it is compilation of chapters

1. INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
MANAGEMENT
Dr. Rachel Jessie

2. UNIT-I : INTERNATIONAL TOURISM- INTRODUCTION
• Globalization and tourism sector
• Globalization and the business world
• The tourism industry
• Challenges
• Factors affecting global and regional
tourist movements
• Demand and origin factors
• Destination and resource factors
• Contemporary trends in international tourist movements

3. UNIT I
DEFINITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization as Internationalization
• Globalization as Liberalization
• Globalization as Universalization
• Globalization as Westernization or Modernization
• Globalization as Deterritorialization
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdO5L5uSBP4

4. Definitions of
Globalizations
Globalization as Internationalization
Here, it is viewed as “’simply another
adjective to describe cross-border
relations between Countries
Globalization as deterritorialization
Process of reconfiguring geography
so that territorial places, distances
and borders does not exist.
Globalization as Westernization or
modernization
Americanizing the economy; a dynamic
process that spreads the social structures of
modernity, such as capitalism, rationalism,
industrialism around the world, destroying pre-
existing cultures and local self-identity.
Globalization as Universalization
A worldwide process of spreading objects
and experiences to people at all corners of
the earth (e.g. spreading computing,
television, etc.)
Globalization as
Liberalization
Removing government imposed
trade barriers, and restrictions on
the flow of goods between
countries in order to create an
open, borderless world economy

5. • GLOBALIZATION AS INTERNATIONALIZATION
Developing cross- border relations between countries and international
exchange and interdependence between people in different countries;
describes a growing flow of trade, capital and goods beyond the border
of a national economy to a stronger, globalized economy.
• GLOBALIZATION AS LIBERALIZATION
Removing government imposed trade barriers, capital controls and
restrictions on the flow of goods between countries in order to create
an open, borderless world economy.
• GLOBALIZATION AS UNIVERSALIZATION
A worldwide process of spreading objects and experiences to people at
all corners of the earth (e.g. spreading computing, television, etc.)

6. • GLOBALIZATION AS WESTERNIZATION OR MODERNIZATION
Process of Americanizing the economy; a dynamic process that spreads
the social structures of modernity, such as capitalism, rationalism,
industrialism around the world, destroying pre-existing cultures and local
self-identity.
• GLOBALIZATION AS DETERRITORIALIZATION
Process of reconfiguring geography so that territorial places, distances
and borders does not exist.

7. DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
• ECONOMIC DIMENSION
• CULTURAL DIMENSION
• TECHNOLOGICAL DIMENSION
• SOCIAL DIMENSION
• POLITICAL DIMENSION
• ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION

8. Dimensions of
Globalization
Economic dimension
World economies are becoming
increasingly integrated and
interdependent, trade and
investment being liberalized
Social dimension
Incorporating people into a
single world society. The
world is becoming a Global
village
Political dimension
Process of shifting the
power from national
governments in directing
and influencing their
economies
Environmental dimension
Increasing inter linkages
between ecosystems,
simplifying and homogenizing
natural systems.
Technological dimension
Rapid innovation and increasing
inter-connectivity for
information and communication
services
Cultural dimension
Increasing homogeneity of
lifestyles and aspirations via
media, TV, etc., with rapid
spread of different views

9. BENEFITS OF GLOBALIZATION
• Increased spread and connectedness of production and communication
technologies across the world.
• Diffusion of ideas and practices around the world
• New development and technological improvements
• Growth and expansion
• Increased economic and Cultural activity
• Gains in productivity and efficiency
• Job creation
• Increases in revenues, profits and returns on investment.
• The rise of global brands and products that can be sold all over the world
(Coke, Nike, Sony)
• Increased understanding of Geography and experience of localness
• Increased understanding of the World

10. CRITICISM OF GLOBALIZATION
• Decline in the power of national governments and an increase in the power of
multinational corporations
• An increased polarization of the world in the favor of the stronger economies
• Supraterritoriality
• Negative impact on local communities
• Delocalization and outsourcing
• Separation of work from the home
• Decline in Social capital and civic community
• Imitation of Western Culture
• Standardization of tourism product and disappearance of local standards
• Environmental degradation
• Considerable risk

11. GLOBALISATION AND TOURISM SECTOR
TOURISM SECTOR:
The tourism sector is divided into three Sub-Sectors: accommodation,
Hospitality and related Services, and Travel and distribution Systems. There are
many opportunities for the supply of goods and services in the
accommodation Sub-Sector as compared to the other two Sub-Sectors.
GLOBALIZATION IN TOURISM SECTOR:
Globalization characterizes the economic, social, political, technological,
environmental and cultural spheres of the modern world. Tourism has long
been claimed as a crucial force shaping globalization, while in turn the
developments of the tourism sector are under the influences of growing
interdependence across the world. As globalization proceeds, destination
countries have become more and more susceptible to local and global events.

12. GLOBALIZATION AND TOURISM INDUSTRY
• The influence of globalization on tourism
a) Culture b)Ecology c)Economy d)Politics e)Technology d) Tourist
Behavior
• Forms and examples of globalization in tourism
• A new type of Tourist
• A new type of Tourism

13. GLOBALIZATION AND THE BUSINESS WORLD:
Globalization is a leading concept which has become the main factor in
business life during the last few decades. This phenomenon affects the
economy, business life, society, and environment in different ways, and
almost all corporations have been affected by these changes. These
changes are mostly related to increasing competition and the rapid
changes of technology and information transfer. To challenge these
changes, companies need to keep in mind various aspects of the main
effects of globalization.
1. Competition
2. Exchange of Technology
3. Knowledge / Information transfer

14. TOURISM INDUSTRY:
In its broadest sense, the tourism industry is the total of all businesses that
directly provide goods or services to facilitate business, pleasure and leisure
activities away from the home environment.
CHALLENGES:
1. Impact of Coronavirus on Global Tourism
2. Cost of Vacation & Inflation
3. Tax and Tourism
4. Risk & Security of Tourists
5. Regulatory & Border Issues
6. Technological Drivers of Change
7. Skilled Human Resources

15. FACTORS AFFECTING GLOBAL AND REGIONAL TOURIST MOVEMENTS:
1. Environment at Destination
2. Economy of the Country
3. Historical or Cultural Importance of Destination
4. Research Importance of Destination
5. Religious Importance of Destination
6. Technology

16. DEMAND AND ORGIN FACTORS:
1. Income
2. Price
3. Exchange Rates
4. Trade Openness
5. Population Size and Population Segment
6. Marketing
7. Country Attractiveness
8. Repeated Visits
9. Seasonality
10. Culture

17. DESTINATION AND RESOURCE FACTORS:
• The term tourism resources describes natural and man-made
attractions, infrastructure, services, and the conditions that attract
tourists to an area and may contribute to the formulation of a tourism
destination.
• The term tourism resources describes natural and man-made
attractions, infrastructure, services, and the conditions that attract
tourists to an area and may contribute to the formulation of a tourism
destination. As a term, it is closely related to the different models (e.g.,
massive, alternative) of tourism development and to the planning
procedures for tourism resorts. The basic characteristics of the mass
tourism model are vast, standardized, and fully organized facilities,
constituting an infrastructure that is developed especially for large
groups of tourists. This development model has uncontrolled impacts
on the environment, society, culture, and economy of the tourist
regions. The alternative tourism model is based on balanced
infrastructure planning and is addressed to tourists with special
interests. These tourists travel to tourism regions that respect .

18. CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN CURRENT INTERNATIONAL
TOURIST MOVEMENTS:
1.Bleisure Travel
Bleisure travel is a growing tourism trend where people traveling for
work or business include some leisure time at their destination.
2. Automation
Gone are the days when booking a trip required clients to make a
phone call, speak directly to a service provider, or walk into the
supplier’s office for face-to-face negotiation.
Tour and activities companies have also progressively adopted
technology and online booking. In 2019, 71% of operators surveyed
were using reservation technology in their businesses, a marked increase
from just 25% in 2010.

19. 3. Mobile Bookings
Another important aspect when it comes to digitization is mobile
bookings. Operators report that 2 in 5 online bookings are made on
mobile devices.
4. Personalization
According to Think with Google, 57% of travelers believe that
companies should personalize their buying experience and base it on
their behaviors, personal preferences, and past choices.
Personalization is also important when it comes to the actual tour or
activity. By offering flexible experiences that can be tailored to a
traveler's needs, you stand a chance of better satisfying your clients, and
that can lead to repeat visits.

20. 5. Sustainable Tourism
More travelers are adopting this mindset hence making their travel
decisions with the environment in mind.
Carbon offsetting, for example, is becoming more popular by the day
especially since travelers want to help mitigate the impact of the climate
crisis.
Tour companies can also support this mission by making small but
significant adjustments. You can do away with single-use plastics or opt
to only use solar for all your energy needs.
But it's important to note that sustainability is not only about the
environment. It's also about making a positive impact on cultures,
economies, and the people at the destinations that clients visit.

21. 6. Transformative Travel
This is a new tourism trend that's quickly gaining popularity.
Transformative travel is about not just traveling for leisure but also
aiming to make a difference in both the lives of others and oneself.
7. Experience Tourism
Experience tourism is on the rise. This trend is about having a once-
in-a-lifetime experience or gaining an emotional connection with
cultures and nature
8. Solo Travel
Solo traveling is a wonderful and self-rewarding experience that
forces you to grow and leaves you feeling stronger and more confident.

22. 9. Wellness Travel
These are travelers looking for an enriching experience with the
primary purpose of achieving, promoting, or maintaining the best health
and sense of well-being and balance in life.
For example, a helicopter tour, paragliding flight, or whatever fun
adventure your company offers, is a chance for personal growth by
conquering fears or expanding horizons. Your existing offers may give
the chance for people to empower themselves by learning a new skill set
which also encourages personal growth.