ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Review & conclusion
- 1. 698
ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත ෙහේවෙග්
iudf,dapkh yd ks.ukh
( Review and Conclusion )
kAlAm s>t&ey` BAvyegn pfrfs`sAb[lFmt=lfn` p[h[dflfvn>ey` Ey vfn`tnnfdhs ek`$z&krgt`
mAnv sArDr~m vD%neyhflA atfVyfn` v[dgt` dAyk#vk` lbAednbvyf.aAcArvfdYAv yn< dr~Vn
vfSyx ayt` k`eS`t&ykf.BArtFy dV%ney` emn`m bAhfr dr~Vn s^kl`pyn`t=lt` aAcArvfdYAvx
hfmfvn`en` s<vfeV`SF s`TAnykf.
sd` aAcArDm% yn`n‘sdAcAr Dm%’els Ekt=vF a[t.‘sd`’yn< yhpt` sAD<my yn`nyf.emZ an<v
ymZkfsf k&fyAvkx pAdkvn`nAv> cfn`tAmy g=Ny sAD<#veyn` y<t=vFm emhfdF aep`OSftyf.
vfeV`Seyn` bxhfr dAr~Vnfkyn` atrfn` esAk&xFs` aAcArDm% pfLfbHd vfeV`S avDAnyk` eyAm<kL
dAr~Vnfkeykf.Eemn`m p`el`exA`d stY QAny phLvFmxnmZ dr~Vny an<vgfy HOdANyk`
tfbfyy<t=y[yf p&kAVkeL`y.b<zsmey` d[k`evn HOdAnvfBAgFy pdnmx aAsn`n kr[N< !sk` emZ
mHgfn` p&kxeker~.
a[rfs`exA`xl` nmZ dAr~VnfkyAd aAcArvfdYAv stYyx lHgAvFemZ mAr~gyels pfLfgt` aeykf.
iHzrn` hA arm<N<vl k&fyAkArF#veyn` mfdF p&QAmy jFvftyk` gtkfrFm prm stYyx LHgAvFemZ
upAymAr~gy b[vZ p&kAVkeL` p`elAxFns` dAr~VnfkyAy.epA`k`ls` dAr~VnfkyA pvsn`en` up`pAd
s`Tftf B^g yn avs`TAvn` pfLfbHd aveb`Dy ihLm n<vNbvyf.etA`ms` ayfkfns` nm[tf
dAr~VnfkyA pvsn`en` sAD<#vy hA asAD<#vy tFrNy vn`en` psfHzrn`x egA`crvn arm<N<
eker~ oh< dk`vn b<d`Dfmy ep&`rNtAv mtbvyf.
iht dk`vnld bxhfr dAr~Vnfkyn`eg` dAr~Vnfk kl`pnAvn` vfg&hkr blnvfx p[h[dflf
vn`en` sdAcAr Dm% vnAhF sArDm%yn`eg`m p&eOSpNyk` bvyf.ebUd`D sArDm% pd`Dtfyx an<v
jFvfty h[wgs`vAg[nFm ebUd`D sdAcAryyf.EmnfsA sArDm% pfLfbHd vfg&hyn`t=ldF ebUd`D aAcAr
Dm% smZb$Dkrg[nFm anfvAr~eyn`m sfzvfy y<t=evyf.ebUd`D sdAcAr Dm%yn`egn` etrv sArDm%
ehA` ebUd`D s^s`kRtfyk` g[n kTAkL enAh[kfbvyf.
aAcAr vfdYAv ehvt` aAcArDm% sAmAnYeyn` slkn< lbn`en` mAnv gtfa[vt=mZ p[vt=mZ
prmAr~T aBfp&Ayn` jFvnk&m hA s^s`TA ynemZvAeyhflA krn< lbn a[gy<mZVFlF vfmr~Vnyk`
vVeynf.s[bvfn`m kfsfymZ jnsmAjyk aAcAr vfdYAt`mk a[gy<mZyn< kver~d?E`vA vYvhAryx
pt`va[t`et` mn`d?ynkr[N< esAyAb[eln<ey` smAjFy vfdYAv mHgfnf.EkF vfSyn`hf k&mevZdyn`
an<vyAemn` kfsfymz vfeV``Sft jnsmAjykx s^s`kRtfk kN`wAymZvlx aAgmZpd`Dtfyx ayt`
aAcArDm%y an<B+tfkvVeyn` egnh[d{rfy h[kfevyf.tvt` atkfn`blnkl`hF aAcArDm%y yn<
sdAcArAt`mk p&Qp`tfyvVeyn` ar~Ty hA sdAcArAt`mk a[gy<m pflfbHd mfN<mZdHw< smZb$Deyn`
- 2. 699
a[t[mZ epAzp&V`nvlx pfLft=r[ s[pyFmx yt`ndrn dAr~Vnfk vfmr~Vnk&myk` elsd
h[Hdfn`vfyh[kfy.
dAr~Vnfk aAcArvfdYAv smZb$Deyn` a[tf p&evZVedk aterhf evnsk` smkAlFn dr~Vneyhf
d[k`evZ.pLm< p&evZVeyhf d[k`evn`en` mAnvk&fyAvn`x ayt` sdAcArAt`mk a[gy<mZ smZb$D hrf
v[rdf ehAHd nrk y<t= ay<t= yn emZvA atr pvtfn m>Lfk evns`kmZ kver~d[yf hHznAg[nFmx
yt`n drn`nAv> p&mANfk vfmr~Vn vfDfykf.
edvn p&evZVyvn>ey` aDf aAcArDm%y
nmfn`hHzn`vn vfV`el`Vfy hA tAr~kfk aDYyn
k&myk` slkA b[lFemnf.emhfdF sfzekern<ey`
sdAcAry hA smZb$D pdyn`hf ar~Ty p[h[dflf
kfrFm sdAcAr s^kl`p vfg&hkfrFm sh
aAcArAt`mkBASyn`vl aw^g= tAr~kfk lOSN
vfs`trkfrFm sHdhA yt`n d[rFmyf.
ebUd`D dr~Vneyhf En aAcArvfdYAt`mk
s^dr~By bxhfr dAr~Vnfkyn`vfsfn` idfrfpt`krn
ihtkF p&evZVedk mt d[wfv pfhfxA vfg&hkL
enAh[kfv<vd E` h[m dRS`XfekA`Nyk`m an<v
sdAcArAt`mk vVeyn` ebehvfn` v[dgt`v> adhs`
ebUd`D cfn`tnyt=L a[t=lt`vnbv kfv h[kfyf.
sdAcArAt`mk cfn`tny pfLfbHd itfhAseyhf
b<zdhm cfrs`TAyf emn`m atfmht` v> v[dgt`km
kfn` y<t=emehyk` ix<kL h[kf cfn`tnyk` bv
p[h[dflfy.b<zdhemhf aArmZBk vkvAn<evhf emn`m
ps<kAlFn vD%neyhfdFd,aAcArvfdYAt`mk unn`zv Ehf m<l`t[nk` egntfebZ.b<zdhmt=L vfn`tny
ekes` sks`vfy y<t=d yn kr[Nvfs`tr kra[tf s>t&yn`atr p&m<Kepel` s>t&ykf kAlAms>t&y.
kAlAm s>t&y mHgfn` nfr~ed`Vft cfn`tn rxAv m<HPmht` b<zsmyt=Lm an`tr~gty.emZnfsA
b<zsmyt=L kAlAm s>t&yx hfmfvn>ey` d`vftFy s`TAnykf.ebehvfn`m epA`Sft ar[t`br sdAcArA
t`mk vcnmAlAvkfn` s[zmZld`dkf kAlAms>t&y.sdAcAry pfLfbHd vfVfS`X p&mANfkpdnmk` Ehf
a[tfatr sdAcAr dAr~Vnfkyn`x hA sdAcAr s^kl`pyn`eg` vD%nyekeryf avDAny eyAm<
krn ayx atfVyfn`m v[dgt`vn mtvAdyn`d Ehf a[t=lt`evZ.fuys m<uq m<uq mrspzfPaoh jQ
yeZoskajSu uZ.ska idrOu! ixl,amhla hkq l`ulao$idrOu! ixl,amhkag lsishuz ffcj jsoHd;aul
n,mEu;a ;sfnzo$ tfiau tlS idrOu! ixl,amhka ia;@S mqreInj u; tys w.hhka fjkiajkafkao$
fjkia jkafkakuz tfia fjkia jSug udkj yd ffcj jsoHd;aul fya;`j l`ulao$hkdoS lreKq ms<snZoj
jsYd, lreKq m@udKhla oevsf,i wjOdrKh lr oelafjz'tfiau idrOu! ixl,amhkaf.a mqZM,a
jrA.SlrKhla ms<snZojo wF:! oelajSula lr;sfnz'
- 3. 700
fojk mrspzfPAoh jQ iodpdrd;aul nj ms<snZo fldgfiysoS idudkH jHjydr cSjs;fhaoS wm idr
Ou! ixl,amhka f,i i<lkakdjQ uQ<sl idrOu! ixl,am lsysmhla fj; wjOdkh fhduqlr ;sfnz' fuz
hgf;a tu idrOu! ixl,amhka udkj pska;kh ;`< jO!kh jSu wrUhd ld,du iQ;@fhka ie,fikakd
jQ msgsjy< idlpzPdjg nZ|=ka lrkq ,efnz'tysoS ld,du iQ;@fhka wF:!oelafjkakdjQ idrOu! ms<snZo
uQ,sl kHdhhka weiqfrka tlS jHjydrsl idOu! ixl,amhka m@;sfmdaIKh jQ wdldrh yd tu
m@;sfmdaIK l@shdj<sh flfrys l`ukdldrfhka idrOu! ms<snZo kHdhhka n,mdkq ,nkafkaoehs js.@y
flrS we;'
f;jk mrspfPAofhysoS iodpdrh ms<snZoj fn#oaO
ksrAfoaYhka meyeos,s flfrA' fuz hgf;a ld,du
iQ;@fhys js.@yjk idrOu! ixl,amhkaf.a
iodpdrd;aul miqnsu jsuiSug ,laflfrA'mgspzp
iuqmamdoh yd mgzGdkh hk fn#oaO kHdhka
ld,duiQ;@fhys oelafjk oijsO pska;k
wOsldrhdkqidrfhka jsYaf,aIKh lrkakg W;aiy
.;af;us'fuhska lshkakg W;aiy .efkkqfha fn#oaO
iodpdrh f.dv keZ.S we;af;a nqoaOsuh mokula u;
njhs'fuz wkqj ld,du iQ;@fhka js.@yflfrk fn#oaO
idrOuka iodpdrd;aul kHdhhkag wkq.; jkafka
m@cdkk .`Kfhka wkQQkh nj meyeos,s lrfokakg
W;aiyf.k we;'
p;`F:s mrspzfPaofhysoS ld,du iQ;@.; b.ekajSuz
wkqirfhka fn#oaO Z{dk udrA.h js.@ylr
olajkakg jEhuz f.k we;'fuysoS iduzm@odhslj Z{dk
jsNd.h hk mofhka woyialrk fohg jvd hula
fuz ;`,ska bosrsm;a lsrSug fjfyiqfkus'Z{dk jsNd.h
yd fn#oaO Z{dk jsNd.h ms<snZoj ,shdjS we;s bx.@Sis .@F:hkays js.@yfldg ;snqKq lreKq wkqj
tajdfhys lsishuz W#K;djhla ug yeZ.S .sfha tajd yqfola nqoaOsuh jsia;r lsrSuzj<ska tyd hula
olskakg wfmdfydi;a jS we;s njhs; fuz ksid fn#oaO Z{dk udrA.h ngysr orAYkfhys Z{dk
jsNd.fhau wkqmsgm;la fkdjS iajdOsk f,i wZM;skau is;d hula tla lsrSug mshjr .;af;us'
nq|=iufhys Z{dkh ms<snZoj .eUqrskau lshfjkafka jsmiaikd Ndjkdjg wh;a ima;
jsY`oaOsfhysh'ima; jsY`oaOsfhys tla tl jsY`oaOSka i;u lsishuz Z{dk jsNd.Sh mokula u; isg
iliajQ foa fjhs'fuz fm#rdKsh oekquz moaO;s fjhs'fydZoska msrslaid n,;fyd;a ld,du iQ;@fhys
js.@yjk oijsO pska;k wOsldrS is;sjs,soduho mdol jS we;af;a fulS ima; jsY`oaOsfhys jQ kHdhhka
u;nejz meyeos,s fjz'tnejska fuu mrspzfPaofhysoS W;aiy lrk ,oafoa tlS ima; jsY`oaOSka
wkqidrfhka tajd tl tlla mdid oijsO pska;k wOsldrS is;sjs,s oduh hgf;a jsYaf,aIKhlg
,lalsrSughs'
- 4. 701
miajk mrspzfPaoh jQ mZ[aZ[d yd Wmfhda.S;d fldgfiysoS wdrAh YsIgdpdrh ksid wkdrAh
YsIagdpdrh i;`jQ w;S; oekquz moaO;s wNdjhg .sh wdldrh;a nq|=r|=ka jsiska tlS oekquz moaO;sh
w;sYh |=Ialr;d jsZo kej; udkj iudch fj; f.k .sh wdldrh ms<snZo jsYaf,IKhls'fuysoS
wkdrAh ixialD;sh i;` mZ[aZ[dj jrAOkSh ;,hka lrd ixjO!kh jQ wdldrh;a tlS mZ[aZ[d jrAOkh
iZoyd Tjqka wkq.ukh lrk,o l@shdudrA. Wmfhda.S jq wdldrh Wmfhda.s;d moku hgf;a;a
jsurAYkh lf<us'wjidkfhys nq|=r|=ka fuu ish,a,u ld,du keue;s w;sYhskau nqoaOsu;ajQ CI;@Shh
jxYsl ck fldgila fj; ld,du iQ;@h kuska odhdo lrkdldrh;a fuysu wka;rA.;h'fuz uZ.ska
nq|=r|=kag ld,du iQ;@h foaYkd lsrSu msKsi n,mdkq ,enQ iudc yd ufkdajsoHd;aul miqnsu ms<snZo
lsisfjl` fuf;la fkdl< mrAfhaIK jsoHd;aul miqnsula wkdjrKh fjz'
ihjk mrspzfPaoh jQ m@;sudk ms<snZo fldgfiysoS
js.@ylr we;af;a idrOu! ixl,amhkaf.a iudc
jsoHd;aul me;slvhs' tfiau ld,duiQ;@fhka jsurAYkhg
nZ|=kajkakdjQ iudc m@;sudkhkaf.a iudc jsoH;aul
miqnsu ms<snZoj fuysoS iudc yd udkj jsoHd;aul oDIaGs
ldaKfhka jsuiqula flfrA'fuysoS mxpYS, m@;smodfjys
we;s iudc jsHd;au jeo.;alu oijsO wOsldruh
pska;kfhka f;drnj uZ.ska ukdj ;yjqrejk wdldrh
meyeos,s flfrA'
mqZM,a jYfhka .;fyd;a fuu .@F:fhka woyia
lrkafka ld,duiQ;@h ms<snZoj fuhg fmr mrAfhaIK
lr;snqKdjQ iSud udhsuz j,ska yels;dla Tnang f.dia
f.dia fuf;la lsisfjl`gu;a wkdjrKh fkdjQ jsjsO
yev;,hka ta ;`,ska u;`lrjd .ekSugh'ta uZ.ska ld,du
iQ;@fhka fy<sjkakdjQ idrOu!hkag jvd jevs
jgskdlula ,efnzhhs hf:dal; mrAfhaIKh
weiqrelrkjsg ukdj yeZ.S hk lreKls'
kAlAms>t&eyn` p&tfeOS`pft p[rNf BArtFy QAnmAr~gels smZp&dAyvAdFh<(Traditionalists),
b<d`DfvAdFh< (Rationalists),hA an<B+tfvAdFh<(Experientialists) hzn`vAdfyh[kfy.emm ebdAd[k`vFm
ek`.En`.jytflk mhtA Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge g&$Tey` dk`vA tfebZ.ch;s,l
uy;d we;euz odrAYksl jpkj,g bx.@Sis NdIdfjz fhdok mo .ek t;ruz meyeoSulska is;d ke;snj
fmfkkag ;sfnz'flfiajqj;a ud tu bx.@Sis mou fuu .@F:fhys;a fhdok ,oafoa ta uZ.ska ud lshkakg
woyia lrkakdjQ fohg tuZ.ska lsis|= ydkshla fkdjk nj meyeos,sj iel yer oekf.kh'
ld,duiQ;@fhys ngysr Z{dk udrA.h ms<snZoj iZoykajk ms<s.;a kHdhka rdYshla ms<snZoj
jsurAYkhla is|=lr ;sfnz'ta wkqj smZp&dAyvAdFk&myx a[t=HPvn k&m 6k` kAlAms<t&ey`dF sedAs`y[yf
p&tfeOS`pkr tfebZ.EnmZ a[sFemn` QAnyl[bFm(an<s`sv)prmZprAevn` QAny l[bFm(prmZprA)
- 5. 702
aAgmfk epAtptx g[lepn nfsA(pfxksmZpdA)emZ vnAhF emes`y[yf kFpmNfn` pfLfg[nFm
(itfkfrA)apeg` V&mNyn` vhn`es` emes` pvsA a[t[yf kF pmNfn` pfLfg[nFm(smeNA` enA
gr[)s<zs<kmZ slkA pfLfg[nFm. (BbZbr{ptA) yn kr[N< syyf.
stYtAvy g[n s`TfrvVeyn` shtfkvfy
enAh[kf nfsA b<d`DfvAd Fk&myxa[t=ZMjk Z{dkudrA.
4la ld,duHs>t&ey`dF p&tfeOS`pekAx a[t.EnmZ
tr~kyx EkHg b[vfn` pfLfg[nFm (tk`keh`t=),
nYAyAn>k+l b[vfn` pfLfg[nFm(ny eh`t=), ay<r[
vfsfn` pfLfg[nFm (aAkAr prfvftk`ek`n),tm
dRS`Xfyx EkHg yyf pfLfg[nFm (dfxZXf nfj~ODA
nk`Kn`tf) yn QAn mAr~g stryf.
QAnyuedsA BAvnAv upehA`gFkrgt`
pfrfsx ayt`v<vt` b<zn`vhn`es` an<B+tfvAdFn`eg`
QAnyxd sFmAenAvF idfrfyx gmn`kL b[vfn`
kAlAm s>t&ey`dF(ek`vl^ sd`DAmt`tek`n) h<z
pfLfg[nFmZ mAt&eyn` ekern Ev[nf QAnmAr~gFy
sFmAvlx ekAx<enAvF vfdr~VnA HOdANy os`es`
tm p&QAv emehyv> ay<r[ kAlAm s>t&eyn`
epen`.emZ an<v in` p[h[dflfvn`en` Ekl sFmAv>
BArtFy cfn`tAmy sFmAvn` bfHdegns`vkFy
cfn`tny emehyv> s`vBAvykf.sArDm% yn`n a#T%
kTnyvF a[t`et` Em Ek`Ek` sFmA bfHdegn
s`vADFn cfn`tnmAg%yk` els idfrfyx p[mfNFemZdF
mAnvp&jAveker~ EkF cfn`tny dk`vn`nAv> sAD<#vey` agy mtbv p[h[dflfevZ.
emkF sAD<#vy(ehAHdbv)p&d`gl epUr[Syn` t=nk`os`es` k&fyAt`mkevZ.EnmZ b<d`DepUr[S#vy,
pes` b<z epUr[S#vy hA ar~ht`v epUr[S#vy evZ.sn`tAngt nfk`el`VFs`vBAvy Ek smAn
v<vt` HOdANy ek`$z&ekAxegn emm epUr[S mxZxmZt=n bfhfevZ.HOdANyx pdnm nfdhs` cfn`tn
yyf.nfdhs` cfn`tny E` epUr[S mxZxmZt=n mHgfn` sfzekern ov<enAv<n`x vfvfDAkArv> k&fyAkAr
kmZ aDYyny krnvfx E`b[vZ p[h[dflfevZ.kAlAm s>t&eydF vfg&hvn`en` sArDm% ekerhf blpAn
Em nfdhs` cfn`tnyyf.BArtFy cfn`tn itfhAsy vfmsFemZdF epenn`en` sdAcArAt`mk p&tfs^s`k
rN vYApAryk s`vr{peyn` b<zdhm k&fyAkr a[tfbvyf. k&f.p>.6vn sfyveshf BArteyhf p[vtf
V&mN hA b&Ah`mN yn uBy smZp&dAyyn`eg` mfTYAvfV`vAs vt`pfLfevt` hA yAgehA`m krn`n
n`x Eerhfv b<zdhemhf sdAcArAt`mk vfevZcn sRj<vm El`lvfy.
cFn hA xfebxZ m>lAV&yn`hf s<rOSftv pvtfn evnt` ebUd`D smZp&dAyyn`hA smAn`trv>
eT`rvAdg&$Tavlfyx ayt` s<t& pfxkAn`tr~gt Dm%kr[N<eds avDAny eyAm<krnvfx b<z
dhemhf aAcAr vfdYAt`mk vn p&tfS`XApny kfrFm sHdhA a[tf vfV`vsnFy m>lAV&yk` vVeyn`
kAlAm s>t&eyhf an`tr~gt Dr~m kr[N< s[lkfy h[kfevZ.ebUd`D dRS`Xfyt` yTA s`vBAvy
- 6. 703
pfLfbHd ebUd`D nYAyt` smHg smFpv b[HdF pvtF.
kAlAm s>t&ey`
nfr~ed`V ekern jFvn
mAr~gy vnAhF mn<SY
s`vBAvy hA
vfV`veyhf emn`m
mn<SY irNemhf
s`vBAvyk` pfLfbHd Ehf
pfLfg[nFm vfV`vAs
ekern` hxegn a[t.
Ek`trA aAkAryk
a[gy<mZVFlF p&AeyA`gfk
kfymn` kAlAm s>t&
Dm%y t=L a[t=Lt`evZ.
EkF s>t&y mAnvk&fyA
hA BAvftyn` jFvft
gtf s`vBAvyn`
tk`es`r[ kfrFm a[t[mZ
mAnsfk g=NDm% vgA
krg[nFm sHdhA nfr~ed`VkfrFfm hA ymZ aAkArykvfVfS`X jFvftnfS`XAvn`krA p<d`glyn` eyAm<kfrFm
hA smZb$Dy.
ebUd`D aAcArDm%eyhf sArDm%yn`hf s^dr~By egAwnHgn<lbn`en` emkF p&AeyA`gfk kfymn`
mAr~geynf.b<zsmey` a[t=lt` prm nfS`XAv p&mAN sh an`tr~ nfS`XAvkfn`y<t= a^gkFpykfn`
smn`vftv<n VAOSAt` krNykfn` smn`vfty,yn`n kAlAm s>t> ig[n`vFmyf.vfm<k`tfyyn< zk
ehvt` atRp`tfkr tt`veyn` p<d`glyA m<dvA g[nFmyf.E` veg`m vfm<k`tfyyn< Ek`trA avebA`Dy
kf. p&tfevZDykf.nfs[kvm emZt=L aAcAr vfdYAt`mk vxfnAkmZ g[bZvpvtF.
emhf emkF p&tfevZDy smZmA QAN ehvt` nfv[rdf d[n<m p&QAv yTAB+tQANds`sny
ehvt` s^s`kAr Dm%yn`eg` yTAs`vBAvy pfLfbHdd[n<m ehvt` p&tfevZDyyf.emZ avs`TAv vnvfx
p<d`glyA sdAcAr prfp>r~N#vyx pt`vF hmAry.
E` vnAhf ekenk= ar~ht` pes`b<z,smZmA smZb<z p<d`gleyk=els h[Hdfn`vfyh[kf t#vyx pt`
ekern p<d`gl epUr[S#vey` a[tfvn`nAv> sdAcAr prfvr~tnyk` evZ.zk`K nferA`D p&Arp&Ap`tfy,
p&QAv l[bFm yn emZ sfyl`l shBAgF ehvt` Ekvfx sfzvn sfd`DFn`y.b<zdhemhf nfr~vANAv
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- 7. 704
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vnAhF p[rNf s>t&Dm%t=L dk`nx l[ebn atfVyfn`m v[dgt`mk` gn`nA s>t&ed`VnAvkf.
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s^kl`p nAmeyn` vYvhArfty.EhflA str b&h`mvfhrNdk`vA tfebZ.str b&h`mvfhrN vnAhF
m<HPmht` mAnv vg%yAeg` s<Kftm<dftBAvy yhpt arm<N<ekAx gn`nAld eevtsfk Dm%tAvyn`
strkf.Et=LdF epAzevZ mAnvyn` atr mft&t`vy,kr[NAv(anYyn`x upkArvt`BAvy),anYyn`eg`
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str vD%nykr g[nFm aep`OSfty.emm Dm%tA ytr cft`tm<Lfk s^kl`pyn`y.mn<SYyn`eg` ky
vcnyn i$z&fyn`an<sAreyn` bfhfvn mAnvk&fyAvn`x eh`t=vn`en` cft`tm<Lfk s^kl`pyn`y.
Eb[vfn` p^cVFlp&tfpdAv k&fyAt`mk kfrFmxnmZ E` sHdhA ucft cft`tm>Lfk s^kl`p mn<SY
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a[t.emm tt`vy kAyfk hA mAnsfk k&fyAvlfykf.tvzrxt` sfy<mZv vfg&hkretAt` Ey apeg`
- 8. 705
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eBUtfk k&fyAvlfykf.eBUtfk k&fyAvlfy aDYAt`mfk k&fyAvlfy ek`$z&ekAxegn bfhfevZ.emm
k&fyAvlFn` sms`t mAnvyAxm epAztt`vykf.Ey Ek` aAgmkx pmNk` sFmAvn`nk` enAevZ.
emm k&fyAvlFn` aDYynykfrFm hA E`vAx vfvfD ar~TkTnkfrFm vfvfD aAgmZ hA dr~VnmHgfn` sfzvF
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k&mAn>k+l vfDfmt` Eemn`m smZp>r~N phdAdFmk` hA nfr~ed`VkfrFmk` sfzkr a[t`et` b<zsmeynf.
E`bv kAlAm s>t> ig[n`vFmZt=lfn` thv<r[ eker~.
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p>v%kBAvy QAnygr[ekAxk&fyAkfrFm ynkr[N<edkm an`tr~gtekAx m[zmZ smZp&dAyk`
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m[nvfn` idfrfpt` eker~.
kAlAm s>t&eyhf Ek`p[t`tkfn` b<d`DfvAdFn`eg` lOSNyv> d[wfelsvfcArv>v%kBAvy p&kAVeker~.
- 9. 706
Ey p&kAVvn`en` dsvfDv> aDfkArmylOSN sRj<vmp&tfeOS`p kfrFmt=lfnf.kAlAm s>t&y Ees`
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vfYAt`mk kr[N<nmZ p^cVFl p&tfpdAv,strb&h`mvfhrN hA t&fvfDk=sl hA ak=slm>l yn
kr[N<y.
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epen`.emZ mHgfn` tmn`eg`V&AvkyA g=Nvt` emA`weyk=bvx pt`krnvA h[ern`nx evnymk`
sfzkfrFmx ov<n` aepAehAst` vnb[vZ epen`.emy prfp>N% p<d`glepUr[S#vy yns^kl`pyxd
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ig[n`vFmZmHgfn` bfhfvn p<d`glyAn[N hFneyk=vF g=Nvetk=v<vt` QAny enAm[t`etk=b[vfn`
tfebng=Nyv<vt` prfp>r~N g=Nvt`BAvyk` els pfLfg[enn`en` n[t.EbHz epUr[Sy smZp>r~N
enAevZ.asmZp>r~N p<d`gl epUr[Sykf.
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vfdYAt`mk p&s`t=tyk` enAvFmnfsA n[Ntfb<nt` g=NyenAm[tf vFmnfsA Em QAnyd prfp>N%
Ekk`vn`en` n[t.Eyd prfp>r~Np<d`glepUr[S#vyk` enAevZ.EmnfsA b<zsmeyhf d[k`evn
- 10. 707
ig[n`vFmZ itAmehAHdfn` thv<r[ ekern kAlAms>t&eyhf g=N hA n[N ynedkfn`m epA`SftnfsA
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vfeV`Seyn`m kAlAms>t&eyhf idfrfpt`ekern`nAv> smAjDm%tA vfSeyhf p<d`gl blp{mpfLfbHd
v itAg[M<r[ menA`vfdYAn>k+l vfg&hyk` mHgfn` idfrfpt`eker~.in`ant=r[v idfrfpt` ekern`en`
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enAv sms`t smAjyvfSeyhfm vrdkr[evk=vn aAkAry emZ t=lfn` idfrfpt`eker~.emhf vfeV`S
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bevhf sfx b<d`Dfmy prfp>N%#vy EnmZ pHOd`HOdAv dk`vA sfet` pfrfsfzbv a[tfkrgn`nA aAkArey
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aprfp>N%BAvy ps< ps< pfyvryn`hf k&meyn` prfp>N%avs`TAv dk`vA an<k&mfk vfkAVyk` hA
vD%nFy avs`TAvn` E`t=lfn` p&kxeker~. m<l` pfyvrx vwA edv[nfpfyverhf mAnsfk pvft&BAvy
dRS`XFn`eg` vfy<k`tbv dk`nx l[ebnAkAreynf.emZ aAkAryx st`vn pfyvrdk`vA p[mfNFemZdF
prfp>N%dRS`Xfg&hNeyn` etArBAvyt` kfsfz aDfkArmy cft`tmAt&yk` rhftBAvyt` E`pAdkekAx
gt` atfVyd[v[n`tv> DnAt`mk sdAcArAt`mk prfvr~tnyk=t` avsAnmAg%PlAvs`TAv yn`enn`
s[lek`.emZ mHgfn` ehlfvn`en` m<l`b<zsmey` ig[n`evn aDfkArrhft (dRS`Xfrhft)p&QAmy
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dRS`Xfrhft sdAcArAt`mk vD%nyyf.
dRS`Xf nAmeyn` g[enn bAhffraDfkArmy tt`vyn` b<zsmeyhf sdAcArp&s`t=tyk` els
pfLfgn`nA atr ak=slyn` hxg[n`mx m>LADArvn kr[Nk`els sLkA b[h[rkrn< l[ebZ.
b<zsmey` sdAcAr pOSyx EbHz kfsfzdRS`XfvAdF cfn`tnyk` bAhfr aDfkArfyk`els BAvftAkrn<
enAl[ebZ.b<zsmey` sdAcAr pOSyx Ebz kfsfz dRS`XfvAdF cfn`tnyk` bAhfraDfkArmy blyk`
- 11. 708
els blenApAyf.kfsfz eh`t=kr[Nk` pdnmZkregn sfysdAcAr cfn`tny idfrfpt`enAkrn b<z
smy h<edk` vfvRt mAnsfk s`vBAvym pAdk kregn sfysdAcArd[k`m idfrfpt` kryf.
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lbAedn`en` vfy<k`tv sft`txyf.ehvt` s^y<k`t s^kl`pneyn` b[h[rv vfy<k`t s^kl`pnyx
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s^y<k`t s^kl`pnyx eyAm<vsfxf apf pRTg`jnyAy[yf vYvhArkrn`nAv> sAmAnYp<d`glyA oh<
Eetk`p&p^cny krnld vfSyelA`keyn` atfVyfn`m k&mAn>k+l aAkAryx vfy<k`t s^kl`pny
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s^kl`pynx p<d`glmns prfvt%ny kfrFm sfzkrn<lbyf.
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m a[tfekeryf.dRS`XFn` ekern` mDYs`Tp&mANyx zr[vFmk` emZmHgfn` sfzeker~.
cft`t vfV=d`Dfey`dF sdAcArAt`mk p&Qp`tfyx eh`t=v> menAm>Lfk sArDm% s^kl`pekerhf
sRj<vm avDAnyeyAm<ekAx EkFsArDm%s^kl`p vD%nykfrFm aep`OSAkrn<lbyf.sFl vfV=d`Dfeyn`
zr[v>vAx vwA dRS`XFn`ekern` zr[vFmk` emZt=lfn` sfzekeryf.sdAcArp&Qp`tfy vn sFlp&tfpdAvx
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etArv tmAm E`vA p&tYOS krgnfyf.sArDm%s^kl`pnA sFlp&tfpdAvx vwA vfy<k`ts^kl`pnAevA`
evtf.emZnfsA sFl vfV=d`Dfyx vwA cft`t vfV=d`Dfey`dF vfy<k`tcft`ty p&bly.
dfxZXf vfV=d`Dfey`dF emetk` p<d`gleyk`vVeyn` slkA emZelAv bAhfrvfSy yd iuznJOfjuska
m@n, s^y<k`t s^kl`pny aehA`sfkrd[mFmx k&fyAeker~.s^y<k`t s^kl`pney`dF m>lfk ek`$z&Fy
s^kl`pyvn p<d`glyAyn s^kl`py emhfdF vfy<k`tkfrFm pfNfs p<d`glyA nAmr{pedkvVeyn`
jsfNaokh fldg sLkA E`an<v tmn`eg` s^y<k`ts^kl`pny vfy<k`t s^kl`pnyx prfvr~tnykr
g[nFmx ut`shg[nFm emZmHgfn` dk`nxl[ebZ.dRS`Xfp&hANy nAmeyn` ar~Td[k`evn`en`d emymy.
emZt=lfn` sfzvn ehAHdedy vn<ey` p<d`glyA ek`$z&ekAx bfhfvtfb<NAv> sfyHPm bAhfraDfkArmy
cft`ts`vBAvyn`eg` zr[vyAmehvt` E`vAvlfn` nfdhs` vFm emm vfy<k`ts^kl`pny eh`t=evn`
sfzvnbvyf.
k^KAvftrN vfV=d`Dey`dF klfn`vfV=d`Dfey` EnmZ dfxZXfvfV=d`Dfey`dF a[tfkrgn`nA ld vfy<k`t
s^kl`py tvzrxt` dfy<N<krg[nFm vD%nykrg[nFm sfzkrn<lbyf.dfxZXfvfV=d`Dfey`dF m>LfkvVeyn`
p<d`glyA nAmr{p vVeyn` vfg&hkr a[tfkrgt` vfy<k`t s^kl`pny tvzrxt` dfy<N<krmfn`
nAmr{pyn`eg` eh`t=p&tY k&fyAvlfy vfg&hkfrFm k^KAvftrN vfV=d`Dfey`dF sfzevZ.emhfdF dfxZXf
vfV=d`Dfey`dF a[tfkrgt` nAmr{p s^kl`pny pvA s^y<k`ts^kl`pnyn`egn` smn`vfty[yf sLkA
in` tvzrxt` mfdFmZvs` nAmr{p bfhfvFmxdt=w<zn`en` ymZkfsf Dm%tAvyk`b[vZ menA`vfdYAt`mk
- 12. 709
vfg&hyk` pAdkkregn vfmr~VnykfrFmt=lfn` vfy<k`ts^kl`py tvzrxt` dfy<N<kfrFm sfzkrn<
lbyf.emhfdF s[ky ehvt` s^kl`pny eh`t=evn` bfhfvn mAnsfk s`vBAvy zr[kfrFm emm
vfy<k`ts^kl`pn avs`TAevZdF sfzvnnfsA s[kyzr[krln ynet`r[ma[tf k^KAvftrN yn
nAmeyn` hHzn`vn<l[ebZ.c<l`l esA`tApn`n ehvt` k=wAmtt`vey` vfy<k`ts^kl`plABfyA els
vYvhArvn`en` emm avs`TAevZdF vD%nykrn`nAv> p&bl vfy<k`tcfn`tny nfsAy.
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s<HPbv (anftYy)evZyfdyft s`vBAvyn`eg` atRp`tfkrs`vBAvy(zk`K)hA s#vp<d`gl p&Qp`tFn`eg`
vfy<k`t s`vBAvy(ant`t)yn prmAr~Tmy tf&t`v vfy<k`ts^kl`pny os`es` sftemhyvFm sfz
krn<lbyf.emZt=lfn` iht dk`vnld k^KAvftrNvfV=d`Dfy etk` vfy<k`ts^kl`pny vD%ny
kfrFmt=lfn` lbAgn`nAld avsAn nfS`XAvv> cft`ty pvA s^y<k`ts`vBAvyk` vVeyn`sLkA Eyd
at`h[rFm pfNfs emm t&flOSN s`vBAveyn`d[k`evn vfy<k`ts^kl`pny os`es` cfn`tny dfy<N<
kfrFm krn<l[ebZ.emZ tt`vey`dF dRS`Xf g&hNy itAmzrfn` zr[krn<l[ebZ.dRS`gsg&hNy zr[krn
vAx sAep`OSkv sArDm% pOSyd vwvwA aDfkevZ.avsAnvVeyn` s^y<k`ts^kl`pneyn`
m>LfkvVeyn` aDfprmAr~Tmy vfy<k`ts^kl`pny edsx eyAm<vFemZ p<d`gleyk=eg` m>Lfkcft`t
s#Dfs`TAnyv[xF tfebn`en` emm avs`TAevZdFb[vfn` mAg%y amAg%y tFrNykrgn`nA avs`TAvels
emyh[Hdfn`evZ.mAg%ynmZ vfy<k`tcfn`tnyyf.amAg%y nmZ s^y<k`tcfn`tnyyf.
emhfdF tmAtvzrxt` vfy<k`tcfn`tny vD%nykrnvAyn<evn` etA`rAgn`nA p<d`glyA tv
zrxt` tmAetA`rAgt` vfy<k`tcfn`tn mAg%y os`es` sfet` pvft&s`vBAvy vD%nykfrFm ILHgx
a[tfpfyvryf. pxfpdAHJANds`snvfV=d`Dfy nAmeyn` h[Hdfn`evn`en` Em avs`TAvyf.emZ syvn
vfV=d`Df avs`TAvyf.emZ tt`vyx pt`vnvfx sfet` pvft&s`vBAvy ebAehA`zrx vfy<k`t s^kl`pney`
prfp>N%Avs`TAvx itAm aAsn`n tt`veyn` p[vet`.vfy<k`t s^kl`pny tvzrxt` emm
avs`TAevZdF p&g=NkfrFmt=lfn` atfvfeV`Sv> b<d`Dfmyp&s`t=tyk` emmavs`TAevZdFlbyf.E`vA nvvfD
mhAvfps`snA HJANnmfn` h[Hdfn`evZ.emkF b<d`Dfmy vfs`tArNykfn` smn`vftv vwvwAt` E`vA
p&g=NkLkl`hF avsAnavs`TAv vn vfy<k`ts^kl`pney` prfp>r~NAvs`TAv vn HJANds`sN
vfV=d`Dfy lbyf.emy avsAn ehvt` ps`vn vfV=d`Dyyf.
m<l`vrx vfy<k`ts^kl`pney` avsn`pyvrx lHgAvn`nAv> p<d`glyA esA`tApn`n
p<d`glyAelst` edvn etvn hA sfv<vn vVeyn` strvrk`t=L emkF avsAnpfyvryn`x
LHgAvn`nAv> p<d`glyA pfLfevLfn` skRdAgAmF,anAgAmF hA ar~ht` ynnAmeyn` h[Hdfn`evZ.emhf
sHdhn` avsAnavs`TAvvn ar~ht`vavs`TAvx LHgAvn`nAv> p<d`glyA vfy<k`ts^kl`pney`
pretrzx> pretrkrA gmn`kLAv> p<d`glyA elss[Lek`.Eemn`m prfp>r~N vfy<k`t mAnsfk
s`vBAvykfn` y<t= vfvRtmnsk` shftv> atfVyfn`m pvft&mnsk` a[t`tAv> ut`kRS`XvVeyn`
prfp>N% sdAcAr smZpn`n p<d`gleyk=els s[Lek`. p<d`glsArDm% s^kl`ps^vD%ney` k+Xp&Ap`tf
avs`TAvels s[lekn<ey`d emm avs`TAvyf.
emm tt`vyxvwA ihL aenk` avs`TAvnmZ p&etYkb<d`D avs`TAvyf.emhf dF tmn`vfsfn`m
ehAHd nrk etA`rAebZrAegn nrk at`h[r ehAHd vD%ny pfNfs vfy<k`ts^kl`pny p<r[zp<h<N<
kLy<t= y[yf et`r[mZegn E`os`es` kfsfvk=eg` emehyvFmkfn`etArv tmn`mEyavebA`D krgn`nA
- 13. 710
eg` mAnsfks`vBAvy p&etYk b<d`DmxZxm mHgfn`p&kxeker~.ar~ht`v avs`TAv sh emm p&etYk
b<d`Davs`TAvatr evns vn`en` ar~ht`v avs`TAevZdF emehyvn`enk= a[tfv emehyvFm pfNfs
mnAv sks`krnld upeds` mALAvkfn` etArv tmAxtnfvm vfy<k`ts^kl`pny vD%ny kr
g[nFmt`y.
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enAkfrFmyf.emZyxet` vwAvfvRt mAnsfks`vBAvykfn` nfdhs`cfn`tnykfn`y<k`tv kxy<t=kfrFmx
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enAvF s`vADFnv tm cfn`nVk`tfy nfdhes` dfy<N<krg[nFmx un`vhn`es`x iwp&s`tAvnAv l[bF
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smZmAsmZb<d`D avs`TAvyf.p&etYk b<d`D avs`TAv hA smZmA smZb<d`D tt`vyatr pvtfn`nAv>
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vhn`es`nmk atfn` ix<vFmyf.Ey ix<kfrFmx avVYp&mANyx hA Ixucft aAkAryx un`vhn`es`
eg` b<d`DfprfpAkyd sks`vF pvtfnay<rfn` un`vhn`es`eg` vfy<k`ts^kl`pny vD%nykra[t.
p&etYkb<zvr[n`vhn`es`lAx n[tfb<d`Df prfpAkyk` smZmAsmZb<zvryn`vhn`es`lAx l[ebn<ey`
un`vhn`es`lA emkF m<HPmht`vfV`vym smZp>N% vfy<k`tels s^kl`mkhlsrSug ;ruz w;auy;ajQ
m@Z{diuzm;a;shla jO!khjk mrsos‘Y~kHFjh’ixl,amh p&g=Nkra[tfb[vfnf.
p<d`gl eenrAt`my V+nYtAs^kl`py os`es` atfvfeV`Sels prmgmZBFrels vD%ny kra[tf
b[vfn` un`vhn`es`eg` mAnsfkp[v[t`emZ a[tfvfvRt s`vBAvyd pvft& s`vBAvyd aDfky.
t&fprfvxZxv> d`vyAdsAkArv> pxfcZcsm<p`pAdDm%yt`,ann`tny smn`vAgt s>vfsf pxZXAnDm%yt`,
‘pHJ`c vf^Vtfm@QApArmftA’ g&$Tey` d[k`evnprfdfvfsfaAkAr mhAV+nYtADm%yt`(aDYAt`mV+nYtA,
bhfr~DA V+nYtA, aDYAt`m bhfr~DA V+nYtA,V+nYtA V+nYtA,mhA V+nYtA,prmAr~T V+nYtA,
s^s`kRt V+nYtA,as^s`kRt V+nYtA,atYn`t V+nYtA,anvrAg& V+nYtA,anvkAr V+nYtA,p&kRtf
V+nYtA,sv%Dm% V+nYtA, lOSN V+nYtA,splmZB V+nYtA,aBAvs`vBAv V+nYtA,BAv V+nYtA,
aBAv V+nYtA,s`vBAv V+nYtA,prBAv V+nYtA)pfLfbHdvv> prmgmZBFr b<d`DfmyDrftAvy kfsfz
ekenk=x kfsfz elskfn` mfNfyenAh[k.avfSy. zrAvebA`Dy.tTAgt vfSypTy avfn`tYy.
ag&V&Avkv> s[rfy<t` etr[n` vhn`es`v[nf ag&b<d`Dfmt=n`xpvA tTAgtvfSy d[ngt h[kfvn`en`
an<mAneyn` pmNf.
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evZgvt` bv mnfn<ey` Ehf‘epn`xfymZ’nAmeyn` h[Hdfn`evn p&DAn cfpy pAdkkregnyf.emZyxet`
Ehf mtk DArftAv epn`xfymZ I,epn`xfymZ II,epn`xfymZ III,hA epn`xfymZ IV ynAdFvVeyn`
hzn`vn<lbyf.emm prfgNkvld aBYn`trk&fyAkArF#vy nfr~mANy kfrFm sHdhA aAkRtfyk`els
BAvftAekAx a[t`et` mfnfs`mnes` aBYn`trk&fykArF#vyyf.nm<t` prfgNky mfnfs` mnstrmZ
kAr~yOSm upkrNyk` enAevZ.mfnfs`mnes` s`nAy< eeslatr sfzvn rsAynp&tfk&fyAvk
mAg%eyn` emALy itAevZgvt` ay<rfn` dt`t sn`nfevZdnykryf.iegnFm,mtky,tr~kny,h[HgFmZ
- 14. 711
d[nFmZ,i$z&fy sn`nfvZdny,yn k&fyAvldF mfnfs` emALy Ix adALdt`t sn`nfevZdnykrn`en`
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itAzr~lBv>vk` b[vZs[lek`.ssr s[rfsrnA kAlvkvAn<vt=ldF kfsfz aDfkArmy cfn`tnykx
ekAx<enAv> vfvRt cfn`tnykfn` kxy<t=krn`nx mns p<r[zp<h<N<kfrFm mHgfn` anAgteyhf b<d`D
tt`vyx s^vD%ny kLh[kf vY<hgt s[ks<mfn`y<t= mnsk` lbAgt h[kfy.ebADfsmZBAr pfrFm
yn<evn` a#T%d[k`evn<ey` emZ ay<rfn` kxy<t=krn`nx mns p<r[zp<h<n< kfrFemZ d[v[n`t
mAnsfkvYApRtfyxyf.
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mAnsfk mxZmkfn` ehbfyAv> p<d`gleykf.kfsfz aAkAryk cfn`tn aDfkArfyk p[nvFmk` dk`nx
enAl[ebn emm mxZxemZdF p>v%p&tfpdAvk` els vfs`trvn V&d`DAv pvArhftb[vfn` asd`D
nAmeyn`d h[Hdfn`evZ.uprfm p&QAmy hA cr~yAmy s^dr~Bykfn`y<t=v mAnvk&fyAvn` p[v[t`
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upkl`pnymt pfhfxAsfxy.smAjmy Dm%tA elss[Lekn vfnyp&Qp`tFn`egn`pvA un`vhn`es`x
a[t[mZvfx nfdhsk`lbAgt h[kfy.iht stfvfny nAmeyn` dk`vAa[t`et` Ees`aep`OSft prfsADft
mxZxm vn rht`Plyx p[mfNf p<d`glyn`atfn` m>Lfk sdAcArDm%tA kwenAevt[yf kfsfymZ
p>v%vfnfV`cykfn` dk`vAa[tf kr[Nkf.
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mAnsfk mxZxmkfn`y<k`tv> nfdhs`cfn`tneyn`ehbfyAv>,ut=emkf.t&flOSN Dm%tAvn` p&g=NkfrFm
t=lfn` vfy<k`t mAnsfk s^kl`pvlfn` y<k`tv>ut=emkf.EbHz ut=mn`vhn`es`eg` sArDm%pOSyd
itAm ihLprfsADn mxZxmkx LHgAvFa[t.emyfn` epenn`en` sfyHP dRS`XFn`egn` mns nfdhs`
krg[nFemn` sArDm% hA sdAcArprfp>N%tAvyn` atr aenYA`nYvVeyn` smZb$Dyk` pvtfn
bvyf.ehvt` sfyHP dRS`XFn`egn` vfy<k`tmnsm uprfm sArDm% nfS`XAvx LHgAvn bvy.
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tmV&Avky n`eg` cfn`tney` pvtfn`nAv> dRS`XFn` ivt`ekAx mns pfrfsfzkfrFmxyf.sfyHP
b<zvr[n`eg` an<VAsnAvv> ‘sbZbpAp akrN^ k=sls`s upsmZpdA scft`t prfeyAdpn^ E`t^
- 15. 712
b<d`DAn<VAsn^’yn gATAevn` a#T%v t` vn>ey`d sfyHP ak=slDm%yn`egn` dRS`XFn`egn` ivt`vFm
pfNfs mn<Syn`x upkArvt`vFm sfyHP b<zvr[n`eg`m aBfp&Ayv> bvyf.
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m<KY adhs emZmHgfn` mnAv nfr{pfty.b<zrzn` kAlAm s>t&y ed`VnAkfrFmx p&Tmeyn` kAlAm
v[sfyn`eg` mns vfvfD dRS`XfvAdvlfn` evlF pfrFitfrF p[vtfnf.E`ov<n`eg` ek`sp<t`tnmZ nfgmyx
p[mfeNn vfvfD V&mNb&Ag`mNyn`eg` vfvfDaAgmfk ig[n`vFmZ eh`t=ekAxegny.
m<lfn`m b<zrznx kAlAm v[sfyn` pvsn<ey`d tmn`pt`va[tf emm mAnsfkav<l lfhAedn
elsyf. emhfdF b<zrzn`x kAlAm v[sfyn`x al<t`aAgmfk dRS`Xfyk` hHzn`vAdF ov<n`v tvt`mAnsfk
av<lkx d[mFmx avVYtAvyk` enAvFy.b<zrzn`x emhfdF s[b{elsm avVYv>ey` kAlAm v[sfyn`
eg` mns v[sF p[vt=nAv> l`Kqfrdvq nZ|= oDIaGSkaf.ka Tjqkaf.a uki ksoyialrjdoSugh.
Wkajykafia ld,du iQ;@h ed`VnAkeL` EmprmAr~Ty VAk`SAt` krg[nFmx mfsk tmn`vhn`es`eg`
aAgmfkdRS`Xfy kAlAm v[sfyn`x pfLfg[n`vFmx enAevZ.ymZehkfn` un`vhn`es` Ees`kLAnmZ
b<d`Dfmt` kAlAmv[sfyn` un`vhn`es`v p&tfOS`p krn`nx pvA iwtfbfNf.
Eb[vfn` emZ avs`TAevZ b<zn`vhn`es` vfsfn` sfzkra[t`et` emm avs`TAevZ sfzkrn`nx tfb<N<
ehAHdm edyyf.EnmZ sfyHPm dRS`XfnfvArNykr sfyHP aAgmfk mtvAdvlfn` mns nfdhs`kr
gn`nA aAkAry kAlAmv[sfyn`x kfyAdFmyf.EhfdF b<zn`vhn`es` kAlAm v[sfyn`egn`m p&V`nasA
ov<n` EkF p&V`nvlx tm tmn`eg` d[nFemZ h[xfyx lbAzn` pfLft=r[mt pdnmZv dRS`Xfivt`kfrfm
t=lfn` mAnsfk shny lbAgn`nA aAkAry kfyAdF tfebZ.
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pfhfxA E` sdAcArp&Qp`tfy evtxp[mfNFmxnmZ p<d`gleyk= aBYn`trv s^vD%nykrgty<t= sAr
Dm%s^kl`p vfg&hkrdk`vA a[t.pLm<vsArDm%rhftvFmt=lfn` smAjsdAcAry pfrfhFynaAkAry
dk`vAtfebZ.
sdAcAr pfrfhFm a[tfvn>ey` sArDm% enAm[tfkLbv b<zrzh< kAlAmyn`x epn`vAedtf.Dm%tA
ehvt` smAjsmZm<tFn` pvA sks`v a[t`et` sdAcArp&Qp`tfy os`es`b[vZ kAlAmeyA` vxhA
gnftf.oZn{m mAnv smAjyk smAjjFvfty nfrr~b<dv gtkfrFm sHdhA ivhl`vn m>Lfk sdAcAr
p&Qp`tFn` phk`pfLfbHdv kAlAms>t&eyhf vfg&heker~.E`vA smAjey` Dm%tAvVeyn` sLkA smAj
Dm%tA aArOSAkfrFmx k&fyAkfrFm mHgfn` sdAcAry aArOSAvnbv epn`vAdF tfebZ.
emZnfsA Dm%tAvyn` Ek` atkfn` sdAcArAt`mk ps<bfmk` shft nFtfrFtf pd`Dtfyk` bv
epn`vAdF tfebZ.anft`atfn` sArDm%vlx E`vAdk`vn sbHdtAvey` s`vr{py epn`vAdF tfebZ.E`an<v
Dm%tAvyn` h<znFtF rFtf pd`Dtfyk`enAv mfnfs`elAv mfnfs` vxfnAkmZ !kg[nFemZ arm<Nfn`
mAnvyAeg` yhpt uedsA k&fyAt`mkvn`nk`bv epn`n<mZeker~.Eemn`m ayftfvAsfkmZ aArOSAkr
gn`nxnmZ anfvAr~yeyn`m tmAatfn` vfyy<t=kmZ ix<kLy<t=bvd emhfdF avDArNyeker~.
- 16. 713
Dm%tA aArOSAkrg[nFm pfNfs mfnfs<n` k&fyAkLy<t`et` E`vAtmn`eg` y<t=kmZ pfLfbHd vgkFmZ
m[nvfn` epn`vAedn s`TAnyk`vnb[vfnf.Dm%tAvl s`vr{peyhf g[bZvpvtfn`en` emkF y<t=kmZ
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vxfnAkmyf.
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Ek`trA zrkfn` nFtfyk`elsx p&kxvn atrm sdAcArysmHg a[tf smZb$DtAvynfsA nFtfey`
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Dm%tAvyk`t=lx g=NAt`mk vxfnAkmZ g[bZvn`en` Dm%tAvyn` sdAcAry smHg b[HdF
kxy<t=krn b[vfnf.emZnfsA Ek`trAzrkx Dm%tAvyn` vnAhF s`vN%my nFtfyk`(Golden Rules)
elsd ar~Tdk`vn< l[ebZ.s`vr~Nmy nFtfy ar~Tdk`vn tvt` s`TAnyk`nmZ Ey hdvet`
nFtfybvx krn<lbn h[Hdfn`vFmyf. emy sdAcArAt`mk hRdyVAOSfy vVeyn` dr~VnvfdYAvt=L
h[Hdfn`evZ.yemk=x sdAcArAtmk hRdy VAOSfyk` a[tfvFmx nmZpLm<v oh< prfp>N% Dm%tA
pd`Dtfyk`t=L jFvt`evmfn` sdAcArAt`mk k&fyAp&g=N kL y<t=y.n[tehAt` iegngt y<t=y.
sdAcAry yn< ig[n`vfy h[kf iegngty<t= edykf.
sArDm% vnAhF s^kl`pmy vn`nkf.sdAcAry vnAhF bAhfrk&fyAvn` smHg b[HdF pvtfn`nkf.
sdAcArAt`mk k&fyA apx a[sfn` d[k`kh[kfy.smAjyt=L k&fyAt`mkevZ.sArDm% s^kl`pmy edyk`
nfsA sArDm%yn`hf k&fyAt`mk s`vr{py sdAcAry emn` p&kv vfdYmAnenAevZ.nm<t` ymZymZ
k&fyAvn` sfzkfrFmx m<l`v> sArDm% pvtfnb[vfn` E`E` k&fyAvn` an<v sArDm% pvtfnbv
an<mAneyn` dty<t=y.
mn<SY cfn`tny sks`krn`nAv> p&blm ep&`rky els k&fyAt`mkvn`en` sArm%yf.sArDm%
pfLfbHdv itAv[dgt` nYAyn`rAVfyk` idfrfpt`kL a[l`bxZ bn`zrA,evAxZsn`,etA`n`wyfn`,s`kfnr~
v[nf vyY%AvAdFn` ymZkfsf sArDm%yk` p<d`gleyk=t=l vfdYmAnvn aAkAry pfLfbHd mtvAdrAVfyk`
pLkLh.emm mtvAdyn` t=Lfn` sArDm%pfLfbHdv v[dgt` kAr~yBAryn` !sk` dk`vAtfebZ.
ov<n`eg` mtvAd sfyl`elhf sAry s^OSfp`trkAx gt`kL in`kfy[evn`en` sArDm%
vfvfDtlvlx ayt` v<vt` E`vAey` uss`m sArDm%mxZxmrHdA pvtfn`en` s`vy^ VfOSNymty
yn`n bvyf.emZan<v phLmxZxmZvl sArDm%mxZxmZ bfhfvn<lbn`en` adAL p<d`glyAx krn<lbn
mAnsfk blp{mk ehA` nFtfyk mAg%eynf.emv[nf k&mmHgfn` sArDm%s^kl`p p<d`gleyk=t=L jnft
kLh[kfy[yf mAnvcyY%AvAdFn` pfLfgnftt` EbHz sArDm%s^kl`pyn` ihLm gNey`E`vAels ov<n`
pfLfgn`en` n[t.E`vAeyhf nfrt vn`nAv> p<d`glyn`t=L vfvRtmAnsfk s`vBAvyk` dk`nx
enAm[tfb[vfn` smZp>r~N mAnsfk avDfmt` bvkfn` EmsArDm%s^kl`p ov<n`eg` mnsfn` p&g=N
enAkrnbv emAv<n`vfsfn` epn`vAdF tfebZ.
sArDm% hA sdAcAry pfLfbHdv sAkcZCAkfrFemZdF ekA`l`br~g`eg` sdAcArAt`mk nYAyv[dgt`
t[nk`gnF. EhfdF ekA`l`br~g` epn`vAdF a[t`et` ymZp<d`gleyk` ymZ ut=mZ sArDm%yk`an<v jFvfty
sks`krg[nFm ehA` sdAcArAt`mkh[sfrFm bAhfr p&tflAB aep`OSAevn` krn<lbn`en`nmZ Ey
- 17. 714
sdAcArvD%ney` phLm mxZxemn` epn`n<mZkrn`nAv> sft=vfl`lk`bvyf.sArDm% hA sdAcAr
mxZxemn` dfy<N<vnvfx ymZekenk` sArDm% hA sdAcAry an<v h[sfrfyy<t`et` bAhfrp&tflAB
aep`OSAevn`enAv h<edk`k&fyAevhf nfrvdY tAvy sLkAb[vZ vxhAg[nFmxavVYy.Ees`m bAhfr
p&tfPlx vwA v[dgt`vn`en` s`vy^tRp`tfy,nfrvdYtA s<Ky,eemt&fy,kr[NAv,m<dftAv,uep`OSAv,
p&QAv,cft`t sAmAg&fy v[nf aBYn`tr p&tflABbvat`d[kFemn` vxhAg[nFmt=lfn` tmAeg` sAr
Dm%mxZxmx avsAn prfpAkavs`TAv dk`vA vD%nykrgt h[kfbv ekA`l`br~g` vfsfn` epn`vAdF
tfebZ.
bAhfr p&tfPlekerhf yemk` vfV`vAsy rHdApvt`vn`en` bAhfr aDfkArfmy cfn`tnykx
g[tfvFm nfsAy.dRS`XfekA`Nvlfn` mns b[HdFp[vtFmnfsA aDfkArmy s`vBAvykx mns nftrm
nt=vFpvtF.mAnsfk nfdhs vfvRtcfn`tny a[tfkr .ekSugkuz fuz ;Fjfhka usoSu wjYHh.fuz
;Fjh Wodjkafka ixhqla;f,i sftFmeh`t=evnf.vfy<k`tvfn`tny mnsx h<r[krg[nFmt=lfn` mAnsfk
nfdhslbyf.vfvRtbv aDfkArmy cfn`tny rhftbv lbyf.emy a[tfkrgn`nA aAkArymnAvdk`vA
a[t`et` kAlAm s>t&eyhfy.
kAlAm s>t&eyhf dk`vAa[tf an`dmx bAhfr aDfkArfmy tt`vyp&tfeOS`pkfrFm t=lfn` mAnsfk
nfdhs hA vfy<k`tcft`tny lbAgth[kfy.oZn{medykx yxt`vF tfebnAtAk` smZp>r~N vfksft
bvk` vfdYAmAn enAevZ.smZp>r~Nvfksftbvk` vfdYmAnenAvnAtAk`kl` Emedeyhf prfp>r~N
s`vBAvy avfdYmAny. aprfp>r~Nbv vfdYmAn vntAk`kl` E`t=L aw^g= aenk=t` sfyHPed`vld
asmZp>r~N#vy g[bZvpvtF. sArDm%s^kl`p sdAcArp&Qp`tfy smAjDm%tA smZb$Deyn`
pvsn`nx a[t`et`d EbHzm adhskf.emhfEn Ekk`pAsA asmZp>r~N#vy vfdYmAnnmZ aenek`d
asmZp>r~NBAvy vfdYmAnevZ.emZan<v smAjDm%tAvl prfp>N%bv uedsA sdAcArp&Qp`tfey`
prfp>N%BAvyd sdAcArp&Qp`tfey` prfp>N%bv uedsA sArDm% s^kl`pyn`eg` prfp>N%BAvyd
avVYy. sArDm%s^kl`pyn`eg` prfp>N%BAvy pfNfs vfvRtmAnsfk ps<bfmk` avVYy.vfvRt
mAnsfkps<bfmk` s[ksFmxnmZ sfyHPbAhfr aDfkArmy tt`vyn`egn` mns nfdhs`vF p[vtFm
atYvVYkr[Nkf.
kAlAm s>t&eyhf vfs`trekern`nAv> sArDm%vnAhF prfp>r~NsArDm% s^klpyn`eg`
nfr{pnkf. b<d`Dfmy s^dr~Byk` pAdkekAxegn srDm% vfkAVnyvF a[tfb[vfnf.ehvt` vfdYAcrN
smZpn`nbv ehAHdfn`m vfdYmAnvn ig[n`vFmZ kAlAm s>t&y t=L an`tr~gtevZ.emhf vfdYApAOSfk
bv epn`vn`en` strb&h`mvfhrN,p^cVFlp&tfpdAv,t&fvfDk=Vl hA ak=slm>l pflfbHdv vfg&hy
t=lfnf.Eemn`msfvZ v[d{r[mZ nYAyn` an<v Dm%tAmy vVeyn` slkAb[lFmd crNpAOSfkevZ.
Ehf nYyn`mgfn` Dm%tAvyn`hf nYyAt`mk ps<bfm vfg&hyx bHzn`evZ.EhfDm%tA strmHgfn`
epn`vn`en` emelAv prelAv pfLfbHd vfV`vAsy yemk=x a[tt` n[tt` sArDm% hA sdAcAr
vD%nykfrFmt=lfn` p<d`glepUr[Sey` DnAt`mkevnsk` a[tfkL h[kfbvt` E`t=lfn` sfet` nfvFmt`
p&tYOSkrgt h[kfbvt`y.
s^sArp&vRt`tfy hA nfvRt`tfy EkxsmZb$Dkrn p&p^cypfLfbHdv QAnvfBAg vfmr~Vn
p[v[t`vFemn` b<zsmeyn` m>Lfk stYyk` anAvrNykrgt`bv epen`.m<lsfxm b<zrjANn`
- 18. 715
vhn`es` vfcAryx p&m<K s`TAny zn`h.vfeV`Seyn`(vfveyA Bfk`KevZ myADmZemA edsfetA)
tmn`vhn`es`g` Dm%y pvA vfsFmx lk`enAekAx pfLfenAgty<t=bvd tmn`vhn`es`vpvA vfmsFmx
lk`kLy<t=bvd un`vhn`es` vFm^sk s>t&ey`dF V&Avks^GyAx ed`VnAkrtf.(m.nf.1,318pfx,P.T.S.)
embHzs`vr{pyk` us<ln ebUd`D QAnvfBAg kRtYeyhfdF tt`kAlFnvfvfD VAs`tRn`vfsfn`
QAnmAg% dhyk` pflfgt` QAnmAg%dhyk` kAlAm s>t&ey`dF p&tfeOS`pkrtf. (a.nf.1,189pfx,P.T.S.)
kAlAm s>t&ey`dF b<zrzn` p&tfeOS`pkL Em QAn p&eB`d dhy atrfn` an<s`sv,prmZprA,itfkfrA,
pfxk smZpdA,BvY r{ptA,smenA enAgr[, ynhym bAhfrvVeyn` mn<SYcfn`tnyx blp{
ekAxs`els evn`vF tfb<Nf.bAhfr blp[t`emn` etArv mnsmHgfn` k&fyAt`mkkrn<lbn p&mAN
vVeyn` tk`k eh`t=,nyeh`t=,aAkAr prfvftr~k,dfxZXfnfj~ODAvk`Kn`tf ynstr evn`vF tfb<Nf.
Eeht` emZ dhym b<zn`vhn`es`eg` vfcAryx Ekes`lk`vfy.
ebUd`D sArDm%els s[lekn p<HJ`HJ hA k=sl s^kl`py,ds p<HJ`HJk&fyA avfhf^sA,
ap`pfcZCtA, sn`t=xZXftA,esUn`dyY%p&fytAvy,s<nmYBAvy,s`vcZC$dtAvy BAvnAv hA sdAcAry,
shnVFlf#vy yn kr[N<k&fyAt`mk vFemhflA ps<bfmZvF a[tfcfn`tnrxAv eds avDAnyeym<
kfrFemZdF EkF cfn`tnrxAv vfDfmt`bvxpt` kfrFmx nfdhs`cfn`tny dAykvFa[tfbv p[h[dflfvm
hHznAgth[kfy.emhfdF nfdhs` cfn`tny yn<evn` h[Hdfn`evn`en`d vfy<k`tcfn`tnymy.ekenk`
s^y<k`tBAveyn` ehvt` Ek`edyk` tvedyk` smHg smZb$DekAx prfkl`pnykfrFmnfsA bfhf
vn`nAv> cfn`tnDArAvn` yTAr~Teyn` obZbx s^s`krNmyv> s`vBAvyk` dk`nx l[ebZ.
ymZkfsf arm<Nk` pfLfbHdv a[tfkrgn`nAld s^y<k`tcfn`tny os`es` l[ebn`en` adALarm<N
pfLfbHdv> yTAr~Tvt` p&tfbfmZbyk`enAv yTAr~Ty hA tmn`eg` Ix adAL vfSyAn<bd`D d[n<m h
Ek`ekAx s^s`krNykrgt` s^s`krNAt`mk p&tfbfmZbykf.emm s^s`krNAt`mk p&tfbfmZby
yTAr~Ty hA enAg[lep`.emZ aAkAreyn` bfhfvn s^s`krNmy p&tfbfmZby hA yTAr~Ty ektrmZ
zrkfn` sfxfn`en`d Emzr mHgfn` nfr{pNyvn>ey` Emp<d`glyAeg` dRS`Xfg&hNey` nfym
s`vr{pyyf.
dRS`Xfg&hNy ivt` vn`nx vn`nx aw<vn`nx vn`nx yTAr~Ty hA s^s`krNAt`mk
p&tfbfmZby atr pvtfnzr p&mANy k&mk&meyn` aw<evZ.emes` aw<vn`nx aw<vn`nx E`
p<d`glyAeg` yTAr~Ty evtpfvfsFm vwAt` evZgvt`evZ.tFvZr evZ.nfdhs` cfn`tnyt=lfn` sfzkrn`en`
p<d`glyAeg` emm yTAr~Ty hA s^s`krNAt`mk p&tfbfmZby atr a[tfzr aw<ekAx h[kftAk`zrx
nfv[rdfavebA`Dy evtx p<d`glyA smFpkrvFmy.emhfdF aAgmfk ig[n`vFmZ hA dr~VnvAd mHgfn`
blAepAerAt`t=vn`en` sfy ig[n`vFmZ an<sAreyn` p<d`glyAx emkFyTAr~Ty hA s^s`krNAt`mk
p&tfbfmZby atr a[tfzrvn p&tfbfmZbzr h[kftAk` avmkfrFmx blAepAerAt`t=evZ.
nm<t` b<zsmeyn` prfbAhfr aAgmfk ig[n`vFmZ hA dr~VnvAd sfy ig[n`vFmZt=lfn`m an`t`vy
kx tl`l<vF yAmnfsAm emm kAr~yy nfv[rdfv smZp>r~N kfrFmx aepAehAst`vF tfebZ.VAs`vtvAd
hA ucZeC~dvAdvVeyn` ehA` kAms<Kl`lfkAn<eyA`gF hA at`tkflmTAn< eyA`gF vVeyn` ehA`
smZp&dAyvAdF hA b<d`DfvAdF vVeyn` ehA` d[nx ap thv<r[ekAxegn a[tfemm sAmZp&dAyfk hA
n>tnvAdF ig[n`vFmZt=lfn` sfzekern<ey` V&AvkyAt=L a[tf emm p&tfbfmZbzrp&mANy avmekAx
- 19. 716
oh< yTAr~Ty evtx smFpkrn< evn<vx p&tfbfmZbzrp&mANy vD%nykrn hA yTAr~Teyn`
tvzrxt` a{t`krvn`nAv> tt`vyk` nfr~mANy kfrFmkf.
emyx eh`t=vF a[t`et` emkF aAgmfk hA dAr~Vnfk ig[n`vFmZ mHgfn` sfzekern<ey` V&AvkyA
vfy<k`t s^kl`pny edsx eyAm<krn<evn<vx tvtvt` s^y<k`t s^kl`pny edsxm eyAm<kr
vFmyf.emkF s^y<k`ts^kl`pnyn` thv<r[kfrFm pfNfs ov<n` ebAehA`vfx eyAdAgn`nA emvlm
vn>ey` mhAb&h`myA, IV`vryA,fojshka jykafia,Y`oaO ,shjs,,wkd.; jla;DDka jeks ixl,amkh
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kah.fuz uZ.ska flosklj;a V&AvkyAt=L vfy<k`tcfn`tnykx eyAm<krvFmk` aep`OSAkL enAh[kfy.
vfy<k`t s^kl`pny yn<evn` ar~Td[k`evn`en` kfsfevk=eg` aADAryk` rhftvm nfrep`OS
arm<Nk` ekerhf a[tfkrgn`nAld aBYn`trgt avebA`Dyyf.emhfdF ymZ arm<Nk`nfsA
updfn`nAv> cft`t p&tfbfmZby adAL arm<eNhfm a^gsm nfr{pnykf.ehvt` arm<N hA pfLfMfb<v
kfsfzevnsk` vfdYmAn enAevZ.arm<Nm pfLfMfb<vy.pfLfMfb<vm arm<Nmy.ynAkAreyn` arm<N
vfSyAn<bd`Dv pvtfn`nA v> HJANym emhfdF vfy<k`t s^kl`pny yn<evn` vYvhArevZ.
adAL tt`vy vnAhF nYyAyAt`mkv emes` d[k`vFmx h[kfyAv a[tt` apkAxvt` fuzwhqrska
tvmt` smZp>r~Neyn` m apeg` cfn`tnDArAvn` eyAm<kfrFmx enAh[kfy.ymZehykfn` Ees` kfrFmx
p<HPvn`km tfebZnmZ enAan<mAnv ap p<h<zn` p<d`glyn`els enAv prmAr~Ty VAk`SAt`krgt`
elA`ekA`t`tr tt`vyx p&evZVv>vn`els hHznAgt h[kfvn<a[t.nm<t` p<h<zn` p<d`gleyk` ehA`
itA p&ATmfkavs`TAevZ nYyAt`mkels emy ehA` emes`vn`en`y[yf nYyAt`mkv ehA` d[n<m
pAdkkregn ehA` ymZnfV`cykx p[mfNFm b<zsmy dk`vn`en` smZmA dfxZXfy elsy.
tvm prmAr~Tmy stYAvebA`Dyx pt`enAv> ap ymZ dRS`Xfyk` es`vny krn`enm<.nm<t` Em
dRS`Xfy es`vnykfrFm nfsA mt=ymZ anAgtey` kvrdAk ehA` apx prmAr~Tmy aDfgm tt`vyx
yAh[kf vn aAkAreyn` vfy<k`t s^kl`pny vD%nykrgn`nx iw p&s`tAvnAv l[ebn<a[t.EbHz
anAgtey` prmAr~Tmy aDfgmyx yAh[kfvn aAkAreyn` vt%mAney` Ix ucft dRS`Xfyk`
es`vny kfrFm h[Hdfn`evn`en`‘smZmA dfxZXf’yn nAmeynf.aAyY% aS`XA^gfk mAg%ey` pLm<evnf a^gy
els emm‘smZmA dfxZXfy’d[k`evn`en` Eb[vfnf.
vfy<k`ts^kl`pny pAdkregn smZmAdfxZXfy bfhfevZ.ar~ht`Pls`T avs`TAevZdF smZmAHJAN hA
smZmA vfm<k`tf yn<evn` dsA^gfk#vyx p[mfN prfp>r~Nvn`en` smZmAdfxZXfeyn` aArmZBv<n<
vfy<k`t s^kl`pny my.emm avs`TAevZdF vfy<k`t s^l`pny prfp<N%#vyx pt`vF avsAnb[vfn`
tvzrxt` zr[kLy<t= yhpt` ehA` ayhpt` dRS`Xfkfsfvk` ar~ht`p<d`glyAt=L itfrfvn`en` n[t.
m<l`vrx vfy<k`ts^kl`pnyx aAdFkmZmfk nAmeyn`h[Hdfn`evn p<d`glyA b[sgn`en` esA`tApt`tf
mAg%ey`dFy.esA`tApt`tf mAg%PllABfyA m<l`vrx vfy<k`t s^kl`pney` pLm<pfyvrx smZp&Ap`t
v>evkf.
oh<eg` vfy<k`ts^kl`pny nYyAt`mky. vfy<k`t s^kl`pney` nYAyAt`mk ps<bfm oh< ehAHdfn`
hdArA p&g=Nv a[t.dfxZXfpt`t,dfxZXfp&tflAB,dr~VnsmZpn`n ynnAmyn`egn` esA`tApt`tf
mAg%Ply vfs`trkr a[t`et`emZ nfsAy.esA`tApt`tf mAg%PllABfyA pvA sr~vsmZp>r~Neyn`
- 20. 717
vfy<k`t s^kl`pny vD%nykr n[t.oh<t=L tvmt` s^y<k`ts^kl`pny hA vfy<k`t s^kl`pny
yn edkm vfdYmAnevZ.EhfdFt` vfy<k`ts^kl`pney` sFmAv tvmt` sFmAshft vnatr vfVAl
vVeyn` s^y<k`ts^kl`pnyd oh<t=L pvtF.esA`tApt`tf mAg%lABfyAt=L itfrfv pvtfn`nAv>
s^y<k`t s^kl`pney` p&tfPlels kAmrAg hA pxfGyn edekhf k&fyAkrF#vy tvzrxt` p[vtFm
d[k`vfy h[kfy. kAmrAg hA pxfG yn BAvmy tt`vyn` edkm s^y<k`ts^kl`pney` ayhpt`
p&tfPlels epn`vAdfy h[kfy.
ekenk=t=L vfy<k`t s^kl`pny m<l`b[segn pvtFnmZ ehvt` oh< vfy<k`ts^kl`pny
ehAHdfn` vD%nykrgn`nAldnmZ s^y<k`t s^kl`pnyeh`t=evn` udAkrvn<lbn`nAv> emkF
ayhpt`v> atRp`tkrv> p&tfPlvn kAmrAg hA pxfG ynedkfn`d aenk=t` ayhpt` p&tfPlvn
ap d[nx k`el`V hA ds s^eyA`jn els nmZkrn<lbn BAvmy tt`vyn`egn` ebAehA`zrx
asFmAn`tfkBAvy krA yngmn vLk`vAlFmx avkAV s[Lesn<a[t.ehvt` vfy<k`t s^kl`pny
nfsA a[tfkrvn< lbn`nAv> ayhpt` p&tfPlvlevZgy vfy<k`t s^kl`pny mHgfn` awAl kfrFmx
avkAV s[Les`.emZ eh`t=evn` s<HPv<nt` vfy<k`t s^kl`pny mdk`ehA` vD%nykrgn`nAld`dAv>
p<d`glyA in`lbn mAnsfkshny emZy[yf kfyAnfmkL enAh[k.EbHz p<d`gleyk= atfn` vn s<HP
vrdkfn`pvA oh< nfrygAmF vFmx avVYkrn BAvmy tt`vyn` oh<t=L hxenAg[ennehyfn`
embHzp<d`glyA str apAeyn` sHdhxm mfHzenk=vn`en` emZ nfsAy.
emZehyfn` vfy<k`t s^kl`pny b<zsmey` eE`$z&Fy pdnmels s[lkfyh[kfy.vfy<k`t
s^kl`pny nfymAkAreyn` phLvFmxnmZ sfyHP aAkArey` dRS`Xf vfnfr~m<k`t mAnsfk ps<bfmk`
a[tfvFmx avVYy. dRS`XFn` ekern` nfdhs`vFm mHgfn`m vfy<k`t cfn`tny udAvnb[vfnf.E`
eh`t=ekAxegn b<zrzn`eg` sfyHPm ig[n`vFmZ ek`$z>vF a[t`et` dFS`XFn` ivt`vFm ehvt`
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- 21. 718
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- 22. 719
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