1. Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar
Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
1
2. Technical Definition
Technical definitions...provide instruments for particular
statistical, legislative, and industrial purposes" (Burkart & Medlik
1974), to demarcate him from other travellers and to have a
common base by which to collect comparable statistics.
Definition adopted by League of Nations Statistical Committee in
1937 "An International tourist is a person who visits a country other
than that in which he habitually lives for a period of at least twenty-
four hours" .
The 1963, conference on travel and tourism in Rome
recommended definitions of "visitor" and " t o u r i s t " for use in
compiling international statistics
2Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
3. " visitor " describes any person visiting a country other than that in which
he has his usual place of residence, for any reason other than following an
occupation remunerated from within the country visited. This definition
covers:
-tourists, i.e. temporary visitors staying at least twenty-four hours in the
country visited and the purpose of whose journey can be classified under
one of the following headings: (a) leisure (recreation, holiday, health,
study, religion, and sport), (b) business, family, mission, meeting.
-excursionists, i.e. temporary visitors staying less than twenty-four hours in
the country visited (including travellers on cruise ships)" (IUOTO 1963)
In 1968, the IUOTO (now the World Tourism Organization) approved the
1963 definition 3Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
4. Holistic Definition
Holistic definitions attempt to embrace " the whole" essence of a subject.
Swiss academics defined tourism in a 1942 study as:
“the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the
travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to
permanent residence and are not connected to any earning
activity (Hunziker & Kraph 1974)”
Such an approach facilitates multidisciplinary studies of aspects
of tourism and more significantly would give interdisciplinary
studies of various facets and perspectives a common point of
reference;
4Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
5. Underlying Schemes of study
Political Science
History Geography
Sociology
Economics
Agriculture
TOURISM STUDIES
Marketing Anthropology
Psychology
Business Management
5Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
6. Leiper's Model
Based on Systems Approach, Neil Leiper suggested a
model in 1979 which was later updated in 1990.
The three Elements in Leipers Model:
I. The Human Element:
The Tourist
II. The Geographical Element:
The Generating Region
The Destination Region
Travel Enroute
III. The Industrial Element
6Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
7. I. The Tourist
Focal element of tourism. Has two components" a
dynamic element - the j o u r n e y , and a static
element - the stay" (Burkart & Medlik 1974).
Second concept defining tourists is that they are net
consumers of economic resources within the regions
visited.
Final concept is that their trips are circuits, returning
to the points of origin.
From the circular pattern of their behaviour it is possible to isolate the
geographical elements fundamental to the system.
7Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
8. Departing Tourists
Tourist Generating Region Transit Route
Returning Tourists
Tourist Destination Region
Push Factors
Pull Factors
The Geograpical Elements
Spatially, tourism involves three elements.
8Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
9. The Geograpical Elements
I. Tourist generating regions
permanent residential bases of tourists
Has the basic geographical setting, together with the necessary
behavioral factors pertaining to motivation termed as the " p u s h "
factors (Dann 1977)
The generating region is the location of the basic market of the
tourist industry, the source of potential tourism demand.
II. Transit routes
paths linking tourist generating regions with tourist destination
regions, along with tourists travel. They include stopover points which
might be used for convenience or because of the existence of
attractions.
9Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
10. The Geograpical Elements
III. Tourist destination regions
Tourist destination regions can be defined as locations which
attract tourists to stay temporarily,
In this context the attraction can be regarded as the anticipation by the
tourist of some qualitative characteristic, lacking in the tourist
generating region, which the tourist wishes to experience personally
collectively known as the “p u l l” factors.
It is also the location of many parts of the tourist business:
accommodation establishments, services, entertainment and
recreational facilities.
10Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
11. Push & Pull Factors
Push factors relative to TGR
• The tourist possesses “push
factors” which is confined to a
destination that “Push” the
tourists to leave the place
(psychologically or physically).
• A push factor may be a desire
to experience weather, extra
money, the promise of
encounter/fun, a desire to see
a new culture etc.
Pull factors relative to TDR
In contrast, tourism
destinations have “pull factors”
that hopefully match push
factors that potential tourists
have.
• Pull factors can be either
natural or man-made
11Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
12. Push Pull model
There are two types of factors ‘push’ and ‘pull’ that can cause a
person to engage in tourism and can be classified based on
the location – generating region and destination region.
• ‘Push’ factors are the intangible desires that are generated from
within the person.
• ‘Pull’ factors are external travel stimulants.
• Travel is motivated by an interplay of both these forces.
12Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
14. Group as push and pull factors
ESCAPE PRESTIGE
SCENIC BEAUTY CHALLENGE
SELF DISCOVERY CULTURE
REST ADVENTURE
CLIMATE SPORTS
RELAXATION INCOME
HISTORY INFRASTRUCTURE
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Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar, prejimp@gmail.com
16. The Industrial Element
Consists of firms, Organisations and facilities intended to serve the
specific needs and wants of tourists. Is divided into 6 funtional sectors
.
• Marketing: Travel Agencies, Tour operators, promotional travel writers
and Publishers
•Tourist Carriers: Air, rail, sea and road transports
•Accommodation: Hotels, motels, homestays, resorts, guest houses
•Attractions – sights, events, activities providing experiential opportunities
•Miscellaneous Tourist Services: duty free soveniour shops, travel
insurance agents, taxis etc, specialising in tourist market
•Tourism Regulations: Associations of firms as a sectoral, regional,
governmental and non governmental bodies AND Vocational Education
Institutions
16Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
17. Leiper's Model–Diagrammatic Representation
ENVIRONMENTS: PHYSICAL, TECHNOLOGICAL,
SOCIAL,CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, POLICTICAL
Departing Tourists
Tourist Generating Region Transit Route
Returning Tourists
Tourist Destination Region
Ticketing Services
Tour Operators
Travel agents
Marketing & Promotional
Activities
Channels of
Transport and
Communication
Accommodation
Entertainment Industry
Tourist Attraction
Shopping
Tourist Services
Push Factors
Pull Factors
17Preji M P, IITTM Bhubaneswar,
prejimp@gmail.com
