EXTRA CREDIT Graphing exercises (up to 100 points)
Name Shuang Shan
1. Make a Histogram. (20 pts)
This table shows the number of new HIV diagnoses
during 2015, separated by age group. The data is
an example of Continuous Data as described on
p. 1 of the ‘Using Graphs and Charts” handout. A good way to visualize continuous data is to graph it in a histogram.
1a. Using the graph below, graph this data into a histogram. In this case, you will compare the difference in HIV incidences across various age groups.
Age (Years)
Number of Diagnoses
of HIV Infection, 2015
Under 13
120
13-14
25
15-19
1,628
20-24
7,084
25-29
7,510
30-34
5,437
35-39
4,194
40-44
3,418
45-49
3,302
50-54
3,010
55-59
1,860
60-64
996
65 or older
859
Divide the markers on the y-axis to 2000 cases per dividing line. (Ignore the numbers (0,1,2,3,4) and write in the numbers (0,2,4,6,8)
Draw a bar for each age group to the height that corresponds to the number of new cases for each age group.
Draw your final graph here.
1b. Now analyze your graph. A histogram allows you to visualize trends over time. Look at your completed histogram. What is the most interesting bit of data that you discovered?
2. Make a pie chart (20 pts)
2. CDC classifies HIV diagnoses into six transmission categories to which transmission may be attributed: male-to-male sexual contact, injection drug use, male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use, heterosexual contact, mother-to-child (perinatal) transmission, and other (includes blood transfusions and unknown cause).
Following is the distribution of the number of diagnoses of HIV infection in 2015 among adults and adolescents in the United States, by transmission category. A breakdown by sex is provided, where appropriate. Since each of these data points falls into a separate category, this can be described as “categorical data” as described on p.1 of the worksheet.
Transmission Category
Adult and Adolescent Males
Adult and Adolescent Females
Total
Male-to-male sexual contact
26,375
NA
26,375
Injection drug use
1,412
980
2,392
Male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use
1,202
NA
1,202
Heterosexual contact -a
2,948
6,391
9,339
Other -b
53
31
84
a- Heterosexual contact with a person known to have, or to be at high risk for, HIV infection.
b- Includes hemophilia, blood transfusion, perinatal exposure, and risk factor not reported or not identified.
Make two pie charts to display this data, one for Males and one for Females.
To make a pie chart,
1. First total up the data for each column (males or females). For example, calculate the sum of all adult and adolescent males diagnosed in 2015. (Use a calculator) = 31,990
2. Calculate the percentage of the total for each category. Example, Injection drug users among males = 1,202/ 31,190 = 0.0375. To convert that to percentage, multiply 0.0375 times 100 = 3.75%
3. You will have a different percentage for each c ...
Đề tieng anh thpt 2024 danh cho cac ban hoc sinh
EXTRA CREDIT Graphing exercises (up to 100 points) N.docx
1. EXTRA CREDIT Graphing exercises (up to 100 points)
Name Shuang Shan
1. Make a Histogram. (20 pts)
This table shows the number of new HIV diagnoses
during 2015, separated by age group. The data is
an example of Continuous Data as described on
p. 1 of the ‘Using Graphs and Charts” handout. A good way to
visualize continuous data is to graph it in a histogram.
1a. Using the graph below, graph this data into a histogram. In
this case, you will compare the difference in HIV incidences
across various age groups.
Age (Years)
Number of Diagnoses
of HIV Infection, 2015
Under 13
120
13-14
25
15-19
1,628
20-24
7,084
25-29
7,510
30-34
5,437
35-39
4,194
3. Draw your final graph here.
1b. Now analyze your graph. A histogram allows you to
visualize trends over time. Look at your completed histogram.
What is the most interesting bit of data that you discovered?
2. Make a pie chart (20 pts)
2. CDC classifies HIV diagnoses into six transmission
categories to which transmission may be attributed: male-to-
male sexual contact, injection drug use, male-to-male sexual
contact and injection drug use, heterosexual contact, mother-to-
child (perinatal) transmission, and other (includes blood
transfusions and unknown cause).
Following is the distribution of the number of diagnoses of HIV
4. infection in 2015 among adults and adolescents in the United
States, by transmission category. A breakdown by sex is
provided, where appropriate. Since each of these data points
falls into a separate category, this can be described as
“categorical data” as described on p.1 of the worksheet.
Transmission Category
Adult and Adolescent Males
Adult and Adolescent Females
Total
Male-to-male sexual contact
26,375
NA
26,375
Injection drug use
1,412
980
2,392
Male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use
1,202
NA
1,202
Heterosexual contact -a
2,948
6,391
9,339
Other -b
53
31
84
a- Heterosexual contact with a person known to have, or to be at
high risk for, HIV infection.
b- Includes hemophilia, blood transfusion, perinatal exposure,
5. and risk factor not reported or not identified.
Make two pie charts to display this data, one for Males and one
for Females.
To make a pie chart,
1. First total up the data for each column (males or females).
For example, calculate the sum of all adult and adolescent males
diagnosed in 2015. (Use a calculator) = 31,990
2. Calculate the percentage of the total for each category.
Example, Injection drug users among males = 1,202/ 31,190 =
0.0375. To convert that to percentage, multiply 0.0375 times
100 = 3.75%
3. You will have a different percentage for each category, but
they should total up to 100% for that column. A circle can be
divided into 360 degrees. To display that in a pie chart, you will
need to calculate how many degrees are occupied by each
category. In the example above, the figure out how a large a
piece of the pie would be occupied by injection drug users,
multiply 0.0375 times 360. If you have a protractor, you can
divide the pie chart up proportionately. OR you could estimate.
OR you could use a graphing program like Excel, Numbers or
something that you find on the internet. For this exercise,
estimating is fine.
4. Draw your graphs on the following page.
Now analyze your graphs. What is the most interesting bit of
data that you discovered?
3. Extra credit assignment to accompany the Epidemiology
Assignment 5 in Module 6.
(30 pts)
6. If you take a look at an Excel program, you will notice that
under the heading of charts you will see more than a dozen
types of charts available. If you have an excel program
available, and you know how to plot data, you can type some
data into to a worksheet page to recreate one of the data sets
shown in the CDC Manual. For example, type the data in from
Table 4.1a Reported Cases of Primary and Secondary Syphilis
by Age — United States, 2002, just as it is displayed.You will
have two columns. You can make a bar graph. Designate the age
brackets to be along the x-axis, and the frequency, or number of
cases, along the as the y-axis. Practice adding labels to the data.
Table 4.1a Reported Cases of Primary and Secondary Syphilis
by Age — United States, 2002
Age Group (years)
Number of Cases
≤14
21
15–19
351
20–24
842
25–29
895
30–34
1,097
35–39
1,367
40–44
1,023
45–54
982
≥55
284
Total
7. 6,862
Data Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2002. Atlanta: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services; 2003.
8. 4. Extra credit assignment to accompany the Epidemiology
Assignment 5 in Module 6.
(30 pts)
If you want to try something more complex, you can add some
variables to your table. Type the gender data from Table 4.2
Reported Cases of Primary and Secondary Syphilis by Age and
Sex — United States, 2002 into your worksheet, and add those
to your bar graph. You will get a bar graph similar to the graphs
in Figure 6-1 on p.108 of your textbook.
This is not a required exercise, but you will receive extra credit
if you do it.
Table 4.2 Reported Cases of Primary and Secondary Syphilis by
Age and Sex — United States, 2002
Age Group (years)
Male
Female
Total
≤14
9
12
21
15–19
135
216
351
20–24
533
309
842
25–29
668
227
895
10. 284
AGE GROUP (YEARS)
Number of cases
Primary and Secondary Syphilis by Age — United States, 2002
Male
≤14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44
45–54 ≥55 9 135 533 668 877 1121 845 825
255 Female
≤14 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44
45–54 ≥55 12 216 309 227 220 246 178 157 29
Age
Number of Diagnoses of HIV Infection, 2015
Under 13 13-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34
35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64
65 or older 120 25 1628 7084 7510 5437 4194 3418
3302 3010 1860 996 859
Age (years)
Number of Diagnoses of HIV Infection
the Distribution of the Number of Diagnoses of HIV Infection
11. in 2015 among Adults and Adolescents in the United States
Adult and Adolescent Males
Male-to-male sexual contact Injection drug use Male-to-
male sexual contact and injection drug use Heterosexual
contact -a Other -b 26375 1412 1202 2948 53 Adult and
Adolescent Females
Male-to-male sexual contact Injection drug use Male-to-
male sexual contact and injection drug use Heterosexual
contact -a Other -b 0 980 0 6391 31 Total
Male-to-male sexual contact Injection drug use Male-to-
male sexual contact and injection drug use Heterosexual
contact -a Other -b 26375 2392 1202 9339 84
Adult and Adolescent Males
Male-to-male sexual contact Injection drug use Male-to-
male sexual contact and injection drug use Heterosexual
contact -a Other -b 26375 1412 1202 2948 53
Adult and Adolescent Females
Male-to-male sexual contact Injection drug use Male-to-
male sexual contact and injection drug use Heterosexual
contact -a Other -b 0 980 0 6391 31
