The Code And Software Components Of An Information System

The Code And Software Components Of An Information System
To protect any prestigious company and make it safe for both the employees and users certain safeguards needs to be put in place in order to ensure
integrity. Technical safeguards, data safeguards, human safeguards, account management are some of the essential ways a company can help protect
their image. Technical safeguards include identification andauthentication via user names and passwords, smart cards, biometric authentication,
encryption and single sign–on for multiple systems. Another is data safeguards which consists data administration, database administration, key escrow,
backup copies, and physical security for all devices that store database data. Human safeguards are safeguards for employees, including security
sensitivity for position definitions. Account administration and system procedures are also an important part of data security. These measures are put
in place to ensure that the reputation of the company is upheld throughout its daily operations.
The Use of the First Line of Technical Safeguards to Protect the Business
The hardware and software components of an information system is very important to the overall functionality of the business organization. To ensure
that only the right persons are accessing sensitive information technical safeguards provide a sense of safety. Identification and authentication is very
critical for any information system. Identification is the unique username that employees are usually given or is made by themselves. This
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Vantura Partners Case Study
Vantura Partners, LLC
Established in 2003, Vantura Partners group provides Information Technology (IT) Security Services and has an enviable reputation for consistent
delivery and extensive IT security knowledge working with top the fortune 500 companies. The following report details best security practices and
policies as it may be applied to our own internal network and also the customers we support.
Public Key Infrastructures
Public key infrastructure also known as PKI refers to a suite of software, hardware, people, policies and procedures needed to manage, distribute,
create, store, revoke and utilize digital certificates. The use of digital certificates will help customers of Vantura Partners group in a number of ways
allowing for secure e–commerce, confidential e–mail, secure banking, and Non–Repudiation for contracts. In the most secure environments where
strong passwords are an inadequate means of identifying a person and vulnerable to man–in–the middle attacks.
PKI ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The technology has advanced considerably over the last few years and although still not considered the perfect security however will very likely be the
method most used to positively identify an individual. The most common uses of biometrics includes characteristics found in fingerprints, face
recognition, iris, signatures and even actual DNA.
Biometrics can be used for either identification scheme or verification. For example the use of facial recognition allows a system to identity a person
without his or hers knowledge or permission. Devices like these have been tested at security checkpoints, casinos, airports and could be used to
identify a terrorist or wanted criminal. Also the use of biometrics in verification. For example instead of using a password to grant access the system
uses a fingerprints or the scan of an

Information About a New Pradigm, Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm in which computing resources:(i) Processing, (ii) Memory and (iii) Storage are not physically present at the user's
location. The proposed system will create the multiple users to monitor and handle the data integration physically in the Third Party Auditor (TPA). A
utilization of homomorphic linear authenticator and random mask will guarantees that the TPA will unable to retrieve any information / data content
stored in the cloud server during auditing process. In the proposed work, the reinforcement of TPA handles multiple audit sessions from an outsourced
data files and extend the existed Privacy–Preserving Public Auditing Protocol (P3AP) into an Multi–User Public Auditing Protocol (MUPAP). It
performs an efficient Multiple Auditing Tasks (MAT) to typically eliminate the burden of tedious and expensive auditing task and improves outsourced
data leakage Cloud computing is more convenient, on–demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources that can be
hastily provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Outsourced data is merely the farming out of
services to a third party auditor. By data outsourcing, users can be relieved from the trouble of local data storage and maintenance. But during this
sharing of the data, there are huge chances of data vulnerability, leakage or threats. So, to prevent this problem a data leakage reduction scheme has been

Pros And Cons Of Bitcoin Wallets
Bitcoin Wallets– What are they and How Do they Work?
Do you need a digital Bitcoin wallet for your mobile device or desktop computer? To understand what a Bitcoin Wallet is, you should first learn about
the Bitcoin. It is defined as a digital currency that is transacted virtually rather than tangibly. Bitcoin was founded in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto, a
mysterious entity that abandoned their venture in 2010. Bitcoin was the first currency to use cryptography, and there is no match for it until now.
Cryptography is all about encryption of data and communication when being conveyed online to ensure maximum security.
So, what is a Bitcoin Wallet?
Assuming you have understood what the term Bitcoin means, now we will describe a Bitcoin wallet. It is a piece of software (also client software)
that is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many types of coin wallet exist. Each of these wallets has its own pros and cons that you need to be aware of. These are:
1.Desktop computer wallets
These entail software that is downloaded from the internet and installed on a laptop or a desktop PC. The desktop software offers the user total control
over their coins, ensuring that they do not entrust them to dishonest third parties.
Desktop wallets are seen as the most secure because they are less likely to be targeted by internet hackers who would mostly attack a group of Bitcoin
addresses to be able to steal many coins at once. Having a desktop wallet does not guarantee complete security though. You have the responsibility to
protect your Bitcoins from anything that could compromise the security of your PC.
If you are running a full node, it means that you have downloaded the entire block chain on your PC or laptop and are solely responsible for
updating it so that you can reference it when transacting. A node is described as a spot on a network. For instance, the node will be the desktop
computer for those choosing to use it. A full node isn't always fun to run

Lab 5: Assessment Questions
Lab 5 Assessment Questions
1.What are the three major categories used to provide authentication of an individual?
a.Password
b.Token
c.Shared Secret
2.What is Authorization and how is this concept aligned with Identification and Authentication? Authorization is a set of rights defined for a subject
and an object; this concept is aligned with Identification and Authentication because these are the 3 steps to the access control process
3.Provide at least 3 examples of Network Architecture Controls that help enforce data access policies at LAN–to–WAN Domain level.
a.Remote Access Servers
b.Authentication Servers
c.Logical IDS
4.When a computer is physically connected to a network port, manual procedures and/or an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
7.PKI provides the capabilities of digital signatures and encryption to implement what security services? Name at least three.
a.Identification and authentication through digital signature of a challenge
b.Data integrity through digital signature of the information
c.Confidentiality through encryption
8.What is the X.509 standard and how does it relate to PKI? The X.509 formatted public key certificate is one of the most important components of
PKI. This certificate is a data file that binds the identity of an entity to a public key. The data file contains a collection of data elements that together
allow for unique authentication of the own ingenuity when used in combination with the associated private key.
9.What is the difference between Identification and Verification in regard to Biometric Access Controls? Identification processes are significantly more
complex and error prone than verification processes. Biometrics technologies are indicators of authentication assurance with results based on a
predetermined threshold with measurable False Accept Rates and False Reject Rates.

10.Provide a written explanation of what implementing Separation of Duties would look like

The Advantages Of Medical Sensor Networks
Medical Sensor Networks have unique constrictions as compared to conventional networks making the execution of security measures impractical.
Medical Sensor Networks aspire to develop the breathing healthcare and monitoring services, particularly for the aged people, kids and persistently ill.
There are numerous advantages accomplished with Medical Sensor Networks. To commence with, remote monitoring potential is the foremost
advantage of MSN. With remote monitoring, the recognition of urgent situations for menace patients will become simple and the people with distinct
degrees of processes and physical immobility will be facilitated to have a more sovereign and trouble–free life. The small kids and offspring will also
be concerned for in a more protected way while their blood relations are away. The individual care givers reliability will be reduced.
In Medical Sensor Networks applications, a real time is really a soft real time system, in which delay is allowed to some extent (Kang G.Shin &
Parameswaran Ramanathan 1994). Recognizing crisis situations like heart attacks or unexpected fall down in a small amount of time will be sufficient
for conserving lives, taking into account that without them these circumstances will not be known ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The security requirement for this subsystem includes validating the proper identity of the source and not altering the patient data, except for
combination or other defined alterations (Wolfgang Leister et al 2008). The security scheme presented in (Fei Hu et al 2008) utilizes a sessionkey
buffer to overcome gateway attacks. The time delay between the receiving new session key and using it facilitates finding the gateway conciliation. The
scheme also brings resolution to the man–in–the–middle attacks, session key and false data injection. In Table 1, the summary of security constraints is
specified and achievable solutions are provided (H S Ng et al

Case Study: Quality Medical Company
As Chief information technology (IT) security officer for the Quality Medical Company I understand that the senior management is concerned with
complying with the multitude of legislative and regulatory laws and issues in place with the company. Quality Medical Company is presented with
having to enforce new regulations and policies to stay compliant with the data and information that stored, transmitted, or received. We will accomplish
just this by ensuring that all data in whatever form is treated with high standards. In this process Quality Medical Company must follow and understand
the compliance issues such as:
The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 will protect the shareholders and the general public from accounting errors and fraudulent practices ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regulations such as HIPAA will be made compliant by adopting PKI capabilities. These capabilities will allow CA requirements to meet these
regulations by giving support for registration, generation of keys and certificates. Additional features are certificate revocation and renewal, and
on–demand private–key recovery. Personally Identifiable Information (PII), information that can be used to identify or track and individuals' identity
will be another requirement that will need to be protected at high levels in order to be compliant. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) will allow this highly
sensitive data to be encrypted, secure when not in use, and secure when disposing of the data and information. Data encryption will protect the data
when it is being transferred through email, stored on a server, transferred to media such as thumb drives or portable hard drives, faxing, or sharing
internally.
The Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) can be as strong as we want to design the system. Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) adoption is necessary in order
to stay competitive and secure in today's world. After implementation, data will more secure, customer will have more trust in operations, and this
company will be compliant for years to

Summary: Public Key Infrastructure
As an Information Security Director at a small software company that utilizes a Microsoft Server 2012 Active Directory. The company is made up of
software developers and a relatively small number of administrative. It would be in the best interest of the company to use a public key infrastructure
(PKI) in order to provide a framework that fosters confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and nonrepudiation. Email clients, virtual private network
(VPN) products, Web server components, and domain controllers would utilize digital certificates issued by the certificate authority (CA). Additionally,
the company would use digital certificates to sign software developed by the company in order to demonstrate software authenticity to the customer.
PKI supports the distribution and identification of public encryption keys, enabling users and computers to both securely exchange data over networks
and verifies the identity of the other party. It enhances the security of data by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CAs can be public or in–house. Each have positive and negative characteristics. In–house is easy to use and manage because the company is not
dependent on an external entity for certificates. There is no per–certificate cost. The down side of in–house is that it is more complicated than using
external. With in–house CA, the security and accountability of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is completely on the organization's shoulder. This is
bad if the company is small and does not understand or have the resources to put toward PKI. External parties tend to trust a digital certificate signed
by a trusted external CA over a certificate from an in–house CA. Integration between an external Certification Authority (CA) and the infrastructure of
the organization is limited. External CA also means organization need to pay per certificate. Lastly, external CA provides limited flexibility when
configuring, expanding and managing

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ( Manets )
Abstract: Continuous user authentication is a critical prevention–based methodology with protect high security mobile ad–hoc networks (MANETs).
Certificate revocation is an important security component in MANETs. A new method to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the scheme by
employing a threshold based approach to restore a node's accusation ability and to ensure sufficient normal nodes to accuse malicious nodes in
MANETs. The user's available relevant information on the system, and express an architecture that can be applied to a system of systems. Ad–hoc
networks are an emerging area of mobile computing. In this paper, we attempt to analyze the demands of Ad–hoc environment. We focus on three areas
of Ad–hoc networks, User Authentication, Ad–hoc routing, and intrusion detection. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Brief Information About the Project: With
the increased focus on wireless communications, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are attracting much attention in recent years. MANET is an
infrastructure less mobile network formed by a number of self–organized mobile nodes; it is different from traditional networks that require fixed
infrastructure. Owing to the absence of infrastructure support, nodes in MANET must be equipped with all aspects of networking functionalities, such
as routing and relaying packets, in addition to playing the role of end users. In MANET, nodes are free to join and leave the network at any time in
addition to being independently mobile.

Public Key Infrastructures
Businesses are becoming ever more dependent on digital information and electronic transactions, and as a result face stringent data privacy
compliance challenges and data security regulations. With the enterprise increasingly under threat of cyber attacks and malicious insiders, business
applications and networks are now dependent on the use of digital credentials to control how users and entities access sensitive data and critical
system resources. Public key infrastructures (PKIs) are necessary to help ascertain the identity of different people, devices, and services. In a
nutshell, PKIs go way beyond the use of user IDs and passwords, employing cryptographic technologies such as digital signatures and digital
certificates to create unique credentials that can be validated beyond reasonable doubt and on a mass scale ("What is pki?" n.d., p. 1).... Show more
Third parties normally trust digital certificates signed by public CAs like VeriSign, and SecureNet. Additionally, the overhead of managing a public CA
is significantly lower than that of in–house administration. Another advantage of using a public CA is convenience; it solves the problem of
distributing the key for certificates. Using Public CA can be cost effective particularly if company has a large number of private users that need public
certificates for client authentication. Like with in–house CA, there are several disadvantages to public CA. The integration between your organization
and the public CA is limited. While the overhead is lower than in–house CA, there is still a cost associated with using one and you will usually pay per
certificate. There is also less flexibility in managing those certificates as it is being handled by an outside entity. Which one is better suited for the
company could depend on the size of the company, it funding and staffing ("Comparisons," n.d., p.

Software Networks With Predictive Emptive Certificate
OLSR based key management in VANET networks with Predictive Preemptive Certificate Chaima BENSAID1 , BOUKLI HACENE Sofiane2 ,
FAROUAN Kamel mohamed3 1 2 3 Computer science department, Djillali Liabes University at Sidi bel abbes , Sidi Bel Abbes , Algeria
Chaimaa184@hotmail.fr, boukli@gmail.com, kamel_mh@yahoo.fr Abstract– A VANET network is a subset of ad hoc networks where each mobile
node is an intelligent vehicle equipped with communication resources (sensor). The optimal goal is that these networks will contribute to safer roads
and more effective in the future by providing timely information to drivers. They are therefore vulnerable to many types of attacks. Many proposals
have been proposed to secure communication in VANETs. In this paper; we propose an approach to adopt a new method of distributing certificates in
VANET. In Our proposal the cluster
–head acts as a virtual CA and issues certificates to cluster members. The main objective of our approach is to
avoid making a new certificate request in case a node passes from a cluster to another. This approach has been evaluated by simulation study using the
simulator network NS–2. Keywords–PKI; VANET; CA; OLSR I.INTRODUCTION A VANET network is a subset of ad hoc networks where each
mobile node is an intelligent vehicle equipped with communication resources (sensor). In vehicular networks, there are three modes of communication,
communications Vehicle–to–vehicle (V2V), communications Vehicle–to–Infrastructure

The Different Phases Of The Sensor Network
A sensor node goes through different phases during its lifespan ranging from its manufacturing to its deployment in the sensor network. In the
manufacturing process sensor hardware is assembled and core software is loaded (OS, drivers).additional supporting software can be loaded during
pre–deployment phase. In order to deploy the sensor node in the network, it may be necessary to initialize or pre–configure the nodes.pre–configuration
is important for distinguishing legitimate sensor nodes. In the pre–configuration phase we assign sensing role, network roles, and encryption and
decryption algorithms. The sensor network topology may change based on the network protocols to maintain efficient energy conservation of the
system.
3. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each sensor nodes have a key table in their RAM, during bootup process each node perform a self test to recognize their neighbours.if there is empty
key table then sensor nodes starts the process of mutual authentication by broadcasting the signal to their neighbor, if the process of self authentication
fails then each sensor node sends the signal to cluster head to provide the required keys in their key table.. Each entry in the key table is linked to
routing table to recognize their cluster head to route the sensed data.
Cluster head communicate with neighboring cluster heads with same key exchange procedure. Key discovery and neighbor authentication is a
complicated process and spend few seconds plus many data exchange phase.
During network setup time the sensor node N want to connect to other node J, it will perform following steps:
1.Boot on self test .sensor node checks the battery power, transmission range, number of nodes within its communication range.
2.In order to boot up the key table in memory sensor node exchange their key ring to find the matching pair. if there is any matching key then secure
link is formed in between two nodes and data can be transmitted for certain period of time on this link.
3.If no matching key found, then sensor nodes send a signal to cluster head to update the key table.
4.The

Operating System Security ( Os Security ) Essay
Operating System Security (OS Security)
What is Operating System Security, Operating system security is the process of ensuring OS integrity, confidentiality and availability also OS security
refers to specified steps used to protect the OS from threats, viruses, worms, malware or remote hacker. OS security include all avoiding–control
techniques, which safeguard any computer information from being stolen, edited or deleted if OS security is included. OS security allows different
applications and programs to perform required tasks and stop unauthorized interference. OS security may be applied in many ways. We 're going to
discuss following topics in this article. A brief description about security and what are the types of encryption and what is Authentication, One Time
passwords, Program Threats, System Threats and Computer Security Classifications.
Security, There are numerous security threats to your computer, in other words many types of malware, which is short for malicious software. This
includes computer viruses, which can interact with the normal operations of your computer. Viruses can be very harmful and result in loss of data or
system crashes. The OS of a computer has a number of built–in tools to protect against security threats, including the use of virus scanning utilities and
setting up a firewall to block unsafe network activity. One of the most common ways to get a computer virus is by e–mail. If you have received an
e–mail message from someone you don 't

Organizational Modernization Of Plant And Equipment
INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY Bodgets Incorporated– A worldwide manufacturing facility of quality Bodgets have had a change in management
and directorship. The new owners are investing into the IT infrastructure of their organizations which will be the first part of an organizational
modernization of plant and equipment. A Bodgets Incorporated are now moving into their deployment phase of their IT expansion. Bodgets Company
is located at 441, Queen Street, K Road–Auckland city. Part–1 Remote Access and Service Redundancy What is Redundancy? And know about
Redundancy. A Redundancy can have serval meanings. But commonly refers to spare hardware that is kept online or to duplicate data. Redundant can
describe computer or network system components, such as fans, hard disk drives, server, operating systems, switches and telecommunication links that
are installed to back up primary resources in case they fail. A well–known example of a redundant system is the redundant array of independent disks.
It's called RAID. Redundant bits are extra binary digits that are generated and moved with a data transfer to ensure that no bits were lost during the
data transfer. Redundant data can protect a storage array against data loss in the event of a hard disk failure. What are the advantage of Redundancy?
Disadvantages High cost to create redundancy network Increased broadcast storm in network What is Remote Access? Remote access is the ability to
get access to a

Design And Implementation Of Modern Home / Office Network...
Chapter4: Design and Implementation
In previous chapter the requirements, domain and technical analysis are done to capture the granular requirements build as component architecture.
This section provides high level design (HLD) of the components and steps on coding and implementation.
High Level Design
The high level design of modern home/office network monitoring is illustrated in the diagram below. Figure 4.1 High Level Design
The major components of this diagram are listed below.
1.AWS–IOT
2.Rule Engine
3.AWS SNS
4.SMS
5.Email
6.Raspberry Publisher
7.AWS Mobile Controller Panel
AWS–IOT Project Setup
In this project, 6 things are followed for creating network monitoring project. AWS has provided user friendly interface through which below things are
created.
StepIconPurpose
Create a tingThis is a project name to represent the device in the cloud. After creation of the thing, AWS set the name in the registry so that things can
be shadow for Raspberry device. This provides the attributes which help to make search faster for other users.
Create a thing typeThis is optional setting with default as "No Type". This is used to club the things for registry reference purpose. In this project type
of thing is kept as default because there are not multiple things.
Create a ruleThis is the rule engine which connects with Raspberry Pi for code execution. In this project IoT rule connects with Raspberry Pi using
Python Phaho code.
Use my certificateThis is a

Notes On Law Office Management
Maura Alia Badji
LGL 130
Law Office Management and
Fall 2014
Week 2 Assignment
Instructor Trina Mebane
Assignment 2–1 number 2 on page 39.
I found several articles on electronic signatures on contracts and other legal documents at Findlaw.com. I also found several position papers and
tutorials on the ABA site, which I skimmed, but for the purposes of this assignment I read "Contracts and Electronic Signatures" (http:/
/smallbusiness.findlaw.com/business–operations/contracts–and–electronic–signatures.html, Thomas Reuters, 2014). No author was named in the
by–line of this article, which was found in their small business section; the only date given was the copyright date of 2014. I believed the site to be a
credible source as Reuters ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neither law requires a party to use and accept electronic records; use and acceptance is strictly voluntary under both laws. However the two laws differ
slightly in that UETA provides that it only applies to transactions between parties who have "agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means".
While ESIGN provides that the parties are not required to use or accept them, it does not require that there be any agreement to use or accept
electronic signatures for them to be valid. Both ESIGN and UETA remove existing legal barriers to the use of electronic signatures and contracts.
The current definition of certificate authority (CA) is an authority in a network that issues and manages security credentials and public keys for
message encryption. Encryption is used to protect and safeguard electronic signatures, records, and communications. The use of CAs and PKI (Public
Key Infrastructure) ensures that the encrypted information can only be used by authorized parties.
VeriSign is the leading certificate authority; it provides over 125,000 Web sites with SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) server certificates, mainly for use in
e–commerce (Amazon.com, etc.). Others include DocuSign, GeoTrust, and Entrust. As might be imagined, not every document can be signed
electronically. The following are legal documents that may NOT be signed using electronic signatures:
Wills, including will codicils and testamentary trusts (Testamentary trusts are legal and

Network Security Concepts Essay
Network Security Concepts
File security falls into two categories, encryption and access. Access to files can mean physical access to a computer with unsecured files or access
via user permissions or privileges in the form of access control lists (ACLs) (Strengthen Your Users' File Security, 2003). The files kept on a server
with NTFS storage can be locked to prevent anyone who does not have the correct permissions from opening them. This is secure but can be bypassed
with physical access to an open computer and should not be used for sensitive information. The other method of securing files is by encrypting the
information in the files using an Encrypting File System (EFS), which employs public key encryption privileges (Strengthen ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Secret and private keys are very similar and are often used interchangeably. The difference is that secret keys are used for both encryption and
decryption, while a private key is part of the public/private key system and is used only for decryption (Cryptography, 2005). In both cases, the key
may be known only to a single person or a limited group of people in order to keep the key secure.
Public–Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a method of verifying users on a network, while a digital certificate is a reference from a neutral company that
confirms the identity of an internet site (Shay, 2004, p. 321) and (Tomsho, G., Tittel, E. Johnson, D., 2004, P. 378). The digital certificate is issued by a
Certificate Authority (CA) such as Verisign, and a registration authority (RA) that acts as a reference to identify an entity to a user of the website,
and uses a directory that holds the certificate and can revoke a company's digital status. The PKI technology is at the core of the digital certificates
used in almost all transactions on the internet. The PKI uses a cryptographic key pair, one of which is public and one which is private, to authenticate
the owner of the certificate (PKI, 2002).
In each of the layers of the OSI model, there are security risks that exist and are developing now, and

Implementing Secure Pervasive Computing, Cleveland State...
Implementing secure Pervasive Computing Anvesh Gandham, 2643127 Secure and Dependable computing, Cleveland State University Introduction:
We are watching the birth of a new revolution in computer paradigm that guarantees to profoundly affect the way we associate with the computers,
gadgets, physical spaces and other individuals. This new technology helps to create a world where all embedded processors, computers, sensors and
digital communication are inexpensive products which can be used anywhere in the world which helps in eliminating time and place barriers by
making services available to all users everywhere. Pervasive computing will surround users with a comfortable and convenient information environment
that combines physical and computational infrastructures into an integrated habitat. This feature will rapidly increase the number of computing
devices and sensors which provide new functionality, specialized services and increase productivity, interaction. Context awareness helps this feature to
take responsibility in serving users and managing itself to perform tasks, group activities and be user friendly all the time in a physical space which is
called "active space." Pervasive computing has some features like Extending computing boundaries, Invincibility, Creating smart spaces, Context
awareness, mobility and adaptability. All the recent researches in pervasive computing focus on building structure and creating active spaces. All the
researches are just about

Private Key Infrastructure Advantages And Disadvantages
Q1:
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a popular encryption and authentication approach used by both small businesses and large enterprises for exchanging
information based on, it make securely exchange data over networks such as the Internet and verify the identity of the other party. The foundation of a
PKI is the certificate authority (CA), which issues digital certificates that authenticate the identity of organizations and individuals over a public system
such as the Internet, and the certificates also used to sign messages, ensures messages are not been tampered.
There are Components for the PKI or Public Key Infrastructure. Below there are the components and the explanation of it ..
1: Digital Certificates
Digital certificates (public key certificates, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its data conversion uses a mathematical algorithm along with a secret key, which results in the inability to make sense out of a message. Symmetric
encrpytion is a two–way algorithm because the mathematical algorithm is reversed when decrypting the message along with using the same secret key.
Symmetric encryption is also known as private–key encryption and secure–key encryption. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
SYMMETRIC encryption
ADVANTAGES
пЂЄпЂ A symmetric Encryption is faster.
пЂЄпЂ In Symmetric Encryption, encrypted data can be transferred on the link even if there is a possibility that the data will be intercepted. Since
there is no key transmiited with the data, the chances of data being decrypted are null.
пЂЄпЂ A symmetric Encryption uses password authentication to prove the receiver's identity.
пЂЄA system only which possesses the secret key can decrypt a message.
DISADVANTAGES
пЂЄпЂ Symmetric Encryption have a problem of key transportation. The secret key is to be transmitted to the receiving system before the actual
message is to be transmitted. Every means of electronic communication is insecure as it

An Example Of Alice And Bob
In Public Key Cryptosystem there are two keys used i.e. a public key and a private key. Consider an example of Alice and Bob. I Bob wants to send a
message to Alice, Bob uses Alice's public key to encrypt the message and then send that encrypted message to Alice. Alice uses her private key to
decrypt the message. Here how does Bob know the Public Key of Alice? Alice might have distributed its Public key through a secure communication
channel. This method is applicable only if there is trust/familiarity between both Bob and Alice. If Bob and Alice does not know each other this whole
method fails.[28]
This drawback is removed by using a trusted third party (TTP) to uniquely bind public keys to users or another entity such as an organization. This is
the place we require a PKI (Public Key Infrastructure). A PKI has one more trusted elements called Certification Authorities (CAs). For instance,
Erin is a CA. CA issues Alice a certificate (which contains the public key of Alice) signed by the CA 's public key after checking Alice 's
credentials. Bob can now recover Alice 's certificate and confirm it is authentic by checking the signature on it. Certificates may should be revoked
later because of different reasons. For instance, if Alice 's private key is stolen, she will need to request that the CA deny its certificate. How does
Bob know whether a certificate is revoked? The CA keeps up a revocation list which permits Bob to confirm if a given certificate is revoked or not. The

Essay about IS3230 Lab 5 Chris Wiginton
IS3230 Lab 5
Chris Wiginton
ITT Technical Institute, Tampa FL
Instructor: David Marquez
17 April, 2014
1. What are the three major categories used to provide authentication of an individual?
a) something you know (e.g., a password)
b) something you have (e.g., a certificate with associated private key or smart card)
c) something you are (a biometric)
2. What is Authorization and how is this concept aligned with Identification and Authentication?
a) Authorization is the process of determining whether an entity, once authenticated, is permitted to access a specific asset.
b) Authorization is what takes place after a person has been both identified and authenticated; it's the step that determines what a person can then do on
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This standard provides for user/device authentication as well as distribution and management of encryption keys.
5. What is a Network Access Control (NAC) System? Explain its benefits in securing access control to a network.
a) NAC is a networking solution for wired and Wi–Fi connections that identifies potential problems on a computer before it accesses the network. NAC
uses a set of protocols to define and implement a policy that describes how to secure access to network nodes by devices when they initially attempt to
access the network.
b) A benefit of NAC is the ability to control access to a network access to the LAN without putting the network in danger. Based on a computer's
credentials and the software installed on it, a NAC system may give it full access to the LAN, deny it any access, or give it partial access.
6. Explain the purpose of a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and give an example of how you would implement it in a large organization whose major
concern is the proper distribution of certificates across many sites.
a) A PKI (public key infrastructure) enables users of a basically unsecure public network such as the Internet to securely and privately exchange data
and money through the use of a public and a private cryptographic key pair that is obtained and shared through a trusted authority.
b) Work with one of the globally trusted roots, Cybertrust, to deploy a CA on your premises that is subordinate to a Cybertrust root CA. You can build
and

ePayments and eCommerce: Assignment
Part A: Short–Answer Questions (50 marks total) Your answer to each question should be one or two paragraphs long. Each question is worth a total
of five marks. 1. What types of e–payment systems should B2C merchants support? many customers are still very afraid to purchase online because of
the security issues that 's why it 's very good to have more than one payment method, payment methods include E–cheques, credit cards, Gift cards, and
the best one from my point of view because it 's very known for safe online shopping is PayPal. 2. Describe the major issues in fraudulent orders
perpetrated against online merchants. What measures and solutions should be implemented to combat these issues? the major issues in fraudulent...
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having a personal firewall to protect an individual users desktop system from public networks by monitoring all the traffic that passes through the
computers network interface card will secure a home user from spyware, hackers, and other online threats and risks. 10. What key crucial factors
determine the success of electronic payment methods? the key crucial factors which will determine the success of E–payment methods are:
independence, inoperability and portability, security, anonymity, divisibility, ease of use, transaction fees, and regulations. Part B: Case Analyses (50
marks total) Case 1 (15 marks) The Canadian government has legislated the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA)
to protect any personal information that is collected, used, or disclosed. 1. What type of personal information should be protected? (5 marks the type of
information that should be protected in PIPEDA, are: information about an identifiable individual, but does not include the name, title or business
address or telephone number of an employee of an organization . 2. Why is it very important to protect this personal information? (5 marks) it is very
important to protect this information as this creates a standard that companies must abide by with regard to a person 's personal information. without
this act in place,

Aircraft Solutions Assessment Essay
Course Project: Security Assessment and Recommendations
Aircraft Solutions
SEC: 571
Adam Grann
Professor: Reynolds
Weaknesses are a symptom that is prevalent in today's information technology realm, indicating vulnerabilities and risks that come hand and hand with
shared networks like Aircraft Solutions. With enterprises exchanging an unprecedented level of information over open networks, the vulnerabilities and
possibility of compromised security by unwanted intruders is swelling up into a new type of beast. At Aircraft Solutions, there are several samples of
concerns that could lead to a breach of information or compromised branch of their system. Due to the design of their geographical layout, secure
connections that encrypt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The consequences of leaving all their information in one location can be catastrophic to the company's operation and integrity as valued by their
clients. Remotely storing vital information should be the first precaution taken when installing an archive full of fragile data. NAS (network
attached storage), typically used in the form of cloud or RAID devices provides a safe approach to storing company information. "Common uses are
central file storage, media streaming, print serving and backup for all the local drives on your network. You can even access most NAS drives from
the Internet if desired." (How to Buy Network–Attached Storage Drives, Becky Waring). If the NAS devices aren't sufficient, file servers can support up
to 25 users simultaneously and meet the high demands of the usage that typically come with a large network. Business Process Management (BPM)
software is a crucial aspect in security policy and infrastructure and another major concern for this firm. Considering the layout of the network, in which
employees from various locations and customers ranging around the globe can access, Aircraft Solutions should be sure their BPM is strong. "One of
the primary goals of instituting a business process management system is to provide greater accountability for departmental functions, from tracking
and monitoring expenditures to ensuring deliverables are met."

Network Sercurity Industry Essay
Network Security 4th Block With the upraise of Internet use around the world from businesses, private computers and networks there are bound to be
people out there trying to get easy money. Hackers and viruses and just human error all represent a potential threat to your networks and sometimes
more personal stuff like credit card numbers and social security numbers. This is where the Network Security industry comes into play; it protects
your network from viruses, worms, Trojan Horses, spy ware, adware, hackers, denial of service attacks and Identity theft. Network security is one of
the best things you could own, you could be arrested for something you didn't even do, all... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
David Pensak claims that he built the first commercially used fire wall. But Marcus Ranum says that's marketing BS. He also says that David Pesotto
Is the one who did it. William Cheswick and Steven Bellovin, who actually wrote the book on firewalls while at AT&T, say they didn't invent the
firewall, but they built a circuit–level gateway and packet filtering technology. But all of these security experts, Paul Vixie, Brian Reid, Fred Avolio,
and Brent Chapman, and others were involved in some way with the start of firewall technology production. Several of them have been called the
father of the firewall, but most experts have come to the conclusion that there's not just one biological father of the technology. The firewall's history
has been well–documented, but it's tough to pinpoint just which stage of the firewall. Most security experts trace roots back to work done at Digital
Equipment Corp. gatekeeper.dec.com gateway, as well as to Mogul's "screened" technology. Most intruders can gain access to your computer or
network through HTTP port 80. Legitimate users normally use them for browsing a web page, network meeting, and performing transfers and
downloads. Open ports can also be a way for intruders to gain access to the network system. Open ports are one of the most common security
complications with big networks. All unused ports should be closed and all open ports should be

Public Key Infrastructure : Digital Communications And...
Public Key Infrastructure
With the ever increasing surge of digital communications and transactions, a tougher level of security is essential in order to safeguard the user and
their data transactions. Systems, personal computers, mobile phones, servers, and even smart cards are all being used everywhere and there is a need
to secure communications. With the influx of data management, there is a clear race between the two challengers in the game known as Information
Security between developers and the hackers. PKI was designed to influence the Internet infrastructure for means of communication (Samuelle, 2011).
While decreasing antagonistic misuse of data, reducing data theft, and providing an extra layer of trust through key pairs and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The overall cost of implementing PKI clearly shifts with every establishment, apart from there being some regular costs that occur (Azad, 2008). In
looking at the equipment side, there can be certain costs that pinpointed directly for the servers alone, hardware security modules (HSMs), and
reinforcement gadgets along with support media. For example, in a Windows situation there are additions that can be server authorized expenses
(Azad, 2008).
Point of Risk Some important parameters help alot when an organization begins to plan for PKI. Like any basis made through an association, the
business requirements, as well as consideration, given through the PKI should be surely already known as a preceding usage. Seeing how the PKI
helps the business, what forms it establishes or permits along with any remotely required conditions allows an organization to agree on cultured
selections on the level of risk that will be recognized when defining the framework (Fund, 2005). For example, an internal PKI supporting remote
LAN confirmation would be prepared and secured exclusively in comparison to a PKI that is worked for issuing SSL endorsements and trusted
throughout external associations. The executive should know that the Administration plays a critical role in a valid PKI due to the fact that a PKI is
not a static framework. There is also the possibility of progressing changes being made inside the organization's surroundings that would push
operational or security

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
Today it isn't sufficient to expect that the individual who approaches with information is authorized, it is fundamental to affirm that approval and
ensure that the decoding conventions are followed as per the organization's data security arrangements and methods. Identity and authorization
management (IAM) applications and encryption by and large are viewed as two of the most vital segments of layered security protocols.
While various security practices are in place that businesses can utilize, Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) has become a vital security foundation for
Identity and management across the organizations. PKI empowers individuals and organizations to use various secure Internet applications. For
instance, secure and lawfully restricting

An Example Of Inference Control
1.
An example of inference control in a database is implementing inference control in a medical records database by explicitly identifying information,
individual attributes such as address and zip code cannot identify individuals personally, each individual attribute alone does not provide sufficient
information to identify individuals. A combination of the individual attributes may provide enough information to identify individuals forming an
inference channel. An inference control would block database user's access from obtaining queries that consists of all the attributes that forms an
inference channel.
2.
For
Faster processing
Not as much Production of keys
Against
If compromised, attacker can use key for encryption and to use your signature.
3.
KerberosPKI
Symmetric Cryptography.Asymmetric Cryptography.
Tickets are used to authentication users, and tickets by Key Distribution Center (KDC).Each user has a key pair, private key and public key. The
public key is published to others publicly; the private key is kept secret by the user. The private key is used to generate a digital signature. The public
key is used to verify the digital signature signature.
A password is needed to authenticate users.The private key is used to authenticate users. The private key is stored and maintained by users.
The KDC must register every user for the user to have access to the network.Pre–registration is not required in this case
4.

Digital signatures are not

Essay On Blockchain
Blockchain Technology supports a distributed ledger system and maintains a growing list of records that are confirmed by the participating people. In
blockchain framework, each transaction is recorded in public ledger and stores the information of the transaction. In Current scenario, all the currency
transactions between persons or entities are centralized and controlled by some other organizations (Interoperability team). Transferring money will
needs bank and merchants who process the payments and they charge fee for each transaction. This is the common phenomenon in every domain and
this complexity is simplified by Blockchain technology by creating decentralized environment where no interoperability team is required to control the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this all nodes will be linked to each other and will form as a chain and this can be called as blockchain. Since blockchain decentralized
framework by removing third party involvement and by involving only participating entities and posting the transaction to the public ledger. The main
advantage of blockchain is once transaction is committed, it cannot be fabricated. Because of this reason, blockchain will address data integrity and
security characteristics. So, most of the financial and healthcare sectors started implementing bitcoin API's and block chain services respectively.
Apart from advantages it has Technical challenges and limitations to deal and overcome. White Paper: There are seven challenges and limitations for
block chain technology adoption: Throughput: Currently bitcoin network can process maximum of 7 transactions per second whereas other existing
processing systems like VISA and Master Card processes nearly 2000 transactions per second. This needs to be balanced and improved in the
network. Latency: bitcoin network is currently taking 10 minutes to complete one transaction and in other systems it takes only few seconds to
complete the transaction. Size and bandwidth: At Present the blockchain size is 50000MB and in future blockchain tps is increased to similar systems
tps, then it requires 214PB each year. Blockchain community each block size will be 1MB. If more

Cis 560-Security Access & Control Strategies Essay
CIS 560–Security Access & Control Strategies https://homeworklance.com/downloads/cis–560–security–access–control–strategies/ CIS 560–Security
Access & Control Strategies CIS 560 Week 3 Assignment 1: Access Restrictions In a business environment, controlling who has access to business
information and at what level is critical for facilitating day–to–day business operations. There are three levels of information access: no access, read
access, and read–write access. Use a business of your choice to answer the criteria for this assignment. Write a four to five (4–5) page paper in which
you: 1.Identify the business you have selected. 2.Create five (5) cases in which the no–access level should be applied within the selected... Show more
Write a four to five (4–5) page paper in which you: 1.Evaluate the deployment cost savings realized by Cisco, and determine if it was significant.
2.Analyze how the solution deployed by Cisco improved: a.employee productivity b.satisfaction c.retention 3.Discuss how Cisco was able to achieve
VPN scalability to support thousands of users. 4.When thousands of employees telecommute and work in virtual offices, there are benefits to the
environment. Discuss the environmental impact of the Cisco telecommuting and virtual offices solution. 5.Use at least three (3) quality resources in
this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one–inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or
school–specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the
student's name, the professor's name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment
page length. CIS 560 Assignment 2: Single Sign–On Access Some business and organizational network infrastructures consist of multiple systems from
the same or different vendors to provide, conduct, process, and execute various business functions. Some employees must access one

Analysis On Data Security And Privacy
Introduction
The goal of our research paper is to provide a concise analysis on data security and privacy protection issues pertaining to data and databases as well
as the current advancement/ breakthrough made and achieved in regards to database security and privacy concerns. We will also discuss in this paper
some current solutions in the security market. First, we looked at the a trusted database model which makes it possible to shield database with absolute
secrecy to benefit trusted equipment presented on the side of server and made to work at the charge of any cryptography which permits private data
handling on a simple device.
Also, we looked into the problem of Enterprise Search Engines, How it gives out detailed aggregate information about the enterprise which is a
bridge in privacy and this is a big concern. Also review the new technique that was proposed and used in analyzing the problem by suppressing
sensitive aggregate for enterprise search and still keeping it originality in answering users.
We will use another technique which is encrypting data with different encryption keys assigned to each group this makes a challenge which is we
would like to execute queries without revealing information on the server mean while doing less computations on the client, some techniques minimize
the revealed information on the server and amount of computations on the client. We also focus on investigating the operational model, database use in
Rails.
Therefore, we provide

Retinal Recognition And Biometrics
Retinal scanning: Like DNA each human retina is unique. Its complex structure makes harder to bypass for intruders.
Unique pattern of a user retina is mapped earlier into system, then a low perceived beam of light is casted on the eye to map and match with the stored
retinal mapping of that user
Iris recognition: Iris is a thin circular structure in the eye. Infrared rays used to perform Iris recognition. It's used to identify an individual by analyzing
the unique pattern of the iris from a certain distance. Iris of every human are different from each other. Iris recognition biometrics is contactless, which
makes it the most hygienic biometric modality
Fingerprint:
Fingerprint is widely used as it's cheap. The three basic patterns of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It works on the basis of 'tickets'. The client authenticates itself to the Authentication Server which forwards the username to a key distribution center
(KDC). The KDC issues a ticket–granting ticket (TGT), which is time stamped and encrypts the secret key and returns the encrypted result to the user's
workstation. This is done infrequently, typically at user logon; the TGT expires at some point although it may be transparently renewed by the user's
session manager while they are logged in.
When the client wants to communicate with another node, then it needs to send the TGT to the ticket–granting service (TGS), which usually shares
the same host as the KDC. The Service must be registered at TGT with a Service Principal Name (SPN). The client uses the SPN to request access to
this service. After verifying that the TGT is valid and that the user is permitted to access the requested service, the TGS issues ticket and session keys
to the client. The client then sends the ticket to the service server (SS) along with its service request.
SSL
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is one of protocol of authentication methods.SSL uses a cryptographic system that uses two keys to encrypt data ,a public
key known to everyone and a

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Cryptocurrency
All the things that we use in day today life needs money to buy them. Cryptocurrency is a form of digital money that is designed to be anonymous and
secure (MeGoogan). The big question here is that why we use Cryptocurrency since we already have a current currency system? The answer is that
Cryptocurrency is much better than the current system that people should adopt it because, it doesn't run by the governments and banks, it is a
decentralized system, there is no bank to reserve money, you must regulate your money and do proper investments, and you don't have to trust the
system you can just trust the people you are transacting with.
The normal money we use today is managed by governments and banks which works on regular fiat money, paper money made legal by a
government, which can be printed when needed. The advantage of this system is that it is already an established system, cash doesn't require a
network connection, and Bankcard is accepted almost everywhere. The disadvantage of using the current system is that the bank fee can be expensive,
bank system is different in every bank and in every country which makes it difficult to manage and transfer money, and it lacks transparency about
how the system runs. Cryptocurrency is not based on regular fiat money rather it is based on nodes which are distributed around the world. These
nodes help to solve a highly sophisticated mathematical problem and hold a memory of all transactions made. And the recorded transaction is

Public Key Infrastructure
Public key infrastructure, known as PKI supports the distribution and identification of public encryption keys which allows users and computers to
securely exchange data over the internet and networks to confirm the identity of the other party. Without PKI, sensitive information can still be
encrypted and exchanged, but there would be no assurance of the identity of the other party. Any form of sensitive data exchanged over the Internet is
reliant on PKI for security.
A standard PKI consists of several components: hardware, software, policies and standards, administration, distribution of keys and digital certificates.
Digital certificates are at the heart of PKI as they confirm the identity of the certificate subject and bind that identity to the public key contained in the
certificate. A typical PKI includes several key elements. A trusted party, known as acertificate authority or CA, acts as the root of trust and provides
services that authenticate the identity of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The company can choose between using a public certification authority or operating an in house a private CA.
The in–house approach provides the maximum level of control. Certificates and keys can be made any time with little wait time. However, the cost
of software licenses, maintenance fees, and the expense to purchase and deploy the entire supporting infrastructure can be big. Also add in training of
a few employees or hiring new ones with the needed skills. The cost will pay for its self eventually. (Walder, Bob. July 2003)
Outsourcing the PKI service will allow for faster implementation. The initial cost is low but will be continuous. There is no need for training or new
employees. Availability will be the key deciding component. Will the outsourced company be available anytime? How long is the turnaround time
when requesting a certificate? (Walder, Bob. July

Essay on Solving HealthCareвЂ™s eMail Security Problem
Solving HealthCare's eMail Security Problem
Abstract
While healthcare organizations have come to depend heavily on electronic mail, they do so without a significant email security infrastructure. New
Federal law and regulation place new obligations on the organizations to either secure their email systems or drastically restrict their use. This paper
discusses email security in a healthcare context. The paper considers and recommends solutions to the healthcare organization's problem in securing its
mail. Because email encryption will soon be a categorical requirement for healthcare organizations, email encryption is discussed in some detail. The
paper describes details and benefits of domain level encryption model and considers how PKI ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although these security standards have not yet been finalized, in August of 1998, HHS did publish in 45 CFR Part 142 a proposal for that Security
Standard. That Notice of
Proposed Rule Making did include a number of specific security implementation features. Particularly relevant to email use is a specification for
encryption of health information communicated over any network for which the transmitter cannot control access (45 CFR Part 142.308[d][1][ii]).
This restriction clearly is intended to apply to the healthcare organization's Internet bound electronic mail.
This paper broadly outlines steps that healthcare organizations can take to ensure the security of their electronic mail use. A substantial portion of this
activity has a "Security
101' aspect to it. Healthcare organizations are generally exposed to the same Internet borne threats as any other type organization. As a result,
healthcare organizations do well to follow the general recommendations for email security provided in documents such as NIST's "Guidelines for
Electronic Mail Security". Healthcare organizations do have business imperatives and legal obligations, however, that may encumber routine
application of email security best practice. Therefore, this paper will provide a healthcare industry context to its discussion of electronic mail security.
Risks Associated with Electronic Mail Use
Generally speaking there are three classes of email related risk that

Designing Secure Protocol For Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Science DESIGNING SECURE PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS AD–HOC NETWORKS STUDENT NAME
:ARVINDH KUMAR S T REFERENCE NO:14024765 AWARD: COMPUTER NETWORKS AND SECURITY MODULE
CODE:C0CS70686–2014–SPG1–2014–SPG1 MODULE TITLE:RESEARCH METHODS FOR NETWORKING LECTURER:RACHEL CORNES
SUBMISSION DATE:05–DEC–2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1BACKGROUND 2PROPOSED WORK 3AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
4INTELLECTUAL CHALLENGE 5RESEARCH SCHEDULE 6DELIVERABLES 7ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 8RESOURCES
9REFERENCES Figure 1 Wireless ad–hoc networks (Source: http://www.thelifenetwork.org/about.html) BACKGROUND: Now–a–days,
communication had become a major role within the people. Communication is done by a medium with sender and receiver. In internet the way of
communication takes place by medium of wired and wireless. There is a rapid growth in both wired and wireless infrastructures. It makes use of the
customers for the internet connection in many possible ways .In most of the places wireless internet has been used. Most of the wireless spontaneous
network is not secure because it is not a planned network and network boundaries are defined poor, due to the lack of centralized server in the network.
Usually wireless networks perform both communication and measurement in a given network. Wireless network architecture usually

The Importance Of Privacy And Data Encryption
In today's world we are so much dependent on technology, that the need for privacy and data encryption has become more important to protect the
importance of information, such as credit–card numbers, email messages, confidential company information, banking details and other personal
information. For example, when you are at an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM), you do not want someone looking over your shoulder for your PIN
number. The same applies for email accounts, bank accounts, Social–networking accounts. And we do not want an unauthorised person or a third party
to monitor our movement over the internet. So as the computer technology and Information technology have evolved, so is the need to secure date
increased. Internet usage has increased at an alarming rate, and now every person is using the Internet for various purposes. Researchers have been
working hard for a very long time to make Internet and data sharing as safe as possible. They are trying to find new methods of securing and
transferring data across the internet and extranet.
History
Encryption is not new or limited to Internet. It has been into practice for a very long time, in fact began thousands of years ago, however in a different
format. The use of cryptography dates back to 1900 BC, in Egypt which uses mystery paintings and figures. In those days, it was not so much aimed
for secrecy as it was to create mystery or amusement for literate readers. Secret messages were used by the Greek army, which

Fundamentals Of Ssl Certificates And Certificate...
The Fundamentals of SSL Certificates and Certificate Authorities (CA) By adding an SSL certificate, Experts Exchange members not only protect their
business but also increase customer confidence by safely encrypting their customers' most sensitive data. For online transactions, an SSL certificate
turns sensitive data into encrypted secure code. The web browser then checks the SSL certificate to make sure that the website is legitimate. Once
verified, the web browser and server processes the encoded information. This helps to ensure that the sensitive data delivered between the web browser
and server is handled safely, securely, and that the website is PCI (Payment Card Industry) compliant. Certificate Authorities (CA) play an integral role
in the entire SSL process because they're the ones issuing these digital certificates. In essence, digital certificates, such as an SSL, are small verifiable
data files containing identity credentials that help authenticate the online identity of people, websites, and devices. Each digital certificate includes
valuable information like the expiration date of the certificate, the owner's name and other important information, along with a public key – a value
provided by some designated authority as an encryption key. As a trusted entity issuing these digital certificates, the CA must meet strict and detailed
criteria before being accepted as a member. Once accepted, the CA is authorized to distribute SSL certificates. The longer the

Pt1420 Unit 9 Final Paper
4. Value of the challenge is 66df 784c 048c d04 35dc 4489 8946 9909. 5. Yes. Public key crypto: RSA; symmetric
–key algorithm: RC4; hash
algorithm: MD5. 6. Yes. Public key crypto: RSA; symmetric–key algorithm: RC4; hash algorithm: MD5. 7. Yes, this record includes a nonce, which is
32 bits long. The purpose of the nonce is to prevent replay attacks. 8. Yes, this record includes a session ID. The purpose of the session ID is to
provide the SSL session a unique identifier. 9. No, this record does not contain a certificate, and the certificate is included in a separate record. The
certificate does fit into a single Ethernet frame. 10. Yes, this record contains a pre–master secret. It is used for producing master secret for the server
and the client. The master secret can generate a set of session keys for media access control and encryption. The secret is encrypted by server's public
key. The encrypted secret is 128... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of the Change Cipher Spec record is to show that the subsequent SSL records sent by the client will be encrypted. The record is 6 bytes
long. 12. In the encrypted handshake record, the session will generate a MAC of the concatenation that includes all the previous handshake messages
sent from the client, and then send this concatenation to the server. 13. Yes, the server also sends a Change Cipher Spec record and encrypted
handshake to the client. This handshake record is different from those sent by the client in that it contains the concatenation of all the handshake
messages from the server, instead of from the client. 14. The application data is encrypted by symmetric key encryption algorithm. The pre–master key
and nonces from the client and the server generate the symmetric encryption keys to choose the algorithm in the handshake phase. 15. The original
ClientHello message is a version 2 SSL, but if the server replies the message with a version 3 SSL frame, the subsequent SSL message exchange will
all turn into version 3

Hardware Controls, Proper Risk Assessment, And Management...
3. There are many components including each of the general controls, applications controls, proper risk assessment, and management policies. Each of
the previously mentions plays a key roles in the organizational framework but must be utilized in the proper manner to work reliably and effectively.
–General Controls include software, hardware, computer operations controls data security, implementation, administrative controls and basically
dictate all aspects of the organizations information technology infrastructure. Software controls monitor systems and prevent access from authorized
users. Hardware controls make sure that the actual hardware is safe and is always checking to make sure that the equipment doesn't malfunction. This
also covers the backup systems. Computer operations controls keep the data in check by correctly storing it. Data security does just as it suggests
keep the data safe in whatever form so that it is not destroyed or altered. Implementation is basically the systems checker and makes sure that at each
point the controls are working. Lastly administrative controls are used to create rules and procedures that need to be carried out in order to keep the
system running in proper order.
–Application Controls are more specific and are often more unique to each organization and make sure that the accurate data is processed for the
organization. These controls are input, processing, and output. Input controls which is just like a fact checker and make

The Code And Software Components Of An Information System

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