Age is an important demographic variable that must be carefully considered in all demographic survey. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the age reporting in Census data. The study gave an estimate of age misrepresentation in the Nigeria 2006 Population and Housing Census Data.
The data used in this study was obtained from the 2006 Population and Housing Census Priority Table, Volume(III)published by the National Population Commission, Abuja, Nigeria, in April
2010.
Age heaping and digit preference were measured using modified Whipple's index and Myers index. Age Sex accuracy was also measured using the United Nation's age-sex accuracy index.
The reported Whipple's index for both sexes was 251 indicating presence of age heaping and it also showed age heaping at terminal digit 0 and 5 as 268 and 233 respectively. The Myers index had an overall index of 50.9, 49 for male and 52.82 for female population.
The evaluation of Nigeria 2006 Population and Housing Census Data based on the technique applied in this study indicates that the data is of poor quality as a result of the presence of age heaping and digit preference in recorded ages. Therefore modern methods such as a systematic data management system, compulsion to register birth, and standard smoothing techniques are thereby recommended for future data collection.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: BangladeshHFG Project
Resource Type: Brief
Authors: Jenna Wright
Published: July 2015
Resource Description:
An Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS) can be defined as the package of services that the government is providing or is aspiring to provide to its citizens in an equitable manner. Essential packages are often expected to achieve multiple goals: improved efficiency, equity, political empowerment, accountability, and altogether more effective care. There is no universal essential package of health services that applies to every country in the world.
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
The government of Bangladesh first defined an “Essential Service Package” in 1998, then updated it in 2003 and renamed it the “Essential Service Delivery” Package. This package is defined at a high level, and includes: child health care, safe motherhood, family planning, menstrual regulation, post-abortion care, and management of sexually transmitted infections; communicable diseases (including tuberculosis, malaria, others); emerging noncommunicable diseases (diabetes, mental health conditions, cardiovascular diseases); limited curative care and behavior change communication; and nutrition.
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: BangladeshHFG Project
Resource Type: Brief
Authors: Jenna Wright
Published: July 2015
Resource Description:
An Essential Package of Health Services (EPHS) can be defined as the package of services that the government is providing or is aspiring to provide to its citizens in an equitable manner. Essential packages are often expected to achieve multiple goals: improved efficiency, equity, political empowerment, accountability, and altogether more effective care. There is no universal essential package of health services that applies to every country in the world.
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
The government of Bangladesh first defined an “Essential Service Package” in 1998, then updated it in 2003 and renamed it the “Essential Service Delivery” Package. This package is defined at a high level, and includes: child health care, safe motherhood, family planning, menstrual regulation, post-abortion care, and management of sexually transmitted infections; communicable diseases (including tuberculosis, malaria, others); emerging noncommunicable diseases (diabetes, mental health conditions, cardiovascular diseases); limited curative care and behavior change communication; and nutrition.
Bangladesh Maternal Mortality and Health Care Survey 2016MEASURE Evaluation
Presentation from the dissemination of the Bangladesh Maternal Mortality and health Care Survey 2016. Dhaka, Bangladesh, November 22, 2017. United States Agency for International Development; UKaid; MEASURE Evaluation, the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, and the Bangladesh National Institute of Population Research and Training
Declining sex ratio is a great concern as it create the imbalance in the society which might be irreversible for many more decades. This PPT Presentation highlighted the issue of declined sex ratio and its impact .
Demographic Transition
theories of population
Ms. LYDIA EVELYN.F
MSC NURSING I YEAR
GENERAL OBJECIVE
At the end of the seminar students will be able to gain adequate knowledge on the topic demographic transition and theories of population
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
Student will be able to
Define demographic transition’
List and explain the demographic stages
Interpret the demographic transition model
Appraise and compare the population pyramid along with the stages
Explain the historical studies
Critique the evaluation
Explain second demographic transition
Enumerate future population trends
List and explain each theories of population in detail
INTRODUCTION
Historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in Societies with minimal technology, Education ( women) and economic development TO Low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, Education and Economic development And the stages between these two scenarios.
Scholars debate
whether industrialization and higher Income lead to lower population,
OR
whether lower populations lead to industrialization and higher Incomes ?
Definition
WARREN C. Thompson, Frank w Notestein.
A historical process of change which accounts the trends in births, death and population growth occurred in today's industrialized societies, especially European societies.
Definition by Dolan
“Demographic transition refers to a population cycle that begins with a fall in death rate, continues with a phase of Rapid population growth and concludes with a decline in birth rate”
DEMOGRAPHIC STAGES
STAGE ONE
Pre- Industrial society, death rates and birth rates were both high
These rates fluctuated rapidly according to natural events such as
Drought
Diseases
to produce a relatively constant and young population.
Family planning and contraception were virtually non-existent.
Death rates matched birth rates exceeding 40 per 1000 per year
Children contributed to the economy of the household from an early age by carrying water, firewood and messages, carrying for younger siblings, sweeping washing dishes, preparing food and working infields.
There was no much education or entertainment expenses.
Thus the total cost of raising children barely exceeded the contribution to the household.
During this stage, the society evolve in accordance with Malthusian paradigm - with Population essentially determined by the food supply.
Eg: - Any fluctuations in food supply tend to translate directly into population fluctuations
EG: - Famines - Resulting In significant mortality which are frequent.
According to Edward, Revocatus ( 2016) - This is the earlier stage of demographic transition in the world
which is characterized by primary activities such as small fishing activities, farming pastoralizing and petty businesses.
STAGE TWO :
Leads to fall in d
Bangladesh Maternal Mortality and Health Care Survey 2016MEASURE Evaluation
Presentation from the dissemination of the Bangladesh Maternal Mortality and health Care Survey 2016. Dhaka, Bangladesh, November 22, 2017. United States Agency for International Development; UKaid; MEASURE Evaluation, the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, and the Bangladesh National Institute of Population Research and Training
Declining sex ratio is a great concern as it create the imbalance in the society which might be irreversible for many more decades. This PPT Presentation highlighted the issue of declined sex ratio and its impact .
Demographic Transition
theories of population
Ms. LYDIA EVELYN.F
MSC NURSING I YEAR
GENERAL OBJECIVE
At the end of the seminar students will be able to gain adequate knowledge on the topic demographic transition and theories of population
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
Student will be able to
Define demographic transition’
List and explain the demographic stages
Interpret the demographic transition model
Appraise and compare the population pyramid along with the stages
Explain the historical studies
Critique the evaluation
Explain second demographic transition
Enumerate future population trends
List and explain each theories of population in detail
INTRODUCTION
Historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in Societies with minimal technology, Education ( women) and economic development TO Low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, Education and Economic development And the stages between these two scenarios.
Scholars debate
whether industrialization and higher Income lead to lower population,
OR
whether lower populations lead to industrialization and higher Incomes ?
Definition
WARREN C. Thompson, Frank w Notestein.
A historical process of change which accounts the trends in births, death and population growth occurred in today's industrialized societies, especially European societies.
Definition by Dolan
“Demographic transition refers to a population cycle that begins with a fall in death rate, continues with a phase of Rapid population growth and concludes with a decline in birth rate”
DEMOGRAPHIC STAGES
STAGE ONE
Pre- Industrial society, death rates and birth rates were both high
These rates fluctuated rapidly according to natural events such as
Drought
Diseases
to produce a relatively constant and young population.
Family planning and contraception were virtually non-existent.
Death rates matched birth rates exceeding 40 per 1000 per year
Children contributed to the economy of the household from an early age by carrying water, firewood and messages, carrying for younger siblings, sweeping washing dishes, preparing food and working infields.
There was no much education or entertainment expenses.
Thus the total cost of raising children barely exceeded the contribution to the household.
During this stage, the society evolve in accordance with Malthusian paradigm - with Population essentially determined by the food supply.
Eg: - Any fluctuations in food supply tend to translate directly into population fluctuations
EG: - Famines - Resulting In significant mortality which are frequent.
According to Edward, Revocatus ( 2016) - This is the earlier stage of demographic transition in the world
which is characterized by primary activities such as small fishing activities, farming pastoralizing and petty businesses.
STAGE TWO :
Leads to fall in d
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Son preference and fertility behavior evidence from Viet Nam - Project statementHanh To
This project seeks to contribute to the current literature of son preference and sex imbalance in Vietnam and other developing countries by extending the measure of “son preference” to birth interval, number of children and probability of using contraceptive methods.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Unintentional Injuries Among Old People i...Scientific Review SR
Objective: To describe the KAP (knowledge, attitude and practice, KAP) and explore the influence factors for UIs (unintentional injuries, UIs) among the elderly (aged>﹦60 years) in urban districts of Zunyi, China. Methods: Using random cluster sampling method, a survey was conducted with questionnaires, to collect UIs and related KAP in the elderly and analyze its influencing factors. Results: The annual incidence of UIs (falls, burns, traffics, etc.) was 17.46% in some urban districts of Zunyi. Among them, 27.94% elderly regarded UI as a type of disease; the channels to acquire related knowledge through TV (79.05%), listening to others’ narration (56.83%), community publicity (26.03%), books or newspapers (22.86%) and internet (9.84%). While 76.51% of the elderly believed that UIs were preventable; 81.59% old people worried about UIs; 93.97% of the elderly chose to seek help when they suffered UIs; and 95.25% of elderly people followed traffic rules when crossing the road. In the case of gas use, 25.77% of the cases were checked and closed each time, 40% and 20% old people would check the time before taking the medicine, and purchasing food. Factors affecting the occurrence of UIs were age, heart disease (both P<0.05). Moreover, the living condition had an effect on “whether considering UIs as a kind of disease” (P=0.003). Conclusion: The KAP of UIs in the elderly is not optimistic, though most elderly people think the damage can be prevented; prevention on UIs related behavior needs to be enhanced. We should arouse the public to pay more attentions to keep elderly people far away UIs risk factors in this area.
Dr Yousef Elshrek is One co-authors in this study >>>> Global, regional, and...Univ. of Tripoli
Global, regional, and national age–sex specifi c all-cause and cause-specifi c mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators*
Dr. Yousef Elshrek is Coauthors in this study
Investing In The US As A Canadian… And How To Do It RIGHT!! (feat. Erwin Szet...Volition Properties
=== Investing In The US As A Canadian… And How To Do It RIGHT!! (feat. Erwin Szeto) ===
Ever been curious about Real Estate Investing in the US?? At Volition, for the past 14 years, we have been focused on helping investors invest in over $250M of real estate and generate $100M of wealth in the Toronto market, but we are always open to learning more about other business models and learning from other investors.
The US has always been an intriguing market to invest in. But the US is a big place… if you’re interested in investing in the US, you probably have a lot of questions, like:
☑️ Specifically WHERE should you invest?
☑️ What are the best markets to invest in and why?
☑️ How much are property prices there?
☑️ What are the returns like?
☑️ What is cashflow like?
☑️ Compared to investing in Toronto or other cities in Ontario, what are the benefits / tradeoffs?
☑️ What ownership structure should I use?
☑️ What are the tax implications?
☑️ Can I get financing?
☑️ What are tenants like?
Enter Erwin Szeto, a longtime friend of Volition. Since 2005, Erwin Szeto and his team have navigated the challenging landscape of being landlords in Ontario. Now, they are shifting their focus and guiding their clients' investments toward the more landlord-friendly environment of the USA. This decision comes after assisting Canadian clients in transacting over $440,000,000 in income properties. Faced with issues like affordability constraints, tenant-friendly laws, rent control, and rental licensing in Canada, Erwin sees a clear opportunity in the U.S. Here, there is a significant influx of investments leading to the creation of high-paying manufacturing jobs. Erwin and his clients are poised to capitalize on these opportunities where landlord rights are stronger and there is no rent control.
To facilitate this transition, Erwin has partnered with and become a client of SHARE, a one-stop-shop U.S. Asset Manager. Founded by Canadians for Canadians, SHARE enables as passive an ownership experience as possible for landlords in the U.S., while still maintaining direct, 100% ownership.
Erwin is “Making Real Estate Investing Great Again”!!
Website: https://www.infinitywealth.ca/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/iwinrealestate and https://www.facebook.com/ErwinSzetoOfficial
Podcast: https://www.truthaboutrealestateinvesting.ca/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/iwinrealestate/ and https://www.instagram.com/erwinszeto/
One FNG by Group 108 Sector 142 Noida Construction UpdateOne FNG
One FNG by Group 108 is launching a new commercial project in Sector 142 Noida. Office space and high street retail shops on the FNG and Noida Expressway. For more information visit the website https://www.onefng.com/
The SVN® organization shares a portion of their new weekly listings via their SVN Live® Weekly Property Broadcast. Visit https://svn.com/svn-live/ if you would like to attend our weekly call, which we open up to the brokerage community.
Sense Levent Kagithane Catalog - Listing TurkeyListing Turkey
Sense Levent offers a luxurious living experience in the heart of Istanbul’s vibrant Levent district.
This cutting-edge development seamlessly integrates modern design with natural elements, featuring live evergreen plants maintained by an advanced irrigation system, ensuring lush greenery year-round.
The building’s elegant ceramic balconies are both stylish and durable, enhancing the overall aesthetic and functionality. Residents can enjoy the 700m Sky Lounge, which provides breathtaking views of Istanbul and a perfect space to relax and unwind.
Sense Levent promotes a healthy and active lifestyle with a full gym, swimming pool, sauna, and steam room, all available in the building. The interiors are crafted with high-quality materials, ensuring a luxurious and inviting living space.
Designed with young professionals in mind, Sense Levent features 1+1 and 2+1 units with smart floor plans and balconies. The project promises high investment returns, with an expected annual return of 6.5-7%, significantly above Istanbul’s average ROI.
Located in the rapidly growing and highly desirable Levent area, the development benefits from ongoing urban regeneration projects. Its prime location offers proximity to shopping malls, municipal buildings, universities, and public transportation, adding immense value to your investment.
Early investors can take advantage of discounted units during the construction phase, with an expected capital appreciation of +45% USD upon completion. Property Turkey provides comprehensive rental management services, ensuring a seamless and profitable investment experience.
Additionally, robust legal support and significant tax advantages are available through Property Turkey’s licensed Real Estate Investment Fund. Levent is a dynamic urban hub, ideal for young professionals with its numerous corporate headquarters and shopping malls.
Sense Levent is more than just a residence; it’s a place where dreams and opportunities come to life. Contact us today to secure your place in this exclusive development and experience the best of Istanbul living. Sense Levent: Sense the Opportunity. Live the Dream.
https://listingturkey.com/property/sense-levent/
Rams Garden Bahcelievler - Istanbul - ListingTurkeyListing Turkey
Implemented by Rams Global in Bahcelievler, the Rams Garden Bahcelievler Apartments includes 796 residences of different types from 2+1 to 5+1.
Next to the project, which will have 33 thousand square meters of green area, there will be 42 thousand 300 square meters of woodland. There will also be a 210-meter-long pond in the landscape of the project. There are 94.5 square meters of green space per flat.
Rams Garden Bahcelievler Apartments, which has 8 times more green space than the average of Istanbul with its 33 thousand square meters of green area located within a total of 75 thousand square meters, offers various housing options from 2+1 to 5+1.RAMS Garden has brought a lifeline to the construction industry.
Rams Global, which has signed projects in many places from Dubai to Phuket and delivered more than 20 thousand residences, is now starting new projects in Istanbul.
Rams Garden Bahcelievler is located 9 minutes from Metroport AVM, 5 minutes from Marmara Forum AVM, 12 minutes from Kazlıçeşme beach, 9 minutes from Yıldız Technical University, 7 minutes from Istinye University, 9 minutes from Ramada Hotel and Medicana Hospital.
https://listingturkey.com/property/rams-garden-bahcelievler-apartments/
Brigade Insignia offers meticulously designed apartments with modern architecture and premium finishes. The project features spacious 3,3.5,4 and 5 BHK units, each thoughtfully planned to provide maximum comfort, natural light, and ventilation.
https://www.newprojectbangalore.com/brigade-insignia-yelahanka-bangalore.html
Simpolo Tiles & Bathware
Tile ho,
toh Simpolo.
Since the first steps were taken in 1977, Simpolo Ceramics has carved its niche as a consistently growing organisation with unparalleled innovation and passion rooted in simplicity.
We endure gratification for every experience we offer, created to share something meaningful. It may not resonate with the majority, but that makes us a class apart. If only a handful were to understand the purpose of our existence, we would be proud to have found our believers. Rather, people with whom we can share our beliefs.
VISUALIZER
Design your space in your style with our very own Visualizer. Now, you can choose the tiles of your liking from our wide selection and see how they would look in a space. Select the tile from the multiple options and the visualiser will replace the surfaces in the image with the selected tiles. This way, instead of just your imagination, you can choose the tiles for your place by getting an actual picture of how they would look in a space. So, design your space the way you desire digitally and implement it in real life to get the best results!
You can also share this visualiser with others to help them design their space.
Committed to delighting customers with world-class ceramic products and services. Make Simpolo synonymous with the best quality and set new benchmarks of excellence for all stakeholders. Pursue best business practices with utmost integrity to make Simpolo an exciting organisation to work with, for vendors, channel partners, investors and employees alike.
Gain worldwide recognition in the field of ceramic building products through Research and Innovation and bring an enhanced lifestyle within reach for every household.
Need MCA leads? No sweat! MCAs are great for small biz funding. Learn how to snag top-notch leads: businesses needing cash, with repayment ability, decision-makers, and accurate contacts. Use content, social ads, lead platforms, partnerships, and capture processes for quality leads.
https://www.leadgeneration.media/blog/b/streamline-your-mca-sales-process-with-pre-qualified-leads
Total Environment Tangled Up In The Green - Residential Plots Where Nature an...JagadishKR1
Embark on a journey where lush landscapes and contemporary living converge at Total Environment's Tangled Up In The Green Residential Plots in Devanahalli, Bangalore. Surrounded by verdant expanses, these plots offer an idyllic setting for your dream home. Immerse yourself in the serenity of nature while enjoying the finest amenities and design, where every moment is a harmonious blend of luxury and tranquility.
Omaxe Sports City Dwarka stands out as a premier residential and recreational destination, offering a blend of luxury and sports-centric living. Located in the thriving area of Dwarka, this project by Omaxe Limited is designed to cater to modern lifestyle needs while promoting a healthy, active living environment.
Discover Yeni Eyup Evleri 2, nestled among the rising values of Eyupsultan, offering the epitome of modern living in Istanbul.
With its spacious living areas, contemporary architecture, and meticulous details, Yeni Eyup Evleri 2 is poised to be the star of your happiest moments. Situated in the new favorite district of Eyupsultan, claim your spot and unlock the doors to a peaceful life alongside your loved ones. Nestled next to the historical and natural beauties of Eyupsultan, embrace the comfort of modern living and rediscover life.
Social Amenities:
Yeni Eyup 2 offers a life filled with joy with its green landscaping areas, gym, sauna, children’s play areas, café, outdoor pool, and basketball court. Reserve your place for unforgettable moments!
Reliable Structure:
With 1+1, 2+1, and 3+1 apartment options, Yeni Eyup Evleri 2 is designed with first-class materials and craftsmanship. The doors to a safe and comfortable life are here! Choose the option that suits you best and step into your dream home.
Project:
Yeni Eyup 2 is conveniently located, with Istanbul Airport just 26 minutes away, the Mecidiyeköy Metro Line 4 minutes away, and the Tram Stop 5 minutes away, making your life easier with its central location.
Location:
Your home is positioned in a privileged location, providing easy access to the city center, shopping malls, restaurants, schools, and other important places.
Yeni Eyup 2 offers 1+1, 2+1, and 3+1 apartment options designed to meet different needs. Find an option suitable for every lifestyle and open the doors to a comfortable life in your dream home.
https://listingturkey.com/property/yeni-eyup-evleri-2/
Dynamics 365 Bid Management for Construction ProjectsDynamic Netsoft
This PDF provides a straightforward guide to using Dynamics 365 for efficient bid management in construction projects. Learn how to streamline processes, improve accuracy, and enhance productivity with practical tips and step-by-step instructions.
https://dnetsoft.com/dynamics-365-bid-management-software
Keep Your Home Naturally Cool and Warm Out Change in Seasons
Vinra Construction is a private limited company registered under the ROC. The management has an experience of over 15 years of understanding the needs and delivering apt solutions to the end users We are providing turnkey solutions in construction fields. like Construction, Interior Designing Facility Management, Plantation Management, etc..
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Torun Center Residences Istanbul - Listing TurkeyListing Turkey
THERE IS LIFE IN ITS CENTER!
The most energetic spot of the city that will add utterly different pleasures to your life, with a park that will make Istanbul breathe, delighting indoor and outdoor bistros, cafes, restaurants, the brand-new Food Hall concept, where dozens of unique tastes are served together, market area, cinema, theater, fitness club, SPA and event venue...
All the pleasures that will enrich your lives are awaiting you on the most beautiful side of the city, at Torun Center Residences. In Mecidiyeköy, where the heart of Istanbul beats, business, life and entertainment opportunities are located at the exact center, at Torun Center, the most beautiful side of the city.
Penthouse apartments and different styles of flats from 1 + 1 to 4 + 1, from 100 to 425 square meters in a 42-story residence tower, have been designed for those who want to live in the center of magnificence. Torun Center is the redefinition of a better life with specially landscaped floor gardens, apartment options with private balconies, and automatic glass systems equipped with Trickle Ventilation that offers clean air comfort.
Business and life in the same place
Excellent service
Torun Center has many delightful details, from a swimming pool to sunbathing and resting terrace. With 24/7 concierge services, 24/7 security, valet, technical service, closed-circuit camera system (CCTV), central heating and cooling system, it makes your life easier.
Delightful details
The two-story Torun Center Lounge, with its indoor and outdoor seating areas, children's playroom, private dining and TV lounge, promises unforgettable memories to you and your loved ones with its unique Istanbul view.
Neighboring to the most pleasant square of Istanbul
A few steps from the Torun Center Residences, you can reach the city's most modern city square and open the doors of a quality city life. Torun Center Residences brings together on the same project the long-awaited city life for Istanbul and gourmet restaurants, cafes, gym and SPA, and state-of-the-art cinema and Artı Stage, hosting the most famous plays of the season.
Located at the intersection of alternative public transportation options such as the metro and Metrobus, Torun Center comes to the fore as the most accessible office for both sides of Istanbul. With a central location and rich transportation lines, Torun Center offices make life easier for employees and increase productivity.
Referans Bahcesehir which is being constructed, in the center of the most regional destination as Bahçeşehir, shines out with its central location and unique landscape including social facilities such as a fitness center, sauna, sports facilities, children’s playground and recreational areas.
Not only drawing attention for immediate surroundings including commercial centers and private schools but also providing the easily accessible location with closeness to Tem Highway and connection roads, ongoing construction of 3rd Bridge Connection roads and Metro Projects
Bahcesehir is a rising value in the great city of Istanbul… Located at a new transportation junction in the northwest of the City… Located at such a spot that the access roads for the 3rd bridge and for the 3rd Airport will reach the region in 2016. The Marmaray and the Subway will extend all the way to Referans Bahcesehir respectively in 2018 and 2019.
465 flats and 34 stores are designed with an outstanding approach and arranged with a unique perspective offering the following options: 1 plus 1, 2 plus 1, 3 plus 1, 3.5 plus 1, 4 plus 1, and 4.5 plus 1. It is planned so as to safeguard you and your loved ones based upon a modern, technological safety approach. As you experience the joy and luxury here, you will be content and feet at ease.
It is worth seeing both inside and outside with heart-warming cafes, tasty restaurants and elegant stores… And it is ready to offer a vivacious social life with a warm and cozy space design.
A folding swimming pool and indoor swimming pools, playgrounds, Turkish bath, sauna… It has them all. Everything you need for your well-being and for having a pleasant time will be at your service. You simply need to align the rhythm of life with the rhythm of Referans Bahcesehir.
https://listingturkey.com/property/referans-bahcesehir/
Presentation to Windust Meadows HOA Board of Directors June 4, 2024: Focus o...Joseph Lewis Aguirre
Presentation to Windust Meadows HOA Board of Directors June 4, 2024: Focus on Public Safety as Job #1, Engagement, Wealth of HOA, Branding, Communication, Culture, Civic Responsibility
1. 1
International Journal of
Science, Engineering and Innovative Research Vol. 7, January 2016
ERROR DETECTION IN CENSUS DATA AGE
REPORTING
Obisesan K.O.1
, Mojoyinola M.O.2
Department of Statistics
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
(1
obidairo@gmail.com, 2
olumidemubarak@gmail.com)
Abstract- Age is an important demographic variable that must
be carefully considered in all demographic survey. The
objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive
assessment of the age reporting in Census data. The study
gave an estimate of age misrepresentation in the Nigeria 2006
Population and Housing Census Data.
The data used in this study was obtained from the 2006
Population and Housing Census Priority Table,
Volume(III)published by the National Population
Commission, Abuja, Nigeria, in April
2010.
Age heaping and digit preference were measured using
modified Whipple's index and Myers index. Age Sex accuracy
was also measured using the United Nation's age-sex accuracy
index.
The reported Whipple's index for both sexes was 251
indicating presence of age heaping and it also showed age
heaping at terminal digit 0 and 5 as 268 and 233 respectively.
The Myers index had an overall index of 50.9, 49 for male and
52.82 for female population.
The evaluation of Nigeria 2006 Population and Housing
Census Data based on the technique applied in this study
indicates that the data is of poor quality as a result of the
presence of age heaping and digit preference in recorded ages.
Therefore modern methods such as a systematic data
management system, compulsion to register birth, and
standard smoothing techniques are thereby recommended for
future data collection.
Keywords- Census, Age Heaping , Digit Prefernce.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the demographic study of a population, age is an important
variable used in the description of the population structure and
growth rate forecasting. Age data are important in determining
basic factors of population dynamics and studying fertility,
mortality, and migration. Data on age are essential in
population estimates and projections. From age distribution of
any population, estimates of school-age population can be
made as well as number of voters, entrants in labour force, and
in planning of social services for instance, for mother,
children, aged e.t.c has to be based on age distribution of the
population. The presence of error in this important variable is
an obstacle to proper planning and decision making in both
governmental and non-governmental agencies, a decision
based on inaccurate data will definitely not produce the
desired outcome. Age misrepresentation is a common problem
in developing countries (Gonzalez et al, 2014).Thereby
making its study an essential step to reducing its occurrence.
The most common irregularity in age data is the age heaping.
Age data frequently display excess frequencies at round or
preferred ages, such as even numbers and multiples of 5,
leading to age heaping. Age heaping is considered to be a
measure of data quality and consistency (Pardeshi, 2010).
Bello (2012), while assessing the quality of outpatients’ age
data found age heaping to be one of the irregularities in survey
reporting of age in Nigeria.
II. BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Borkotoky and Unisa (2014) examined the quality data on
large scale survey data. In their study, age misreporting was
observed and it differs by region to region and individual
characteristics.
They also identified illiteracy, rural residence and poor
economic conditions as some of the factors associated with
age misreporting. It was concluded in the study that “age
misreporting, inconsistency and incomplete response are three
sources of error that needed to be considered before drawing
conclusion from any survey".
In the paper “Error Detection in Outpatients Age Data Using
Demographic Techniques" by Bello (2012), where he
evaluated the accuracy of age reporting by the outpatients in
General Hospital Dutsin-ma, Katsina state, Nigeria. Using
demographic techniques, which includes Whipple's Index,
Myer's Blended Index and UN Age-sex Accuracy Index. His
research showed very rough age data reporting for both male
and female outpatients. He found `5' and `0' to be the most
preferred digits, and `1' as the most avoided digit for both
sexes.
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Susuman et.al (2012) assessed the quality of age reported in
the Tanzania 2012 population census data by measuring age
heaping and digit preference using the Whipple's Index,
Myer's index, and Age-Sex Accuracy Index. They recorded a
Whipple's Index of 154.43 for both sexes, the male population
was found to have a lower Index of about 152.65 while the
females had the higher Index of about 156.07. Digit
preferences were at `0' and `5' while avoidances were at digit
`1' and `3' for both sexes. In a similar study by Pardeshi
(2010), the quality of age data collected during a community
survey in the district of Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India was
assessed. Whipple's Index, Myre's Blended Index, Age Ratio
Score and Age Accuracy Index were used in measuring the
age heaping and digit preference. The age data collected was
found to be of very poor quality. 42% of the population
reported incorrect digit and preferences were found at digits
`0' and `5'.
Also in the study “Age Reporting Behavior, A case study of
1991 and 2000 Population and Housing Census, Malaysia" by
Talib et al.(2007). They applied Pyramid chart, Whipple's
Index and test differences of the terminal digits to analyse the
quality of single years of age population. The study found that
misstatements in age reporting were due to digit preference
and avoidance in both censuses.
Denic et al.(2004) also studied the quality of age data in
patients from developing countries. The study used a data of
3874 cancer patients from 72 developing countries, mainly
from the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. The
Whipple's Index and Myer's Index were used.
Age data quality was found to be low in cancer patients from
the Indian subcontinent and Middle Eastern countries, the
male citizens of the UAE did not show preference for terminal
digits `0' while preference for terminal digits `0' and `5' were
found in other populations. Finally, the study concluded that
age data quality should be analysed as it may bias results and
weaken the power of the study. Prepare Your Paper Before
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III. METHODOLOGY
This section gives a description of the demographic methods
used for measuring the extent of age heaping and digit
preference. The methods are Whipple's index and Myers'
blended index respectively. Age-sex accuracy index was also
calculated.
1. WHIPPLE'S INDEX
Age misreporting constitutes one of demography's most
frustrating problems" (Ewbank1981:88). To detect it,
demographers have developed different methods to assess the
quality of age data. Among these methods, age heaping
indices have been proposed to detect the degree of preference
or avoidance for specific digits in age reporting. The index
was invented by the American demographer George C.
Whipple (1866 - 1924). Whipple's index is highly sensitive to
age heaping on ages ending in 0 and 5. This index applies to
single years of age returns between ages 23 and 62 inclusive.
It is obtained by summing the number of persons in this age
range, and calculating the ratio of reported ages ending in 0 or
5 to one-fifth of the total sample. It varies between 1
(indicating no preference for ages ending by 0 and 5) and 5
(indicative of a complete report on ages ending by 0 and 5):
ACKNOWLEDGMENT(HEADING 5)
The preferred spelling of the word “acknowledgment” in
America is without an “e” after the “g”. Avoid the stilted
expression, “One of us (R. B. G.) thanks . . .” Instead, try “R.
B. G. thanks”.
Later modifications of the W index gave a more precise and
synthetic mean to assess the accuracy of single-year age data.
W measures only preferences for (or avoidance of) ages
ending by 0 and 5 indistinctively. However, opposite effects
of digit preferences and avoidances can potentially cancel
each other out and affect the original Whipple's index. To
remove this constraint, two modifications have been made to
the original formulation of W (Roger et al. 1981;Noumbissi
1992).The first change made it possible to distinguish between
preferences for ages ending on 0 and those ending in 5 as
follows (Roger et al., 1981, p. 148):
By summing W0 and W5 and dividing the sum by 2, we
return to the original Whipple's index (W)
Though this first modification provides a means to distinguish
between preferences for ages ending in 0 and those ending in
5, it is nonetheless based on the unrealistic assumption of
linearity over a ten-year age range. The second modification,
proposed by Noumbissi (1992), returns to a more reasonable
assumption of linearity over an age range of five years rather
than ten. Based on the same basic principles of the original
Whipple's index (linearity and rectangularity over a 5-year age
range), the latter modification allows to measure age heaping
for all digits. Through the digit-specific modified Whipple's
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index (Noumbissi 1992), age heaping could hence being
computed distinctively for all ending digits (and not the sole 0
and 5 as in the original Whipple's index). Age heaping can be
calculated thus:
Age heaping can thus be calculated for all ten digits (0-9). For
each digit, the degree of preference or avoidance can be
determined as follows:
Where Px is the population of completed age x and 5Px the
population of the age range (x, x+4). If there is no digit
preference or avoidance this “digit-specific modified
Whipple's index" is equal to 1. An index above or below 1
signifies, respectively, preference for or avoidance of the digit
in question .
The index can be summarized through the following
categories:
Table 1: Value of Whipple's index
Highly accurate data <= 105
Fairly accurate data 105 – 109.9
Approximate data 110 – 124.9
Rough data 125 – 174.9
Very rough data >= 175
1. MYRES INDEX
Myers Index is usually used to measure degree of preference
for each digit and it provides summary index for all terminal
digits. The summary index is an estimate of the minimum
proportion of persons in the population for whom an age with
an incorrect final digit is reported. The theoretical range of the
index is from zero to ninety (Hobbs, 2004).
It can be used to report errors for all ages 10 – 89 years
(Kpedekpo, 1982). The underlined assumption of this method
is that in the absence of systematic irregularities in the
reporting of age, the blended sum at each terminal digit should
be approximately equal to 10% of the total blended
population. If the sum at any given digit exceeds 10% of the
total blended population, it indicates over selection of ages
ending in that digit (digit preference). On the other hand, a
negative 30 deviation (or sum that is less than 10% of the total
blended population) indicates under-selection of the ages
ending in that digits (digit avoidance). If age heaping is non-
existent, the index would be approximately 0 (Kpedekpo,
1982). The procedure for computation is as follows:
1. Sum all the population ending in each terminal digit
over the whole range for the ages 10 – 89.
2. Sum all the population ending in each terminal digit
over the whole range for the ages 20 – 89.
3. Multiply the sums of ages at each terminal digit in (1)
above by co-efficient, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10.
4. Multiply the sums of ages at each terminal digit in (2)
above by co-efficient 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1,0.
5. Add the product of (3) and (4) above to obtain the
blended sum at each terminal digit.
6. Add up the blended sum in (5) above.
7. Find the percentage of the blended sum at each
terminal digit to the total of the blended sum.
8. Find the deviation of the percentage distribution from
10.
2. UNITED NATION AGE SEX ACCURACY
INDEX.
This index which was proposed by the United Nation is used
for evaluation of five-year age-sex data. The index is also
referred to as Joint Score. It has three components:
1. Average Sex Ratio Score (ASRS)
This score is obtained by first calculating the sex ratio at each
age group. Successive differences irrespective of sign are
added and averaged.
𝐴𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
5𝑃𝑥 𝑚
5𝑃𝑥 𝑓
𝑋 100 (15)
5Pxm
= males aged x to x +5
5Pxr
= females aged x to x +5
2. Average Male Age Ratio Score (AMRS)
For each age group for males, calculate the age ratios
computed as
𝐴𝐺𝐸 𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂 =
5𝑃𝑥
0.5(5𝑃𝑥+1 + 5𝑃𝑥−1)
𝑋 100 (16)
The deviations from unity irrespective of sign are added and
averaged (AMRS)
3. Average Female Age Ratio Scores (AFRS)
For each age group for females, the age ratios are calculated
using the same formulae as for males. The deviations from
unity irrespective of sign are added and averaged (AFRS)
The index is then computed as UNAI = 3 (S) + (M+ F):
Where;
S = Average Sex Ratio Difference.
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M = Average Male Deviation from 100.
F = Average Female Deviation from 100.
The reported age-sex data for a given population is presumed
to be accurate if the age-sex accuracy index is between 0 and
19.9, inaccurate if the index is between 20 and 39.9, and
highly inaccurate if the index is above 40.
IV. RESULTS
1. WHIPPLE’S INDEX
TABLE 2: WHIPPLE’S INDEX RESULT
TERMINAL
DIGITS
TOTAL MALES FEMALES
W0
267.87
265.46 270.36
W1 36.30 37.96 34.55
W2 72.05 73.27 70.76
W3 64.99 66.21 63.79
W4 56.05 57.80 54.34
W5 233.32 227.18 239.32
W6 64.54 67.16 61.99
W7 67.28 67.76 66.81
W8 81.37 79.46 83.31
W9 51.09 52.98 49.17
WI 251 247 255
Table (2) shows the Whipple's Index for Nigeria 2006
population data, it shows age preference for each of the ten
terminal digit (0-9) developed by Noumbissi(1992). From the
table one can conclude that ages with terminal digits 0, and 5
are very inaccurate. And the overall Whipple's index value of
251 shows the presence of Age heaping for both sexes, the
male population has an index of 257 and the female 255 which
are both high and qualify the data as very rough.
FIGURE 1: NIGERIA WHIPPLES INDEX FOR EACH TERMINAL DIGIT
FIGURE 2: MALE WHIPPLE’S INDEX FOR EACH TERMINAL DIGIT.
FIGURE 3: FEMALE WHIPPLE’S INDEX FOR EACH TERMINAL DIGIT.
2. MYRES INDEX
Note: Terminal digit(1), Sum (10 - 79) (2), Sum (20 - 79) (3),
Coefficients(4),Coefficients(5),Blendedsum(6)=(2*4)+(3*5),P
ercentage distribution (%)(7),Deviation from 10%(8),Re-
marks(9).
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WWW.IJSEIR.ORG Paper ID: 45734716ISSN: 2412-513X
Note: Terminal digit(1), Sum (10 - 79) (2), Sum (20 - 79) (3),
Coefficients(4),Coefficients(5),Blendedsum(6)=(2*4)+(3*5),
Percentage distribution (%)(7),Deviation from 10%(8),Re-
marks(9).
Note: Terminal digit(1), Sum (10 - 79) (2), Sum (20 - 79) (3),
Coefficients(4),Coefficients(5),Blendedsum(6)=(2*4)+(3*5),
Percentage distribution (%)(7),Deviation from 10%(8),Re-
marks(9).
Table (3, 4 & 5) show Myers Blended Index for the whole
population, male population and female population
respectively, they reveal their respective indices of 50.9, 49
and 52.82. However, ages ending with `1' have the highest
avoidance for both male and female population while ages
ending with `0' have the highest preference, followed by ages
ending with `5' and `8'.
Figure 4: MALES MYERS INDEX FOR EACH TERMINAL DIGIT
Figure 5: FEMALES MYERS INDEX FOR EACH TERMINAL DIGIT
Figure 6: MALES MYERS INDEX FOR EACH TERMINAL DIGIT
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3. UN AGE-SEX ACCURACY INDEX
The analysis of the UN Age-sex Accuracy Index shows that
the male and female populations have an approximately equal
value for the Age ratio, except for age group 70 – 74 and 85+
where that of the male was higher. The population has an
average sex ratio value of approximately 9.02 and male and
female age ratio of about 19.81 and 21.39 respectively. The
UNAI of 68.29 was recorded which according to the proposed
scale by the UN qualifies the data as of poor quality.
V. RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Increase awareness about birth registration with the
National Population Commission.
2. Make birth registration at birth compulsory for parents.
3. Using analytical approaches such as smoothing technique to
improve age data.
4. Adoption of accurate Age and Sex data collection model
used in developed countries.
5. Age data should be collected with date of birth as this
reduces error of digit preference.
VI. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, all analyses in this study indicate that age-sex
reporting in Nigeria 2006 Population and Housing Census
Data is erroneous and needs to be properly checked. The next
census in Nigeria is reported to take place in the year 2017
thus the need for the implementation of all recommendations
in this study.
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