Visual Impairment Analysis

Visual Impairment Analysis
The purpose of this assigment was to explore the emotions and perspectives of a parent raising a child
with a visual impairemet and additional disability. To ask in depth questions about their journey through
their child's diagnoses and education. How as a parent they have had to advocated for their child's
education. The accommodations that are made in the home evironment to support expanded core
learning. What resources the parent finds useful and what supports they have used along their journey.
Trenton had nystagmus severly at around fourteen months old, and the pediatrician wanted to do some
tests to rule out a brain tumor. We thought at this point after ruling out other possiblities that it was just
nystagmus and he was given glasses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This family is one that continues to stay positive and have become determined to bring awareness. They
are fighting discrimination and societal views by answering questions people may have about Trenton's
eye condition. Jamie herself has read every internet article she can get her hands on, as well as joined
several parent support groups (Dues, 2016). They have gained further support by attending Family
Learning Weekends on the Montana School for the Deaf and the Blind's campus. These events have
parents from all over the state with a broad range of eye conditions represented. "It is hard to reach out
and help others because it can bring up old feelings (Dues, 2016)." Jamie manages staff at the local
hospital here in Great Falls and attends several conferences throughout the year. "I always think about
Trenton when I attend these conferences and how I can use the skills I learn to better help him (Dues,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Research Based Teaching Strategies Educators Essay
Research Based Teaching Strategies Students with severe and profound visual impairments benefit from
an inclusive educational environment. They need a specialized educational program to learn self–care
skills, functional academic skills, social skills, and vocational skills (Korir, 2015). Successful strategies
educators can use when teaching students with severe visual impairments include vision training,
support strategies, functional vision training, and orientation and mobility training (Westling & Fox,
2009). Vision specialists once believed that students with visual impairments should not use their
remaining vision (Geruschat & Corn, 2006). Advancements in the medical field, early diagnosis, and
interventions have made it possible for the visually impaired to learn how use their remaining vision to
complete tasks. One effective strategy is the visual training method. The visual training method uses eye
exercises and patch therapy to enhance the use of residual vision in individuals with low vision or partial
vision (Westling & Fox, 2009). Teaching visual skills with in functional activities is another effective
method educators can use to help students learn to use their residual vision. Students need to apply
visual attention skills and behaviors in order to complete a task. Therefore, students with visual
impairments and multiple disabilities need to learn specific visual attention skills and behaviors. To
teach visual attention skills and behaviors,

Visual Impairment Paper
As a person with a major visual impairment myself, I found the first video fascinating. In the video the
audience is introduced to Mason, a 6–year–old boy, whom is completely blind in one eye and has only
partial vision in the other. His overall visual acuity is approximately 20/300 versus the standard visual
acuity of 20/20. In the video the types of technology introduced and discussed were the Mountbatten
Brailler, iPad, and a Smart Board. A Mountbatten Brailler is a type of Braille machine, which in a
traditional braille machine that has been equipped with audio as well as word processing capabilities. It's
particularly useful for children because of the audio responses. Mason also utilized an iPad at home and
in school as an additional education tool because of the capabilities to run education games and increase
the size of text and images to make it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cerebral Palsy is a permanent and debilitating condition that causes not only a physical impairment and
disability but in cases like Elle can cause communication disabilities or even cognitive defects. Elle is
unable to speak so her main piece of assistive technology is a Dynavox, which is a speech–generating
device that is operated by a head mouse that allows Elle to communicate and express herself. Prior to
acquiring the Dynavox her family had been through multiple devices and assistive technology items.
They used a traditional book chart. Which consists of a book broken into categories of basic needs and
communication symbols and the user shifts their eyes from one category to another in order to
communicate. They used a device called a Pathfinder, which is also an assistive communication device
that looks like a large board with multiple buttons. They eventually began utilizing a laptop with
communication software and eventually the school helped her find the Dynavox, which gave her better
communication

Communication & Interpersonal Skills in Nursing
Introduction
In this assignment, I am going to review four cases, which will require a number of different
communication skills focusing primarily on; developing a therapeutic relationship, communicating
assertively, communicating effectively with an individual with a disability/impairment and
communicating with individuals from another culture. I will discuss building a therapeutic relationship
and effective communication with each patient.
Part 1: Developing a Therapeutic Relationship
A therapeutic relationship is a professional, inter–personal alliance in which the nurse and client join
together for a defined period to achieve health–related treatment goals (Chauhan & Long, 2000), which
may only last for a short period of time but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Non–verbal communication is used to give us cues about what is being communicated (Underman and
Boggs, 2011) and involves listening, eye contact, body language, facial expressions and movements.
Posture can be open or closed reflecting a person's emotions and attitudes (skillsyouneed, 2014).
Listening can create trust, act as an advocate and build a therapeutic rapport with the patient. Barriers to
listening are a noisy environment, tone of voice, timing and tiredness. Kinesics (body language) is an
important non–verbal skill that involves the conscious or unconscious body positioning or actions of the
communicator (Underman and Boggs, 2011). Following the SOLER guideline is useful. S– Sit squarely
to the person (face them). O– Maintain an open position, L– Lean slightly forward, E– Maintain
comfortable eye contact and R– Relax and take your time (Egan, 2002).
There are a number of bridges and barriers to developing a therapeutic relationship with a patient and
nursing communication is crucial to efficient provision of quality care for clients (Finke, 2008) I will
ensure that Regina is psychologically prepared or her operation and discuss post–operative treatment
such as a physiotherapy, agreeing on a treatment plan for the rehabilitation of her knee (Arnold and
Underman Boggs

Visual Impairment
Visual Impairment
Introduction
Vision challenge or impairment is when a person's degree of seeing is very low and the affected person
requires assistance in order to carry out daily routine. Significantly, for one to qualify as visually
impaired there must be prove that a person cannot undertake duties by himself without necessary
assistance. For a person to qualify as a visually challenged, there must be a prove that the affected eyes
cannot be conventionally treated. Visual challenge cannot be corrected by surgery, refractive measures
neither by medication and that is why it is termed as visual impairment. The most rampart causes of
visual challenge are trauma, degenerative or congenital means and a variety of diseases. In the society, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, such students are not able to effectively use gestures (Fan & Cheung, 2005). Most of the
developmental steps of such chilren are delayed due to lack of vison. In emotional context, they may feel
helplessness while interacting with others. These children can develop congnitive impairment because
they they lack the integrating experience of association and classification and the understaning of these
experiences. The other challenge faced with such children to develop their vocabulary. Sighted children
can easily acquire these skills by reading, watching facial expressions and movements, but visually
impaired children are unable to expereince this and it hinders their capability to improve their
vocabulary. Physically, a visually impaired student is constantly rubbing their eyes and is always
blinking. Frowning, squinting and holding books at close range are other characteristics of visually
impaired individuals. Lastly, visually impaired learners are constantly complaining of dizziness, nausea,
itchy eyes as well as blurred vision (Fan & Cheung, 2005).
Educational needs
Visually impaired kids should never be discriminated from attaining quality education. If the right
procedure is adapted in delivery of information or rather education to such students, they will equally
possess the same level of education as normal children. The procedure of teaching a blind

Assistive Technology Plan Essay
Assistive Technology Plan Sarah Isbell EDU 620/Meeting Individual Student Needs with Technology
Professor Murdock November 12, 2012 Assistive Technology Plan Name of Student: Johnny Sweetheart
Disability area: Visual impairment Age/Grade: 6th grade 11 years old Description of the learner: Johnny
is totally blind in both eyes. This is a defect from birth and there is no hope for correction. Johnny is a
very bright and ambitious student. He does not let his impairment affect the quality of his life. He is
completely self–dependent. He uses his walking stick to get from class to class and because the school is
equipped with an AT setting, Johnny is able to make to the correct class by using the Braille directly
under the room ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Accommodations may need to be made for him as he will be reliant on the elevator and feeling the doors
for the correct room so there may need to be some allotment for time from class to class. The goal of this
AT plan is to make Johnny's educational experience pleasant and stimulating. It is the goal of the
teachers and the school to accommodate Johnny and provide a safe learning environment. It is the goal
of the teachers to make sure that Johnny receives a quality education and help him hone in on his other
senses as he has already done thanks to his love for music. Materials and methods: | Potential
Barriers/missed opportunities: | AT solutions: | 1.Computer | The student will not be able to read the
screen. | This student would benefit using a downloadable voice synthesizer or screen reader. "Many
voice synthesizers and screen readers are available for purchase from companies or nongovernmental
organizations or are available for free use on the internet. These programs allow access to internet
websites" (de Freitas Alves, Monteiro, Rabello, Gasparetto & de Carvalho, 2009, p. 149). A
program such as TextAloud http://www.nextup.com may benefit this student greatly. | 2.Keyboard | The
student will not be able to see the keys on the keyboard | This student would benefit from a keyboard
that is designed for the blind. It is a Galatee Braille Keyboard, http://www.maxiaids.comThis keyboard

Write An Essay On Cataracts In Children
Cataracts are an eye condition that results in the clouding of the lens that distorts or makes one vision
hazy. It becomes a visual impairment when it interferes a with the normal functioning of daily task and
activities. Cataracts can be unilateral meaning it affects one eye or bilateral(both eyes). This eye
condition is seen in both children and adults. The age of onset can be congenital( at birth) or acquired
later in life. The location, size, and thickness of the cataract can determine the significance of vision loss.
Although there are four general types of cataracts, there are two that can progress to total blindness.
Early intervention is key in a better vision prognosis. O'Neill (1980) reports that the most prevalent
cause of vision loss ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A parent may report or complain that his or her child is inattentive to visual stimuli, have poor reflexes
and maybe show sign of sensitivity to light. A teacher may see the same behaviors in the academic
setting. As school tasks become difficult and delay the educational progress, a referral should follow the
chief complaint with a comprehensive vision evaluation by a medical ophthalmologist. Submission of
the eye report to the school district along with observations and assessments will address
accommodation and modification for the classroom setting if determined that the child qualifies as a
child with a vision impairment. Some juveniles with treatable types of cataracts that have not progress to
blindness will exhibit characteristics of cortical visual impairments. For example, a student who shows
complications with contrast, visual acuity, sensitivity to light or need for increased lighting. Glare can
also be a problem for a student with post–operative cataract

Psychology Is The Study Of An Organism 's Behavior And...
Psychology is the study of an organism's behaviour and mental processes and how they are effected by
the organism's mental and physical environment. Psychology takes into consideration one's sensation
and perception; consciousness; learning; memory; thinking, reasoning and language; and emotions and
motivation. In an effort to fully understand these complex ideas, I experimented with visual and auditory
impairment.
I stimulated my visual impairment by tying a blind fold over my eyes in a relatively comfortable place
and making sure minimal light got through. For the first half hour, I wondered around the house to get
comfortable with my vision impairment. I went from the first floor of my house to the fourth floor on my
own with no external help. On my way back up, I was given challenges to find certain things and to
bring them to a certain area. As I did these tasks, I sensed that someone was close to me or in my social
or intemet proximity; when anything happened, I was susceptible to the little noises I heard, and reacted
immediately. This was orienting response.
As I was walking back up to the first floor, I had to relearn some of my visual strategies to adapt with
my current situation. For example, one challenge was to find a specific type of body cream. I completed
the challenge based on the feel of the bottle. This was almost recalling my latent learning. This was one
of the many situations that made me realize how much I rely on my tactile sense after my vision. As

Psychology At Columbus High School
It was an ordinary school day in A.P. Psychology at Columbus High School. There I was, sitting in my
ordinary world, completing the same daily routine, school. I had psychology towards the end of the day,
so I was mentally and physically exhausted. However, Coach McCoy was my favorite teacher, and she
made Psychology very interesting for me. We recently discussed the chapter about disabilities and other
impairments a person may face throughout a lifetime. After the lesson, my teacher mentioned a camp she
volunteered at during the summer called Camp Abilities, the main goal of which is to aid children with
visual impairments. The camp's motto read as "A Loss of Sight, Never a Loss of Vision." Columbus
State University sponsored the camp each Memorial Day weekend. The camp is open to all children with
some sort of visual impairment from the ages of nine to eighteen. Immediately I was intrigued, and had a
sudden urge to learn more about the camp itself. I knew instantaneously that I wanted to be involved in
such a tremendous organization. I felt as if Coach McCoy's presentation about Camp Abilities was my
call to the adventure of volunteering at the camp. After watching the camp's promotional video, I
yearned to learn more about the different recreational activities offered, such as beep baseball and
obstacle courses. Seeing the counselors interact with the campers in the promotion video, I knew Camp
Abilities was just for me. I signed up right away, and later I was informed

Visual Impairment And Dementia Essay
Safety is an important aspect in nursing, but trying to balance it out with independence is a little tricky.
Especially with older resident, trying to keep them safe while also maintaining their independence is
difficult. This article it brings up the issue of visual impairment and dementia interfering with safety.
Visual impairment could "increase vulnerability to risk" (p.476). Since the elderly lose their vision they
will tend to lose their independence. The article talks about how the elderly need to be able to do things
for themselves. I agree if they are healthy enough but as for some resident who do suffer from vision
loss or dementia should be supervised on certain task. I work in the advance unit and most of them are
either visually impair or suffer from dementia. I try to give them some independence but when it comes
to ambulating by their self I cannot allow that. Being a certified nursing assistant is difficult sometime
because I try to let one resident wander around but he refuse to wear a wandering alarm so it difficult to
allow him to have freedom due to the safety issues. Safety is not just for the resident it is also for the
care professional. In the key point section they state "lack evidence on how best of support older adults"
(p.479). If the staff is uneducated how can they provide the best care for the dementia patients. It all will
go back to their independence fighting with safety regulations. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Safety is important in the nursing field, not just for the resident but also for the care givers. Lawrence,V.
(2010). Balancing independence and safety: the challenge of supporting older people with dementia and
sight loss. Age and Ageing, Vol. 39 (4), pp. 476–80.

Visual Impairment Nursing
Introduction Visual impairment is a common and debilitating symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS). Acute
optic neuritis (AON) occurs in over 50% of patients and subclinical optic nerve injury is frequent even
in the absence of optic neuritis (Arnold, 2005). Double vision and oscillopsia from efferent disorders
may also significantly impact vision–related quality of life. Despite the prevalence of visual deficits, it
has only been over the last decade that MS clinical trials have begun to regularly include visual
outcomes [57]. This trend has been supported by the implementation of highly sensitive tools with the
ability to detect structural and functional visual deficits in patients with MS. Among structural
instruments, optical coherence tomography ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
VEP amplitude is a measure of the number of actionable fibers relaying information to the visual cortex.
Reductions in amplitude can be transient or the result of axonal loss following AON [ , ]. In addition to
measures of amplitude, VEP measures latency, which is a reflection of visual pathway myelin, a measure
that uniquely highlights demyelination and remyelination [54, ]. Multi–focal VEP measures multiple,
focal VEPs to create a topographic record of optic nerve amplitude and latency [54, ]. Kantorova and
colleagues have found there to be a positive association between VEP latency and EDSS score for both
AON and non–AON MS patients, suggesting VEP tests to be more sensitive measures of detecting
disease evolution than MRI [ ]. In the context of MS, mfERG, another instrument used to expand
knowledge of the summed responses of the visual field, provides highly stereotyped information about
the optic nerve head component, which is thought to reflect axonal properties of the GCL [44, ].
Continued study and validation of these tests as they relate to function are necessary and will allow us to
further refine our understanding of the visual impairments affecting MS

Blindness Research Paper
Blindness in the United States:
The Oppression of the Visually Impaired in America
Madelyn R. Smith
Indiana University– Indianapolis
The United States has many minority groups that face oppression. In the media today, most of the
minority issues that are highlighted involve the LGBTQ community, women, and racial minorities.
Differently–abled people are rarely given the space to share with the world how they see it. This
literature review will discuss terms related to visual impairment, legislative measures taken in the United
States to assist those with severe visual impairments, and the oppression and discrimination those who
are visually impaired face.
There are a few terms that need defined. The American Academy of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It was passed in 1990 and amended by the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments act of 2008
(EEOC). These two acts were the most significant. These added protections for employment, education,
and public life. Employers and educational institutions are required to provide reasonable
accommodations, such as assistive technology and modified tasks. The ADA also affected public life,
such as transportation. Public transportation employees have to announce stops loud enough for
everyone to hear (The Americans). Even with the legislative measures taken to assist those who are
blind, those with significant visual impairments still face oppression. According to Iris Marion Young,
oppression "designates the disadvantage and injustice some people suffer not because a tyrannical power
coerces them, but because of the everyday practices of a well–intentioned liberal society" (Adams, p 36).
People who are blind face oppression when navigating the internet. There are many programs that aid
those with vision issues– Braille keyboards and audio and text converters. However, these programs do
not always work with websites. At the moment, no government standards exist in the United States
(Williams). This is a problem because the internet is a very large part of society. The internet holds the
keys to financial needs, educational advancement, and social interactions. Therefore, legislation needs to
be passed to make the digital world as

Cortical Visual Impairment
Some of the issues that plague individuals with cortical visual impairment are losses within central
and/or peripheral vision, inability to perceive depth, sensitivity to light, color or contrast and frustration.
Research by Roman, Baker–Nobles, Dutton, Luiselli, Flener, Jan, Lantzy, Matsuba, Mayer, Newcomb,
& Nielson states that 'CVI should be defined, albeit arbitrarily, by a reduction in visual acuity, in the
visual fields, or in a child's ability to see compared to other children of the same age." (Roman, Baker–
Nobles, Dutton, Luiselli, Flener, Jan, Lantzy, Matsuba, Mayer, Newcomb, & Nielson, 2010) When an
individual has CVI they usually rely more on their peripheral vision than their central vision. Most of the
items we see require some

Visual Impairment
Visual Impairment
Introduction
Vision challenge or impairment is when a person's degree of seeing is very low and the affected person
requires assistance in order to carry out daily routine. Significantly, for one to qualify as visually
impaired there must be prove that a person cannot undertake duties by himself without necessary
assistance. For a person to qualify as a visually challenged, there must be a prove that the affected eyes
cannot be conventionally treated. Visual challenge cannot be corrected by surgery, refractive measures
neither by medication and that is why it is termed as visual impairment. The most rampart causes of
visual challenge are trauma, degenerative or congenital means and a variety of diseases. In the society, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When visually impaired students undertake tests through auditory–vocal as well as other communication
channels that support visually impaired students then the academic achievement of such students is
assured. However studies indicate that visually impaired students do not score well in Mathematics.
Visually impaired students have particular behavioral disparities. Firstly, when the child is taken to a
new environment, the episodes of clumsiness are exhibited (Fan & Cheung, 2005). Such a student is in
constant communication with their colleagues as they seek to get clarifications on goings. The student
usually remains inattentive and is greatly affected by their inability to read or engage in other class
activities.
While communicating, visually impaired learners do not rely on lip movement to effectively articulate
words. Additionally, such students are not able to effectively use gestures (Fan & Cheung, 2005).
Physically, a visually impaired student is constantly rubbing their eyes and is always blinking. Frowning,
squinting and holding books at close range are other characteristics of visually impaired individuals.
Lastly, visually impaired learners are constantly complaining of dizziness, nausea, itchy eyes as well as
blurred vision (Fan & Cheung, 2005).
Educational needs
Visually impaired kids should never be discriminated from attaining quality education. If the right
procedure is adapted in delivery of information or rather education to such

Research Study On Homeless People With Disability
CHAPTER: 4 DATAANALYSES
After completion of data collection the data entered into the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS
20.0 software) for analyzing the data. The data set consisted of a total of 86 variables. In the study there
are eighty six variables included in SPSS. In this research study the Homeless People with Disability is
the respondent. The findings of this study are discussed in this chapter.
Demographical Profile
Homeless people with disability residing in the Shivaji Nagar, govandi, chembur, cheeta camp, lallubhai
compound, R.C.F marg which is located in M East ward of Mumbai were interviewed for collecting
data. A purposive as well as snowball sampling was used, in that sample will select physical
(orthopaedic impairments), visual impairments, hearing and speech & intellectual disability. A total of 60
HPWD were spoken to covering 87% single individual HPWD and 13% families. 32 males and 28
females overall were interviewed. In this research 63.3 % respondent have Orthopedic impairment,
18.3% visual impairment, 3.3% hearing and speech impairment and 15% respondent having intellectual
impairment. Findings regarding the educational status of Homeless people with disability indicate that
61 percent (37 respondents) are illiterate while 18 percent (11 respondents) have not completed primary
education. 7 percent of parents (4 respondents) have completed primary schooling while 8 percent have
completed secondary schooling.
The data shows that the

Working With Visually Impaired Students
Working with visually impaired students requires much preparation and planning. Every child is
different and instructional strategies should be designed on a case by case basis. According to Allman
and Lewis, there are some general principles of instruction that has worked well for students with a
visual impairment. These principles are as follows:
Breaking tasks into their component parts
Making activities meaningful
Working from behind the student
Providing wait time
Giving guidance and support
Creating many opportunities for practice
Allowing learning through improvisation and mistakes. (p. 32)
Breaking tasks into their component parts allows the student to practice each small step of the whole
task. A Teacher of the Visually Impaired (TVI) should first conduct a task analysis on the activity to be
taught. A Task analysis is a break down of the activity into separate processes according to that students
abilities. A task analysis can help the teacher organize instruction and also serves as a tool for
assessments. The ways for a student to learn through a task is by chaining competing each task to for a
final whole results. Forward chaining is when the student begins each individual step of the task starting
at the beginning to completion. Another form of this instruction is by backward chaining, where the
student has the final result and learns each step in reverse.
Including the student in the preparation of a lesson is a strategy in making that lesson

Typical Sexual Development Of Sighted Children
Typical Sexual Development in Sighted Children Incidental learning is loosely defined as learning that
does not occur through direct teaching, but rather learning that is unplanned and occurs through
observation (Allman & Lewis, 2014). The social learning theory explains that young infants acquire
information about sexuality and identity as they observe the sexual behaviors of their caregivers.
Children develop curiosity about body parts, bodily functions, and gender differences by observing
elders as they engage in routines such as using the bathroom, getting dressed, and hugging and kissing
loved ones. Moore and Rosenthal (2006), recognized that these behaviors are imitated in the form of
self–exploration of one's body parts in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through observation and teaching, children learn appropriate norms for sexual behavior.
Sexual Education
References
Allman, C. B., & Lewis, S. (Eds.). (2014). ECC Essentials: Teaching the expanded core curriculum to all
students with visual impairments. New York: AFB Press.
Bancroff, J. (2005) The endocrinology of sexual arousal. Journal of Endocrinology, 186(1), 411–427.
Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation.
Psychological Review, 106(4), 676–713.
Chivers, M.L., Reiger, E.J, Latty, & Bailey, J.M. (2004) A sex difference in the specificity of sexual
arousal. Psychol. Sci., 15(736), 744.
Cook Karen S., Rice Eric. 2006. "Social Exchange Theory." Pp. 53–76 in Handbook of Social
Psychology, Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, New York: Springer.
Delamater, J.D., & Hyde, J.S. (1997) Essentialism vs. social constructionism in the study of human
sexuality. Journal of sex Research, 35(1), 10–18.
Kar, S.K, Chuoudhur, A., & Singh, A.P. (2015) Understanding normal development of adolescent
sexuality: A bumpy ride. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 8(2), 70–74.
Kelly, S. M., & Kapperman, G. (2012). Sexual activity of young adults who are visually impaired and
the need for effective sex education. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 106(9), 519–526.
Krupa, C., & Esmail, S. (2010).

The Field Of Occupational Therapy Essay
The field of occupational therapy is guided by theoretical assumptions and propositions that assist
occupational therapists to design effective interventions that are evidence based and client centered
(Boyt Schell, Gillen, & Scaffa, 2014, p. 478). One widely used theory that has proven to be evidence
based, research driven, and client centered is the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) (Boyt Schell,
Gillen, & Scaffa, 2014, p. 506). Within this model, it is the practitioner 's role to assess the interaction
between the client's volition, habituation, and performance capacity within their environment. This
interaction shapes the client's participation, performance, and skills. As occupational therapists, we seek
to make occupational adaptations to shape the client's occupational identity and occupational
competence (Boyt Schell et al, 2014, p. 507). We will be using this model to shape the occupational
adaptations we would recommend for a client with acute monocular blindness in the analysis of this
paper.
We hypothesized that the resulting effects that participants would experience in the contrived situation
would be limited to stereopsis, reduced field of vision, and impaired hand–eye coordination in the
performance of activities of daily living. These impairments would make activities of daily living
significantly more difficult for someone who has acutely lost vision in one of their eyes.
Research Design
Acute monocular vision loss is the sudden loss of vision in

Explain How To Determine The Visual And Academic Ability...
1. List at least three resources you should use to determine the visual and academic ability of a student
with a visual impairment. There are many resources a teacher can refer to in order to determine the
visual and academic ability of a student with a visual impairment. It is always best to consult the primary
source, the student, who often knows what their needs are. It is important to form a relationship with the
student because they will feel more comfortable expressing those needs to their teacher. Another helpful
source are parents and guardians, they live with their child, therefore know their strengths and
weaknesses, as well as understand the child more. Parents might also be able to inform the teacher on
what works best for their child. Teachers should also look over their student's individualized education
program (IEP), which will have a lot of useful information. For example, the IEP will describe a child's
strengths and weaknesses, academic goals, instructional and physical accommodations and/or
modifications, and a list of additional services and/or assistive technology devices. Furthermore,
traditional teachers can consult with a teacher for the visually impaired (TVI) who can suggest strategies
that will help the student learn more effectively. The last resources, includes an orientation and mobility
(O&M) specialist, who helps visually impaired students navigate in the classroom and at school, such as
on the playground and in the cafeteria. 2. Explain why

Advantages Of Visual Impairment
Parenting a Teenager with a Visual Impairment
Being the parent of a teenager can be a challenging job. When your teenager is visually impaired,
however, you may find yourself dealing with all the issues most families encounter plus others. You may
notice at times that your child's visual impairment affects her ability to make friends, participate in the
activities other teenagers are doing, or keep up in school.
Alternatively, your child may be doing well in these areas but perhaps be struggling emotionally with
feelings about her visual impairment, herself, and her future.
From Your Perspective
Each child is unique, and your daughter's successes and struggles will be her own. However, you may
want to keep the following in mind.
There may be times when you observe your child struggling to do something such as prepare a meal
herself or feeling dejected because her vision loss keeps her from getting a learner's permit for driving.
These incidents may cause you to grieve for the "normal" sight your child doesn't have. Feelings of
anger, denial, or depression are common in circumstances like these, even if your child has had her
visual impairment since birth or early childhood.
When you feel this way, it may be helpful to try to turn it around and think about the things your
daughter has learned to do, such as taking the bus downtown by herself or opportunities she's had
because of her visual impairment, such as attending a summer work program or a college preparatory
program for teenagers who are visually impaired.
From Your Teenager's Perspective
It can be a challenge to communicate with any teenager, so don't be surprised if your daughter doesn't
want to talk about her feelings about being visually impaired. Let her know that you're there to talk but
realize she may not want to talk to you, or anyone, about how she's feeling.
It may help at times to try putting into words how she appears to you–"You look down–in–the–dumps
this morning," or "You look really excited!" Hearing you acknowledge what she might be feeling may
help your child open up and either talk with you or tell you that you're wrong. Either way, you may be
able to help her explore her feelings and give her a chance to express herself.
From

Cortical Visual Impairment
HISTORY: For early diagnosis of disorders presenting marked cortical visual impairment, VEPs were
considered crucial diagnostic test since advent of EEG and multiple variants to this protocol have come
into existence as described below.
a. FLASH VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIAL:
Adrian et al (1934) proved that the regular repeating flash stimulus could induce the electric response
from the visual cortex. E. Herba et al (2006) employed FVEPs to show that the maternal zinc
supplementation may have a beneficial influence on visual cortical responses in newborn rats. FVEPs
have been regarded as the consequence of increased excitability of cortical circuitry to flash stimulation
(FVEP) (Aguglia et al., 1991; deSeze et al., 1998; Finsterer et al., 1999; ... Show more content on
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Low–speed blinking light (i.e., blinking frequency of less than 3.5 Hz) generates transient VEPs and
characterized with a negative peak of around 75ms and a positive peak of around 100ms. According to
waveform patterns VEPs, categorization seems appropriate as transient VEPs and SSVEPs. The function
of pattern size quantifies visual acuity through electrophysiological parameters of amplitude and
latency26–31. The amplitude and latency of the VEP have been studied in adults, children, 32–33 and
term infants 34. In the preterm infants, it shows developmental kinetics of the VEP response and the age
of its stabilization34, 35–37.The lack of clinical relevance of the VEP in infants in whom ROP stages 4b
and 5 developed also has been established38–40. While transient VEPs occur in reaction to visual
stimuli which blink at a frequency of less than 3.5 Hz, SSVEPs occur in reaction to stimuli of higher
blinking

Blindness Essay
"I did it to myself. It wasn't society... it wasn't a pusher, it wasn't being blind or being black or being
poor. It was all my doing" (Carin 84). Quoted from Ray Charles about the success he's had in his life.
His disability did not stop him from changing the music industry to how it is today.
The number of people around the world affected by blindness. Worldwide almost eighty percent of all
visual impairment is avoidable (Marcovitz 7). Luckily, over twelve million suffer from less degrees of
vision impairment (Plone 2017). World Health Organization "as many as three–hundred million people
will suffer from blindness or other severe vision disabilities" (NFB 2017). Blindness affects more than
one million Americans who fit severe vision ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is lots of treatment for blindness in general that has saved people. The treatment for blindness is
close to the same treatment for cancer one way that can fix blindness is killing the red blood cells in the
eye (79). Other ways would be using angiogenesis inhibitors which are drugs that which grows new
blood cells in the eye to help circulate blood through the eye (79). These are some of many different
types of treatment they use Radiation therapy, electronic implants, Stem cell therapy, cell transplants,
and retinal tissue transplants (79). There are many professionals in the study of blindness that help find
cures and help. These are just some of the many doctors ophthalmologists, optometrists, and opticians
(66).
Charles started to lose his sight at the age of four or five, and was completely blind by the age of seven,
apparently as a result of glaucoma (52). Has lived with it his whole life because it was severe blindness
(52). This ability can and does affect many people's lives Socially, physically, mentally, physically, and
excetra people with severe blindness need help finding objects to buy or find. Like if they are at the store
looking for specific items a friend or worker may have to help them find the items (48).
How blindness affects many people and their daily activities. Many people who have severe vision
impairment may need to set their belt in a

A Life Of Darkness : Major Causes Of Blindness
Kara Garner
Mrs. Kristin Rabun
English 1102
02 October 2014
A Life of Darkness; Major Causes of Blindness Every five seconds, someone in the world goes blind.
Throughout the world today, there are an estimated 39 million people who are considered legally blind.
According to the Merriam–Webster dictionary, blind is defined as being sightless or unable to see. The
term blindness can also be used to describe the other 285 million people worldwide who are considered
to be visually impaired. While these people may not be considered completely blind, they still need a lot
of help perceiving images. Even with glasses or medical surgery, people who are recognized as visually
impaired still cannot see well. Visual impairment ranges from mild to ... Show more content on
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A cataract scatters light as it passes through the lens, which stops a defined image from reaching the
retina of the eye. Unlike a normal eye that has light passing through the transparent lens, a cataract
causes the lens to be hazy. As a result, the image striking the retina will be blurry and the vision becomes
emulsified. The range of visual impairment depends on how cloudy the lens is. According to
MedicineNet.com, the extent of the visual disturbance is dependent upon the degree of cloudiness of the
lens (Dahl, Sheil, 2014). Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness worldwide and are especially
common in older people. The protein that makes up the lens begins to cluster together causing the
clouding of the lens as people age. Over time, the cataract usually grows larger, ultimately resulting in
the lost of sight.
The second leading cause of blindness in the world is glaucoma. According to the Bulletin of the World
Health Organization, glaucoma is the general term for a group of similar diseases. In primary open angle
glaucoma, the channels that drain fluid within the eye become blocked, causing pressure within the eye
to rise, resulting in gradual loss of vision. There are very few symptoms so many people do not realize
they are losing their sight. The other type of glaucoma that leads to blindness is known as angle closure
glaucoma. Angle closure glaucoma is similar to open angle glaucoma, but the effects are much more
prevalent (Sharon

Public Awareness of Visually Impaired Persons...
Public Awareness of Visually Impaired Persons Communication Skills It has been observed by the
researcher that in public settings often the reaction to a visually impaired person is quite different then to
that of a sighted person. Society seems to have a predisposed perception of the communication abilities
of visually impaired people. This study hopes to establish a correlation between the perception that
visually impaired people are also speech impaired when they are in a setting where they are
accompanied by another person. Statement of the Problem The purpose of this study is to show the
limitations of how people deal with visually impaired individuals on a day to day basis. Often people
will perceive visually impaired ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chapter two will present an in–depth explanation of related literature and research. It will include
existing literature and research already completed on the problem and the findings. Chapter three will
describe the research procedure, population selection and characteristics, size of the sample, the
instrument used, and the treatment of data. Chapter four is the analysis of the data, the interpretation of
the data, and its application. Chapter five will include conclusions drawn from the data and its analysis.
Also, any conclusions or recommendations to aid future research. Chapter II Review of Related
Literature, Research Visually impaired individuals face unique challenges in their everyday life. They
are often looked upon as "less than normal." Attitudes have been maintained over time by negative
connotations about these person's communication abilities. Orientation and mobility challenges are
commonplace and are a main concern with blind persons. Thrown into this mix of challenges are the
negative reinforcement visually impaired persons receive from the general public. When the visually
impaired deal with the public on a day to day basis they are often viewed as unable to think or act
normal. They are also viewed as unable to communicate without anothers' help. Very few studies have
been conducted which address this issue. However, T. Aston (1990) found "the

Cognitive Visual Impairment And Blindness In Children
In 1832 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe penned one of his last letters and stated, "The Ancients said that
the animals are taught through their organs; let me add to this, so are men, but they have the advantage
of teaching their organs in return" (Sacks, 2003). This ideology, present at the height of Phrenology (i.e.,
the belief that specific configurations of the skull determine a persons' mental faculties and character
traits and a notion that has been largely debunked by modern science), raises questions as to the true
ability of choice, adaptation, and pre–determination of our cognitive functions (e.g., personality, visual
imagery, etc.) as well as hypothesizing the presence of a "mind's eye" (i.e., a more archaic depiction of
imagination; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whether unconnected to memory, delayed in the development of complexity, lessened by focal or
cortical damage, or heightened in the attempt of visual and cognitive recovery, the imagination appears
to be ever–present, a notion that, for some, may be comforting to a degree. In this vein, Goethe's
statement maintains some modern merit; while adverse situations may occur and our organs deprive us
of greatly needed perception, humankind still harbors the benefit of teaching our organs in return, thus,
never losing the ability, and potential gift, of

Importance Of Visual Impairment
Introduce self to client, acknowledge visual impairment (reduces patient's anxiety).Orient patient to
environment. (Reduces fear related to unfamiliar environment). Do not make unnecessary changes in
environment. Provide adequate lighting. Place meal tray, tissues, water, and call light within patient's
range of vision or reach. Communicate type and degree of impairment to all involved in patient's care.
Recommend use of visual aids when appropriate. Please food tray in the same place each meal and
explain arrangement of food on tray and plate using clockwise sequence. Encourage sense of touch.
Explain sounds or other unusual stimuli in environment. Encourage use of radios, tapes, and talking
books. Remove environmental barriers to ensure safety. Discourage doors from being left partially open.
Maintain bed in low position with side rails up, if appropriate. Keep bed in locked position to prevent
falls. Guide patient when ambulating, if needed. Foot Care Take a detailed history of the pt. Perform a
physical exam, including skin and wound assessments. During foot examination, nurses should ask
patients to remove their shoes and socks and then examine their feet in order to screen patients at high
risk and report to a Physician. Facilitate active participation of patients and family members in care and
teach patients about importance of regular visits to the clinic. Encourage patient to participate in physical
therapy and group activities to help promote

Comparison Of Louis Braille And Lotevie Wonder
Louis Braille, Helen Keller, and Stevie Wonder. Some names more famous than others, some names
known all over the world, some not known at all. One commonality these names have in common is that
each one of these individuals live or still live with a visual impairment. Braille Works provides a lot of
information on the individuals listed above. Louis Braille became blind after an accidental stabbing
incident. He didn't let the accident determine the rest of his life, instead became the inventor of braille
writing. Braille writing is a series of raised dots for visually impaired individuals to feel instead of
seeing the words written out. Helen Keller is a name people hear of often, but is her success story truly
known? Hellen Keller was the first deaf and blind person to graduate from college. Keller then went on
to become a world–famous author. Another famous name in the news and media is Stevie Wonder.
Stevie Wonder was given too much oxygen at birth due to prematurity leaving him blind. Again, Stevie
Wonder didn't let his disability stop him from achieving his goal, instead he worked hard earning
twenty–two Grammy Awards. (Braille Works) Each one of these names are more than likely always
associated with blindness, but instead should be associated with success because of the fact that they all
made a name for themselves. According to SPED TEXTBOOK, "the term for visual impairment is
perhaps the most commonly accepted term to describe any level of decreased vision from a

How Vision Loss Affects Psychosocial Well Being Among The...
Abstract Purpose: to examine how vision loss affects psychosocial well being among the people in the
middle and upper class and how the cope with their visual impairment
The purpose of this study is to understand and discover the psychosocial state and well–being for
individuals with vision loss among the upper and middle class. At this stage in the research, the
participants chosen will be asked about their mental state and vision loss, which will be generally
observed through interview questions on PTSD, depression and motivation. Previous studies have stated
that overall poorer mental well–being and quality of life was found in visually impaired people in
comparison to fully sighted people (Stevelink & Fear 2016).
Method: Qualitative study, interview research questions
Keywords: Visual Impairment, Vision loss, Psychosocial well–being, PTSD, depression, motivation
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
Visual impairment is a state wherein an individual experiences difficulty in seeing or not being able to
see anything physical presented to them. According to Mandal, MD (2013) It is a state where a visually
impaired person's eyesight cannot be corrected back to a "normal level". Visual impairment is often
associated with old age. In Europe, an estimated 15.5 million people have visual impairment and in
seven countries in Europe, about 50% of blindness is caused by age–related macular degeneration.
(Dibb,

Low Vision Advantages And Disadvantages
DISCUSSION
The World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) estimates thattherearemore than 285 million people
worldwide who are visually impaired, of whomnearly 39 million people are blind and 246 million suffer
from low vision1. A person with low vision has a best corrected visual acuity in the better
eyeoflessthan6/18tolightperceptionoracentralvisualfieldofless 10than degrees, but who uses or has the
potential to use vision for the planning and execution of a task
Visual impairment is a worldwide concern and it is very likely that it will gain moreimportance as the
present standard of medical therapy is on the rise and the average life expectancy of an individual is
lengthened. There are a significant number of people with irreversible loss of vision, in spite of the best
possible therapy, who also possess some degree of useful residual vision, termed as low vision. This
impaired vision not only affects their daily living activities but also increases their dependence on other
people. The current investigation sought to focus on the impact of low vision services and to address the
barriers involved in visual rehabilitation of adults (16 to 60 years).
Different individuals undergo different experiences with reference to low vision, and may show variable
responses to low vision rehabilitation. Ultimately, an individual suffering from low vision has to accept
his/her disorder and should strive to obtain the best final outcome. This necessitates the initiation of new
programs, or

An Individual With Visual Impairment
Today, I will attempt to understand what it is like for an individual with a visual impairment to complete
a task that would be very simple for an individual with sight. This exercise is being conducted to help
me gain an understanding of how an individual with visual impairment would approach this task. I will
try to make myself some cereal, eat it, and clean up my mess. My son Jason will remain in the kitchen
with me as a protective measure.
I stand in the middle of the kitchen while the blindfold is applied to my eyes. Immediately, it is dark. My
first thought is what is the easiest to get for a bowl of cereal. I decided to get a bowl from the counter. I
rely on my memory to guide me to the cabinet through feeling for the counter top to the left of my
position, then I reach up to grab a bowl. I feel around with my hand to make sure that I am at the top of
the stack of bowls and then I grab the bowl. I feel with my right hand to make sure there is a free space
for my bowl on the counter and that I am not to close to the edge. Then with my right hand, I close the
cabinet. I edge myself over to the left again, following the counter top. As I reach the end, I stretch out
my arm to help guide me towards the stove. The spoons are in the left lower drawer. I open the drawer
and feel the different utensils. I find the small size spoon and pull it out. I then make my way back across
the kitchen to place the spoon beside the bowl. I go back to the stove area the same way that I

Creating A Visual World : Overcoming Barriers
Living in a Visual World: Overcoming Barriers to Employment in the Visually Impaired and Blind
Community People who are blind or visually impaired have significantly higher rate of unemployment
than those in the general population (Ferronatoa & Ukovic, 2014). According to the National Federation
of the Blind (NFB), in 2013 only 40.2% of adults at working age who reported significant vision loss
were employed (Erickson, Lee, & Schrader, 2015). The visual impairment community faces numerous
barriers when seeking employment. In the past employers have believed that hiring people with
disabilities may negatively affect their other workers or they may be unable to complete the tasks of that
occupation (Golub, 2006). Crudent, Sansing, and Butler (2005), have identified several barriers that are
most common for people with visual impairments, which include; negative attitudes towards visual
impairments, transportation, lack of job skills, finding access to print, and lack of support in the
rehabilitation organizations. Examining the current research on barriers to employment and how to
overcome them demonstrates the benefits the field of rehabilitation counseling and how to better serve
clients within this community. People who are blind or visually impaired have the ability to prevail over
the obstacles put in place by the environment and society. The key areas of focus in this article is
employer attitudes, accommodations, transportation, agency influence, and social support.

The Impact of Contracted British Braille Code on The...
Introduction
Chronologically, before systematic production of the Basic Module for the Visually Impaired (KAiMaL)
in 2010, pupils with visual impairments were learning braille codes according to the initiatives and
flexibility of the subject teachers. Initially, students were learning Alphabetic Braille (Barclay, Herlich,
& Sacks, 2010) followed with Contracted Braille based on formulae and procedures prescribed in the
Handbook of British Braille Prime (1992).
According to D'Andrea (2009), braille code has developed as a methodology that represents the printed
text for individuals with visual impairments. According to Kway (2012), braille code is the medium for
literacy activities specifically for reading and writing. In addition, with ... Show more content on
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Highlights of previous studies found that phonetic awareness in braille literacy is linked to the cognitive
operation of process of second language acquisition among students with visual impairment and
correlated with the first language (L1) (Cummin, 1981). In other words, the first language also
influences the operation of second language acquisition (Lord, 2008).
Language Literacy
According Argyropoulos and Martos (2006), basic literacy formed the foundation for the education.
Literacy development often receives serious attention from all parties (Rex, Koenig, Wormsley & Baker,
1995). The term literacy is often linked with a person's ability to understand and write for everyday
demands. According to Troughton (2009), basic literacy skills are a continuous contour of a variety of
other technical literacies. In the context of the acquisition of language among pupils with visual
impairment, Gillon & Young, 2002; McCall, McLinden, & Gouglas, 2011, stated that the evolution of
literacy for braille users and sighted users are the same. The statement was agreed by Kway (2012),
which alleged that the literacy skills of students with visual impairment are as important as the typical
students.
Orthography Skill
Orthography skill is among the most important component of literacy as well as oral language,
phonological and phonemic awareness, word

Film Mask Film Analysis
The Beauty of Living in the Eyes of Diana Mask, the 1985 biographical film that was directed by Peter
Bogdanovich, produced by Martin Starger, and starred Cher, Sam Elliott, and Eric Stoltz, among others,
delves on the life struggles of the protagonist, Rocky Dennis. Rocky suffers from a case of
Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, which results to an overgrowth of the cranium and a deformation of the
skull's natural shape and contours, thus making the afflicted person's head looking highly abnormal in
appearance. Despite the medical case suffered by Rocky and coming from a dysfunctional family has a
mother who suffers from clinical depression and who is a drug addict; and a social group consisting of
motor biker gang members, Rocky pursued to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aside from Diana's independent nature of doing ordinary things on her own, it is also true that she had
displayed a special skill of knowing exactly how physical objects exactly look like just by feeling it with
her hand. This can be evidenced in the part where Diana politely asked for permission from Rocky to
feel his face through her hands, which understandably is a source of great embarrassment for the Rocky
due to his deformed facial structures. Accordingly, this scene reveals that Diana can compensate her lack
of sight with her highly developed senses to 'feel', and in the process allowing her to learn the physical
descriptions of persons even without using her eyes. Hence, this aspect of Diana's character reveals her
as an especially talented person despite having a physical disability, through which she has the capability
to adapt very well to her physical surroundings. The special skills developed by Diana with the purpose
of adapting to her environment, as mentioned above, can also be evidenced in her ability to ride a horse.
As such, in the scene depicting the near–conclusion of the summer camp, Rocky, Diana, and others are
seen riding in convoy along mountainous slopes, which understandably is very hard to do even for
persons with

Reflection Paper
I really enjoyed the two speakers that we had in class this past Wednesday. Katie and Shane both had
such unique experiences and were both very open to talking about their lives. I remember Shane coming
to talk with our SPED 201 class and how much I took away from that experience. This past week was no
exception, I left with so many ideas that I would never have thought of as a future Special Education
teacher.
One of the questions that I had for Katie that I never really had the opportunity to ask was, "Why did
you choose to use a guide dog instead of your cane?" Katie talked about using her cane from time to
time, and that she used it before she had her dog, but I am just curious as to what prompted her to want a
dog. Also, I had a question that came to mind when Katie talked about how she cooperates with her dog.
Katie said that when she needs to go someplace new or perhaps find a new bus stop, she will usually
locate it with her cane and then show her dog where that location is. The question that came to mind was
how difficult is it for them to maneuver in new environments. For instance, if they entered the Berkley
Center and had never been there before, how tough would it be for them to find their way around. I
might be curious simply because I am horrible with directions, but nonetheless, it must be a challenge of
some sort. A question I had for Shane that came up after class had ended was, "Once you lost your
vision, how tough was the transition to 100% Braille?

Child Is Unique And Wonderful
"Each child is unique and wonderful. And some children have differences we call special needs. Special
needs can mean many things. Sometimes children will learn differently, or hear with an aid, or read with
Braille. A Young person may have a hard time communicating or paying attention. A child can be born
with a special need, or acquire it by an accident or through a health condition. Sometimes a child will be
developing in a typical manner and then become delayed in that development. "Therefore, if a child is
born with physical, emotion, learning, and behavior problems, we must remember that they are a human
being with feeling and special needs first. Close your eyes and try to do something you do every day,
like putting toothpaste on a toothbrush. You will soon realize how difficult it is to do things if you cannot
see what you are doing. People who cannot see face such difficulties every day. They depend on their
other senses (touch, smell, sound and taste) to learn about the world around them. And, with practice,
they learn to use these senses better than people with sight. One of the things the blind cannot do is read
ordinary books. So, they learn to read books printed in Braille. Braille is a system of representing
characters by raised dots. Combinations of raised dots in a six–dot 'cell' make up different characters.
The characters are read by touching them with fingers. This system was invented by Louis Braille, who
lost his sight as a child. Nowadays,

The Braille System
1. Introduction The Braille system is used for people who are blind visually impaired people to read and
write. The system was invented in 1821 by Louis braille, a blind Frenchman. He had invented a system
for soldiers to communicate at night without a sound process called sonography. He created the raised
dots alphabet for the blind so they can read. Braille is read by running your fingers over the raised print
on a flat surface. 1.1 Visually Impaired Literacy has become a necessity for all in today's world.
Illiterates find it difficult to perform even basic things like reading good books, jotting down necessary
information or writhing a report. If this is the case with normal people we can well imagine the plight of
the visually impaired people. The invention, development and introduction of Braille helped them
overcome this handicap in learning the traditional way. When you touch and feel Braille the first time
you will just ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The importance of Hearing and visual impaired is that the combination of losses limits access to
hearing and visual information. Children with Hearing and visually impaired demand teaching methods
that are various from those for children who have only Hearing and visually impaired. "When both
vision and hearing are affected, particularly from birth or early in their life, natural choice to learn and
communicate can be sorely limited". Definitions of hearing and visually impaired vary around the world,
there is global recognition of the deleterious impact that dual sensory impairments have on access to
environmental data, as well as acknowledgment that this unique disorder requires specific teaching
approach to abet and support

Traveling Blind Reflection
Sensory Impairment Memoir Review: The memoir, Traveling Blind: Life Lessons from Unlikely
Teachers, details the life of Laura Fogg. Although initially studying to become an Art Historian, Fogg
radically changed career paths after witnessing an orientation and mobility instructor at the California
School for the Blind. Although beginning as a curiosity, this interaction led to Fogg's pursuance of a
Masters in Orientation and Mobility at San Francisco State College, and eventually a thirty year career
as a Orientation and Mobility Specialist in rural Mendocino. The memoir, Traveling Blind: Life Lessons
from Unlikely Teachers, details Fogg's experiences as a teacher of the visually impaired, and provides
the reader a glimpse into the challenges and successes of her work. In each chapter, Fogg highlights a
separate student who has someway or another changed her life. From the zany Shaynna, to the humorous
Red, Fogg illustrates the uniqueness of each of her students. Although, Traveling Blind: Life Lessons
from Unlikely Teachers, explores the lives of Fogg and her students, the memoir also serves as an
illustration on the meaning of patience, loss and humanity. Although Traveling Blind: Life Lessons from
Unlikely Teachers is a wonderful memoir for anyone wishing to know more about visual impairment,
Fogg and her students stories transcend far beyond providing mere information. Utterly honest, and at
times extremely humorous, Fogg transcribes the successes and challenges of being a mobility and
orientation coach. Although the memoir was initially written as means of reflecting upon her career,
"writing about the most interesting and challenging of my blind students" (Fogg, 69) Fogg all but
forfeited her writing after Shaynna was suspended from the California School of the Blind. It was not
until Mike (a brilliant young man) entered Fogg's life that she resumed writing, realizing her book was
not about what she taught, but about how her students impacted her own life as "adventure lady." While
the memoir allows the reader a greater understanding into the complex world of visual impairment,
Fogg's stories look beyond the "disability" and instead serves to illuminate the humanness behind each
one of her

Global Data On Visual Impairment
Global data on visual impairment in the year2002. Bull World Health Organ 88(11); pp. 844–
51////////////////////////////////// Resnkoff, S., Pascolini, D., Etya'ale, D., Kocur, I., Pararajasegaram, R and
Pokharel, G.P (2004)
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Researchers. London: Sage Publications.///////////////////////////////////////////////
Robinson, A. (2002) VIP Latrines in Zimbabwe from Local Innovation to Global Solution Field Note 4
in the Blue–Gold Series of Water and Sanitation Programme–African Region. Nairobi
Kenya///////////////////////////////////////////////
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Illinois at Urban – Champaign, North – Central Regional Extension Publication No. 36 –
5//////////////////////////////////////////
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Zambia.///////////////////////////////////////////
Ranchman, W.G (1966) Relative deprivation and Social justice: a study of attitudes to social inequality
in

The Perception Of The Olfactory Function
We must be aware of the smells in an environment because that can alter students' ability to focus and
learn. "Smells can capture a child's attention, and when they do, access to sensory information from
other sensory systems capable of providing more useful information can be compromised." (Allman, C.,
Lewis, S. and Smith, M. 2014) The olfactory function is extremely sensitive and bout pleasant or
unpleasant smells can create issues. People often make decision based on their interaction with a scent
and if it was positive or negative. The absence of the ability to smell can also adversely affect cueing and
alertness. During the lessons, the goal should be to have neutral, natural smells and if other smells are
needed it should be factored into the lesson.
"Proprioception is the basis for the physical sense of self and its interaction with the external world."
(Allman, C., Lewis, S. and Smith, M. 2014) When students use their proprioceptive sense, information is
sent to the brain about static position and body movement. Proprioceptive sense works with vision and
tactile sense to develop coordination, support a child's ability to plan and exhibit patterns of behavior.
Issue with proprioceptive function can affect student learning and students can appear drowsy, fussy,
agitated, picky and unbalanced. Activities that aid in building proprioceptive function are mostly
physical, such as massages, hugs, yoga or stretching, walks, jumping on a trampoline and exploring with

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