Business Cycle Essay

Business Cycle Essay
In everyday society, companies are affected by the economy. The company either suffers or benefits depending on what kind of economy it is. This
will depend on what kind of company it is, and what kind of market the business does well in. The Business Cycle is what determines this factor. It is a
term used in economics to designate changes in the economy.
Timing of the business cycle is not predictable, but its phases seem to be. Many economists site four phases–prosperity, liquidation, depression, and
recovery. During a period of prosperity, a rise in production leads to increases in employment, wages, and profits. Obstacles then begin to obstruct
further expansion. Production costs can increase, helping create a rise in prices, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Peapod, is an Internet grocer that provides online grocery shopping to various cities across the country. In an economy where unemployment is rapidly
decreasing , anything that can allow people to get things done easily and swiftly are greatly appreciated. Since Americans work more hours than any
other country in this world, Peapod can only benefit from everybody's inability to not stop working. Nobody has enough time to do the little things,
like get gas, go grocery shopping, etc.... Society is also willing to pay the extra bucks to have the groceries hand delivered to their doors because
grocery shopping is a hassle and its annoying. No one likes doing it but it is something you have to do, might as well have someone else do it for you.
Peapod is a sure thing for the next millennium.
FannieMae is a company that makes capital by lending money to people who need mortgages and by borrowing money at low interest rates.
FannieMae is able to make money in any kind of economy. During times of low interest rates they make money on people who bought fixed rate
mortgages at a time of high interest rates. They also have a hard making money during this time because their marginal percentage is smaller and
they make less of a profit. During times of high interest rates, they lose money on people who bought fixed rate mortgages at low interest rates. They
also make a lot of assets during this time because they borrow from the federal reserve or banks at lower interest rates and lend
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The Heat Cycle
I believe that every pet should be spayed or neutered to prevent the birth of more animals and the continuing rise of homeless animals in shelters.
Your dog is the best dog in the world, right? Sure! We all think our pets are the best that has ever existed, but in doing so, there are many shelter
animals that are already potty trained, over the puppy chewing stage, and are up to date on routine vaccinations that will never get a chance at life, all
because they were passed up for a cute little puppy. There are many costs to breeding that are not usually considered by a pet owner that is not a
licensed and experienced breeder. The problem most often presented with delivery is dystocia, or the inability to pass the young through the birth canal
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Fortunately, it seems that many communities offer a low cost spay and neuter clinic whom also offer routine vaccinations and microchip services at the
time of the surgery. These clinics have helped thousands of pet owners have their pets responsibly sterilized and have the chance to get them up to date
on their vaccinations. These low–cost clinics offer services that otherwise may not be sought out due to their excessive cost, all while still employing
licensed professionals, and following all of the standards set by the

Different Types Of Cell Cycle
Chapter five primarily covers information about cells, cell division, and the different types of cell cycles. The cell cycle is a sequence of events that
makeup the life of a typical eukaryotic cell, from the moment of its origin, to the time it divides to produce two daughter cells. Interphase starts off
the cell cycle and it is the longest stage in the cell cycle. Most cells spend 90% or more of their life span in interphase. Interphase is divided into three
main phases–G0, G1, S, and G2 phases. This portion of the cell cycle takes in nutrients; manufactures proteins and other substances, expands in size,
and conducts special functions which depend on the cell type. The G1 phase is the first phase in the life of a newborn cell, and is known as the
"gap 1" phase. The S phase is the phase that follows the G1 phase. In this phase, cells that are destined to divide, preparations for cell division begin
during the S phase. The "s" in this phase stands for "synthesis". This phase is responsible for replication of the cell's DNA, and this is one of the most
important responsibilities performed in this phase. G2 phase occurs after the S phase but before the start of cell division. The G2 phase is known
as the "gap 2" phase. The G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase, each make up the parts of interphase. Cell division is the last stage in the life of an
individual cell. As cell division begins, the cell contains twice the amount of DNA because of DNA replication in the S phase. The G0

Hydrologic Cycle Of The Hydrological Cycle
In this assignment, I shall be examining the hydrological cycle and I shall be answering the following questions provided in the D2L. I will be showing
my understanding/knowledge, thinking and communication.
Define:
В¬Condensation: The process where water vapor or in other words (gas) transitions into water droplets (a liquid). This is when we begin to see clouds
form.
В¬Evaporation: The change of the state from water to water vapor, an estimated average 47 inches is evaporated into the atmosphere from the ocean
each year.
В¬Sublimation: It is the process where ice and snow change into water vapor. They are able to do that without moving through the liquid phase
В¬Evamp – transpiration: The cumulative loss by evaporation and transpiration.
To begin with, the hydrologic cycle doesn't have an area where the sequences commence. Therefore, it will begin in the ocean since that's where the
most of the earth's water exists. The energy from the sun heats the ocean water, causing it to evaporate. Condensation, the water vaporizes into water
vapor. Subsequently, the vapor ascends into the atmosphere condensation is crucial to the hydrologic cycle because it is in charge of forming the
clouds. Sublimation is the process where ice directly converts into water vapor without converting into liquid. Furthermore, it has a slower process than
evaporation. Precipitation, clouds begin to form and it begins to precipitate due to either wind or temperature change. Transpiration,

The Never Ending Cycle
The Never Ending Cycle
Everyone has heard someone comment on poverty in the United States. Some people say, "the poor have only themselves to blame for their
situation." Or, "why don't they get a job?" This is the problem with society today; the different levels of the class structure have grown so far apart
from one another they cannot even relate to one another. People look down on the poor as unmotivated and lazy when, in fact, it is not their fault, but
the fault of a society that does not value people of wage labor. In our society today poverty is a never–ending cycle that feeds off itself, making the rich
richer and the poor poorer. There are three main factors that can be brought up when talking about thecycle of poverty; ... Show more content on
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The problem with poverty is more deeply rooted than just the decision to attend school. Poverty also is a factor of something the poor have absolutely
no control over, the redistribution or dispersion of money. This is the deciding factor in how the classes are formed. If the government does not
redistribute the wealth evenly throughout the class system, gaps appear. This is exactly what is happening in today's society. Under the new
policies of our president the richest one percent have taken a 25 percent income tax cut while the poorest 20 percent have taken a 1.2 percent tax
cut (Bush Tax Cut Plan). It is said that the rich will spend their money on goods and services throughout the economy, essentially "trickling down"
or giving the money to the poor through businesses, but it has not worked to date. From this theory we find that the cycle continues; the rich get
richer and the poor get poorer. So where does all this tax money go; shouldn't it be given back to the poor? In the poor's eyes, yes it should, but in the
rich people's eyes, no it shouldn't and so it does not. Sure, the government puts some taxes towards welfare, but, in fact, roughly 38 percent of the
federal income goes right to the military cause (War Resisters League). Only about 30 percent of the federal income is spent on human resources such
as welfare and medicare. The money that can

Real Business Cycles Hypothesis Sees Cycles
Introduction
Real Business Cycles hypothesis sees cycles as starting in frictionless splendidly focused economies with for the most part finish markets subject to
genuine stuns (irregular changes in innovation or efficiency), it makes the contention that cycles are predictable with aggressive general harmony
situations in which all operators are levelheaded maximizers (The Economist). In opposition to what Keynesian, Monetarist, and new traditional
business analysts trusted, RBC scholars, beginning with Nelson and Plosser in 1982, found that the theory that GDP development takes after an
arbitrary walk can 't be rejected. They contended that a large portion of the adjustments in GDP were perpetual, and that yield development would not ...
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Changes in the work supply or livelihood.
RBC models were for the most part fruitful in representing diligence and co–movement, yet less effective in offering persuading clarifications for
changes in occupation (Real Business Cycle Theory).
The Baxter and King paper, "Fiscal Policy in General Equilibrium" concentrates on four exemplary financial approach tests inside a quantitatively
confined neoclassical model. The creators ' primary discoveries are as per the following: lasting changes in government buys can prompt short–run and
long–run yield multipliers that surpass one; perpetual changes in government buys instigate bigger impacts than transitory changes; the financing
choice is quantitatively more critical than the asset expense of changes in government buys; and open venture affects private yield and speculation.
These discoveries stem from critical element collaborations of capital and work truant in prior harmony investigations of monetary arrangement
(Baxter King 1993).
In the event that business cycles are brought about for the most part by changes in efficiency, instead of by money related and budgetary unsettling
influences, what part do financial and monetary arrangements play? In Satyajit Chatterjee 's article he examines the likelihood that countercyclical
money related and financial arrangements have assumed a vital part in

Business Cycle In America
In the United States of America the National Bureau of Economic research determines cycles of fluctuations in economic activity known as business
cycles. According to the NBER, "there have been 11 business cycles from 1945 to 2009" (Investopedia.com). The average length of a cycle lasts about
69 months. The average expansion (the economy is growing in real terms) during this period "has lasted 58.4 months, while the average contraction
(the economy is contracting, as measured by decreasing of industrial production, employment, personal incomes, and sales) has lasted only 11.1
months" (Investopedia.com). The most recent financial crisis in the United States of America is the Great Recession, which began in December 2007
to June 2009. This recession

How Does A Cycle Affect A Continuous Cycle Of Fluctuations...
The ideology that the world is subjected to a continuous cycle of fluctuations and change originated in the work of Greek philosophers. Plato,
famously explored the context with which cycles occurred by observing social behaviors, political comportment and even astronomy. The concept
of a cycle has since been used to justify economic changes. However, a problem occurs when labelling economic activities as a 'cycle', it suggests
that there is an obligatory beginning and an end to certain trends. Implying, to a certain extent, that such movements are predictable and market
participants can forecast the periods of greater investment potential or downfall. A cycle, by definition, is a sequence of intermittent events which
are repeated in the same order. However, if these cycles are prevalent and some what identifiable, no two cycles could share the same exact
characteristics or length as the other. So how can it be then that the phenomenon of real estate cycles is being used to forecast potential Booms and
Busts in the economy? And does this mean that these proposed 'cycles' are inherent and thus irremovable within global capitalist economies? Or
perhaps are they caused by random shocks inflicted by market actors? This essay aims to critically discuss the existence real estate cycles and the
extent with which they prevail in a global context. Subsequently, a conclusion will be drawn on whether or not, such cycles, are predictable and to
what extent they can be forecasted.

Mexico Business Cycle
Mexico's Business Cycle
The term business cycle or economic cycle refers to the fluctuations of economic activity around its long–term growth trend. It involves shifts over time
between periods of relatively rapid growth of output–recovery and prosperity, and periods of relative stagnation or decline– contraction or recession.
These fluctuations are often measured using real gdp.
Despite being termed cycles, these fluctuations in economic growth and decline do not follow a purely mechanical or predictable periodic pattern. In
recent years economic theory has moved towards the study of economic fluctuation rather than a 'business cycle '. Some economists believe calling the
business cycle a "cycle" to be a misnomer, because of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the nature of the financing flows to Mexico were short–run, the vulnerability of the economy increased due to these adverse shocks, resulting in
capital outflows and a collapse of the exchange rate and output. 1995–99 saw a recovery of the economy after the implementation of an IMF supported
adjustment program including support schemes for the banking industry, a floating exchange rate, the tightening of monetary policy, fiscal consolidation
and restrained income policies. This resulted in an improvement of the economic situation and real gdp grew at about 5% per year.
Examining of the occurrences in these periods can assist in identifying possible sources of Mexican business cycles. They include– Pol*i*tical cycles–
Short term rule by autocratic governments, without reelection possibility, neglect long run benefits of public goods and confiscate assets that generate
long term flows of resources The mayke distorted policy decisions and reduce bothe quality and quantity of public goods. Investors and consumers
delay private decisions and economic activity declines as uncertainity in the economy increases proportionally to the end of the presidential term. In the
context of autocratic govts, financial crisis is endogenous to the political cycle.
Exchange rate

Equine Oestrous Cycle
(Emily and Becca) In the equine oestrous cycle, prostaglandin F2О± (PGF2О±) is released from the uterus following stimulation by oxytocin when
there is not implantation. PGF2О± has a luteolytic effect, ceasing the release of progesterone and beginning oestrus. When administered exogenously,
PGF2О± allows for synchronization of oestrus and shortening the interval to the 2nd postpartum oestrus and interovulatory period. To synchronize the
oestrus cycle, 2 injections of PGF2О± can be administered 14 days apart in mares with normal cycles. It can also be used in "programming mares," in
which artificial lighting and steroids are used in conjunction with PGF2О± to synchronize mares in intensive training programs (Brinsko and
Blanchard, 2011). PGF2О± can be used for "appointment... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This follows the expectation that mares should arrive to the facility in early oestrus (Metcalf and Thompson, 2010). For shortening of the interval
between the foal heat and the 2nd postpartum oestrus ("short cycling"), PGF2О± should be given 5–6 days after ovulation during foal heat (Brinsko
and Blanchard, 2011). According to a study performed by Metcalf and Thompson, there is no difference in conception rates for mares induced into
oestrus by PGF2О± and those who enter oestrus naturally. However, twin rates from pregnancies that result from oestrus brought on by exogenous
PGF2О± are significantly higher than those conceived from natural oestrus (Veronesi et al., 2003). Natural and synthetic prostaglandins both are
proven to be effective for these uses, however, synthetic prostaglandins have fewer side effects (Metcalf and Thompson, 2010). Chloe: There are some
other uses of prostaglandin in the mare. Prostaglandin can be used to induce parturition from Day 330, as long as pelvic relaxation has occurred.
Induction of parturition occurs because prostaglandin is involved in cervical dilation, rupture of the chorioallantois, contractility of the myometrium
and placental separation (Ousey & Fowden,

Menstrual Cycle
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Menstrual cycle is a process experienced by every female at one point in their life cycle. In the olden days a young lady experiences her first
menstruation in her late teens or early twenties. In recent times, however, some begin their menstrual cycle as early as nine years. The age at menarche
(the first time a girl or a young woman menstruates) is widely considered as an important landmark in sexual maturity. However it varies widely
between the same people. These variations has been attributed to a number of possible causes such as; advancement in technology, health care delivery,
weather and climate change, food, daily activities, socio–economic activities, lifestyle and many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite variability, most normal cycles range from 21 to 45 days, even in the first gynaecologic year, although short cycles of fewer than 20 days
and long cycles of more than 45 days may occur. Because long cycles most often occur in the first 3 years post menarche, the overall trend is
toward shorter and more regular cycles with increasing age. By the third year after menarche, 60% to 80% of menstrual cycles are 21 to 34 days
long, as is typical of adults. An individual's normal cycle length is established around the sixth gynaecologic year, at a chronologic age of
approximately 19 or 20 years.
Two large studies, one cataloguing 275947 cycles in 2702 females and another reporting on 31645 cycles in 656 females, support the observation
that menstrual cycles in girls and adolescents typically range from 21 to approximately 45 days, even in the first gynaecologic year. In the first
gynaecologic year, the fifth percentile for cycle length is 23 days and the 95th percentile is 90 days. By the fourth gynaecologic year, fewer females
are having cycles that exceed 45 days, but anovulation (the state of not ovulating because of a medical condition, suppression by drugs or
menopause) is still significant for some, with the 95th percentile for cycle length at 50 days. By the seventh gynaecologic year, cycles are shorter and
less variable, with the fifth percentile for cycle length at 27 days and the 95th percentile at only 38 days. Thus, during the early years after

Cell Cycle Analysis
Cell cycle regulation and neural precursor population:
The decision of NSCs to either stay in the pool of proliferating, undifferentiated cells or to differentiate is dictated by extracellular and intracellular
factors that are affected by the cell cycle mechanism.
The cell cycle consists of the G0 phase and the interphase that includes the three sub–phases, G1, S, and G2, and the M phase (fig. 4). The G0 phase or
the quiescent phase is when a cell has exited the cell cycle and/or undergoes terminal differentiation. Cell division occurs during the relatively brief
M phase, which is followed by the G1 phase. The G1 phase is the main period of cell growth, and it covers the longest part of the cell cycle. The S
phase is when DNA synthetizes. When this phase is complete, the cell contains double the amount of DNA, which leads to the relatively short G2
phase. The G2 phase is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two classes of molecules (or families) can bind to CDKs and inhibit their kinase activity (Fig 4). CDK inhibitors of the Ink4 family, which consist of
p16INK4a, p15 INK4b, p18 INK4c and p19 INK4d, can bind with cyclins D/CDKs only, while inhibitors of the Cip/Kip family, which consist of
p21Cip1, p27Kip1, and p57kip2 proteins, can inhibit all cyclin/CDKs complexes (Fig 4) (Schafer, 1998).
These families of inhibitors have been shown to play an important role in regulating neural precursor population by regulating re–entry and exit of the
cell cycle. Downregulation of Cdk6 and cyclins D1 and D2 decrease NSC proliferation in the adult DG (Lange et al., 2009). In the DG,
downregulation of p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 increases NSC proliferation and simultaneous differentiation into neurons. Specifically in the SVZ,
downregulation of p27Kip1 increases type–C proliferation and subsequently reduces the number of neuroblasts (Galderisi et al.,

Business Cycle Of Recession Essay
The business cycle of the GDP rising and falling all over again is surely how the economy behaves and since today we have not been able to
explain exactly why and how to stop it. Business cycles are composed by 4 different periods; expansion, peak, contraction and trough. Every
period of economic growth and prosperity, is usually followed by a recession. The duration of each cycle varies sometimes 8 years or even 10 but
the order is always the same. Recession are very harmful for the standards of living and economists try at all cause to avoid them (Boyes & Melvin,
2016). Recession is defined as a period of about six months that economy declines significantly. According to Amadeo, there are 5 economic indicators
that will drop when a recession take place; real GDP,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Big businesses would try to lower their expenses by stop hiring or even cut the personal, which we saw previously with unemployment. Furthermore,
businesses would cut costs by stop buying new equipment or eliminate advertisings which eventually would affect big and small companies involved
as well. And that is how the cycle begins. Other problem companies and industries face are that because of the lousy economy recession carries,
costumers might be delayed with their debts to the company. Consequently, the company pays late their own debts which can result in reducing the
valuation of the corporation's debt and its ability to obtain financing. The companies that cannot pay their loans may enter in reorganization or get out
of business. On the other hand, small businesses get yet worse than big businesses. Without big cash reserves and capital assets it makes it harder for
these businesses to survive the recession (Davis, 2016). In conclusion, that is how many businesses get in bankrupt during the recessions. In the chart
below is the data about the rate of bankruptcies in the United

Conceptive Age Experience Cycles
Females of conceptive age experience cycles of hormonal action that rehash at around one–month interims. With each cycle, a lady's body gets ready
for a conceivable pregnancy. The normal menstrual cycle takes around 28 days and happens in stages: the follicular stage, the ovulatory stage, and the
luteal stage. There are four noteworthy hormones included in the menstrual cycle: follicle–invigorating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and
progesterone
The follicular stage begins on the first day of your period. Amid the follicular period of the menstrual cycle, the accompanying occasions happen: Two
hormones, follicle fortifying hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), are discharged from the cerebrum and go in the blood to the ovaries.

The Importance Of The Water Cycle
Introduction.
The movement of massive amounts of carbon, nitrogen, water, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements between living organisms and the non–living
environment (atmosphere, biomass, and aquatic systems) through a series of production and decomposition processes is known as biogeochemical
cycles, given that geology and chemistry are also involved in these processes (DorЕЎner, 2015). Matter is limited in the biosphere so that its recycling
is a key issue in the preservation of life in Earth; otherwise, nutrients would run out and life would disappear.
Select one of material cycles we studied: Water Cycle The water cycle describes the presence and movement of water in and on Earth. Water on
earth is always moving and constantly changing states, from liquid, to vapor, to ice, and vice versa. The water cycle has been happening for billions
of years, and life on Earth depend on it; Earth would be a forbidding place if water cycle would not take place. According to Science Learning Hub
(2009), humanity previously regarded water as a commodity but at present there is more awareness as to the impact humans have on water. The Credit
Valley Conservation site mentions two ways in which humans affect the water cycle: by withdrawals and by discharges. According to the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (1997), "large–scale human manipulation of water has significantly altered global patterns of streamflow.
Resulting changes in sea level, ocean salinity, and in

Cell Life Cycle Essay
Healthy cells within living organisms are constantly undergoing a process that is marked by change called the life cycle of the cell. While every
species is different, all cells within them follow close to the same pattern of life and division. As listed in the table above, the steps of the cell life
cycle are marked by 1. The first growth phase, 2. A developmental checkpoint, 3. The synthesis of genetic information, 4. A second growth phase, 5.
Another developmental checkpoint, and 6. Mitosis, or division into two new cells. The first growth phase is pretty self–explanatory: the cell is just
beginning its life and must have time and nourishment to develop its organelles. It is twice the length of the G2 phase and will continue until
chemical receptors within the cell clear it through step 2, which is the checkpoint. This checkpoint is carried out by the cell's chemical receptors
and is a way for the cell to check its surface area and compare that to its volume. If the ratio is where it is supposed to be (these values vary for each
cell type and each organism), then the cell will move on to step 3: Synthesis. Step 3 is when a cell will begin to replicate its genetic information, or
chromatids. These chromatids are bound together by a protein called a centromere and are collectively known as a chromosome. After the synthesis of
genetic information takes place, the cell moves on to stage 4: G2. This phase is where the cell begins to replicate its organelles so that the newly

Business Cycle
ASSIGNMENT 1
Introduction
In macroeconomics, business cycle played an important role to show what a national economy is going; therefore, this essay will define what
business cycle is and its characteristics. Besides, all of variables such as Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP), inflation and unemployment rate and
their behaviour in the business cycle will be also demonstrated in the second part. The final part of this essay will analyse and compare the situation
of Australian economy and USA economy in period of 10 years since 1998 based on the concept of "the business cycle". In addition, this is the writer's
opinion about the business cycle relied on these above data about exhibit Australian and USA economy performance.
WHAT IS... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. Unemployment:
_The economic problem happened when people who have abilities to work but they cannot find the job
_It caused by:
+The nature of changes in the structure of the economy (structural unemployment includes seasonal unemployment)
+ People leave a job to find a new one (frictional unemployment)
+The level of demand in the economy is not sufficient to sustain full employment (cyclical unemployment) (Hansen, 2008).
Australian Economy VS USA Economy
Differently, a fiscal or financial year of each country is not the same. Normally, the financial year in Australia starts at 1 July of precious year and
finish at 30 June of next year. In contrast, the financial year in US starts at 1 November of precious year and finish at 30 September of next year.

The Importance Of The Water Cycle
The water cycle is one of the material cycles that forms part of our Environmental Sciences course. I have chosen the water cycle because I believe
that it is one of the most impactful cycles we humans are able to quickly and easily influence in a positive manner. These impacts, along with potential
changes and sacrifices will be examined in this essay. Finally, a summation of difficult personal choices versus positive environmental impacts will
also be examined. A conclusion of the feasibility of the entire plan will be given at the conclusion.
Water, and thewater cycle, is the most essential material that life requires here on Earth (DorЕЎner,, 2015). The percentage of water that makes up
human existence is staggering, easily justifying the need to have enough fresh water on hand to sustain our population. Given that, 85% of our
brains are made of water, and that approximately 75% of our entire body is also made of water, it is clear to me that water is critical to our
existence. Some of the most considerable impacts that I made to the water, or hydrological, cycle are through wastage. As a resident of a developed
nation, I have fresh water at my fingertips, both at my office and in my home. It is extremely easy for me to gain access to fresh water without worry
for quality or quantity. Nevertheless, this means that I am able to waste much of the water that residences in developing nations could travel miles and
miles to collect. Urbanization has also greatly

The Types Of Biogeochemical Cycles
Once, there lived a fish king name Bob. He was a very kind and he can do anything to save other Sharks and Dolphins. He had a son name Boo. He
loved to jump out of ocean and the best thing was that he loved to learn about marine ecosystem and biogeochemical cycle. Whenever he jumps he
wonders where did this water came from. Today it was his lucky day. Guess what!!!! Well you will see in moment.
In school
" Students today we are going to learn about biogeochemical cycles. There are three types of biogeochemical cycles. Today we are going to learn
about only two cycles which are water cycle and carbon cycle. Do you guys know where does the water come from? You might say it comes from
kitchen sink, bathroom, or river. It is true but do you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In carbon cycle, carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide from respiration and combustion. Carbon dioxide is absore dby producers to make
carbohydrates in phtosysnthesis. These producers then put off oxygen. Then animals feed on the plants. Thus passing the carbon compounds along the
food chain. Most of the carbon these animal consume however is exhaled as carbon dioxide. This is through the process of respiration. When the
plants and animals die, they ar eaten by decomposers in the ground. The carbon that was in their bodies is then returned to the atmosphere as carbon
dioxide and the whole cycle will start again."
" Thank you madam" Boo said.
Well you know how the water cycle and carbon cycle works. I hope you do well on your test" teacher said.
The bell rang and all the students left for home.
At home
" Father, I am so hungry. Please I want some food" Boo told Bob.
" Son, We are going to have some delicious food today. I have got you some tasty fishes to eat." Bob said.
" Hmmm.... I have question father", Boo Asked
" What question my dear son. Oh if you are going to ask me What I have got you for your Birthday gift then don't ask me because I am not going to
tell you" Bob said.
" Father no I was going to ask you something else." Boo said.
" Oh sorry sorry. Please go on" Bob told Boo.
" Father If we eat the small fishes and other organisms then what do they eat." Boo asked." For example, sharks like us eat jelly fish , turtle and other
stuff.

The Four Stages Of The Cell Cycle
Cell cycle is the order of events that takes place in a cell in groundwork for cell division. The cell cycle is a process of four stages. In each of the
stage in which the cell increases in size (G1), copies its DNA(S), prepares to divide (G2), and divides(Mitosis). Mitosis itself have four stages. First is
prophase, in which chromosomes are condensed, homologous chromosomes are paired together, and the spindle apparatus made of microtubules
forms. Second is metaphase, in which the paired chromosomes are lined up across the center of the cell on the metaphase plate. Third is anaphase, in
which the homologous chromosomes are pulled to separate poles in the dividing cell by the attached spindle apparatus. Fourth one is the telophase, in
which the daughter cell chromosomes are collected together at the poles. These stages make up interphase, which credits for the distance among cell
divisions. In other words, cell cycle is the process in which parent cell divides and produces new cells, called daughter cells. The main concern of cell
division is the maintenance of the original cell's Genome (genes).
In animal cells Mitosis is the process of division that takes place in animal cells. In this process, each mother cell divides into 2 daughter cells. "The
number of chromosomes in the mother cell is identical to that in each resulting daughter cell. Therefore, sometimes mitosis is called an" Identical
Reproduction of Cells". Prophase is the first stage in animal cycle. In this

Adolescence And The Menstrual Cycle
INTRODUCTION The word adolescence is derived from a Latin Word 'adolescere" which means to "grow into maturity"1. Adolescence is a period
of transition from childhood to adulthood and a period of intense change from age group between 10 to 19 years2. Worldwide there are 1.2 billion
adolescents population in which nearly 90% lives in developing countries3. According to census 2011, India is home for 25,32,35,661 adolescents, who
account for almost 20.91 percent of the country's population2. The word menstruation is derived from Greek word 'menmonth'. It is monthly vaginal
bleeding coming at interval of about 28 days from uterine endometrium. Menstruation is a major stage of puberty in girls and one of the milestone...
Mean age of menarche varies from population to population and is known to be a sensitive indicator of various characteristics of population. The
normal range of ovulatory cycles is between 21 and 35 days. A woman on an average undergoes 400menstrual cycle prior to menopause and the
average menstrual cycles last for about 5 days. Duration of menstrual flow normally ranges from two to seven days [6,7]. During menstruation each
individual experiences rapid growth and development, both physically and psychologically. The main physiological changes that occur are maturation
of reproductive system, development of secondary sexual characteristics.8. Adolescent experience many problem associated with menstruation delay,
painful and heavy menstrual bleeding which is one of the leading reason for adolescents for school absentee's 31.Menstrual disorder are also
responsible for emotional, physical behavior and dietary practice. In normal menstrual cycle complaint likes leg pain, back pain, nausea are common
which can be treated with antibiotics, analgesic and hormonal

The And Menstrual Cycle Disturbance
Hirustism and Menstrual Cycle Disturbance Due To Dietary Supplements In Punjab Ayesha Akram, Amna Shabbir, Anum Naz Government College
University Faisalabad amnashabbir.160@gmail.com Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to check the prevalence of hirsutism and menstrual cycle disturbances due to diet especially egg, yoghurt, milk and
chicken. For this purpose 35 diseased patients and 35 normal patients are studied in different areas of Punjab. All patients are taking dietary products
and are suffering from these problems. The feed used in poultry may be reason of these disturbances. Different steroidal and hormonal injections are
used in poultry are causing these problems.
Objectives:
The basic aim of this research is following:
To check the prevalence of hirsutism.
Know about hormones that are mainly involved in hirsutism.
Know about that causes that leading towards the hirsutism.
Causes that disturb the normal menstrual cycle.
Effect of dairy products on the hirsutism and menstrual cycle.
Keywords: Antibiotics, Hirsutism, Hormones, Menstrual cycle, Roxarsone.
Introduction:
Hirustism is male like characteristics in females i.e. excessive hair growth .It occurs mostly in teen age girls or adolescent girls more. Hirustism has
different severity grades like mild, moderate and severe. Production of male hormone in female in more quantity causes this disease. Broiler in diet
enhances the risk of this disease

Business Cycle Case Study
1. In your own words, explain what the "Business Cycle" is. Business cycle is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measure. The cycle is an increase and
decrease of monetary value throughout the entire cycle.
a. Why it is important for a company to try and forecast the Business Cycle? It is important for a company to try and forecast the Business Cycle to
indicate practices beneficial and not beneficial to the organization with the goal of an upward trend line and minimal increase and decrease to GDP for
steady growth in the Business Cycle.
b. In general, are short–term forecasts more or less accurate than long–term forecasts? Explain. Short–Term forecasts overall is less accurate than
long–term forecasts. Data collected over a sufficient period create a clearer analysis of three of four ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Market experiments are based on smaller scales.
2.Market experiments are based on short–term controlled conditions.
3.Market experiments price changes can result in loss of customers ( D.N. Dwivedi).
c. If you were to design a statistical sample in order to estimate a demand curve, would you conduct a random sample of the general population, a
targeted sample, or a randomized–targeted sample? Explain. If I were to design a statistical sample, I would design a random sample in order to
estimate a demand curve. A random sample is choosing any of the population for survey, which might tell me what a random person expects to see in a
product. Other scenarios might dictate the better approach, an example is if you wanted to find out what would be the most popular beard dye than
you might consider using a target sample to target the male population.
d. Assume your staff presents you with 2 different regressions of a demand curve for your most important product. One of the regressions has an
R–squared of 0.86 and the other has an R–squared of 0.61. Assume that both regressions have a t–value for the coefficient of 1.8. Which would you
choose to work with and

Stages of a Business Cycle
STAGES OF A BUSINESS CYCLE
RECESSION A recession–also sometimes referred to as a trough–is a period of reduced economic activity in which levels of buying, selling,
production, and employment typically diminish. This is the most unwelcome stage of the business cycle for business owners and consumers alike. A
particularly severe recession is known as a depression.
RECOVERY Also known as an upturn, the recovery stage of thebusiness cycle is the point at which the economy "troughs" out and starts working its
way up to better financial footing.
GROWTH Economic growth is in essence a period of sustained expansion. Hallmarks of this part of the business cycle include increased consumer
confidence, which translates into higher levels of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MOMENTUM Many economists cite a certain "follow–the–leader" mentality in consumer spending. In situations where consumer confidence is high
and people adopt more free–spending habits, other customers are deemed to be more likely to increase their spending as well. Conversely, downturns
in spending tend to be imitated as well.
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS Technological innovations can have an acute impact on business cycles. Indeed, technological breakthroughs in
communication, transportation, manufacturing, and other operational areas can have a ripple effect throughout an industry or an economy.
Technological innovations may relate to production and use of a new product or production of an existing product using a new process. The video
imaging and personal computer industries, for instance, have undergone immense technological innovations in recent years, and the latter industry in
particular has had a pronounced impact on the business operations of countless organizations. However, technological innovations–and consequent
increases in investment–take place at irregular intervals. Fluctuating investments, due to variations in the pace of technological innovations, lead to
business fluctuations in the economy.
There are many reasons why the pace of technological innovations varies. Major innovations do not occur every day. Nor do they take place at a
constant rate. Chance factors greatly influence the

The Cell Cycle : Chapter Review
The cell cycle
Chapter review
Cell division creates duplicate offspring in unicellular organisms & provides for growth, development , & repair in multicellular organisms
The cell cycle extends from the creation of a new cell by the division of its parent cell to its own division into 2 cells
12.1 Cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
The process of recreating a structure as intricate as a cell necessitates the exact duplication & equal division of the DNA containing the cell's genetic
program
Cellular organization of the genetic material
Genome – A cell's complete complement of DNA
Each diploid eukaryotic species has a characteristic # of chromosomes in each somatic cell; reproductive cells, or gametes (egg & sperm), have half
that # of chromosomes
Each chromosome is a very long DNA molecule with associated proteins that help to structure the chromosome & control the activity of the genes This
DNA–protein complex is chromatin
Distribution of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division
Prior to cell division, a cell copies its DNA & each chromosome densely coils & shortens
Duplicated chromosomes consists of 2 identical sister chromatids, initially attached by proteins called cohesins, which hold them together in sister
chromatid cohesion
A duplicated chromosome has a centromere where the chromatids are most closely attached
The 2 sister chromatids separate during mitosis (the division of the nucleus), & then the cytoplasm divides during cytokinesis,

The Hydrologic Cycle : The Water Cycle
Water Cycle. The continual movement of rainfall from bodies like land, water and the atmosphere are part of the hydrologic cycle. The water cycle
starts with condensation. When the water vapour condenses in the atmosphere it forms clouds, and when the condensation becomes too heavy formed
and the clouds release the rain. When rainfall reaches the surface into the soil, it becoming groundwater. The groundwater recharges our aquifers,
lakes and rivers. Transpiration is the process where water is soaked up a plant's roots and it evaporates out the leaves.
Water... For many reasons,water cycle is important to all life on Earth. The water cycle describes the process of how the water moves through the
Earth into human uses and to all living organisms need water to grow and to survive. The water cycle has no starting point, but ocean is where most of
Earth's water exists. In an ecosystem, water cycles through the atmosphere, oceans, rivers, soil and lakes.
All life dependent upon water. The water makes up to 60–70 percent of all living organism and humans cannot live without drinking water for less than
a month. The water cycle or hydrologic cycle distributes a fresh water all over the Earth.
Oxygen Cycle.
Oxygen is everywhere, but it is most basic, it is an element in the form of gas that makes up the natural formations and Earth's atmosphere. Oxygen is
constantly being created and used by different processes on the Earth. Oxygen cycle is how this element moves between

Water Cycle Effects
The Water Cycle The cause and effects of the water cycle also known as the H2O cycle. Are extremely significant to the entire world's ecosystem. It is
what keeps everything and everyone alive. In fact, human adult bodies are made up of about fifty–five to sixty–five percent water it. We can only live
without water for 3 to 6 days and that's only if we are not in hot or exerting situations. I'll start off by explaining what happens in the water cycle and
then I'll explain some of the effects of it. The water cycle is a process, by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor. It starts from all the
water that is on our planet earth. The sun provides energy from its heat, this energy breaks down the hydrogen bonds that hold water ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a severe state of drought, it could even cause hunger, dehydration, malnutrition, wildfires, and even war.
An intensification of the water cycle could also cause more natural disasters including tropical storms. This could cause severe damage just as we were
damaged a few months ago by the hurricane
The Water Cycle Harvey, Irma, and Maria. (Establishment Survey, 2017). "Several U.S. states, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands suffered
heavy damage from three major hurricanes in late August and September 2017." This caused so much damage many families were left crying and
grieving for their lost ones including parents, married partners, brothers, sisters, and children. They were left devastated without a homes, jobs, and
families. Places like Puerto Rico lost all power supply and must use gasoline power generators to be able to use electricity. So many resources were
lost and destroyed that they had to receive food and water supply from many other states. Homes and city streets were left flooded under many feet of
water, survivors had to be rescued in boats.
Although there are many negative effects that the water cycle can create in provides more positive and helpful effects to us all. (Harman, 2016)
"Three–quarters of Earth's surface is covered by water. We are surrounded by it–in oceans, ice sheets, lakes, glaciers, rivers, underground, in living

Cycle Of Krebs Cycle
The process of cellular oxidation is essentially an energy transformation process; i which the energy stored in the food molecules am transformed
into chemical energy of A (Adenosine triphosphate). Molecular oxygen is taken into the cell, the food molecules are, oxidized and energy,
carbon dioxide and water are released.The energy that is released durin the oxidation of the food is used to couple phosphoric acid and ADP
(Adenosine diphosphate) to the energy rich ATP. All the three types of food, such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are oxidized inside the cell
in essentially the same manner. The pathways of these three types of molecules converge on a point known as Krebs cycle.The carbon dioxide
produced inside cells diffuses out into blood and finally eliminated through the respiratory system. From the foregoing discussion, it is clear that
ATP is the energy currency of the cell. However, it should be noted that ATP does not store energy, but rather transfers it to points in a cell requiring
it.It refers to the anaerobic (without oxygen) breakdown of monosaccharides, especially glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) with a
concominant release of a relatively small amount of energy in the form of ATP. The complete glycolytic pathway was worked out by Gustav Embden,
Otto Meyerhoff, Carl Nituberg and Jacob Parnas in 1940.The glycolytic pathway is also known as Embden–Meyerhoff–Parnas (EMP) pathway in the
honour of its discoverers. In this pathway, glucose

Water Cycle Research Paper
People are being put through immense pain everyday just to get to water. They walk for hours and hours giving up their lives for the sake of
water. They carry five gallons for hours so they can provide water for 4 people, a lot of times its more than 4. They walk thorny bushes with no
shoes while carrying 41 pounds on their back. They don't have an education because all their time goes to getting water so they cant do anything to
stop the cycle. They don't have an education so they can afford to live in a nicer place that actually has water. They cant get an education because then
they wont be able to get water. The water they drink from the river is also polluted with harsh chemicals. Thankfully their is organizations to help with
this cause. They include water for people, h2o for life, and water.org.
These pollutions don't just affect that one area they affect the whole water cycle. The water cycle consists of condensation, evaporation, precipitation,
surface runoff, and accumulation. When the water comes down from the clouds in the from of precipitation you get surface runoff and it accumulates
in the ocean or river. Now you add a pollution to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The names of the countries are on the left and the different categories are on the top. The country that has the shortest life expectancy is Kenya.
Their life expectancy is 53 years. That is 30 years less than the Average life expectancy in the united states. It is 40 years less than the average life
expectancy in South Carolina. The country that has to walk the farthest is Africa. They have to walk 3.7 miles just to get to a water source that isn't
even clean. It would take them about an hour a day just to walk there at an average speed. Without shoes it would probably add an extra half hour to
your time. It would take them an hour and a half just to walk there. There and back it would take them about 4

Cell Cycle Regulation
1. What are the different restriction points of the cell cycle? Describe each.
G1 (Restriction) Checkpoint * End of G1, just before onset of the S phase (DNA replication) * Yeast "start"; other eukaryotes "restriction point" *
The options for the cell at this point: * divide, delay division, or exit the cell cycle * Cells can exit the cell cycle at this point into an arrested stage
(G0) * When this checkpoint is passed, cdk4 and cyclin D interact. This interaction results in phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein, which in
turn allows activation of the transcription factor E2F. Active E2F promotes expression of the cyclin E gene. Cyclin E (protein) and cdk 2 interact to...
Therefore, mutations in tumor suppressor genes are recessive at the level of an individual cell. As we will see, the inactivation of tumor suppressor
genes plays a major role in cancer.
3. In a tabulated form, present the different proteins and genes involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. Include their functions and their
classifications as oncogene and tumor–suppressor gene. Protein/Gene| Function| Classification| Retinoblastoma (RB) protein| * located on
chromosome 17p13.1, is the single most common target for genetic alteration in human tumors * tumor suppression protein that is dysfunctional in
many types of cancer. One highly studied function of pRb is to prevent excessive cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle progression until a cell is ready
to divide. It is also a recruiter of several chromatin remodelling enzymes such as methylases and acetylases.| Tumor Suppressor Gene| Cdk inhibitors| *
drives the cell cycle by unregulated activation of cyclins and CDKs| Tumor Suppressor Gene| P16| * is a common target of deletion or mutational
inactivation in human tumors * an inhibitor of Cdk4–cyclin D complexes; * The loss of p16 leads to increased Cdk4–cyclin D activity| Tumor
Suppressor Gene| P53| * located on chromosome 17p13.1, is the single most common target for genetic alteration in human tumors| Tumor Suppressor
Gene| BRCA1 and BRCA2| * located on

Song Cycles Of Schumann
I have chosen these two cycles to analyse because they represent the two side of one story, the masculine and feminine points of views of love.
These two song cycles were composed shortly after one another. Frauenliebe und Leben was described by Gerhard Kaiser as: Her daughters of
citizenry could find their womanly role in life sketched out for them, from first love, through wedding, motherhood and widowhood, to old age and
death. Like Gretchen's song at the spinning wheel, these poems too involve role play. They portray a man's wishful image of women, prescribing to the
point of embarrassment her path to exemplary status through subjugation to man. She finds fulfilment in self–sacrificing service to him and in
glorifying him. (Muxfeldt, p.28)
Some points to conceder when performing Schumann's setting of Chamisso's texts are addressed in an article by Ruth Solie. She summarizes the text
of each of the eight movements as:
She has seen him ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the first song the text is reminiscent of earlier days in May, and the protagonist declares his love for a particular woman. Schumann's ambiguous key
structure gives the listener a feel that the piece never settles. Aus meinen TrГ¤uen spiressen the protagonist continues to profess his love and shows a
little frustration in the phrase und meine Seufzwer warden ein Nachtigallenchor (And my sighs will be a nightingale choir). Schumann's tonality begins
to stabilize during this movement, provided by a simple chordal accompaniment allowing the vocal line to show and express the feelings of the text.
The third movement relates the woman figure to beautiful images in nature such as the rose, the lily, the dove and the sun and finally professes that she
is the one. The first three movements of this cycle set the initial tone and illustrate the protagonist's love for this

My Autobiography: Socialization And The Cycle Of Depression
In my autobiography, I went into detail about being biracial, open–minded, and depressed. I did mention other traits, for instance being Buddhist,
low–middle class, and being nineteen years of age. I just focused more on the first three because I think they all went hand in hand. Being biracial
means I am combination of two different races. I used to hate being mixed and sometimes I still do, but having this physical trait has helped me be
more compassionate towards others who are different. I always feel out of place when I'm with certain groups of people. Sometimes they'll make sure
to mention that I'm different than the rest of them. I think being biracial has helped me become open–minded but is also a cause of my depression.
I have learned many things throughout this course. I knew about most of the topics discussed throughout the class, but I only knew about them to a
certain extent. Privilege and oppression were words I knew of but everyone who talked about it had different definitions of the terms. Now, I do know
that majority of those peoples definitions were wrong.
Everything we've learned throughout this course has been interesting and important to me, but I realized that I had more interest in the discussions
about religious ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a few of our readings for the class, we discussed the two cycles. The Cycle of Socialization is the constant loop of discrimination that's not being
resolved. It starts out at birth when the doctor tells says what gender the baby is (Harro, 2013, pg.46). The Cycle of Liberation happens after you
start to realize things going on around you. The first step of this cycle is becoming more aware of what's happening (Harro, 2013, pg.619). I think
these cycles are very important to understand. We would have a better society and community if we all could stop the Cycle of Socialization and get
into that Cycle of

Calvin Cycle Synthesis
The atoms of carbon inside of your body were once a part of carbon dioxide molecules in the air (The Calvin Cycle, n.d.). Therefore, carbon atoms
ending up inside of a person and in other various life forms is a result of the second stage of photosynthesis known as the Calvin cycle (Daempfle,
2016). In order to trace the flow of carbon within the process of photosynthesis, one must understand the Calvin cycle. Therefore, the site of the Calvin
cycle reactions, or the light–independent reactions, is where sugar is synthesized (The Calvin Cycle, n.d.). Moreover, these reactions are not directly
driven by light, thus resulting in the reactions being referred to as light–independent reactions.
Beginning in plants, the carbon dioxide enters ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, the carbon fixation stage occurs when a carbon dioxide molecule with five–carbon acceptor molecules, ribulose–1,5–bisphosphate (RuBP) creates
a six–carbon compound (The Calvin Cycle, n.d.). This compound splits into two molecules of a three–carbon compound, 3–PGA (The Calvin Cycle,
n.d.). Therefore, this reaction is categorized by the enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase, or the rubisco (The Calvin Cycle, n.d.).
Next, during the reduction stage, the ATP and NADPH are used to convert the 3
–PGA molecules into molecules of three–carbon sugar. This
three–carbon sugar is known as glyceraldehyde–3–phosphate (G3P). As a result, this stage obtains its name because NADPH donates electrons to
(reduces) a three–carbon intermediate in order to make G3P (The Calvin Cycle, n.d.).
The third step is regeneration. During this step, some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others are recycled in order to regenerate the RuBP
acceptor (The Calvin Cycle, n.d.). Overall, regeneration requires ATP. In addition, it involves a complex network of

Why Is The Sulfur Cycle Important
Throughout this class, I have learned about the multiple material cycles. These cycle methods are utilized within the ecosystem to cycle and recycle the
essential chemical elements between the living and nonliving components of the environment. These natural cycles include the following chemical
elements, water, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, and oxygen. These elements are essential to all living things, and each one of these elements has
its own individual cycle.
The cycle I have decided to focus on that humans have disturbed and that I myself impact is the sulfur cycle. I feel it is important to convey that sulfur
is a vital component of numerous biological molecules; which all play significant roles within the ecosystem including proteins,
various ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sulfur cycle naturally transpires when minerals and rocks break down due to weathering and release sulfur into the air, the sulfur then reacts with
the oxygen present in the atmosphere to create the compound sulfate. This sulfate then serves as a type of sulfur that organisms such as plants can
utilize and take in, animals then consume the plants, and this, in turn, formulates many of their biological molecules. Subsequently, as animals
consume one another, they redistribute sulfur through the food chain. Once they expire and begin to decompose, the sulfur is again released as a
sulfate allowing some of it to return to the soil, allowing it to re–enter the geological part of the sulfur cycle (The Environmental Literacy Council,
2002).
The most considerable impacts that I personally make on the sulfur cycle occurs on a daily basis, as I burn fossil fuels to power my car and to cool
and heat my home. I also utilize processed metals in almost everything I do, even at this moment; I am typing this paper on my laptop that has been
made from processed metal extracted from the Earth. In utilizing these

The Four Stages Of The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle has four main stages. The cell cycle is the regular pattern of growth. The four stages consist of Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), Gap 2 (G2),
and Mitosis (M). Gap 1, consists of a cell that carries its normal functions. Calls also increase in size, and the organelles increase in number. Acell will
spend the most time in this phase. But it also depends on the cell type to see how long it will spend in this phase. During this phase the cell has to
pass a critical checkpoint before it can continue into the (S) stage, also called the Synthesis stage. It would be dangerous for a cell to keep dividing
if the certain conditions were not met. The cells in this stage also need signals from the other cells to tell the if division is needed. Now the next stage
is the Synthesis stage. During this phase the cell makes a copy of it's nuclear DNA. By the end of the (S) phase DNA appears grainy in photos and the
cell nucleus contains two complete sets of DNA. Gap 2, is the third stage of the cell cycle. The cells continue doing there thing and more growth
occurs. This phase is like the checkpoint, everything in the cell has to be going right for the cell to be able to enter mitosis. Mitosis is the fourth stage of
the cell cycle. It includes two phases mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is the division of the cell's nucleus and all it's contents. Cytokinesis is the
process that divides the cell's cytoplasm. The stages of the cell cycle and the proteins are all alike in all

Macro Economics
Business Cycles
Business Cycles
в–є The value of real GDP over time shows periodic
fluctuations in its movement
в–є The business cycle refers to the periodic fluctuations
of economic activity about its long term growth trend
в–є The Business cycle is the more or less regular pattern
of expansion (recovery) and contraction (recession) in economic activity around the path of trend growth.
п‚§ At cyclical peak, economic activity is high relative to trend п‚§ At a cyclical trough, the low point in economic activity is reached.
The business cycle
Potential output
Real GDP
3
3
2
2
4
41

1
O fig Time
Trend output
4
Actual output
4
Business Cycles
в–є The trend path of output is the smooth path of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ers
Interest Rate Spread
Delivery Times
Stock Prices
New Building Permits
Average Work Week
Unemployment Claims
Indicators of Business Cycle
Co–incident Indicators
Payroll employment
Personal income
Manufacturing and trade sales

Industrial production
Indicators of Business Cycle
Lagging Indicators
Unemployment
duration
Inventories to sales ratio
Inflation rate for services
Outstanding commercial loans
Consumer credit to personal income ratio
Prime interest rate
Need for Macroeconomic Stability
в–є
Large fluctuations in output, employment and inflation add to uncertainty for businesses and consumers, and can reduce the economy 's long–term
growth potential
в–є
Stability allows businesses, individuals and the government to plan more effectively for the long term, improving the quality and quantity of
investment in physical and human capital and helping to raise productivity Stabilization Policies
пѓ
Stabilization Policies: Actions taken to impact aggregate demand to moderate the expansion and contraction phases of the business cycles
пѓ
Stabilization policies are fiscal and monetary policies used to combat the cyclical movements
Purpose:
пѓ

During an economic expansion moderate the growth rate of aggregate spending (equitable distribution)
пѓ
During an economic contraction (recession) increase the aggregate spending
Stabilization Policies
пѓ
Monetary Policy:
Aims to

Plk4 Cycle
new cycle starts after mitosis when two centrosomes separate into two daughter cells. The formation of a procentriole is initiated by the stalk and
cartwheel assembling from the side of the mother centriole. During the initiation, PLK4 accumulates at the bottom of mother centriole, in conjunction
with CEP152 and CEP192, which form rings around the circumference of the centriole. Next, PLK4 promotes the assembly of a stalk and nine–fold
symmetric cartwheel that will platform the procentriole and engage it to the mother centriole (Kim et al., 2013; Sonnen et al., 2013). Also, SASS6, a
structural component of the cartwheel, as well as its binding partner STIL, is recruited to the site of procentriole formation by PLK4 (Arquint and
Nigg, 2014;... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cells in G1 phase have only one centrosome containing two loosely linked centrioles. At the end of G1 phase, the two centrioles each grow a new end
of pro–centriole at the proximal end, which is called centriole initiation. During S phase, while cell duplicate its chromosomes, it also duplicate its
centrosome by elongating the procentrioles. At the beginning of the elongation process, nine tubules, as the first one of the microtubule triplets, are
nucleated by the Оі–tubulin ring complex, in association with the cartwheel. These tubules grow only in one direction on the centriole, which is from
the proximal to the distal end. The first tubules remain capped by the Оі– tubulin ring complex throughout the elongation process. The other two
tubules of the microtubule triplet next form through a Оі– tubulin ring complex independent mechanism and grow to the same length of the first tubule.
Eventually, the distal end of the novel centriole is assembled by elongated first and second tubules, appearing a structurally distinct distal domain,
suggesting that the procentrioles get

The Natural Process Of The Water Cycle
Our water is held through various reservoirs on earth, such as oceans, lakes, rivers, etc. and has the ability to recycle itself. The natural process of the
water cycle is also known as the hydrologic cycle, which is the transference of water and how it shifts from earth into the atmosphere and back. When
the sun heats the surfaces that maintain water, such as the oceans and plant life; it creates condensation and this forms vapor in the air. This moisture
filled air, then rises and forms clouds. The mix between the water filled clouds and cooler air then forms the rain, ultimately recycling water back to
earth.
Carbon is an element that is present in both living and nonliving things. The carbon cycle is the movement of the carbon between sources such as
plants, animals, rocks and water. This movement occurs when carbon is released into the atmosphere and is stored in those things, living and
nonliving. The recycling process begins when these shifts occur.
Nitrogen is a nutrient found in all living things on earth. It can be in the form of a gas or found in our soil and water sources. Like nitrogen,
phosphorus serves as nourishment found in soil and our water systems and any residue that may occur from these sources. Both Nitrogen and
phosphorus are reintroduced into the ecosystem through decomposition and transfers back into the earth.
Biodiversity is the disturbance of the environment and this causes an imbalance in the ecosystem. When we overuse our plant,

The Poverty Cycle
According to Britannica School, "Poverty is the state of a person who lacks a socially acceptable amount of money or material possession." Socially
acceptable may be described as lacking the means to satisfy one's basic needs. An average working citizen may not realize what poverty is really like.
As stated in a Youtube interview by Scott Pelley, actually going intopoverty and living it will "open your eyes to an America that you didn't know
existed." Additionally, it is often seen that poverty is a cycle. It passes over the generations because of the difficulties it takes to break free from it.
Poverty can be a cycle that passes from generation to generation, but through two–generation programs and education, it can be overcome. Often times,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In one example, a research report by National Human Services Assembly, called Breaking theCycle of Poverty in Young Families, explains what the
two–generation approach is and its tactics. The two–generation approach is an arrangement that helps break the cycle by offering programs that focus
on the development of parents, their children, and the family as a whole. In this report, an exploratory study of these two–generation programs is
explained. It is shown that the programs work when you re–engage parents in education and work, nurture parent–child bonds, improve children's
well–being, and connect families with economic, social, and other supports. In the situations where these tactics were used, the results were mostly
successful (NHSA1,2). One of the most important aspects of this program is focusing on the family as a whole, and how everyone in the family can
be helped. In another article, Can Poverty Be Passed Down?, a specific program is described. This program, called Economic Mobility Pathways
(EMPath) works with parents and children to develop executive functioning skills. These are the skills that help you maintain a stable economic state.
EMPath helps parents and children navigate their way out of poverty. They equip both generations to do better in schools and get better jobs. One of
the techniques the program uses is setting goals with the whole family after talking about their challenges. When goals are reached, rewards and
incentives are given. The ultimate goal is "to teach economic mobility." As a result, most parents in the six–month program took steps to become more
self–sufficient, and the children achieved goals like better grades and saving money (Johnston2–6). If more of these programs were spread throughout
the country, poverty could majorly be helped. Whole family poverty situations could be solved.

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