying College
Athletes". Political Research Quarterly, vol 70, no. 1, 2017, pp.
209-222. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/1065912916685186.
Accessed 3 Mar 2021.