ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Buddhist values 3.chapter

183

ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත ෙහේවෙග්

03 mrspzfPAoh ( 03 Chapter )

ld,du iQ;@fhka fy,sjk fn#oaO idr OrAu : iodpdrj;a nj
( Moral Perfection / Freedom : Buddist Values disclosed by Kalama Sutta )

iodpdrh ( Moral )1 idudkHfhka wd.u ( Religion )2 ixl,amfhka neyerj fmd|=fjz
ishZMu ukqIH jrA.hd flfrys wdfjzKsl udkj .`KOrAu f,i w:!oelafjz.idrOrAu ( Values )3
lsishuz wd.ulg wdfjzKsl fohla jk w;r iodpdrh ( Moral ) tfia fkdfjz iodpdrh jsYajSh
fohlss ta ksid jsYajh wLKavj ixialr Kuh fjkiajSuzj,g Ndckh fjuska .,d hkakdla fukau
iodpdr ( Moral )ho jsgska jsg jsjsO ixialrKhkag Ndckh fjuska udkj YsIaGdpdrh iu.u
tlaj .uka .kS.

wOHdmk ufkdajsoHdj ( Education Phychology )4 ;`,o iodpdrh ( Moral ) ms<snZo b;d
jeo.;a b.ekajSuz olakg ,efnz.5wOHdmk{hkayg uq,isgu mej;s .egZMj ls iodpdrh ( Moral )
b.ekajsh yelsfohlao hk ldrKh flfiajqj;a iodpdrh ( Moral ) wOHdmk{hska jsiska jsjrKh
lrkq,nk wdldrh ie,ls,a,g .ekSu fuysoS jeo.;a fjz.6

fydZonj fyda krlnj ms<snZoj mqoa.,fhl` i;` ixcdkkh iodpdrh fyj;a iodpdr jsksYaph
hkqfjka wOHdmk ufkda jsoHdj ;`, yeoskafjz.7iodpdrh usksia ixy;sfha mokuhs ufkdajsoHd{hka
iy wOHdmk{hka iodpdr jO!kh ms<snZoj Wkka|= jS we;af;a iodpdr ySknj fya;`fldg f.k uy;a
jQ iudc ufkdajsoHd;aul .egZM we;sjk fyhsk.8fidrlu jxpdj fndrelSu jskdYldrS nj jeks
s
yeisrSu ksoiqka f,i oelajsh yelsh.iodpdrh ms<snZo wOHdmk jsoHdfjz jvd;au m@p,s; kHdhhka
jkqfha mshdfcA iy fld,anrA.a jsiska bosrsm;a l, kHdhhka fjz.9

1 wOHdmk ufkdajsoHdj"ixia' csf;aF|@ fudaydka"mrs' iajrAKd jsfcA;`x."wOHdmk m@ldYk fomdrA;fuzka;`j"
biqremdh"1996"155 msgqj'
2 Magic Science Religion and Other Essays,B.Malinowoski,London,Oxford Press,1948
3 idrOrAu wOHdmkh"ta' tia'nd,iQrsh"jsfcAiQrsh .@J: flaJ|@h"m@shisrs m@Skagska isiaguzia"kqf.af.dv"1997'
4 wOHdmk ufkdajsoHdj"ixia' csf;aJ|@ fudaydka"mrs'iajrAKd jsfcA;`x."wOHdmk m@ldYk fomdrA;fuzka;`j"

biqremdh "1996"155 msgqj'
5 idrOrAu wOHdmkh"nka|=, w;a;kdhl"iriaj;S m@ldYk'
6 wOHdmk ufkda jsoHdj yd .`rejrhd"ohd frdyK w;`fldar,"fya,s ksu,d w;`fldar,"YsCId ukaosr m@ldYk"

fnd/,a,"2000'
7 Educational Psychology,Prentice Hall,New Delhi,1978

8 The Moral Judgement of the Child, Routledge and Kagan Paul,Piaget Jean,London,1932

9 The Development of Moral Values in Children,Eysenk,Brith Journal of Psychology,London,1971

184
iodpdr prAhdj hkq iudc lKavdhfuz ( yrAf,dla 1978 ) iodpdr fla;hka yd wkql~,
prAhdjh.‘iodpdr’ (Moral ) hk ,;ska NdIdfjz ‘fudarAia’( Mores )1 jpkh wdpdrjsOs isrs;a jsrs;a yd
yd ckjsOs yZ.jk jpkfhka nsZoS wdjls idudcSh mej;`uz ( fudarAia ) oek.ekSu <uhskaf.ka wfmaCId
l< fkdyelsjqjo Tjqka kj fhdjqka jshg m;ajk jsg iudch wkqu; whqrska yeisrSsu wfmaCIdflfrA.2

i;H jYfhkau iodpdr prAhdj wNHka;rfhka we;sjkakls ndysr wdOsm;Hh wNHka;r
wdOsm;Hhla njg yerSu;`,ska iodpdr prAhdj f.dvkef.a wNHka;r kshdukfhka hq;a yeisrsfuka
iodpdr yeisrSu iukajs;fjz.j.lSu iy wkHhka ms<snZo ie,ls,a, iajdrA:hg jvd iudcdrA:hg
uq,a;ekoSfuz yeZ.Sfuka hqla;h.

nq|=kajykafia fidhd.;a mru i;Hh kuz iirska tf;rjSu iZoyd .ukal< hq;` udrA.h wxYfol
lska hqla;jk njhs.tkuz m@{dj iy iodpdrhhs fn#oaO udrA.h;`< fuz fol fjkal, fkdyels f,i
wfkHdakH jYfhka neZoSmj;S'm@{dfjka ksjka oelSu ksid flfkl` iirska ksoyia fjhs' ulaksido
iirg neZoS mj;skafka fudayh ksidjk nejsks'tfy;a m@{dj jevSu muKla fkdiEfya' m@{dj m@.`K
lsrSu wjYHfhkau iodpdr m@.`KHh;a iu. tlg w;aje,a neZo hd hq;`h ulaksido ksrAjdKfhys
fyj;a mrudrA: i;Hfhys iajNdjh'iodpdrd;aul jk nejsks tu ksid iodpdrh m@.`KlsrSu hkq

1 Coral Garden and their Magic:A Study of the Methods billing the Soil and of Agricultural Rites in
the Trobiand Island,
B. Malinowoski,Amwrican Book Co,New York,1935
2 How to Children Learn,John Holt,Penguin Book,London,1983.

185
ksrAjdK,CIK m@.`KlsrSu jkafkah'tu.ska flfkl` ksrAjdKh lrd fufyhjkq
,nkafkah';j;a whqrska lsjfyd;a iodpdrh m@.`KlsrSfuka ksrAjdKdj fndaOuh m@;sM, ,nkafkah'

‘ioa’ hk jpkh ‘wdpdr’ hk wdpdrjsoHd;aul jpkh ( Ethics )1 yd tlajSiodpdrh hk
jpkh iEoS we;'‘ioa’hkq hym;a hkqhs ‘ioa’yd ‘i;a’ hk joka hym;a hk wrA:fhys NdId
jHjydrh;`, fhoS ;sfnz2 ‘wdpdr’ hkak odrAYksl jYfhka udkj yeisrSuz rgdjka jrA.SlrKh lr
oelajSu ioyd Ndjs;d lrkq,efnz'ta wkqj wdpdr hkafkka udkj yeisrSuz rgdjka jrA.SlrKhfldg
oelajSu ioyd Ndjs;d lrkq ,efnz'ta wkqj wdpdr hkafkka udkj yeisrSuz rgdjka wOHhkh lsrSu
woyia lrkq ,efnz'ta wkqj wdpdr hkafkka udkj yeisrSuz rgdjka wOHhkh lsrSu woyia lrkq ,efnz'
ta wkqj ioa + wdpdr = iodpdr( Moral )hk jpkfhka woyia lrkqfha Okd;aul (fydZo hym;a)
udkj yeisrSuz rgdjka wOHhkh lsrSu hkqfjka wrA:l:kh l< yelsh'

by; olajk ,o ksrAjpkh wkqj iodpdrh ( Moral ) tl wd.ulg tlj.!hlg tl cd;shl
g tl f.da;@hlg iSudjk fohla fkdj"uqZM uy;a iudchgu f,dalhgu jsYajhgu fmd|= jsYajSh
OrAu;djhls'‘iodpdrhg’ idfmaCIlj idr OrAu (Values )j,g iSudwe;'tkuz fn#oaO idr OrAu
lf;da,sl idrOrAu yska|= idr OrAu bia,duz idr OrAu jYfhka wd.uz jYfhka cd;s jYfhka j.!lr
iSud lr y|=kajkq ,nk w;r ‘iodpdrh ( Moral )’jkdyS wiSus;(iSud rys;) fmd|= OrAu;dj hls'fuz
wkqj iodpdrhg wd.uz fNao jrAKfNao l`, fNao ke; iodpdrh jsjD; udkisl ugzgu ;`,ska nsysjk
w;sYhskau mqZM,a OrAu;djhls'3

f,dalfha mshjsiajNdjh‘iodpdrh’(Moral) f,io yZ|=kajkq ,nkafka fuz ksidh wd.u lùlajqj;a
cd;sh l`,f.da;@h lùlajqj;a ukqIH iudch;`< cSj;ajk mqoa.,fhl` jsiska wfkla idudcslhkaf.a
iudcsl jgskdluz yd neZoSuzflfrys wfkHdakHf.#rjfhka ms,smeoshhq;` uQ<sl iodpdr kS;s myla
mxpYS, m@;smodj kdufhka nq|=iufha idlpzPdjg nZ|=kalrhs'4tajdkuz

1 iudcfha fjfik usksia ;srsika iEu wfhlù ;u cSjs;h mj;ajdf.khdug leu;sh tnejska
wkHhkai;` cSj;ajSfuzwhs;shg uu f.#rjlrus5 thg ydksjk mrsos l@shdfkdlrushs m<uq iodpdr
rS;sh wdrCIdl<hq;`h'

2 wkHhkai;` foam< Tjqkajsiska mrsyrKhlsrSfuz whs;sh uqos;djfhka bjishhq;`h BrAIHdmrjY
fkdjsh hq;`h'fu;a is;ska lreKdfjka yd WfmaCIdfjkahq;`j wkqka i;` foam< flfrys ;Kaydj
yeroeush hq;`h hk fojk iodpdrrS;sh wdrCId l<hq;`h'6

1 wdpdr jsoHdj"mS' vS' fmauisrs" vnz,sjz' fla' ekalskd"jspdrd;aul yeZoskajSula iys; mrsjrA;kh"tia'f.dvf.a
iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U"1998'
2 iodpdr orAYkh Ouzumo weiqfrka"wfnzr;ak iurfldak" iajia;s fmd;a m@ldYlfhda"cd we," 2002'

3 The Development of Moral Values in Children,Eysent,Brith Journal of Psychology,London,1971.
4 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq'wmrshdoskak ps;af;da fkaj mdKx nka;s

k woskakx wdosh;s k mrodrx .pzP;s k uqid NK;s mruzzms ;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx I fyda;s oS> r;a;x
ys;dh iqLdh;s
5 tu fkj mdKx yka;s
6 tu k woskakx wdosh;s

186

3 ;udyd wkHhkaf.a jsjdyosjsh ksrAndOlj .;lsrSfuzwhs;sh ;ud yd wkqkafj; ,ndoshhq;`h wOsl
f,i bZ|=rkamskjSfuz yd jerosf,i ldhsl ix;rAmKh,enSfuz ;kaydj yeroeush hq;`h'hkf;jk
iodpdrrS;sh wdrCIdl<hq;`h'1

4 i;H oek.ekSug wkHhkag we;swhs;shg ndOdfkdl<hq;`h'jpkfhka wkqka nsZojSu wkqka nsZojSu
;ojpk Ndjs;fhka ys;a rsojSu ysiajpk Ndjs;fhka wkqkaf.a jgskdld,h ld oeuSu fkdl<hq;`h'
we;a; we;siegsfhka mjid jpkfhys m@shukdmnj mj;ajd.ekSuhk i;rjk iodpdr rS;sh
wdrCIdl<hq;`h'2

5 isysuq<djSfuka hq;`j yd tfia isysuq<djS lrklshkfohska wkqka mSvdjg m;alsrSfukaa je<lshhq;`h'
mshjs isysfhka lghq;`lsrSfuz wkHhkaf.a idudcSh ksoyig ndOdfkdl< hq;`h'hk miajk
iodpdrrS;sh wdrCId l< hq;`h'3

ld,du iQ;@fhys jsia;r lrkqfhao by; mxoYS, m@;smodfjz oelafjk iodpdrOrAu wdrCIdlsrSug
wjYH lrk udkisl lì,;d jrAOkhlr.kakd whqre ld,du jeishkag foiQ wjia:djls th fufia
oelafjz'tkuz 4

“ld,dufhks f,daNfhka hqla;jQ fuz mqreImqoa.,f;fuz jkdyS f,daNhjsiska uvkd ,oafoa yd;amiska
jskdY lrk,o is;a we;af;a i;`kao urhs' fidrluzo lrhs'mrodrdjka lrdohhs'fndreo lshhs'hful`
g oSrA>ld,hla wys; msKsifjzo |=la msKsifjzo wkHhdo tanejz msksi iudoka fjzo”

“iajduSks tfiah” 5

ld,du iQ;@fhys jsia;rlrkqfha nq|=r|=kajsiska jsYajSh iodpdrOu!f,i W.kajk,o mxpYS,
m@;smodj ;`< wka;rA.; m@Odk iodpdr uQ<OrAu miunejz fuz wkqj fmfka'tmuKla fkdj by;lS
m@Odk jeros miska je<lSuu m@Odk iodpdruQ<Ou! milanj meyeos,slroS we;'6

l,du iQ;@fhaoS by;lS m@Odk iodpdr jerosmi we;sjSug ;`vqfok fya;`ms<snZojo oSrA>f,i
idlpzPdjg nZ|=kalrwe;'fuz hgf;a nq|=r|=ka ld,dujeishkayg meyeos,slrfokqfha m@dK>d;hg
wo;a;dodkhg lduus:Hd pdrhg uqidjdohg yd isysuq,djg n,mdk huzjeros mila ukqIHhka w;ska
is|=fjzo thg fya;`N~;jk ufkda jsoHd;aullreKq ;`kla we;snjh'tkuz

1 tu k mrodrx .pzP;s
2 tu k uqid NK;s
NK;s
3 tu mruzms ;:;a;dh iudofma;s
4 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' hod ;ùzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj
cdfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud wlì,d bfuz Ouzud idjcAcd bfuz Ouzud idjcAcd jsZ[aZC|=.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d
iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;ùzfya
ixj;a
5 tu ,qoafOda mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,da f,dafNak wNsN~f;da mrshdoskak ps;af;da mdKuzms yka;s woskakuzms

wdosh;s mrodruzms .pzP;s uqidms NK;s mruzms ;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx i fyda;s oS> r;a;x wys;dh
|=laLdhd;s
6 tu ;x lsx uZ[afZ[: ld,dud wf,dafNda mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda WmmcAc;s ys;dh jd wys;dh jd
ld,dud
;s$ys;dh Nkaf;

187

1 ‘ld,dufhks f;dms ta lùlehs yZ.skakdyqo$mqreIhd;`< WmoskakdjQ f,daNh ys;msKsi fyda wys;
msKsi fyda WmoSo$’‘iajduSkS wys;msKsih'’1

2 ‘l,dufhks f;dms ta lùlaoehs yZ.skakdyqo$mqreIhd;`< WmoskakdjQ oafjzIh ys; msKsi fyda wys;
msKsi fyda WmoSo$‘iajduSks wys;msKsih'’2

3‘l,dufhks f;dms ta lùlaoehs yZ.skakdyqo$mqreIhd;`< WmoskakdjQ fudayh ys;msKsi fyda wys;
msKsi fyda Wmoskafkao$‘iajduSks wys;msKsih'’3

fuz wkqj mxpYS, m@;smodjg wh;a uQ<sl iodpdrh mqoa.,fhl` w;ska lvjkafka mqoa.,hd;`<
we;sjk udkisl |=rAj,;d ;`klajk f,daNh oafjzIh yd fudayh ksidnj olajd ;sfnz'fuys f,daNh
hkq wdYdlsrSuhs'oafjzYh hkq ;ry .;shhs'fudayh hkq wruqfKys uq<djSuhs'fuu udkisl |=rAj,;d
ksid ukqIHhd w;ska uQ<sl iodpdr m@Z{ma;shjk mxpYS, m@;smodj lvjknj jsia;riys;j
ld,duiQ;@fhys bosrsm;a flfrA'4

wOHdmk jsoHdfjz (Education Science)5 ksrAjpkh flfrkafka idrOrAu jkdyS ixl,amuh
jQjla (Conceptual) nj;a th jHjydrslj Ndjs;fhaoS iodpdrhnjg mrsjrA;kh l<yels yd tfia
l<hq;`njh';j|=rg;a meyeos,slrkafkakuz idrOrAu(Values)jkdyS YòaO ixl,amuh (Pure
Conceptual)6 fohlajk w;r th w;sYh ishquzh'.eUqreh'iodpdrh jkdyS m@dfhda.slj yeisrSuzrgd
yd noaOjQjlajk nejska jHjydrsl phH!dmoaO;shla (Applied Ethics)jk njhs'7 fuz wkqj idrOrAu
b;d ishquz fohlajk w;r th ufkdauQ<slj ps;a; ffp;isl OrAu flaJ|@lrf.k nsysfjz iodpdr
OrAu udkjhd iudcmoaO;shl yeisrSu lrKfldgf.k ta iudc moaO;s h;`< m@dfhda.slj nsysjk
fmd|= iudciuzuq;Skah'

fuhska meyeos,sjkqfha idrOrAu(Values)iodpdrhg (Moral) jvd ishquzjk njhs'8idrOrAu
u;`msgskan,d wrA:oelajsh fkdyelsh ufkdauQ<slnejsks'(Conceptualization)9 iodpdr h jkdyS lh
jpk Ndjs;fhka m@lgj fmfkkakla jknejska usksiayeisrSuz rgd wOHhkfhka (Ideo-Behaviour

1 tu ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud f,dafNda mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda WmamcAc;s ys;dh jd wys;dh
jd;s$ wys;dh Nkaf;
2 tu ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud fodafida iqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda WmamcAc;s ys;dh jd wys;dh

jd;s$wys;dh Nkaf;
3 tu' msgq ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud wfudafyda mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda WmamcAc;s ys;dh jd wys;dh

jd;s$ys;dh Nkaf;
4 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' ,qoafOda …|=gzfGda…uq<afyda….mkdhx
fOda
ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,da f,dafNk…foafiak…fudafyak….wNsN~f;da mrshdoskak ps;af;da mdKuzms yka;s
woskakuzms wdosh;s mrodruzms .pzP;s uqidms NK;s mruzms ;:;a;dh iudofma;s hz I fyda;s oS> r;a;x wys;dh
|=laLhd;s
5 Introduction to Educational Psychology Methuen,E. Stone ,London,1982.
6 Educational Psychology,L. S. Vigotsky,st.Lucy Press,Florida,1999.
7 Human Teaching for Human Learning Viking,Brown George,New York,1971.

8 How to Children Learn,John Holt,Penguin Book,London,1983.
9 wOHdmk ufkdajsoHdj yd .`rejrhd"ohd frdayK w;`fldar"fya,s ksu,d w;`fldar,"YsCId ukaosr m@ldYk"

fnd/,a," 2000'

188
1
Action)iodpdr Ndjs;h msg;ska oeln,d wjfndaOlr.; yelsh' fuz wkqj idrOrAu yd
iodpdrh w;r we;s iuznJO;djhjkqfha ufkdauQ<slj nsysjk idrOrAu ixl,am (Conceptualist
Views)uZ.ska iodpdrh hkqfjka yeZoskafjk udkj prAhd rgdjkaa md,khflfrhs'2idrOrAu uZ.ska
iodpdrh l@shd;aul flfrA'fuz wkqj uki idrOrAu mCIfhys;a isrer iodpdrh hgf;a;a l@shd;aul
jkq fmfka'3

ld,du iQ;@fhys nq|=r|=kajsiska iodpdrd;aul m@Z{ma;s lvjSula wrA:olajk m@dK>d;h fidrlu
mrodrdjkalrdhdu fndrelSu yd isysuq,dj hk lreKq mxpYS, m@;smodj uZ.skao iodpdrd;aul
m@Z{ma;s lvjSulaf,i oelafjz'jevs|=rg;a ld,du iQ;@fha oelafjkafka fuu iodpdrd;aul m@Z{ma;s lv
jSug usksidf.a jeros udkisl ixl,am;`kla fyj;a idrOrAu ixl,am;`klf.a lvjSula fya;`jk
njhs'tkuz f,daNh oafjzIh yd fudayh hkufkdauQ< ixl,am;`khs fuzjdkrlfyj;a whym;a fuzjd
krl fyj;a whym;a mCIhg (lKay Ouzu) wh;a ufkdauQ< ixl,amhkah'

fuzjdfha jsreoaO mCIh fyj;a (Y`la, Ouzu)f,i oelafjk ufkdauQ< ixl,am;`k jkqfha wf,daN yd
wfudayhk;`khs'4fuu ufkdauQ< ixl,amhkaf.a Y`la,mCIh fyj;a iq|= mCIh uZ.ska wjOdrKh
flfrkqfha tajd idrOrAu ixl,am .Kfhys,d l@shd;auljknjhs'fn#oaO idrOrAu jkqfhao fuu
wf,daN wfodai yd wfuday hk;`khs'fuysoS jsfYaIfhka jeo.;ajkqfhaa fuu idrOrAu ixl,am;`k
fn#oaO wfn#oaO fNaohlskaf;drj iEu ukqIHfhl`f.au is;a;`< cks;jSfuz iuzNdjs;djla mj;sk
njhs'

fn#oaO idrOrAu hkqfjkawoyialrkafka ienjskau fn#oaO wfn#oaO fNaohlska f;drj iEu
flfkl`f.au is;aysyg.kq,nk Okd;aul ufkdauQ< ixl,am;`klanj fuz wkqj meyeos,sfjz' ld,du
iQ;@fhys jsia;rjk js.@yhg wkqj ukqIHhd w;ska is|=jk iodpdr m@Z{ma;s lvjSu is|=jkqfha by;
l@shdFuljk idrOrAu ixl,am hkaf.a lvjSu fyj;a ufkdauQ< ixl,amhkaf.a lKay mCIh (lZM
me;a; krl whym;a mCIh) ksidnj fuz wkqj meyeos,sh'fuz ;Fjh fn#oaO wfn#oaO fNaohlska
f;drj ishZM iFjhd jsIfhys fmd|= ldrKhla nj meyeos,sjsh hq;`h'

fuysoS u;l;nd .;hq;` wfkla jeo.;a ldrKh jkqfha ld,du jeishka jkdyS fn#oaOhka msrsila
fkdjQ njhs.nq|=r|=ka fuu ld,du iQ;@foaYkdj lrkafka fndfyda wd.usl Ydia;Djreka ixLHdjlf.a
oyuzmKsjqv Y@jKhlr m<mqre|= tfiau tajd lsisjla wOdk.@dySj fkdms<s.;a b;du by< ugzgfuz
jspdrnqoaOshlska fynshdjQ msrsilgh'Tjqka uq<oSu nq|=r|=kaf.ka jsuiqfjz fuz wkaouska jsjsO Ydia;Djre

1 buEkqfj,a ldkagzf.a {dk jsNd.h fn#oaO pska;kh weiqrska flfrk wOHhkhla"lms, wNhjxY md,s yd
fn#oaaO wOHhk mYapd;a WmdOs wdh;kh"le<Ksh jsYajjsoHd,h"1997'
2 iodpdr orAYkh Ouzumoh weiqfrka" wfnzr;ak iurfldak"a iajia;s fmd;a m@ldYlfhd"a cd we," 2002'
3 tu
4 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud wf,dafNda

mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda wmamcAc;s ys;dh jd wys;dh jd;s$ys;dh Nkaf;
;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud wfodafida mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda WmamcAc;s ys;dh jd wys;dh
jd;s$ys;dh Nkaf; ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud wfudafyda mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda WmamcAc;s ys;dh
jd wys;dh jd;s$ys;dh Nkaf;

189
wkHhkaf.a OrAu foaYkd fy<dolsuska ;u;uka yqjdolajk nejska ;ukaTjqka ishZMfokdu
iellrk njhs'1

funZ|= udkisl ugzgul isgshdjQ ld,dujrekag nq|=r|=ka OrAufoaYkdj mgka.;af;ao Tjqkaf.a
ia:djrh ksjerosnj mjiusks'tfiau lsisuwkaoulska ndysr;Fjhla wOsldruh;kays,d i;Hh
.fjzYkh fkdl<hq;` nj;a i;H .fjzIKfhaoS i;Hho keoao hkqfjka jsuiSu iZoyd mdollr .;
hq;af;a wod<lreKu muKla nj;a wod< lreK yer ndysrhula Bg iuznJOlr .ekSu;`<ska jsjD;
udkislFjh fkd,efnk nj;a ta whqrska jsjD; ukiska f;drj flfkl`g i;H ksiswhqrska oekyZ|=kd
.ekSug fkd,efnknj;a nq|=r|=ka ld,du jeishkag myod|=ks'2

fuz hgf;a nq|=yq mshjfrka mshjr ld,du jeishkag lreKq olajuska uQ<sl jYfhka iodpdr
m@Z{ma;sh meyeos,slrk wjia:djg meusfK;s uQ<slj Wkajykafia fuysoS f,dalfha iodpdr m@Z{ma;sh
fyj;a fn#oaO wfn#oaO fNaohlskaf;drj fuf,dj ukqIHfhl` jYfhka jdikdjka; cSjs;hla
.;lsrSug flfkl`gwjYH lrk uQ<sl idudcsl wjYH;d myla meyeos,lroS ;sfnz'tu uQ<sl
s
idudcsl wjYH;djhkuz uQ<sl iodpdr m@Z{ma;sh fyj;a iodpdr uQ<OrAu mihs(5) fyj;a mxpYS,
m@;smodfjz oelafjk jeros yeisrSuz mfika fjkajSuhs'3

iodpdr m@Z{ma;sh w:!j;ajkafka fuu mxpYS,m@;smodj uZ.ska nejska wd.uz fNaohlska f;drj iEu
udkj fhl`ygu ksrrAnqo iudcsl cSjs;hla .;lsrSu iZoyd by; mxpYS,m@;smodfjka oelajqkq
iodpdrm@Z{ma;sh wdrCIdlsrSu w;HjYHfjhs'mxp YS, m@;smodj;`< oelafjk uQ<sl iodpdrOu! my
l@sia;shdkqjkaf.a oimKf; yso wka;.!;jSu;`<ska fmkShkafkao wd.uzfNaohlskaf;drj udkjiudc
phH!drgdj ksrrAnqoj mj;ajdf.k hEu msKsi wjYHlrk uQ<sliodpdrm@Z{ma;shla f,i mxp YS,
m@;smodj ms<s.ekSug ,laj ;snQ njh'4

fuu jeros yeisrSuz yg.ekSug fya;`jf,i nq|=r|=ka uS<Z.g ld,du jeishkag olajkqfha ukqIH
ps;a; ika;dkfha nsysjk ixl,amuhjQ uQ<sl idrOrAu ixl,am;`kla lvjSuksid ukqIHhd w;ska
funZ|= iodpdr m@Z{ma;s lvjSu is|=jk njhs'5tu uQ<sl idrOrAu ;`k wf,daN woafjzI yd wfudaykuz
tu idrOrAu ;`fkys lvjSu f,dN oafjzI yd fuday hkqfjka olajhs'6B<Z.g nq|=r|=ka jsiska ld,duhka
ld,duhka f.ka jsuikq ,nkafka fuz whqrska idrOrAu ixl,am lvjSu fya;`fldgf.k uQ<sl iodpdr

1 tu' ika;s Nkaf; tafla iuK n@dyauKd flai mq;a;x wd.pzPka;s f;a ilZ[afZ[j jdox oSfmka;s fcdaf;ka;s
mrjdox mk Lqfika;s juzfNka;s TzmmlaLsx lfrdka;s mrsNjka;s wmfrAmsNkaf; tafla iuK n@dyauKd
flaimq;a;x wd.pzPka;s f;ams ilZ[afZ[j jdox oSfmka;s fcdaf;ka;s mrjdox mk Lqxfikaa;s juzfNka;s
fik
TzmmlaLsx lfrdka;s mrsNjka;s f;aix fkdaNkaf; wuzydlx fydaf;aj lxLdfyda;s jspslspzPd fldaiq kdu bfuzix
Njka;dkx iuK n@dyauKdkx ipzpx wdy flda uqid;s
2 tu ta: ;`uzfya ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lal fyaa;` ud
fy
kh fya;` ud wldrmrsjs;laflk ud osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKda fkda .rE;s
3 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq'mrshdhskak ps;af;da mdKuzms yka;s

woskakuzms wdosh;s mrodruzms .pzP;s uqidms NK;s mruzms ;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx i fyda;s oS> r;a;x
;:;a
wys;dh |=laLdh;s
4 tu
5 tu ,qoafOda…|=gzfGda…uq<afyda…mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,da f,dafNak..fodafiak…fudafyak wNsN~f;da
mrshdoskak ps;af;da mdKuzms nka;s woskakuzms wdosh;s mrodruzms .pzP;s uqidms NK;s mruzms ;:;a;dh
iudofma;s hx I fyda;s oS> r;a;x wys;dh |=laLdhd;s
6 tu ,qoafOda mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,da f,dafNak wNsN~f;d..|=gzfGda mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,da

fodafiak wNsN~f;da…uq<afyda mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,da fudafyak wNsN~f;da mrshdoskak ps;af;da

190
m@Z{ma;sh nsZojegqkq wjia:dj,oS tu iodpdr m@Z{ma;sh nsZojegSu hym;a fyda whym;a fohla
jYfhka ld,du jeishka ms,s.kakjdo keoaohk ldrKhhs'1ta ms<s.ekSu Wv nq|=r|=ka olajk
uQ<slidrOrAu ixl,am ms<snZo b.ekajSuzj, yd iodpdrm@Z{ma;sh iuznJO b.ekajSuzj, i;H fyda
wi;H;djh ;yjqrejknj nq|=yq lreKqiys;j ld,du jeishkag fmkajd|=kay'

fuysoS ld,du jeishkagu m@;HCIjYfhka nq|=r|=kajsiska by; iZoykalrk js.@yh i;Hnejz
jgyd.ekSug Wmldrjk kHdh jYfhka Ndjs;dl<yels lreKqlSmhlaflfrA ld,du jeishkaf.a
wjOdkh fhduqlrjhs'tkuz

1‘ld,dufhks ta lùla is;kakdyqo$fuz Ou!fhda lì,a fyda fjzo wlì,a fyda fjzoao$’‘iajduSkS wlì,ah’2
2‘jro fj;ao ksjro fj;ao$’ ‘iajduSkS jro fj;a’3

3‘kqjKe;a;kajsiska .rANdlrkq,oaodyq fjoao$kqjKe;a;kajsiska m@YxidlrK,oaodyq fj;ao$’
‘iajduSkS .rANd lrK ,oaodyqfj;a’4

4‘iuzmQrAK lrk,oaodyq iudokajk ,oaodyq wys;msKsi |=lmsKsi mj;soao fkdfj;ao$‘iajduSkS
wys;msKsi |=lmsKsi mj;afkah’5

nq|=r|=ka fuz weiqrska ld,du iQ;@fhys iodpdrm@Z{ma;sh nsZoShdfukajk iudcuh whym; jsOsl@u
i;rlska ld,du jeishkayg ta;a;` .kajkq,efnz'tkuz th wlì,a nj jeros iy.;nj m@Z{djka;hka
f.a .rANdjg md;@jSu yd wkq.ukh lrkakkag wys;lrjkaklanjhs'6

fuhska folla idrOrAuj,g jsreoaO mCIfhys,d wka;.!;fjz tkuz wlì,anjhs fuys wlì,h hk
jpkfhka woyialrk ,oafoa th lì,;dj msKsi fkdjkakla njhs'lì,;djhkuz is; ksjSfuz
lì,;djhhs'fyj;a wlì,h kuz is; pxp,lrjkakla njhs wfkla lKaymdCIsl Ou!h jkafka‘
jroldrSnjhs’fuyss jrohkqfjka oelafjkqfha ixl,amuh mCIfhka whym;a udkisl ugzguhs'fuu
lKaymdCIsl OrAufol ixl,amuh jYfhka idrOrAu ixl,amhkg jsreoaO mCIhg tkuz idr OrAu
iqla,(iq|=)ixl,amhlakuz by;lS OrAufol lKay(lZM)ixl,amhkg wka;rA.; fjz'

1 tu ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud$fmdafNda mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda WmamcAc;s ys;dh jd wys;dh

jd;s$wys;dh Nkaf;a ;x lsx uZ[afZ[: ld,dud fodafida mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda WmamcAc;s ys;dh
jd wys;dh jd;s$wys;dh Nkaf; ;x lsx uZ[fZ[: ld,dud fudafda mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda
wcA
WmamcAc;s ys;dh jd wys;dh jd;s$wys;dh Nkaf;
2 tu ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud bfuz Ouzud lì,d jd wlì,d jd ;s$wlì,d Nkaf;
3 tu idjcAcd jd wkjcAcd jd;s$idjcAcd Nkaf;
4 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq'jsZ[aZC|+ .rys;d jd jsZ[aZ|+mamiF:d
C|+
jd;s$jsZ[aZ|+.rys;d Nkaf;
5 tu iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S$fkda jd l:x jd fyF: fyda;S;s$iu;a;d Nkaf;

iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;s tajx fkda fyF: fyda;S;s
6 tu hod ;ùzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud wlì,d bfuz Ouzud idjcAcd bfuz Ouzud

jsZ[aZC|+.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;ùzfya ld,dud
mcfyhahdd:d;s b;s hx ;x jq;a;x bod fuz;x mgspzp jq;a;x

191
b;srsfol iodpdr OrAuhkg m@;smCIfhys wvx.` wdpdrjsoHd;aul fodaIhkah tkuz
nqoaOsu;`kaf.a wmjdoh yd wkq.ukh lrkakka |=lg muqKqjknjhs m@dfhda.sl jHjydrfhka
m@;sfCImjk OrAu folla fyhska fuu OrAufol iodpdrOrAuhkg m@;smCIj fhfoknejz meyeos,sh
1

B<Z.g nq|=r|=ka ld,du jeishkaf.a m@;scdkd;aul m@ia;`;hlska lreKqjsui;s'uq,oS m@;sfYaOkd;aul
fyj;a jeros ms<snZoj jsuiqfjz huzlsis jrola ksjeroslsrSug tlS jro ksjerosnj oek.ekSu;a tu
jro we;sjSug ;`vq|=ka fya;`j;a ksjerosj oek.ekSu jro nsysjSug ;`vq|=kafya;` uZ.yrjd jro ksjeros
lsrSug wjldYi,ikakla fyhsks't;ekoS kej;;a ld,du jeishka lsishuz t,an.ekSulska pska;kuh
oDIaGsiy.;njlg m;ajSu je<lSu iZoyd;a Tjqyq jsjD; ukilska ;enSu iZoyd;a m@;sfCIams; oijsO
ksfYaOd;aul Z{dkudrA.sl ksIaGdjka isysm;alrkq,nh's(fuu oijsO ksfYaOkd;aul Z{dkudrA.sl
ksIaGdjka isysm;alrkq,nhs'(fuu oi jsOksfYaOkd;aul Z{dkudrA.sl ksIaGdjka ms<snZo jsia;r 4yd
5hk mrspzfPAoj,oS jsia;r flrS we;)'

ld,du jeishka iodpdrh iZoyd fm<fTkqfha tkuz uQ<sl jYfhka iodpdrh ke;sjk jeros oek
tajd bj;a lsrSu;`,ska iodpdrd;aul yeisrSulg meusKshyelsnejz meyeos,sju jgydf.khs' tmuK
laofkdj tajdg ;Hd.f,i tkuz iodpdrd;aul yeisrSu iZoyd iudcfhka ,efnk m@;scdkd;aul
ia:uzNkhka ms<snZojo ld,dufhda lreKq wjfndaOlr.ks;s'tkuz lì,nj fydZonj m@ixYdj
wkq.ukhlsrSfuka hym; ie,iSu hk lreKq i;rhs'

fulS uQ<sl lrekqi;rg meusKs ld,duhkag wkqY@jKh mokuz lrf.k mdruzmrsl jsYajdih
mokuz lrf.k fmd;mf;ys tklreKq mokuzlrf.k mQrAjfhys lshd;sfnkfoa mokuzlrf.k
;rAlh mokuz lrf.k kHdh mokuzlrf.k ixl,amh mokuzlrf.k oDIaGsh mokuzlrf.k
u;`msgska fmfkk fydZonj mokuzlrf.k yd .`rejrhdf.a oek W.;aluz mokuzlrf.k hk
lreKq oyh mokuzlrf.k ;j|=rg;a oDIaGs.;slfhl`jSfuz jqjukdjla we;sfkdfjz'2fuu oijsO
lreKq udkisl wdjD;nj we;slrk lreKqh udkisl jy,anj we;slrk lreKqh wkqudkh mokuz
lr.;a lreKqh'

kuq;a nq|=r|=ka ld,du iQ;@fhka fmkajd|=ka m@udKh tkuz iodpdrj;anj ;SrKh ldrSfuz ksrAKd
hl i;r jk lì,;djh fydZonj m@ixYdj ys;iqj,enSu hklreKq i;r m@;HCIh m@udKh lr
.;a jspdrmQrAjl mokula Tiafia ;ukajsiskau o;afoa wkqj ;udu ,nd.;a ks.uk fjhs3 hk tk
uZ.la fkdue;sj wjspdrfha w;ruxj isgs ld,du jeishkag ksis wdldrfhka jspdrmQrAjlj iodpdr
OrAufoi ne,Sug;a ksis iodpdr m@Z{ma;shla f.dvkZ.d.ekSu iZoyd wjYHflfrk ksrAKdhl l@u

1 tu jsZ{aZC|+.rys;d jd jsZ[aZC|+mamiaF:djd;s$jsZ[aZC|+.rys;d Nkaf;
2 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' ta: ;ùzfyald,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud
mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;laflak ud osgzGs
kscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKda fkda .rE;s
3 tu ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud bfuz Ouzud lì,d jd w;ì,d jd;s$ lì,d Nkaf; idjcAcd jd wkjcAcd

jd;s$wkjcAcd Nkaf; jsZ[aZC|+.rys;d jd jsZ[aZC|+mamiF:d jd;s$jsZ[aZC|+mamiF:d Nkaf; iu;a;d iudoskakd
ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;s$fkda jd$l:x jd fyF: fyda;S;s$iu;a;d Nkaf; iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh
ixj;a;ka;s tajx fkda fyF: fyda;S;s

192
i;rl`;a Tjqkag yZ|=kajd|=kafka tawkqjh'taTiafia by; m@;sfCIml< Z{dkudrA. oyhg
.e;sfkdjS iodpdr jsksYaphl fhoSfuz yelshdj fuz uZ.ska ld,du jeishkag ,enqks'1

fuz uZ.ska idrOrAu yd iodpdr m@Z{ma;sh w;r oelafjk inZo;djho ld,dujeishkag m@;HCIlr
jSug nq|=r|=kag yelsjsh'tkuz whym;a widrOrAu(lKayOu!);`<ska whym;a iodpdr m@Z{ma;Ska
nsysjknj fuz hgf;a ld,du jeisfhda jsjD; ukiska jspdrmQrAjl f,i wjfndaOlr.ks;s'tfiau tlS
uQ<OrAu mjd lsishuz ndysr fohla oDIaGsuh jYfhka wdOdrlrf.k tys wOsldrshg ps;a;Yla;sh
hgm;alrf.k jy,aukiska okakdjQ fohka fkdj jsjD; ukiska ;udu m@;HCIfldg nei.kakd
i;Huh ks.ukhla nj;a ld,du jeisfhda f;areuz.ks;s'2

fojkqj nq|=r|=ka ufkdauQ<sl idrOrAu;`kla fya;`fjka iodpdrm@Z{ma;sh l@shd;auljk njolaj;s'
tu ufkdauQ<sl idrOrAu;`k jkdyS wf,daN wfodai yd wfuday nj ld,dufhda wjfndaOlr .ks;s'

1‘ld,dufhks ta lùlehs is;kakdyqo$mqreIhd;`< WmoskakdjQ wf,daNh ys;msKsi fyda wys; msKsi
Wmoskafkao$’‘iajduSkS ys;msKsi fjz’3

2‘ld,dufhks ta lùlehs is;kakdyqo$mqreIhd;`< WmoskakdjQ woafjzYh ys;msKsi fyda wys; msKsi
Wmoskafkao$’‘iajsuSkS ys; msKsi fjz’4
3‘ld,dufhks ta lùlehs is;kakdyqo$mqreIhd;`< WmoskakdjQ wfudayh ys;msKsi fyda wys; msKsi
Wmoskafkao$’‘iajduSkS wys; msKsih’5

by; oelajQ idrOrAu ixl,am;`k tkuz wf,daN woafjzY yd wfudayhk;`kuZ.ska iudc hym;
ie,fikafka ta;`<ska uQ<sl iodpdr m@Z{ma;sh wdrCIdjSu fya;`fldg f.knj ld,du jeisfhda
m@;HCIfhka wjfndaOlr .ks;s'6by; olajk,o idrOrAu ixl,am;`k uZ.ska wdrCIdjk uQ<sl
iodpdr m@Z{ma;sh f,i ld,du jeisfhda m@;HCIlr.;afka my; iZoyka lreKqh'tkuz
1 i;`ka fkduerSu7
2 fidrluz fkdlsrSu1

1 tu b;s fLda ld,dud hx ;x wfjdapquzy ta: ;ùzfya ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud
msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;laflak ud ozgzGs kscACOdklaLka;shd ud
NnznrEm;dh ud iufKda fkda .rE;s hod ;ùzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cdfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud lÌ,d bfuz Ouzud
iufKda
wkjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+mamiF:d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;ùzfya
ld,dud WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhahd;s b;s hx ;x jq;a;x bofuz;x mgspzp jq;a;x
2 tu hod ;ùzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj cfkhHd: bfuz Ouzud wlì,d bfuz Ouzud idjcAcd bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|+
hod
.rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh |=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;ùzfya ld,dud mcfyhahd:
3 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud wf,dafNda

mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda WmamcAc;s ys;dh jd wys;dh jd ;s$ ys;dh Nkaf;
4 tu';x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud wfodafida mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda WmamcAc;s ys;dh jd wys;dh jd;s$

ys;dh Nkaf;
5 tu ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud wfudafyda mqqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda WmamcAc;s ys;dh jd wys;dh
m
jd;s$ ys;dh Nkaf;
6 tu w,qoafOda mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,da f,dafNak….w|=gzfGda mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,da fodafiak…

wuQ<afyda mkdhx ld,dud mqrsimq.a.f,da fudafyak wkNsN~f;da wmrshdoskak ps;af;da fkj mdKx yka;s k
woskakx wdosh;s k mrodrx .pzP;s k uqid NK;s mruzms ;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx I fyda;s oS> r;;x ys;dh
iqLdh;s
7 tu fkj mdKx yka;s

193
3 mrodrdjka lrd fkdhEu(ldu us:Hdpdrfhka je<lSu)2
4 fndre fkdlSu3
5 by; oelafjk lreKq i;frys wkqka fkdfhojSu(fuh u;ameka mdkfhka je<lSu hA smAnvn
kr[Nk` bvepen`.4Eyx eh`t=vn<ey` enAm<LAsfhfeyn`y<t= oZn{m aeyk= atfn` iht sHdhn`
kr[N< strix< vFm hA ehtm E`kr[N< mHgfn` ihtfn` d[kèvn kr[N< str pfLfp[dFemhflA
p&tfjAnAt`mk ups`TmZBnyk` l[ebn b[vfnf.)

b[l>b[l`mx ihtd[v> kr[N<ps p^cVFl p&tfpdAv hA smAnb[vZ epen`.psèvnf a^gyx
d[kèvn anYyn` sdAcAreyhf eyAdvns`vBAvy v>klF mt`p[n` pAneyn` v[LkFemZ VfOSApdy
hA smAny. mk` nfsAd yt` mt`p[n`pAny mHgfn` an<n` sdAcAr p&Qp`tfeyn` a{t` krvFmx
epLMFmk` l[ebn`nAkèmn` mt`p[n` pAneyn` v[LkFmt=lfn` ehAHd yhpt` sfhfn<vNk` l[bFmxt`
E` yhpt` sfhfn<vNk` l[bFmxt`,E` yhpt` sfhfn<vN BAvftyx g[nFmmt=lfn` ekenk= m>lfk
sdAcArp&Qp`tfy(p&ANGAteyn` v[LkFm, esArkmZ enAkfrFm,prdArAvn`krA enAy{m,ebAr[ fkd
enAkFm) aArOSAkfrFmx eyAm<vFmx DnAt`mk (p&tfjAnAt`mk) ups`TmZBnyk` l[ebnb[vfnf.
mt`p[n`pAny v[rdfkfrFmx an<n` epLMvFmkf.mt`p[n` pAneyn` v[LkFm sdAcArvt`vFmx
5
an<nèpLMvFmkf.emZnfsA‘mt`p[n`’p&tfeV`DnAt`mk epLMvFmk`bv s[lkfy h[kfy.

E` smHgm sArDr~m smZb$Deyn` epAzevZ sAmAnYeyn` krn nfr~vcnyvn idrOrAu jkdyS
wd.uz an<v jAtfan<v rxvlàn<v vg%ekern mAnvs^kl`p pd`Dtfyk` ynkArNy b<zdhemZ
vfg&hekern ebUd`D sArDr~m smZb$Deyn` tv zrxt` Ees`m vl^g=vnvAd ynkArNy mt=
evyf.6mk`nfsAd yt` sArDr~m pfLfbHdv elA`kyAvfsfn` s{maAgmkm epAzevZ ar~TkTnykL h[kf
sArDr~m ekAxsk` n[t[yf upkl`pnykr sArDr~mg[n ihtkF nfr~vcny idfrfpn`kr
tfbFmyf.7emes`kFm vl^g=vnèn`` E` E` aAgmxepAz sArDr~m smAj sdAcArp&Qp`tfy smHg
smZb$DtAvyk` enAm[tèt`nmZ pmNf.emZ an<v hfn`znèg` hf$z sArDr~myk` els s[lekn
s[mfyA mL kAn`tAv s[mfyAeg` d[evn cftkyxp[nFm ehA` blhAt`kAreyn` a[yv cftkyx
dmA gfnfbt` krvFm‘stf p>jAv’vnAhF sdAcArAt`mk pOSeyn` sdAcAr vferA`DF k&fyAvkf.emZ
mHgfn` mn<SY GAtnyx ehA` GAtnyx an<bldFm sfzvn b[vfnf. smAj smZm<tf sdAcAr p&Qp`tf
y` pLm<evnf a^gyvn p&ANGAteyn` v[LkFm emZ mHgfn` kwkrn< l[ebZ.8E` nfsA stfp>jAv
n[m[tf hf$z sArDr~my smAj sdAcAry smHg enAg[lepn b[vfn` Ey sArDr~myk` els
p&tfkèS`p evZ.

emZ an<v anfvAr~eyn`m ymZkfsf aAgmk ehA` jAtfyk d[kèvn sArDr~myk` sdAcAry smHg
smZb$DenAevZd enAp{eh`d Em sArDr~my tvzrxt` sAr Dr~myk` els enAs[lek`.nm<t` b<z
meyhf d[kèvn ihtfn` vfs`trkrnld kAlAms>t&eyn` ehLfvn ebUd`DsArDr~m els s[lekn

1 tu k woskakx wdosh;s
2 tu k mrodrx .pzP;s
3 tu k uqid NK;s
4 tu mruzms ;:;a;dh iudofma;s

5 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq'mruzms ;:;a;dh iudofma;=iqrdfuzrh
s
upzPmudogzGdkd fjzruKS islaLdmox iudoshdus
6 usksia cSjs;h iy .egZM fla Y@S OuzudkJo ysus fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh foysj, 1997
7 iodpdr orAYkh Ouzumoh weiqfrka wfnzr;ak iurfldaka iajia;s fmd;a m@ldYlfhda cd we, 2002
8 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq'fkj mdKuzms yka;s

194
aelA`By,adèvZSy hA aemA`hy yn m>Lfk sArDr~m t&ft`vy sdAcArpOSy smHg
mnAvg[lepn b[vfn` aenYA`nY vVeyn`,eh`t=PlvVeyn` mnAvs[sHdFmx pt`vnb[vfn` ebUd`D
sArDr~m s^kl`p t&ft`vy vnAhF aAgmkx sFmAenAv> vfV`vFy Dr~mtAvn`t=nk` bv
ehLfevZ.1oZn{m aAgmk oZn{m jAtfyk p<d`gleyk= vfsfn` ihtkF sArDr~m s^kl`pt=n kwkfrFm
eh`t=evn` sdAcAr p&Qp`tfy bfHdv[xFmt`,sArDr~mt=n aArOSAkfrFm eh`t=evn` sdAcAr p&Qp`tfy
aArOSAvn bvt`, jAtf aAgmZeB`dykfn` etArv p&tYOSkr gnF.2emZ eh`t=evn` ebUd`D sArDr~m
sArDr~m tvzrxt` ebUd`D ehA` aebUd`D ehA` yn<evn` Ekm aAgmkx sFmAkr
ekAx<krd[k`vFm an<vN kr[Nk`bvt` Eehyfn` kAlAm s>t&ey` ig[nèvn ihtkF sArDr~m
t&ft`vy epAz vfV`vFy sArDr~m t&ft`vyk`bvt` emZ an<v p[h[dflfevZ.3

kAlAm s>t&ey`dF b<zrzn` vfsfn` dk`vA a[tèt` emZ ay<rfn` m>Lfk sArDr~m s^kl`pt=nv>
aelA`By, adèvZSy hA aemA`hy yn s^kl`pt=n tmA ekerhf pfhfx<vAgt~ oZn{m p<d`gleyk=
ebUd`D evZvA aebUd`Deyk=evZvA kfsfz jAtf aAgmZ eB`dykfn` etArv k&fyAt`mkpOSeyhflA
an<gmnykrn p<d~glyA ‘aAyY%V&Avk’nAmeyn` h[Hdfnèvn bvyf.4Ey emes` d[kèvZ.

‘ld,dufhks fufia myl< f,daNwe;s myl< oafjzI we;s m<LAenAv> yhpt` n<vN a[t`tAv>,
sfhfeyn` y<k`tv> E`‘aAyY%V&Avk’etm eemt&Fshgt sftfn` Ek`dfsAvk` pt=rvA vAsykryf.’5

nqzs<nt=L aAyY%V&Avk nAmeyn` h[Hdfnèvn<ey` ss<n`mHgx b[sgt`tAv>d nq|=iiqkhkq lùlaoehs
yZ|=kd .;a;djQ mqoa.,hdh fidajdkaud.!,dNS mqoa.,hdf.aisg wkd.duSM,,dNS mqoa.,hd olajd
i;ajeoEreuz mqoa., fhdau fuu wdrAhY@djlkdufhka yeZoskafjz6 ix>r;akh;`< fulS wgjeoEreuz
mqoa.,hd wka;rA.; nejska wIaGdrAh (wIaG+wdrAh=wIaGdrAh)mqoa., uydix>r;akh jYfhka
jHjydrjkQfhao tnejsks'kuq;a ld,duiQ;@h NsCIQkajykafia,d Wfoidl< foaYkdjla fkdj .sys
msrsila Wfoid (ld,du kuz ks.ufha jsiQ .uzjeishka) foiQ oyuls'7tu ksid fuu m@ldYh idudkH
fhka is;kjdg jvd uZola nerEreuz yd j.lSuz iy.; m@ldYhla nj fmfka'

fuz ksid fuhska fmfkkafka huzlsis mqoa.,fhl` by;lS iudc iodpdrm@Z{ma;sh tkuz i;`ka fkd
uerSu fidrluz fkdlsrSu mrodr fiajkh fkdlsrSu wkqka ta Wfoid fm<UjSuzfkdlsrSu hk lreKq
mi wdrCId lsrSug fya;`jk uQ<sl idrOrAu ixl,amhka;`k tkuz wf,daNh woafjzIh yd wfudayhhk

1 tu w,qoafOda…w|=gzfGda…..wuQ<afyda…mkdhx ld,dud wf,dafNda….Wfodafida … wfudafyda… mqrsiiai

wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda WmamcAc;s ys;dh jd wys;dh jd;s$ys;dh Nkaf;
2 tu' w,qoafOda mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,da f,dafNak wkNsN~f;da…w|=gzfGda mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,da

fodafiak wkNsN~f;da..wuQ<afyda mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,da fudafya; wkNsN~f;da wmrshdoskak ps;af;da fkaj
mdKx yka;s k wosskakx wdosh;s k mrodrx .pzP;s k uqid NK;s mruzms ;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx I fyda;s oS>
wo
r;a;dh ys;dh iqLdh;s
3 tu wf,dafNda …wfodafida…wfudafyda
4 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq'i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx

js.;dNscAfCOd js.;nHdmdfoda wiuamQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siaif;da….
5 tu i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx js.;dNscAfCOd js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda

m;siaif;da fu;a;d iy.f;ak fpz;id talx osix MrsFjd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;:d p;`;a:sx b;s
WoaOufOda ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x f,dalx WfmlaLd iy.f;ak fpz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak
wmamudfKak wfpzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd jsyr;s
6 oS' ks' 1"iduZ[Z[M, iq;a;"nq 'c' uq'144 msgqj'
7 tu' wNslalka;x Nkaf;…fm…taf;a uhx Nkaf; N.jka;x irKx .pzPdu Ouzuxp NslaLq ix>xp Wmdifla
fkda Nkaf; N.jd OdfrA;` wcAc;.af.a mdKqqfmaf;a irKx .f;a;s

195
ixl,amhka isf;a jO!kh lsrSug l@shdlrhskuz ta mqoa.,hd ;j|=rg;a mD:.ackfhl` f,i
fkdi,ld1 nq|=iiqk yZ|=kd.;a wdhH! mqoa.,fhl`f.a ;Fjfhka yZ|=kajdwe;snjhs.kAlAms>t&ey` m<lfn`m
p&tfkèS`p krnld dsvfDp&tfeV`DnAt`mk nfS`XAvn` aADArkr enAegn E`vAx yxenAvF
s`vADFn p<d`gl eyk=els cfn`tn nfdhs gr[krmfn` kxy<t=krn kvrtrAtfrmk kvraAgmk
k=mn p<d`gley k=xv<vd(avmtrmfn` gfhfp[vfdf eB`dyvt` enAsLkA) sArDr~m hA sdAcArDm%
aArOSA kfrFmt=Lfn` aAyY%p<d`gleyk=eg` mAnsfk mxZxmx avtFr~N vfyh[kfbv epn`vAdF tfebZ.2

Ees`m g=NDr~m v[wFemZ k&mAn>k+l rxAvk`d kAlAm s>t&ey`dF vfg&hyx pAt&evZ.3m<lfn`m
sdAcAr p&Qp`tfy aArOSAkL y<t=evZ.4Ey kv<r[n` ehA` aAgmfk VAs`tRvreyk= kfyn vcny
vfV`vAsekAx tm cfn`tn nfdhs pAvAdFemn` sfzkrn`nk` enAv vfcArp>r~vk aAkl`peyn`
nfdhs` sftkfn` sfzkrn edykf.sdAcAr p&Qp`tfy aArOSAkfrFemZdF ky vcn ynedkm
aArOSAevZ.

I LHgx d[m<N< p<d`glyA sArDr~m vD%ny pfNfs k&fyAkL y<t=y.5sArDr~m s^kl`p vnAhF
menA` m>Lfky.6E` nfsA sArDr~m vD%ny pfNfs k&fyAkrn`nAeg` mns pfrfsfzevZ.pvft&evZ.t[n`pt`
evZ.mv[nf p[h[dflf mAnsfk ps<tlykfn`y<t= p<d`glyA smAjyx dèvZS krnènk= enAevZ.
eemt&Fkrnènkf.eemt&Fyn nmfn` b<zsmey` d[kèvnèn` mft&t`v s^kl`pyyf.7

m>Lfk sdAcAr p&Qp`tfy E` p<d`glyAatfn` aArOSAvn<ey` oh< m<HPmht` smAjyxm eemt&Fkr
n`nAv> p<d`gleyk`vFm nfsyf.(ketA`lfk Dr~mey`‘ep&`m’ynvden` ar[td eemt&Fyn ar~Teyn`m
ebAehA`tn`hf vYvhArkrn< l[ebZ.)8oh<eg` eemt&fy sFmAshft EkkènAevZ.oh< smAjey` s{m
dfsAvkm evesn s{m trAtfrmkm elAk=k=wA s{m s#vyAvfSeyhfm mht` eemt&Fshgt
sftkfn` y<t=v vAsykryf.EbHz aAr~y p<d`glyA b<zrzn` vfsfn` kAlAm s>t&eyhf hHzn`vAa[tèt`
emZay<rfnf.9

1 tu i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx wfjzr ps;af;da tajx wnHdmcACO ps;af;da tajx wixls,sgzG ps;af;da

tajx jsiqoaOps;af;da ;iai osgzfGj Ouzfuz p;a;dfrda tajx jsiqoaO ps;af;da ;iai tsgzfGj Ouzfuz p;a;dfda wiaidid
Gj
wOs.;d fydka;s
2 tu i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx js.;dNscAfCOda ns.;nHdmdfoda wiuzmQ<afyda iumcdfkda

m;siaif;da…
3 tu …wmrshdoskak ps;af;da fkaj mdKx yka;s k woskakx wdosh;s k mrodrx .pzP;s k uqid NK;s mruzms

;:;a:dh iudofmaa;s hx I fyda;s oS> r;a;x ys;dh iqLdh;s
iudofm
4 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' ta: ;ùzfya ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud

mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkzk ud ;lalfya;` ud khfya;` ud wdldrmrsjs;laflak ud
osgzGskscACOdklaLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKda fkda .rE;s hod ;ùzfya ld,dud w;a;kdj vfkhHd:
ud
bfuz Ouzud jsZ[aZC|=mamiF:d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd ys;dh iqLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;ùzfya ld,dud
WmiuzmcAc jsyfrhHd:
5 iodpdr orAYkh Ouzumoh weiqfrka" wfnzr;ak iurfldak"a iaji;s fmd;am@ldYlfhda"cd we,"2002'
6 wdpdr jsoHdj"mS' vS' fm@auisrs"vnz,sjz fla @ekalskd"jspdrd;aul yeZoskajSula iys; mrsjrA;kh"tia' f.dvf.a
iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U" 1998'
7 w' ks' 11" ;;sh mq.a., iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 246-248 msgqj'
8 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h uydj.a. ld,duiq;a; nq c uq 337--343 msgq i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx

js.;dNscAfCOd js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siaif;da….
9 tu'fu;a;d iy.f;ak fpz;id talx osix MrsFjd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;:d p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOufOda

;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x f,dalx WfmalaLdiy.f;ak fpz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak
djka
wmamudfkak wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd jsyr;s

196
‘E` aAr~y V&Avketm eemt&Fshgtsftfn` Ek`dfsAvk` pt=rvA vAsykryf.Ees`m edevnf
dfVAvd Ees`m t=n`v[nf dfVAvd Ees`m htrv[nf dfVAvd emes` uwd yxd srsd s{mtn`hf hFn
mDYmAdF sfyl`la[tf b[vfn` sfyHP s#vyn` a[t`tAv> elA`ky mht`v> mht`bvx gfyAv> aeevrFv>
vYApAdrhftv> eemt&Fshgt sftfn` m;`rjd jdih lrhs’1

EpmNk` enAv emZ aAyY%V&AvkyA an<nèg`zkd[k uN<vn mRzsftkà[tètkf.Ees` ehyfn`
smAj sdAcArDm% aArOSAkrn EbHzt[n[t`tA an<nèker~ an<kmZpA krn atfVyfn`
kAr[Nfkv>evkf.oh<eg` sfethf smAjey` evesn sfyHP ednAvfSeyhf a[tfvn kAr[NfkBAvy
sFmAshft EkkènAevZ.asFmft v>vkf.oh< smAjey` s{m dfVAvkm evesn s{mtrAtfrmkm
elAk=k=wA s{mst`vyA vfSeyhfm itAm p<HPl` ay<rfn` kAr[Nfk sftkfn`y<t=v eves`.EbHz aAyY%
p<d`glyAeg` s`vr{py kAlAm s>t&yeyhf vfs`tr vn<ey` pht d[kèvn ay<rfnf.

‘E` aAyY%V&Avk etm kr[Nashgt sftfn` Ek`dfsAvk` pt=r[vA vAsykryf.Ees`m edevnf
dfVAvd, Ees`m t=n`v[nf dfVAvd,Ees`m htrv[nf dfVAvd,emes` uwd,yxd,s{mtn`hf hFn
mDYmAdF sfyl`l a[tf b[vfn`,sfyHP st`vyn` a[t`tAv> elA`ky mht`v> mht`bvx gfyAv>, aeevrFv>
vYApAd rhftv>,kr[NA shgt sftfn` pt=r[vA vAsykryf.’2

smAjey` ebAehAèdenk` vfvfD ay<rfn` smRd`Dfmt` jFvft gtkrtf.yhpt`v> aAyY%V&AvkyA
an<nèg` ysis<r[ hA smRd`Dfy d[k tmn`d st=xx ptèvZ.3E` s[p smZpt` tmAx l[b<nAk`
emn`m st=xx ptèvZ. an<nèg` s[psmZpt` tvzrxt`,v[wf dfy<N<evZvA yyf ptmfn` vw vwAt`
sfethf st=x lbyf.emm mht`v> st=x‘m<dftAv’nmZevZ.4anYynèg` is<r pfLfbHd tRp`tfmt`BAvy
ehvt` m<dftAv m<HPmht` smAjey` evesn s{m p<d`gleyk= evtm Ekes` vYAp`tkrvn m>Lfk
sdAcAr p&Qp`tfy aArOSAkrn aAyY%p<d`glyA pfLfbHdv kAlAm s>t&eyhf d[kèvn vfg&hy pht
sHdhn` prfdfy.

‘E` aAyY%V&Avketm m<dftA shgtsftfn` Ek`dfsAvk`pt=r[vA vAsykryf.Ees`m edevnf dfVAvd,
Ees`m t=n`v[nf dfVAvd,Ees`m htrv[nf dfVAvd,emes` uwd,yxd srsd,s{mtn`hf hFn mDYmAdF
sfyl`l a[tf b[vfn` sfyHP st`vyn` a[t`tAv> elA`ky mht`v> mht`bvx gfyAv>,aeevrFv> vYApAd
rhftv> m<dftA shgt sftfn` pt=rvA vAsykryf.’5

smAjey` evesn sfyHPednAevt mft=r[bv p[tfrvFmt=lfn` sfyHPednAevt smAnAt`mtAvy
pt=r[vA lyf.s{mednAevtm kAr[NfkvFm mHgfn` an<nèg`zk hHznn dyAprvV p<d`gleyk=

1 tu
2 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx
js.;dNscAfCOda js.;NHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siaif;da lreKd iy.f;ak fpz;id talx osix
cdfkda
MrsFjd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;: p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOuf;da ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;dh inzndjka;x
f,dalx WfmalaLd iy.f;ak f,dalx WfmalaLd iy.f;ak fpz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak wmamudfkak wfjzfrAk
wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd jsyr;s
3 tu i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx js.;dNscAfCOda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siaif;da………
4 tu i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx js.;dNscAfCOda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siaif;da uqos;d

iy.f;ak fpz;id talx osix MrsFjd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;:d p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOufOda ;srshx
hx
inznOs inzn;a;dh inzndjk;x f,dalx WfmalaLdiy.f;ak fpz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak wmamudfKak
wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd jsyr;s
5 tu

197
bvx ptèvZ.smAj gt zk t=nFkrvFmpfNfs avVYkrn`nAv> ebA`Dfs#vcyY%Av pfNfs
tmattfb> nfr~vANvebA`Dy pvA aHPym l> eklpfwkès` ath[r ssr pfvfesnèn`
1
elA`ks#vyApfNfs mhAkr[NAevnf. embHz ut=mZ adhs` a[tf mhA kr[NAevn` y<t` st`vg
hftv[wk[mtf ebA`st` vr[ jnftkrvnèn` kAr[NfkBAvey` mhfmeynf.2p&QasmZpt`tfy
v[wFmxepr ebA`st`vr[ mnAv p&g=NklAv> g=Nykèls kr[NAv d[k` evnèn`
Eb[vfnf.sArDr~myn` atr ekenk= V&Avk tt`vey` sfx ebA`Dfs#vt#vyx n^vALFmx upkArvn
kr[NAv Ehf uprfm nfS`XAevZdF mhA kr[NAv nAmeyn`d mhA kr[NA smApt`tfQANy
vVeyn`d h[HdfnèvZ.3

an<nèg` s[psmZpt` ekerhf a[tfvn cft`tp&emA`dy ehvt` m<dftAveh`t=evn` an<nèg` s[p
smZpt`vl hAnfyx eh`t=vn ir~SYAv ivt`vFm smAj p&Qp`tf m>LDr~m d[kèvn p^cVFl
p&tfpdAevZ esArkmZkfrFemn` v[LkFemZ VfOSApdy aArOSAkfrFmx upeyA`gFevZ.4an<nèg` s[p
smZpt` ekerhf esArsftk` hx g[enn<ey` an<n`st= vs`t=v tmAst=krg[nFemZ elA`Byt` EkF
elA`By pAdkkrgt` Ir~SYA prvVv> cft`tyt` smHgy.

s`pr~VkAmy ekerhf elA`l#vy aDfkvFmnfsA sft vfr[d`Dlf^gfkes`vnyevta[dFyAm sfzevZ.5
emhfdF smAj sdAcAryvn<ey` Ey smAn>gtva[tf ymZ ymZ epAz smZm<tFn`x an<k+lv pfLfgt`
smZmt sdAcAr s^dr~Byk`t=lfn` tm avVYtA ix<krvA g[nFmyf6.nm<t` elA`l#vy aDfkvgfy
t[en`dF mn<SyyA smZmt sdAcAry ik`mvA k&fyAkfrFmxyAm nfsA an<n`vfSeyhf eevrFecZtnAvt`
akAr[NfkBAvyt` Ir~SYAprvV vFmt` E` eh`t=evn` m<sAbs` bfNFmt` sfzevZ. m<dftAvyn sAr
Dr~m s^kl`py k&fyAt`mkvFmt=lfn` iht aAkAreyn` bfHdv[xfyh[kf p&vNtAv aehA`sfvF hA
avmvF egAs` smAj sdAcAry aArOSAvFmx mAr~gy p{ed`.

emes` smAjy eker~ m<dftAevn` y<k`tv> t[n[t`tA tmn` smAjey` anYynèvt vwAt`
smFpvFmx a[g{l<mZkmZ a[tfkrg[nFmt=lfn` tvt` ebAehAèdnAx Eym anfymZ mAnsfk hA kAyfk
blp{mk` a[tfvfy h[kfyyf avebA`Dkregn mDYs`TtAv ehvt` uepÒSAv a[tfkrg[nFmx
ut`s<kevZ.7smAj sdAcArey` uprFm prfpAky mDYs`TtAvy ehvt` uepÒSAv yn sArDr~m
s^kl`py mHgfn` nfr{pftevZ.

1 ixh;a; ksldh 11" f.d;u iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 16 msgqj' mqnzfnj fu NslaLfj iuzfndaOd wjNsiuznoaOiai
qoa
fndaOsi;a;iafij if;d t;ofydis
2 fn#oaO iodpdrfha uQ<OrAu".`Kmd, OrAuisr" kqf.af.dv"1980" 112 msgqj'
3 fndaOsprAhdj;dr"ixi'a fudrgqfjz idikr;k ysu" 160- 164 msgq'
4 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' i fLda fid ld,dud wrsh idjflda tajx

js.;dNscAfCOda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siaif;da uqos;d iy.f;ak fpz;id talx osix MrsFjd jsyr;s ;:d
|=;shx …
5 tu' ,qoafOda…|=gzfGda… uQ<afyda …mkdhx ld,dud mqrsi mq.a.f,da f,dafNk..fodafiak…fudafyak…wNsN~f;da

mrshdoskak ps;af;da ….mrodruzms .pzP;s…mruzms ;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx I fyda;s oS>r;a;x wys;dh
mrodruz
|=laLhd;s
6 w' ks' v jH.a>mcAc iq;a; nq c uq 234 msgqj uhx Nkaf; .syS ldufNda. mq;a; iuzndO ihkx wcACOddjidu

ldisl jJokx mpzpkqfNdu ud,d .JO jsf,amkx Odfrhdu cd;rEmx rc;x idoshdu f;x fkd Nkaf; N.jd
;:d Ouzux fofi;` fh wuzydlx wiaiq Ouzud osgzGOuzuys;dh osgzGOuzu iqLdh mruzmrdh ys;dh iuzmrdh
iqLdh
7 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' i fLda fida ld,dud wrsh idjflda tajx

js.;dNscAfCOda js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siaif;da WfmlaLd iy.f;ak fpz;id talx osix
mcdfkda
Mrs;ajd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d |=;shx ;:d p;`;a:x ;;d p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOuf;da ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh

198

emes` smAjey` evesn s{m p<d`gleyk=evtm dfVA eB`dykfn` kAl avs`TA eB`dykfn`
etArv uepÒSAv pt=rvn mDYs`T adhs` a[tf p<d`glyA sms`t smAjy ek`$z&gtekAxegnm
sm mAnsfk s`vBAvykfn` y<t=v slkA gnfyf.st=r[ mft=r[ vfr[d`D avfr[d`D aAdF kfsfz eB`d
s`vBAvyk` emhfdF enAs[lekn b[vfn` eemt&fy kr[NAv hA m<dftAv yn sArDr~m mxZxmx
vwA uepÒSA sArDr~m mxZxm itAm sfy<mZ sArDr~m mxZxmk` bvd Eyx p[mfNfyh[kèk`
pfLfevlfn` eemt&fy kr[NAv hA m<dftAv yn sArDr~m s^kl`p mxZxmZ ps<kLAv> p<d`glyn`xm
pmNk`b[vZd emhf vfeV`S lOSNykf.1kAlAm s>t&eyhf emZ ay<rfn` uepÒSA shftv evesnènk=
eg` mAnsfk s`vBAvy vfs`treker~.

‘E` aAyY% V&Avketm uepÒSAshgt sftfn` Ek`dfsAvk` pt=r[vA vAsykryf.Ees`m edevnf
dfVAvd Ees`m t=n`v[nf dfVAvd Ees`m htrv[nf dfVAvd emes` uwd yxd srsd s{m tn`hf
hFn mDYmAdF sfyl`l a[tfb[vfn` sfyHP s#vyn` a[t`tAv> elA`ky mht`v> mht`bvx gfyAv>
aeevrFv> vYApAd rhftv> uepOSA shgt sftfn` pt=r[vA vAsykryf.’2

emZ ay<rfn` sm sftfn` mDYs`Tv evesn aAr~yV&AvkyA smAjeyà[tfenAeyk=t` eB`d enA
slkyf.smAnAt`mtAvy gr[kryf.hFn p&NFt elAk=k=wA zp`pt` epAehAst` ebUd`D aebUd`D
s`t&F p<r[S aAdF vVeyn` EkfenkAeg` us`mfxfkmZ enAsftyf.smAjey` evesn s{m sAmAjfk eyk=
evtm dk`vnèn` mDYs`TaAkl`mhls3 flfkl`g fuh t;ruz Wmfhda.S;djhla fkdue;sfia tlajru
jegyS.sh;a ienjskau fuz kr[N iht vfs`trkrnld eemt&Fkr[NA hA m<dftA yn sArDr~m
s^kl`pvlx vwA upeyA`gFtAvyk` a[tf sArDr~m s^kl`pykf.Ey nfds<nkfn` emes` d[k`vfy
h[kfy.

edmvZpfyn`vfsfn` tm dr[vn`vfSeyhf eemt&F shgtvFmt`,kAr[NfkvFmt`,dr[vnèg` dfy<N<v
d[k st=x<vFmZvVeyn` m<dftAv a[tfkrg[nFmt`,dr[esenhs a[tf s{m edmvZpfeyk=xm itA s<HP
edykf.nm<t` dr[vn`wg` k=zmht` s{mkxy<t`hfdFm E` hA smAnv uepÒSAshftv ps<vFm dr[v
n`x a[tf aDfkesenhs nfsAm EbHz edmvZpfyn`x aphs<y.dr[esenhs nfsAm tmnèg` enA
pfr[N< aepÒSA pfx<ps dr[vn` hMAy[vFmt` dr[vn` E` pfx<ps hMAegAs` tmn`dr[vn`x lbA
zn` ilk`k dr[vn` sAk`SAtèkAx ov<nèg` jFvft sAr~Tkkrg[nFmt` dkfn asn edmvZpfyn`
st=xx ptèvtf.Ees`m E` k&fyAvLfy asAr~Tkkrgt` dr[vn` pfLfbHdv ov<n` ps<t[vflfevtf.EkF
dr[vnèg` anAgtyg[n sftA eVA`kevtf,cft`t prfdAhyx p[mfeNtf.4

inzndjka;x f,dalx WfmalaLd iy..f;a k fpz;kd jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak wmamudfKak wfjzfrAk
wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd jssyr;s
j
1 tu'
2 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq'
3 tu i fLd fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx wfjzrps;af;d tajx wnNdmcACOps;af;da tajx wixls,sgzGps;af;da

tajx jsiqoaO ps;af;da tajx ;iai osgzfGj Ouzfuz p;a;dfrda wiaidid wOs.;d fydkaa;s
fydk
4 w' ks' iv" ldufNda.s iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 326 msgqj'

199
asAr~Tkv> emAehAet` tmn`l[bfyy<t=mv> mAnsfk as`v[sfl`l tm dr[vn`x lbAdFmx emZ
nfsA EbHz edmvZpfeyA` asmtèvtf.1p&tfPly dr[vn`` evnt` mAr~gykfn` ehA` tm jFvft aepÒSA
ix<krg[nFmx ov<n`x tfb> avs`TAv emZeh`t=v nfsAm ov<nèvtfn` gflfhFyAmevZ.2vfkl`p mAr~g
osès` egAs` tmnèg` dOStA k=sltA vD%ny krgnfmfn` tm tmnèg` jFvft nv ilk`kosès`
egnyAmx dr[vn`x a[tf ayftfy emZ mHgfn` ov<n`x ahfmfkrvFm hA Ix edmvZpfynègèsenhs
mHgfn`m ay<t=bADk El`lvFmt` emZ mHgfn` sfzevZ.

edmvZpfyn`t=L eemt&fy kr[NAv m<dftAv trmx m tm dr[vn` ekerhf uepÒSAv vD%nyvF
tfb<nAnmZ,edmvZpfyn` atfn` emZ vrd sfz enAevZ. EbHz edmvZpfyn` dr[vnèg` sfyHP kxy<t=vldF
ov<n`x shRdyn` hA mAr~egA`ped`Vyn` vnvA mfsk` blAt`kAreyn` mAr~geyhf a[degn yn`nn`
enAvnb[vfnf. uvmnAvxvwA dr[vn`x aArOSAv s[pyFm emn`m n<vmnA prfdf aDfkels dr[vn`
eker~ avDAneyn` ps<vFmd dr[vnèg` epAr[SvD%ny eker~ ahftkrels blpAnbvt`
aDYApn menA`vfdYAevZdF ig[nèvZ.3 emZ aAkAreyn`m smAjey` ess< sAmAjfkyn` ekerhfm
uepÒSAv vD%nykrnvAnmZ smAjy ekbHz aAkArykfn` evns`v<vt` E`pfLfbHdv sftx
kNgAx<vk` a[tfenAevZ.

a[t[mZ p<d`glyn` smAjy h[sfern aAkAry smAjy gr[krn smAjsArDm% sdAcAry v[nf
kr[N< vrfn`vr evns`vn<blA E`vA tmAx r[cfay<rfn` enAtfebn<d[k p>r~v smAjy s{m atfn`m
‘ehAHdy’(atFt kAmy)vr~tmAn smAjy s{m atfn`m‘nrky’ynAdFvVeyn` sftrfdvA gnftf.4emZ
ay<rfn` kl`pnAkrnp<d`glyAeg` mAnsfk shny n[tfvnèn` oh< n<v<mnAprfdf smAjyx a[lF
g[lFkxy<t=krn b[vfnf.eemt&fy kr[NAv hA m<dftAv nfsA‘esenhs’arm<N<krgt` b[mZemn`
smAjey` evesn`nAv> mAnvp&jAveker~ b[eHdn emAh< sfyl`l tmA aBfmt prfdf r[cfkrn prfdf
sfzvfyy<t=y[yf hHgfyf.

nm<t` smAj p&jAvk` yn< mfnfs<n` itA vfVAl p&jAvk` Ekt=vF s{zn< mAnv pd`Dtfykf.vfvfD
p<r[z vfvfD h[sfrFmZrxA vfvfD aAkl`p,vfvfD adhs` udhs` aAdF mAnv h[sfrFmZ hA p<r[z an`trA
.; mAnsfkvY>hyn` rAVfykeg` an`tr~ smZb$DtA jAlykf smAjy yn<evn` h[Hdfnèvnèn`.
EhfdF smAjey` smAjey` sAmAjfkyn` un<n` hA an`tr~ smZb$DtA pvt`vn<ey` ov<enAv<n`xm
aAevZNfk emv[nf mAnsfk vY>hyk` pdnmZekAxegnyf. E` nfsA sms`t smAjyt=L evesn`nAv>
sAmAjfkynèg` vfvfDh[sfrFmZ rxA pAdk ekAxegn sms`t smAjym evnsèvmfn` idfrfyx glA
yyf.Ey kfsfdfenk atFtey` sr~vV=BvAdFv tfb<en`vt` vr~tmAney` sfyl`l aV=BvAdF elst`
smZp>r~Neyn`m sks`vnèn` enAevZ.

smAjey` a[tèt` evns`vFmyf.ehvt` anftY tAvyyf.emy ehAHd ehA` nrk vVeyn` vfg&hkL
h[kfenAevZ.ekenk= Ees`krnèn` hA Ees`kfrFmx eh`t=vnèn` emZ evns`vFm tmAeg` p>v%mAnsfk
s^kl`pyn` eprd[rfkregn ehAHd ehA` nrk vVeyn` s^jAnnykfrFmyf.emZ k&fyAvLfy eh`t=evn`

1 oS' ks' 111" isZ.d,l iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 295 -296 msgq' yd <ore mdie,a .`re w;afmd; ohdfrdayK w;`fldar,
YsCIdukaosrh 1991
2 w' ks' 11" wkK iq;a;" nq' c' uq' 130 msgqj yd ,ud wdl,am ixjrAOkh foudmsh .`re ldrAhNdrh fm@aud

l`v,s.u iSudiys; oSmdks uq|@K m@ldYk kqf.af.dv 2001
3 wOHdmk ufkdajsoHdj iy ,uhs fla f,dfj,a wOHdmk m@ldYk fomdrA;fuzka;`j biqremdh n;a;ruq,a, 1981
4 wOHdmk ,sms(uQ, OrAu)"fykars jSrisxy"m@cd uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1980'

200
adAL p<d`glyA nfrt=r[ mAnsfk pFwAvkxlkèvZ.uepÒSAv p<r[z p<h<N<kfrFm t=Lfn` iht
kF aAkAreyn` smAjey` anftYtAv et`r[mZegn E` an<v sfyHPed` ekerhf mDYs`Tg=Neyn`
s[LkFm x p<r[zp<h<N< v<vehAt` s^kl`p g&hNy hA edA`Sshftv s^jAnnykfrFemZ k&fyAvlfy
ntrvF vfVAl mAnsfk shnyk` E` t=Lfn` udAkrgth[kfy.Eyx iht d[k`v< ay<rfnùepÒSAv
p<r[z p<h<N<kfrFm itAm eyA`gY kArNykf.1

kAlAms>t&eyhf d[kèvn emm ebUd`D sArDr~ms^kl`pstr EnmZ eemt&fy kr[NAv,m<dftAv
hA uepÒSAv yn str vD%nykfrFemZdF Ehf ek`$z&Fykr[N els aeevry hA vYApAd rhft
2
BAvy dk`vA tfebZ. Ey eemt&Fs^kl`pey`m vfkAVykf.EmnfsA eemt&fy,kr[NAv,m<dftAv hA
uepÒSAv yn sArDr~m s^kl`py eemt&fy bv p[h[dflfevZ.Ey kAlAm s>t&eyhf emZ ay<rfn`
d[kèvZ.3

‘E` aAyY%V&Avketm…..eemt&Fshgt sftkfn` ..ep..kr[Nashgt sftfn`..ep..m<dftA shgt
sftfn`..mht`v> mht``bvx gfyAv> aeevrFv>,vYApAd rhftv>..eemt&Fshgt.. ep..krNAshgt..ep
…m<dftA shgtsftfn` vAsykryf.’

emZ an<v eemt&fy kr[NAv m<dftAv hA uepÒSAvx aeevry hA vYApAdrhftbv upkArF
evZ. nYAyAt`mkv d[k`v>vfx Ey et`r[mZg[nFm phs<y.EnmZ
1.aAyY% V&AvkyA‘aeevrFv> vYApAd rhftv>’eemt&Fshgt sftfn` vAsykryf.4
2.aAyY% V&AvkyA‘aeevrFv> vYApAd rhftv>’kr[NAshgt sftfn` vAsykryf.5
3.aAyY% V&AvkyA‘aeevrFv> vYApAd rhftv>‘m<dftAshgt sftfn` vAsykryf.6
4.aAyY% V&AvkyA‘aeevrFv> vYApAd rhftv>‘uepÒSAshgt sftfn` vAsykryf.7

Eb[vfn` iht sArDm% s^kl`p strxm‘eemt&fy’nm[tf Ekm sArDm%s^kl`py m>lyvF tfebn
aAkAry p[h[dflfy.emZ an<v ketA`lfkdhmt=Ld‘ep&`my’ynvcney` g[bZv a[t`tAv> eemt&fyy yn
adhs gt ehAt` byfbley` d[kèvn8 ‘asl`v[sfyn`x ep&`m krn`n’yn kfymn smAjAn<eyA`jn

1 wOHdmk ufkdajsoHdj yd wOHdmk jHjydr ms<snZo rpkd"ohd frdayK w;`fldar,"YsCIdukaosr"fld<U"1999'
2 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda
wrshidjflda tajx js.;dNscAfCOda js.nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siaif;da fu;a;diy.f;ak
fu;a
fpz;id…fm…lreKd iy.f;ak fpz;id… uqos;d iy.f;ak…WfmalaLdiy.f;ak fpz;id talx osix
MrsFjd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;:d p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOufOda ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x
f,dalx WfmalaLdiy.f;ak fpz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak wmamudfKak wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd
jsyr;s
3 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq'
4 tu i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx js.;dNscAfCOda js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siai
f;da fu;a;d iy.f;ak fpz;id
5 tu i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx js.;dNscAfCOda js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siai
idjflda
f;da lreKd iy.f;ak fpz;id
6 tu i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx js.;dNscAfCOda js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuq<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siai

f;da uqos;d iy.f;ak fpz;id
7 tu i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx js.;dNscAfCOda js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuq<affyda iuzmcdfkda m;siai
idjflda
f;da WfmlaLd iy.f;ak fpz;id
8 w,q;a .sjsiqu(.S;dj,sh we;`ZMj)"Y@S ,xld nhsn,a iud.u"293".d,qmdr"fld<U 3".,d;s' 5'12'293 msgqj' kqUg

fuka kqfUz wi,ajeishdg fm@aulrmkak hk tl jdkHfhkau uqZM jHjia:dj iuzmQrAK fjz'

201
smAjAn<eyA`jn eyhflA v[dgt` vn`nAes`m b<zsmyt=L vfg&hekern‘eemt&fy’nm[tf
sArDm% s^kl`pyd smAjA n<eyAjnfhys,d jeo.;a fjz.1

emhflA asl`v[sfyn`x ep&`mkfrFm ynènhf ar[t mAnv smAj sdAcArp&Qp`tfy enAsfHd
aArOSAkfrFm uedsA avVYkrn`nAv> m>Lfk sArDm%s^kl`py vn mft=r[bv yn`nyf.2Ehfm b<z
smey` a#T%d[kèvn ‘eemt&fy’pAdkkregn strb&h`mvfhrNeyn` y<t=v smAjeyhf mAnv
smZb$DtA vfSeyhf sdAcAr p&Qp`tfy aArOSAkfrFm ketA`lfk dhmt=L3‘ep`&my’yn sArDm%
s^kl`peyn` ar~Tvt`vn adhsx itAm smFpv<vt` prfp>r~NBAveyn` eemt&F sArDm% s^kl`py
vwAt` idfrfeyn` sfxfnbvkèpen`.4

Ees`m kAlAm s>t&eyhf emm eemt&Fs^kl`py nfdhs` cfn`tny eprd[rfkregn itAm
nmYVFlF aAkAreyn` idfrfpt`kr tfebZ.idfrfpt` krtfebn aAkAry pfrfk`s>vfx h[eHgnèn` kAlAm
s>t&eyhf d[kèvn sArDm%s^kl`p hA sdAcAr p&Qp`tfy k&fyAt`mkkfrFmx ekenk= ebUd`Deyk=
vFm avVYenAvnbvyf.5Ehf kfy[evned` pfLfp[d in` sAr~Tk p&tfPl lbAgn`nvAvfnA aAgmZ hA
dr~Vn vVeyn` el`bl` alvAg[nFemn` ar~Tyk` enAl[ebnbv in`vfg&hevZ.kAlAm s>t&y vnAhF
edp[t`tk[epn ck&Ay<Dyk` bHzy.prfp>r~N sAr Dr~m s^kl`p hA sdAcAr p&Qp`tfyk` idfrfpt`
enAkrn anYsmyvAdyn`x emn`m p&AeyA`gfk#veyn` etAr h<z gtAn<gtfk cfn`tny osès`
El`bgt` el`blèbUd`Dyn`xt` in` phrvdF.6

mfnfs` smAjey` vfvfD smyvAdyn` vfvfDaAgmfk dRS`XFn` shft p<d`gleyA` ebAehAèvt`.7kAlAm
ebAehAèvt`.7kAlAm s>t&eyn`` idfrfptèkern sArDr~m s^kl`p hA sdAcArp&Qp`tfy emZ
sfyHPednAxm epAzevZ k&fyAt`mkkLh[kfvFm hA Ees` k&fyAt`mkkr tm tmn`x tm tmnèg`
epUd`glfk jFvftyt=LdFm in` udAvn mAnsfkshny mAnsfk as`v[sfl`l emZ sfyHPednAxm
Ekes` p&tYOSkrgt h[kfy.8

1w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' i fLda fida ld,dud wrshid jflda tajx
js.;dNscAfCOda js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkd m;siaif;da fu;a;d iy.f;ak fpz;id
2 tu
3 w,q;a .sjsiqu(.S;dj,sh we;`ZMj)"Y@S ,xld nhsn,a iud.u"293".d,qmdr"fld<U 3".,d;s' 5'12'293 msgqj' kqUg
fuka kqfUz wi,ajeishdg fm@au lrmkak hk tl jdlHfhkau uqZM jHjia:dj iuzmQrAK fjz'

js.;dNscAfCOda js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siaif;da fu;a;d iy.f;ak fpz;id talx osix
;dNs
MrsFjd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;:d p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOufOda ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x
f,dalx WfmalaLdiy.f;ak fpz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak wmamudfKak wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd
jsyr;s
5 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' wmfrAms Nkaf; tafla iuKn@dyauKd

flaimq;a;x wd.pzPka;s f;ams ilZ[afZ[j jdox oSfmka;s fcdaf;ka;s mrjdox mk Lqxfika;s juzfyka;s TzmlaLsx
lfrdka;s mrsNjka;s f;aix fkda Nkaf;a wuzydlx fydaf;aj lxLd fyda;s jspslspzPd fldaiq kdu bfuzix
fkda
Njka;dkx iuK n@dyauKdkx ipzpx wdy flda uqid;s w,x ys fjda ld,dud lxLsx;`x w,x jspslspzPs;`x lxLksfha
p mk fjda Gdfka jspslspzPd Wmamkakd
6 tu' ta: ;ùzfya ld,dud ud wkqiaifjzk ud mruzmrdh ud b;slsrdh ud msgl iuzmodfkak ud ;lalfya;` ud

khfya;` ud wdldr mrsjs;laflak ud osgzGs kscACOdk laLka;shd ud NnznrEm;dh ud iufKda fkda .rE;s
7 tu ika;s Nka;s tafla iuKn@yauKd flaimq;a;x wd.pzPka;s f;a ilZ[afZ[p jdox oSfmka;s fcdaf;ka;s

mrjdox mk Lqxfika;ss juzfNka;s TzmlaLsx lfrdka;s mrsNjka;s wmfrAmsNkaf; tafla iuK n@dyauKd
;
flaimq;a;x wd.pzPka;s f;ams ilZ[afZ[p jdox oSfmka;s fcdaf;ka;s mrjdox mk Lqxfika;s juzfNka;s
TzmmlaLsx lfrdka;s mrsNjka;s f;aix fkda Nkaf; wuzydlx fydaf;aj lxLd fyda;s jspslspzPd fldaiqq kdu
i
bfuzix Njka;dkx iuK n@dyauKdkx ipzpx wdy fld uqid;s
8 tu w,x ys fjda ld,dud lxLs;`x w,x jspslspzPs;`x lxLksfha p mk fjda Gdfka jspslspzPd Wmamkakd

202
EkFs^dr~By yxet` kAlAms>t&y t=Lfn` idfrfpt`krn< lbn dhmZ pNfv<wy p&AeyA`gfk
hA hrvtèdyk`bvx tmnèg` p&YOSypdnmZkr gt` avebA`Dyt` E` avebA`Dymt a[tfkrgt`
vfV`vAsyt`,EkF dhmZ pNfv<wy ed`VnAkrn`nA mnAv Ey ed`VnAekAx tfebZdyn`nt`,ed`VnA
krnld p<d`glyA ekerhf a[tfkrgn`nAld p[h[dFm hA avebA`Dyt`, E` avebA`Dymt a[tfkr
gt` vfV`vAsyt`,kAlAms>t&eyn` nfr~ed`Vft sArDr~m s^kl`p hA sdAcAr p&Qp`tfy an<gmny
kfrFmt=Lfn` oZn{m p<d`gleyk=x s[nsFm udAkrgt h[kfyyn aAkl`pyt`,EàAkl`py t=Lfn` tv
ebAehA`p<d`glyfn` rAVfyk`hx atFt vr~tmAn hA anAgt(pcZc<pn`nAcey` s^GA) yn kAlt&ey
hf ebAehA` hfts<v pfNfsvF a[tfbv hA idfrfey`dF vfyh[kf bv pfLfbHdv mnA avebA`Dyt` E`
avebA`Dymt an<gmny krn`nAv> p<d`gl kN`wAymZ(s^GyA)ekerhf a[tfkrgn`nAld vfV`vAsy
n` yn t&fvfDvfV`vAsyn` krNekAx oh< tfsrNeyhf nft[tfn`m pfhfxyf.1

etr[vn` srNgfy ebUd`Deyk= bvx ehtm pt`vnèn` tfsrN vAkYy kfyvA gtAn<gtf
kvenAv vfcAr p>v%kv p&QAv emehyvA lbn tm p&tYOS avebA`Dyt=Lfnf.2emm srNyAm
gATA hA pAlf vAkY kfyvA etr[vn` srNy[vFmx vwA s`Tfr sArv>vkf.d[wfv>vkf.Ees`m
enAeslèvn edykf.(pcZct`t^ evZdftbZb^ vfHJ`HOz|hFtf.)3

kAlAm s>t&eyhf avsnèkAxshf in` idfrfptèkern sArDr~m s^kl`p hA sdAcArp&gtfy
mnAv g&hNykregn sfy jFvnp&tfpdAvt=L p&AeyA`gfkv aT% vt`krgn<lbn p<d`glyAlbn
s[nsFmZvg% strk` vfs`treker~.ebUd`D aebUd`D akfrfyvAdF nAs`tfkvAdF aeh`t=k apcZcyvAdF
ucZecZdvAdF eBUtfk vAdF ehA` km%PlvAdF oZn{m smyvAdyk` aAgmfk dr~Vnyk` dRS`XfvV eyn`
gt` oZn{mp<d`gleyk= emm s[nsFmZvg% str lbn aAkAry kAlAm s>t&eyhf epn`vA ednèn`
pht d[kèvn prfdfy.4

‘kAlAmeynf,aAyY%V&Avk etm emes` ever sft` a[tètkèvZd,emes` avYApAd sft` a[tètk`
evZd,emes` enAkfHPx< sft` a[tètk=evZd,emes`` pfrfsfz sft` a[tèt` evZd oh<vfsfn` emZ aAt`meyhf
as`v[sFmZ htrk` lbn ld`dAh< evt`.5

1‘idfn` prelAvk` a[tèt`nmZ krnld ehAHd enAehAHd km%ynèg` vfpAk a[tèt`nmZ ky
bfHdFemn` mrNfn` ps< yhpt` gtfa[tf s`vr~g elA`keyhf updfnènmZ yn emZ pLm<v[nf as`v[sFm
oh< vfsfn` lbn ldèdèvyf.’6

1 i' ks' 11"mxpNhfjzr iq;a;"nq' c' uq' 108 msgqj' bO .ym;s wrshidjflda nqoafO wfjpzpmamidfoak
iukakd.f;da fyd;s ….Ouzfuz wfjzpspmamidfok….ixf> wfjpzpmamidfok…wrshlkaf;ys iSf,ys
d.f;da
iukakd.f;da fyda;…bfuzys p;`ys fid;dm;a;s wxf.ys iukakd.f;d fyd;s
s
2 i' ks' v (1)"wjscAcd iq;a;"nq' c' uq' 02 msgqj' jscAcd fLda NslaLfj mqnznx.ud lÌ,dkx Ouzudkx iudm;a;shd

wkajfoaaj ysfrd;a;mamx jscAcd.;iai NslaLfj jsoaoiqfkd iuzudosgzGs mfyd;s
fo
3 u' ks' 111"uydp;a;drSxil iq;a;"nq' c' uq' 214 msgqj' fida uspzPdosgzGshd mydkdh jdhu;s iuzud osgzGshd
Wmiuzmodh iajdiai fyd;s iuzud jdhdfud

wfjzrps;af;da tajx wnHdmcACO ps;af;da tajx wixls,sgzG ps;af;da tajx jsiqoaOps;af;da ;iai osgzfGj Ouzfuz
p;a;dfrda wiaidid wOs.;d fydka;s
5 tu
6 tu ifpz fLda mk wF:s mfrda f,daflda wF:s iqlx |=llgdkx luzudkx M,x jsmdflda Gdkuyx ldhiaifNaod
mruzurKd iq.;sx i.a.x f,dalx WmamcAcsiaiduS;s whuziai mGfuda wiaidfida wOs.f;da fydka;s

203
2‘idfn` prelAvk` n[tèt`nmZ,krNld ehAHd enAehAHd km%ynèg` Pl vfpAkn[tèt`nmZ,emZ
aAt`meyhfm eevr n[tfv zk`n[tfv,s<ves` aAt`my prfhrNy krnènmf yn emZ t=n`v[nf
as`v[sFm oh<vfsfn` lbn ldèdèvyf.’1

3.‘idfn` pvZkrn`nAx vfpAkedn< l[ebZnmZ,mm vnAhF kfsfevk=x vrdk` enAsftmf.pvZ
enAkrn`nAv> mx ekes`nmZ zkk` p[mfeNnèn`d?enAp[mfeNnèn`d?yn emZ t=n`v[nf as`v[sFm
oh<vfsfn` lbnldèdèvyf.’2

4.‘idfn` pvZkrn`nAx vfpAk enAedn< l[ebZnmZ,d[n` mm vnAhF pevn`d,vfpAkeyn`d yn
edkfn`m pfrfsfz v> tmA dkènmZ ynemZ strv[nf as`v[sFm lbn ldèdèvyf.’3

emZ aAkAreyn` strvfDfykx nYAyAt`mkv upkl`pny krnkL tmn`drn eBUtfkvAdF
aeh`t=kvAdF nfr~mANvAdF kvr ehA` dRS`Xfyk`mt pfhfxA kxy<t= krn p<d`gleyk=v<vt` tmnèg`
dRS`Xfy bADAvk` krenAegn‘ehAHdkrn`nAx emelAv vVeyn` strAkAr s[nsFmk` lbA gt
h[kfbv avebA`Dkrgth[kfevZ.

emZ dhmZ a[s> kAlAmeyA` emZ kr[N emZ aAkAreyn`m tm tmnèg` p&tYOSy p&mANy
kregn avebA`Dkrgnftf.Ees`m ov<h< kAlAms>t&eyn` ehLfvn ebUd`D sArDm% s^kl`p hA
smAj sdAcAr p&Qp`tfy atr a[tf aKN`w sbHdtAv mnAv avebA`Dkrgnftf.b<zrzn` kAlAm
v[sfyn`x ed`VnAkrnld kAlAms>t&ey` an`tr~gtey` hry vn<ey``d yeTA`k`t kr[Nyf.4
m<lfn`m b<zrzn` kAlAmv[sfyn`x dRS`Xfeyn` agtfyx enAynels il`lFmk` idfrfpt`kr ymk`
pfLfbHd nfv[rdf vfnfV`cykx ELMFmx vfvRtmAnsfk#vykfn` ps<vFm atYvVY kr[Nk` vnb[vfnf.
in`ps<v Ees` dRS`Xfeyn` agtfyx yAh[kf dRS`XfprAmr~Vny krn<lbn`nAv> m>lyn` dhyk`
ed`VnAkrtf.

vfcArp>r~vk aAkl`pykfn` kxy<t=kfrFemZ avVYtAvy kAlAm v[sfyn`x avDArNy krn
b<zrzn` kAlAm v[sfyn` vfcArp>r~vk enAvn aAgmfkdRS`XFn` eker~ vfmtf(s[k)ipfdvFm g[n
ov<n`x p&s^VAkrtf.5emyfn` kAlAmv[sfeyA` b>zrznèkerhf p[h[fo;s.6jspdrmQrAl wdl,amhlska
f;drjlghq;`lrk TzkEu mqoa.,fhl` eker~(yxt` pfrfesyfn` tmn`vhnès` ekerhfpvA tmn`
vhnès` Ees`kxy<t= enAkrnèn`nmZ)s[kphL kr g[nFm sADrNbv p[vsfyh[kèk` EbHzm

1 tu ifpz fLda mk kF:s mfrda f,daflda kF:s iqlg |=lalgdkx luzudkx M,x jsmdfla bodyx osgzfGj Ouzfuz
wfjzrx wnHdmcACOx wkS>x iqLx w;a;dkx mrsyrduS;s whuiai |=;sfhda wiaidfida wOs.f;d fyda;s
2 tu ifpz fLda mk lfdaf;da lrshH;s mdmx k fLda mkdyx liaips mdmx fpzf;aus wlfrdka;x fLda mk ux

mdmdx luzux l`f;da |=lLx Mqiais;S;s whuziai ;;sfhda wiaidfida wOs.f;da fyda;s
3 tu ifpz fLda mk lfrdaf;da k lrshH;s mdmx bodyx WNhfkaj jsiqoaOx w;a;dkx iukqmiaiduS;s whuiai
lfrda
p;`;af:da wiaidfida wOs.f;da fyda;s
4 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' tajfuz;x N.jd tajfuz;x iq.; i fLda

fida Nkaf; wrshidjflda tajx wixls,sgzG ps;af;da tajx jsiqoaO ps;af;da ;iai osgzfGj Ouzfuz bfuz p;a;dfrda
wiaidid wOs.;d fydka;S;s
5 tu w,x ys fjda ld,dud lxLs;`x w,x jspslspzPs;`x lxLksfha j mk fjda Gdfka jspslzpzPd Wmamkakd

6 tu wNslalka;x Nkaf;…fm…taf;s uhx Nkaf;a N.jka;x irKx .pzPdu Ouzux p NslaLq ix>xj Wmdifla

fkda Nkaf;a N.jd OdfrA;` wcAc;.af.a mdKqfmaf;a irKx .f;a;s

204
aAkArykfn` vfcArp>r~vk s^kl`p gr[krn nfdhs` b<d`Dfmetk=hxm pmNk` bv
avebA`Dkr gn`nA kAlAmeyA` emZ ay<rfn` b<zrzn` eker~ vfV`vAsbvx p[mfeNtf.1

EhfdF un`vhnès` smAjey` sdAcAry aArOSAvFm sHdhA avVYkrn m>Lfk sdAcAr Dm%phk`
kAlAm yn`x ed`VnAkrtf.2p^cVFl p&tfpdAv yxet` ig[nèvn kr[N<ps Em sdAcAr Dm%5yf.
emy ebUd`D aebUd`D eB`dykfn` etArv vfcArp>r~vk aAkl`pykfn` smAj sdAcAry aArOSA
kfrFm pfNfs ut`sh gn`nA oZn{m mn<Syeyk=eker~ p[vtfyy<t=v> sADArN mn<SY Dm%tA 5k`
bv b<zrzn` eh`t= shftv kAlAm v[sfyn`x avebA`Dkrvtf.3

in` ant=r[v b<zrzn` ihtkF sdAcArDm% 5a[tfkrg[nFmx avVYkrn sAr Dm% strk`
pfLfbHdv vfs`trkrtf.Em sArDm% strnmZ str b&h`mvfhrNyf.4str b&h`mvfhrN dfy<N<kfrFm
sArDm% vD%ny elsxt` sArDm% vD%nykfrFmt=lfn` smAj sdAcAr Dm%tA 5 aArOSAvn ay<r[
kAlAm v[sfyn`x avebA`Dkrvtf.emm sArDm% s^kl`p str(str b&h`mvfhrN)ebUd`D aebUd`D
eB`dykfn` etArv smAj sdAcAry aArOSAkrn`nAv> s{m p<d`gleyk=vfsfn`m sfy sn`tAn gtv
vD%nykfrFmx avVYkrn`nAv> g=NDm%4kèlsx b<zrzn` epn`vAedtf.emZ mHgfn` sdAcAry hA
sArDm% atra[tf sbHdtAevZ s`vr{peyn` p&AeyA`gfk smAj sdAcAry aArOSAkfrFmZ vfSeyhf
b<zdhemZ epn`vAedn sArDm%ebUd`D aebUd`D eB`dy kfn` etArv oZn{mekenk=x p&AeyA`gfkv
k&fyAevZeydvfyh[kfkr[N<bvt` epn`vAedtf.5m>Lfk sArDm% 4v> str b&h`mvfhrNyx pAdk
vnèn` an<n` vfSeyhf pvt`nA mft&t`vy(eemt&fy)bvd emhf vfs`treker~.6

emm b&h`mvfhAr str hA b[zn< tvt` sArDm% t&ft`vyk` b<zrzn` kAlAmv[sfyn`x epn`vA
edtf.EnmZ k=slm>L 3yf.aelA`B,aedA`s,aemA`h yn k=slm>Lyn` t=nvD%ny kfrFm t=lfn` smAj
sdAcAry aArOSAvn bv epn`vAedtf7.emhfdFt` sArDm%vn k=slm>Lyn` hA smAj sdAcAry vn
vn sdAcAr p&Qp`tfy(p^cVFl p&tfpdAv)atr pvtfn aKN`w sbHdtAvy kAlAm v[sfyn`x
avebA`D kredtf.8ebUd`D aebUd`D eB`dykfn` etArv emZ ay<rfn` kxy<t=kfrFm s{m
mn<Syeyk=eg`m mAnv vgkFmk` bvt` E` mHgfn` mn<SYDr~m aArOSAkfrFm sfzvnbvt`,emkF
mAnvDm% aArOSA kfrFmx aAgmZ jAtfeB`dyk` avVYn[tfbvt` phdAedtf.

1 tu
2 tu …..wmrshdhoskak ps;af;da fkaj mdKx yka;s k woskakx wdosh;s k mrodrx .pzP;s k uqid NK;s mruzms
;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx I fyda;s oS> r;a;x ys;dh iqLdhd;s
3tu
4tu' i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx js.;dNscAfCOda js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda
fida
m;siaif;da fu;a;d iy.f;ak fpz;id..fm..lreKd iy.f;ak fpz;id..uqos;d iy.f;ak fpz;id…WfmalaLd
iy.flak fpz;id talx osix MrsFjd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;:d p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOufOda ;srshx
ufOda
inznzOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x f,dalx WfmalaLd iy.f;ak fpz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak wmamudfKak
wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAcfCOk MrsFjd jsyr;s
5 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' hod ;ùzfya ld,dud w;akdj cdfkhahd:

bfuz Ouzud wl`Ì,d bfuz Ouzud idjcAcd bfuz Ouzud js[aZC|+ .rys;d bfuz Ouzud iu;a;d iudoskakd wys;dh
wl
|=laLdh ixj;a;ka;S;s w: ;ùzfya ld,dud mcfyhahd:d;s b;s hx ;x jq;a;x bofuz;x mgspzp jq;a;x
6 tu
7 tu ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud wf,dafNda mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcAcudfkda WmamcAc;s ys;dh jd wys;dh
mcA
jd;s$ys;dh Nkaf;' ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud wfodafida mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmamcACudfkda WmamcAC;s ys;dh jd
wys;dh jd;s$ys;dh Nkaf;' ;x lsx uZ[aZ[: ld,dud wfudafyd mqrsiiai wcACO;a;x WmmcAcudfkda WmamcAc;s
ys;dh jd wys;dh jd;s$ys;dh Nkaf;'
8 tu ….wmrshdoskak ps;af;da fkaj mdKx yka;s k woskakx wdosh;s k mrodrx .pzP;s k uqid NK;s mruzms

;:;a;dh iudofma;s hx i fyda;s oS> r;a;x ys;dh iqLdh;s

205

emZ ay<rfn` kxy<t=krn`nAv> p<d`glyA tmAeg` jFvftey`dFm s[nsFmZvg% strk` lbnbvt`
emm s[nsFmZ vg%str oh<eg` kvr dRS`Xfyk` mtvt` evns`vn`nk` enAvnbvt` kAlAmv[sfyn`
x phdAedtf. emhf a[tf vfeV`S lOSNyvn<ey` sArDm% hA sdAcAry pfLfbHd dk`vn s{m
kr[Nk` aArmZBvnèn` b<zrzn`vfsfn` kfsfz dRS`Xfykx enAp[mfeNn els ihtdF sAkcZCAkrn
ld kAlAmyn` vfsfn` s[kupdvA gn`nAld vfcArp>r~vk aAkl`pyk` enAm[tf dRS`Xf 10hHzn`vAdF
emn` ant=r[v kAlAmyn` Ix an<gtv kfsfz dRS`Xfykx enAp[mfeNnbvx epAerAn`zkrvA
egn bvy.

emyfn` epennèn` b<zrznèg` arm<NvF tfb<en` EdA BArtFy vYAp`tvFtfb> vfvfD aAgmfkdRS`Xf
62x tvt` aAgmfkdRS`Xfyk` Ekt=ekAx 63k` kfrFm enAv E` dRS`Xf 62n`m mns nfdhs` krvA
gn`nA aAkAry mfnfs<n`x kfyAdFmbv kAlAm s>t&eyn` ehLf vn sArDm% aDYyneyn` p[h[dflf
evZ.emhfdF sArDm% hA sdAcAr atr pvtfn sbHdtAvey` yTAs`vr{py smAjyx itA p<HPl`v
b<zrzn` vfsfn` vfvfrNykL aAkAry emhfdF vfeV`S v[dgt`kmk`gnF.fuu oDIaGsjdo foi jsuY!kd;a
ulj ne,Q l< meyeos,s jkakdjQ tla fohla kuz fuz oDIaGsjdo 62u f.dvkeZ.S ;sfnkqfha wOsldruh
pska;kh mdol lrf.k jSuhs'fuhskao meyeos,s jkafka wOsldruh pska;kfhys mj;skakdjQ uq<dlr
jk iqZM iajrEmhhs'jsfgl th nqoaOsuh iajrEmfhkao odrAYksl iajrEmfhkao usksiqka yuqjg
meusfKk nejska fudavfhda muKla fkdj uyd m@dZ{hska hehs ;ùQu is;kakjqkao fuu pska;k cd,
fhys fj<S meg,S.ks;s'fuh m@lg lshukls'tkuz jsgl hCIhdo odrAYksl jSug jvd;a m@shnjhs'
ld,duiQ;@h uZ.ska bosrsm;a flfrkakdjQ .`KOu!hkays flaF|@ia:dkh f,i olajd ;sfnkqfha i;r
n@yau jsyrKhhs'1fuu i;r n@yau jsyrKhu; mdolj ishZM ukqIH OrAuhka wkql@ufhka tajdfhys
mrsiudma;sh lrd t<fUkakdjQ wdldrh fuz;`,ska js.@yflrS we;'uqZM uy;a ukqIH iudch l`,f.da;@
u;fkdj uq,sl iodpdr m@Z{ma;sh hgf;ys tlu ukqIH jrA.hlanjla tu ukqIH jrA.hd f.a
iudcSh taldnoaO;djh flfrys n@yau jsyrK kdufhka wrA: oelafjkakdjQ mdol ixl,am i;r
fufyjSfuz fma@rKhka i;rla f,i l@shd;aul jknj fmkajdoS we;'2tu fufyhjSfuz fma@rKhkays
l@shdldrSFjh my; iZoyka mrsos mqZM,a jYfhka js.@yhlg ,lal< yelsh uq,skau i;r n@yaujsyrK
kdufhka wrA: oelafjk fufyhjSuz fma@rKhka i;rfj; wjOdkh fhduq lruq'3
1 fu;a;d Metta (Loving-Kindess)4
2 lreKd Karuna (Mercy)5
3 uqos;d Mudita ( Delight)6
4 WfmalaId Upekka ( Indifferent)1

1w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' i fLda fid ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx
js.;dNscAfCOda js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siaif;da fu;a;diy.f;k fpz;id…uqos;d
iy.f;ak fpz;id….WfmalaLd iy.f;ak fpz;id….talx osix MrsFjd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;:d
p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOufOda ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x f,dalx WfmalaLdiy.f;ak fpz;id jsmqf,ak
diy.f;a
uy.a.f;ak wmamudfKak wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd jsyr;s
2 tu
3 tu i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx wfjzrps;af;da tajx wnHdcACO ps;af;da tajx wixls,sgzG ps;af;da tajx
jsiqoaOps;af;da ;iai osgzfGj Ouzfuz p;a;dfrda wiaidid wOs.f;da fyda;s
fyda
4 tu ..fu;a;d iy.f;ak fpz;id..
5 tu…lreKd iy.f;ak fpz;id…

6 tu…uqos;d iy.f;ak fpz;id..

206

1 fu;a;d Metta ( Loving-Kindness)- 2

fu;a;d ixl,amh hkq l`ulaoehs uZola meyeos,s lr.ekSu jeo.;ah'fu;a;d hk md,s jpkfhka
woyia lrkafka us;@;ajh hk wrA:hhs'3fuh bF:s ,sx. wdldrdka; mGud jsNla;s taljpkfhys fhoS
we;'nFOkSh iajNdjh neZ|=kqnj uD|=nj ms<snZo bZ.shla fuz u.ska ,ndfohs'iuia; wkdrAh iuzm@odhh
g wh;a oS>! ld,hla ;siafia jevqkdjQ ixl,amhla f,i fuu fu;a;d ixl,amfhys b;sydih yZ|=kajd
osh yelsh'wkdrAh iuzm@odfha uq,a ld,fha mjd us;@ ixl,amh us;@ foaj;djd msoSu kuska iuia;
f.da;@fhysu taldnoaO;djh mj;ajdf.k hEu msKsi ms<sfh< jS ;snqKdjQ tla;rd wd.usl isrs;ls'4
fuu isrs; Ndjs;djS ;snqfka wd.usl lghq;`j,oS f.da;@sl jxY yZ.jkakdjQpsyakhka msoSfuz Wf<,la
yegshgh'uq,skau bka|= ksuzk YsIaGdpdrj, fuu ixl,amh mej;S we;snjg mqrdjsoHd ;aul idOl
yuqjS ;sfnz'wdrAh ixialD;sh ish n,h Ndr;h mqrdm;`rejd .;a kuq;a wkdrAhh iuzm@odh i;`jQ fuz
mqrdK oekquz moaO;s uqZM ukskau jskdYlroeuSug thg fkdyelsjsh'

fuu ixl,amhka wkdrAh iuzm@odh uZ.ska nsysjQ Y@uK iuzm@odh i;`j mej;s mdruzmrsl oekquz
moaO;shls'fuu mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;sh Y@uK iuzm@odhg wh;a jQ ishZMu Y@uK fldgzGdYhka
w;frysu jHdma;j mej;s nj meyeos,s f,iu fmfkkakg ;sfnz'Y@uK iuzm@odhgu wh;ajQ fldgzGdY
myla ms<snZoj jsia;rfjz'tkuz
1 ;dmi
2 mrsnzndcl
3 wdcSjl
4 ;sF:sh
5 ks.KaG5

fuu fldgia myu wh;ajQfha Y@uK iuzm@odhguh tfia fyhska fuu fldgzGdY mfiysu jQfjda
fndafyda fihska tlanZ|= jQ pdrs;@ moaO;shla wkq.ukh l<y'fudjqka w;r jQ m@Odku iudklu f,i
oelajsh yelafla iEu fldgzGYhla jsiskau ish mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;shla f,i i;rn@yau jsyrK
Ndjkdj Ndjs;d fldg we;snjhs'fu;a;d ixl,amh;a wka;rA.; jkafka fuu i;r n@yau jsyrK
Ndjkdjgh'

2 lreKd Karuna ( Delight) –6

1 tu' WfmalaLd iy.f;ak fpz;id…
2 tu i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx js.;dNscAfCOda js.;dnHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda
m;siaif;da fu;a;d iy.f;ak fpz;id talx osix MrsFjd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;:d p;`;a:sx b;s
WoaOufOda ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x f,dalx fu;a;d iy.f;ak foz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak
wmamudfKak wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd jsyr;s
3 md,s isxy, wldrdosh"fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysus"fn#oaO ixialDls; uHia:dkh"foysj,"1998"397 msgqj'
4 ffjosl idys;Hh"fcA' ;s,lisrs"tlai;a m@jD;a;sm;@ iud.u"fld<U"1958" 5 msgqj'
5 ;@smsglfhys ixialD;sl ,CIK";,,af,a OuzudkJo ysus"iuhjrAOk uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1979"137 msgqj'

js.;dNscAfCOda js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siaif;da lreKd iy.f;ak fpz;id talx osix
MrsFjd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;: p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOufOda ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x
f,dalx lreKd iy.f;ak fpz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak wmamudfKak wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd jsyr;s

207

lreKd hk jpkh bF:s ,sx. wdldrdka; mGu jsNla;s taljpk mohls1 bkawoyia jkafka
wkqluzmdj ohdj hk wrA:hhs'2huzlsis |=lg m;ajS we;s flfkl`f.a |=laLs; iajNdjh oel ta
;eke;a;d bka uqojd .ekSuz jYfhka is;ays my<jk yeZ.Suz iajNdjh lreKdj f,i yeZoskafjz'ishZM
iFj j.!hd wruqKq fldg nq|=jrhka jykfia kulf.a is;ays my<jkakdjQ lreKdj uydlreKdj
f,i wrA: oelafjz'ta Wkajykafiaf.a is;ays we;sjkakdjQQ ldreKsl iajNdjh Y@jl is;ays my<jk
lreKdjg;a jvd b;d jsYo;r yd w;sYhskau iqmsrsis|= jQj;a nejsks'fuu lreKdj fldagshla
ujqjrekaf.a;a fldgshla mshjrekaf.a;a lreKdjg;a jvd jevsjQj;a nj oelafjk wrA: l:kh;`<
tlS lreKdfjys uy;aiajNdjh m@lgfjz'

flfkl` fndaOsiFj N~ushg uQ<slj u m@fjzYjSu is|=jkqfha fuu uyd lreKdj ksidu nj
uydhdkh;`< lshefjz'uydlreKd yd uyd m@Z{d hk folu fndaOsiuzNdrh msrSu iZoyd flfkl`
fhduqjSug wjYH kuq;a ;uka w;g m;ajQ wrAy;aM,h mjd lemfldg hful` iir fjfikd wkH
iFjhkaf.a |=lLH ksjdrKh msKsi ixfjzoS is;a we;af;l` njg m;ajS wkqkafjkqfjka iir /ZoS
isgskafka m@Odk jYfhkau ldreKdj ksidnj uydhdk fn#oaOfhda jsYajdi lr;s'fuz ksid uydhdksl
fn#oaOhka w;r m@Z{djg jvd lreKdj flfrA iqjsfYaIS wjOdkhla olakg ,efnz'

fl;ruz nqoaOsuf;l` jqj;a wd;audrA:lduS ;eke;af;l`g nqoaOFjh jeks w;sfY@aIaG mojshla
flfiaj;a isysfkkq|= me;sh fkdyel'tjeks ixfjzoS udkisl ;;ajhla jsjsO orAYjdoj,ska iqCIl
oekquz mrdihkaf.ka uki mqrjd.;a wd;audrA:lduS .;s.`Ke;s W.;`kag nqoaOsu;`kag jsIh fkdfjz'
we;af;kau fud<h;`<g jsjsO foa tla/ia lrf.k ixpdrl mqia;ld,hla jQ muKska flfkla
nqoaOsuf;la jkjdoehs hkak;a jsiZosh hq;`jQ fjku m@Yakhls'flfkl`f.a nqoaOsu;alu YsIaGiuzmkak
nj jgskdlu ueksh hq;af;a Tyq ks;ru maf,afgdaf.a isg lald .ek l:dlrk ;ruska fkdj Tyqf.a
yoj; wfkla wh flfrys fld;ruz jsjD;jo hkak u;h'3

3 uqos;dj Mudita (Delight)4 –

uqos;d hk jpkh bF:s ,sx. wdldrdka; mGu jsNla;s taljpk mohls'5b;a woyia jkafka wkqkaf.a
iemoel i;`gqjSu hk wrA:hhs'uD|= nj weZ.fjk uq|= hk moh;a i;`g m@S;sh weZ.fjk uqod hk moh;a
;`,kd;aulj i,ld n,kl< uqos;d hk moh;`< wka;rA.; .`Kh ms<snZoj o< yeZ.Sula we;slr.;
yelsh'is; by<g bms<S tk wdldrfhka wkHhkaf.a i;`gfjkqfjka ;ud;`< mekkZ.skakd jQ uD|=
fiduzkia iy.; fpz;kdj fujsg tlajru lemSfmfka'

1 md,s isxy, wldrdosh"fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysus"fn#oaO ixilD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"1998"151 msgqj'
2 tu
3 ienE ljsfhl`f.a l;dj-8"fndfyda foa lshd |=ka mdmka|= l@Svdj"iqks,a udOj"isZMusK brsod"tlai;a m@jD;a;s

m;@ iud.u"fld<U"03'04'2005"08 msgqj'
4 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq'' i fLda fida ld,dud wrshidjflda tajx

js.;dNscA fCOda js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siaif;da uqos;d iy.f;aak fpz;id talx osix
iy.f;
prsFjd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx ;:d ;;shx ;:d p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOufOda ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjk;x
f,dalx uqos;diy.f;ak fpz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak wmamudfKak wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd jsyr;s
5 md,s isxy, wldrdosh"fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysus"fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"1998"395 msgqj'

208
uqos;dfjys jsreoaOdrA:h kuz BrAIHdjhs'BrIHdj we;s ;eke;a;dg uqos;dj jevsh
fkdyel'uqos;dj jevSug kuz furudf.a iuzm;a foi BrAIHd mrjYfkdjS i;`gq is;lska ne,Sfuys
yelshdj we;af;l` jsshhq;`h'fuysoS uqos;dfjys ;j;a ,CIKhlao meyeos,s fjz'tkuz uqos;dj jevSug
kuz iqjm;ajQ iFjhka isgsh hq;`njhs'fu;a;d ixl,amh iFjhd jsIfhys ys;j;aNdjh m;`rejkakla
jk ksid thg wjYH jkqfha iudknjlska ie,lsh yels fldgils'fuz fuzksid jvd myiqh
lreKdfjzoS |=laLs; iFjhka fldgila isgsk w;r Tjqkaf.a |=flysoS is;a WKq jSu idudkHfhka
oelshyels jQ iajNdjhls' kuq;a fu;a;d ixl,amh me;srjSug jvd wiSreh'

uqos;d ixl,amh me;srjSu fu;a;d yd lreKd hk ixl,am fol me;srjSugo jvd wiSreh'th
tfiajkafka uqos;djg idudkHfhka flfkl`;`< oel.ekSug wjYH lrkakdjQ .`Khla jevS ;snSu
wksjdrAh nejsks'tkuz BrAIHdfjka f;drjSuhs wkqka flfrys us;`renj me;srjSug;a jvd wkqkag
wkqluzmd lsrSug;a jvd wkqka flfrys BrAIHjlska f;drj lghq;` lsrSu idudkHfhka wmyiq nejsks'
tZkEu flfkl`f.s isf;ys iemfhka miqjkakka flffrys we;s jkafka wkqluzmdjla fkdj ;udg tjka
iem iuzm;a fkdue;sh hk wdldrfha ;ry is;sjs,a,la nj ksidh'tnejska fydZo hym;a uy;aud.;s
we;s mqoa.,hka f,i idudkHfhka ie,flkakdjQ mqoa.,hka w;r mjd wkqkag BrAIHd lsrSu olskg
,efnz'we;euzjsfgl fuh wo iudcfha fnfyjska me;srhk T#IO yd m@;slu! rys; oreKq .Kfha
jHdOshla jYfhkao wF:!l:kh lsrSug yelsh'

iuyre |=laLs;j isgskl< uq,ska wkqluzmd l<;a miqj iemj;aj isgskq olskl< ta wkqluzmdl<
mqoa.,hdu ;ukag BrAIHdlrkq olakg ,efnz'we;euzjsg idOdrKj l,amkd lr n,kl< fufia
jkafka wehsoehs is;d.ekSug mjd fkdyel'uqos;djg mjd mdol jkqfha ffu;@sh nj fmfkkag ;sfnz'
fuysoS ffu;@sh lrkafka iemj;a iFjhkag jSu lEmS fmfkhs'ffu;@sfhys iajNdjh us;`re njhs'fuys
iudkd;au;d .`Kh we;s w;r uqos;dfjys we;af;a wkqka ms<snZoj i;`gg m;ajk iajNdjhhs'fuysoS
ffu;@sfhysoS we;sjk wdfjzokfhys ixhqla; iajNdjh;a olakg ,efnk w;r uqos;dfjys we;sjk
wdfjzokfhys ixhqla; iajNdjhla olakg ,efnz'

iuyre ;ukaf.a iudc ugzguska yd W.;aluska ;ukag jvd by< ;;ajhkays fjfik Wojshg
BrAIHd lrk w;r we;euzfokd uq,ska my< isg oshqKq jS ;ukaj iudc ugzguska yd W.;aluska
miqlrhk whg BrAIhd lsrSuo olakg ,efnz'boska .sys iudcfhys olakg ,efnk funZ|= BrAIHdj
kaf.a iajNdjh rpkh lrkakg W;aiy lrf;d;a fujeks fmd;a lsysmhla ta msksi leml<;a th
mrsiudma;shg meusKjsh fkdyelsjkq we;'flfiajqj;a BrAIHdj fydZo fohla kuz fkdfjz'b;du;a gsl
fofkla muKla b;du;a mq|=udldr f,i jer jEhfuka oshqKqjk whg BrAIHd fkdlrk w;r wjYH
wdYsrAjdoh fkduZoj ,ndoSug wjYH mshjr .ks;s'uqos;dfjys wjYH;djh ;oskau oefkkafka
jrA;udk iudch fuf,i BrAIHdfjka fj<S mj;sk whqre olsk jsgh'

iS, ;fmda .`Kfhka wkQk nyqiD;Fjfhka w.;ekam;ajQ jrA;udkfhys jsYajjsoHd, uydpdrAhjr
fhl`j mjd jsIh oekqfuka fukau nqoaOsu;anfjka wnsnjd l@shdl, yels muKgu m@Z{d mdgjfhka
m@dpSk yd m@;spSk mdKavs;Hfhka yd iuhiuhdka;r jsYdroZ{dkfhka iu,xlD;jQ wfma merKs h;s
iudcfhys jQ cSjudk nq|=jre nZ|= uykdysusjrekajykafia,d ish YsIH m@cdj fj; olajk ,oafoa

209
uqos;d .`Kfhka wkQk jQ fifkyils' Wkajykafia,d jsiska ish YsIHhkaf.a oshqKqj oel
wjxlju yo m;af,kau i;`gg m;ajQ w;r ks;rka;rfhka ish YsIHhdj jsoaj;a iudchg yZ|=kajdoS
msfhl` ;udf.au orefjl`g olajk ;rfuz fifkyilska wdorfhka /ln,d.kakd ,oS'

we;euzjsg fndaOsiuzNdr mqrkakdjQ W;`uka w;frys mjd fulS |=rA.`Khka biau;` jSufya;`fjka
;uka wfmaCIdl<djQ f,daflda;a;r wOs.uhkag mjd th ndOdjla jQ whqre isoaOdrA: fndaOsiFjhka
jykafia yd foajo;a; prs;h w;r we;sjqkdjQ u;.egquz ms<snZo mqj;aj,ska msrS we;s cd;l l:dj,ska
fmfka foaj;a; hk prs;h;a iuzmQrAK lZM prs;hla fkdj u;` igzGsiair kuz mfianq|= njg
taldka;fhkau meusfKkakdjQ iir fmreuz msrE mdrus;d Yla;shla iys; W;`ful`nj nq|=r|=kau mjd
iZoyka lr;sfnz'fy;u foajrdc kuska iuzud iuznqoaOFjhg meusfKk nj ioaOrAu mqKavrSl kuz
ixialD; uydhdk OrAu .@J:fhys okajd ;sfnz'1

4 WfmalaLdj Upekka ( Indifferent)2 –

WfmalaLd hk jpkh bF:s ,sx. wdldrdka; mGud jsNla;s taljpk mohls'fuys wrA:h jkqfha
ueoy;a nj iem|=la fkdjQ fjzokdj hkakhs'3uOHia:;djh hkq lsisjla flfrys mCImd;S nfjka
f;drjSu hkqhs'mCImd;Snj ks;ru wka;hka fiajkh lrkakg f,d,anjla olajk ksid tnZ|= wka;h
kaf.aka usoS lghq;` lsrSfuys wNs,dY we;s ;eke;af;a lsis|= wka;hla ;oska .@yKh lrfkdf.k iEu
jsglu uOHia:;djh Nckh lsrSug jEhuz lrhs'iqj |=la jYfhka fyda fjzjd kskaod m@Yxid jYfhka
fyda fjzjd wgf,da oyugwh;a OrAu;djhkays fjkiajkakdjQ iajNdjh ks;ru f.k tkafka lsisjla
flrys neZoS mej;Su |=la iys; njhs'fuz ;;ajh hgf;ys iEu fohla flfrysu wkqmdodkSh wdl,am
hla we;slr.kSu we;af;kau iqjodhsnjla cks; lrkakdjQ ldrKhls'

uOHia:djh we;slr .ekSug kuz isf;ys we,Su yd .egSu hk l@shdldrSFjfhys tla;rd |=rlg
CIjSula ;snsh hq;`uh'tfia ke;sj lrkakdjQ WfmaCIl jSu kshu WfmaCIl iajNdjh fkdfjz'lsisj;a
lrkafka ke;sj w,ij ysZoSuo WfmaCIl jSula fkdfjz'fuu WfmCIl iajNdjh fu;a;d lreKd yd
uqos;d hk ixl,amhkg jvd jevSu wmyiqh'fu;a;d lreKd yd uqos;d hk ixl,amhkays tla;rd
|=rlg iFj ixZ{dj yd we,Sfuys .`Kh mj;shs'fuu ;;ajhka isf;ys iuzmQrAK CIdka;shla we;s lr
.ekSfuys ,d ndOdjla jYfhka l@shd;aul fjz'iFj ixZ{dj yd we,Suz .egSuzl@shdj,sh uZ.ska mqoa.,hd
fuf,djg neZo;nd .kakd fm@arK f,i l@shd;aul jk ksid isf;ys mQrAK jsuqla;shla Wod lr
.ekSug kuz by;lS fm@arKhkaf.ka is; yels;dla ksoyiaj ;nd .kSu wjYHfhkau l<hq;`jQ fohls'

ta iZoyd WfmaCId jsyrKh w;HjYH fjz'fuz ksidu iDoaOs m@d;sydrAh jeks iqjsfYaIS w;sudkqIsluh
yelshdjla mjd ,efnkafka isf;ys Tz,drslj mj;skakdjQ iFj ixZ{dj yd we,Suz .egSuz l@shdj,sh

1 YdlH uqkSkaJ|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffu;@Sh ysus iuhjrAOk
m@ldYk fld<U 1986 289 msgqj

js.;dNscAfCOda js.;nHdmdfoda wiuzuQ<afyda iuzmcdfkda m;siaif;da WfmlaLd iy.f;ak fpz;id talx osix
MrsFjd ;:d |=;shx ;:d p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOufOda ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x f,dalx
WfmalaLdiy.f;ak fpz;id jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak wmmudfKak wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk MrsCjd jsyr;s
wmmudfKa
3 md,s isxy, wldrdosh fmd,aj;af;a nqoaOo;a; ysus"fn#oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"foysj,"1998"120 msgqj'

210
tla;rd |=rlg ixisZojkakdjQ tfukau p;`;:s OHdk wjia:dj ixfla;j;a lrkakdjQ WfmaCId
jsyrKh jevSu;`,sks'

osidjka ih (6) (Six Sides)1

i;r n@yau jsyrKh jevSu msKsi osYdjka wglg fnodf.k we; fuys jsfYaIFjh jkafka
idudkHfhka wm okakd osYdjka yhg wu;rj ;j;a osYdjka folla tlaj ;snSuhs fuh mqrdK
fnoSfuz l@uhla jsh yelshs fujeks wdldrfhka osYdjkafnod oelajSfuys iuzm@odhhla Y@uK iuzm@odh
i;`j mej;sks i;r n@yau jsyrKh fujeks wdldrfhka jHdma; lsrSug fya;`j th iuia; cSj
jrA.hd fj; me;srjSfuz wjYH;djhhs'
1 tla osidjla (One Side)
2 fojk osidj (Second Side)
3 ;`kajeks osYdj (Third Side)
4 y;rjeks osYdj
5 fufia Wv osYdj
6 hg osYdj
7 iri (yria w;g jk osYdj)
2
8 iEu ;kays^ osYd taldnoaO;djh (ishZM osYdjkays iuia;h)

m@udK (ishZM iFjhka wruqK)( Sizes / Objective of All Beings)3

i;r n@yau jsyrKhka jevSu msKsi ishZMu iFjhka wruqKq lrkakdjQ iFj ksus;a; fuys
m@udKhf,i ie,fla'f,dal jsIh wpska;h wm@udKh th nq|=r|=ka jsiska jodrd we;'fuysoS i;r n@yau
jsyrKhka jevSu wkql@ufhk ixjrAOkhg m;alr.; hq;`;la jk w;r ta iZoyd foaYkd lrk,o
wkql@usl m@;smodj jQl,S fuys oelafjk iFjhka wruqKq lrkakdjQ jsOsl@uhhs'tkuz

1 ySk (Small)
2 uOHu (Medium)
3 uy;a ( Massive)
4 ish,a, ^ iuia;h (All)4

f,dal jsIh (iFj jsIh) ( Subject of Univers / Subject of Beings/Lifes/Spirits)5

1 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq'talx osix MrsFjd jsyr;s ;:d |=;shx
;:d ;;shx ;:d p;`;a:sx b;s WoaOufOda ;srshx inznOs inzn;a;dh inzndjka;x f,dalx….iy.f;ak fpz;id
jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak wmamudfkak wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd jsyr;s
2 w' ks'1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq'.inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x f,dalx
3 w' ks' 1";sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq'jsmqf,ak uy.a.f;ak wmamudfKak

wfjzfrAk wnHdmcAfCOk MrsFjd jsyr;s
4 tu …inznOs inzn;a;;dh inzndjka;x
5 tu jsmqf,ak

211

fuhska woyia jkafka Ndjkd lrk l@ufjzofhys ishquz fkdishquz njhs uq,skau i;r n@yau jsydr
Ndjkdj jvkakdjQ fhda.shd tlajru ishquz wruqKla lu!ia:dkh jYfhka ;ndf.k tu Ndjkdj
werUsh fkdyelsh'tn|= mqoa.,hska jsiska uQ<sl jYfhka i;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkdjkays jevsh hq;`
jkafka Tz,drsl ixZ{djhs'Tz,drsl ixZ{dj jqj;a ;ukaf.a isf;ys m@.`K l< hq;`jkafka buy;a
wiSrejlska iy uy;a bjiSulsks'uq,skau isf;ys tal.a.;djh hkqfjka woyiajk tl wruqKl
fndfyda fj,d mj;sk iajNdjh fkdue;s ksid .kakd,o wruqK isf;ys rZod isgSfuz .`Kh ySkh
Ndjkdj wLKavj lrf.k huska uy;a W;aiyfhka tla wruqKla Tiafia ;u is; msysgqjd .ekSug
fhda.djprhd W;aiyl< hq;`h'

fufia W;aiy lr;a lr;a wkql@ufhka ps;a; jS:Skays ;uka Wmojd.kakd iFj wruqK tkuz i;r
n@yau jsyrK wruqK u Tiafia wLKavj we;s jkakdjQ is;a fm<la we;sjSu fuu tlZ.;d .`Kh kuska
yeZoskafjz'uq,oS ps;a; jS:Ska ys we;sjk ps;a;CIK Ndjkd wruqK ms<snZoj wod< jkafka w;rska m;r
is;a j,h'kuq;a is; tlZ.jkjd hkq wLKavj ps;a; jS:shl jevs is;a .Kkl wod< wruqK
wruqKqlrf.k pspCIK we;sjSuhs'fuz ;;ajh tlajru Wod fkdfjz'b;du;a jer jEhfuka
uykaisfhka Wodlr.; hq;`jQ ;;ajhls'

fuu Ndjkdjg n@yau jsyrK kduh jHjydr jkqfha n@yauhdf.a fuka uD|= jsyrKhla jk
nejska yd fYaIaG jsyrKhla nejsks'fuys n@yau kduh fY@aIaG hkakg mhH!dh jYfhkao jHjydr
jknejsks'tfukau fuu n@yau jsyrKj,g wmamuZ[aZ[d hehso jHjydr lrkq ,efnz'ta fuu wruqKq
wm@udK iFjhka jsIfhys me;srjsh hq;`nejsks'fuf;la iFjhka flfrys me;srjsh hq;`h'bka Tnzfnys
fkdme;srjsh hq;`hhs'fuys kshuhla ke; ishZM iFjhka flfrysu me;srjsh hq;`h'tfia jqjo ffu;@S
jvk wdos lu!uslhd jsiska m<uq fldgu ;ud flfryso blans;s wdikakdoSka flfryso TOs jYfhka
m;`rejd miqje wfkdaOs jYfhka me;srjsh hq;`hs'TOs kuz iSudh'fuu iSud wkql@usl wjia:djka
jYfhkao wrA:oelajsh yelsh'wkql@usl wjia:d olajd we;af;a wdOqkslhdf.a myiqj iZoydh'

jevSfuz myiqj i,ld ld,duiQ;@fhys i;r n@yau jsyrK jevSfuys wkql@usl wjia:d folla
yZ|=kajd oS ;sfnz'tkuz
1 f,dalh uy;ajQ ( Considerable World)1
2 uy;a njg .shdjQ ( Went into the Considerable World) hk wjia:d folhs

f,dalh uy;anjg .shdjQ( Considerable World) hkafkka oelafjkqfha uq<sl wruqKhs'
fu;a;dixl,amfhys kuz wkqka jsIfhys us;@Fjhhs'us;`renjhs'lreKd ixl,amfhys kuzz |=laLs;
iFjhka jsIfhys wkqluzml ijNdjhhs'uqos;d ixl,amfhys kuz wkHhkaf.a iem; oel i;`gg
m;ajk iajNdjhhs'WfmaCIdfjys kuz uOHia: iajNdjhhs uQ,sl jYfhka iFj f,dalh by; oelajqkq
wdldrfhka uy;af,i wruqKq lsrSu fuz;`< olakg ,efnz'

1 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq' uy.a.f;ak wmamudfKak

212
fu;a;d kuzjk usl@Ndjh tkuz ishZM iFjhka flrys ys; MrKh jvkakdjQ fhda.djprhd
oafjzIfhys wdoSkjo CIdka;sfhys wdksixio ie,lsh hq;`h'm<uqfldgu m@shhka flfryso w;sm@shhka
flryso uOHia:hka flryso ffjrSka flfryso ffu;@S fkdjevsh hqq;`h'tfiau iSud iys; fldg ,sx.
jsiNd.hka flfryso u<jqka flfryso fkdjevsh hq;`h';ud flfrys ffu;@S jvd blans;s ms<sfj,ska
ishZM iFjhka flfrys me;srjsh hq;`hs'

by; olajk ,o mrsoafoka fu;a;d ixl,amh wruqKq fldgf.k m@;sNd. ksus;a; ,efnk ;dla
kej; kej;;aa is; ta Tiafia fufyhjSu mrslrAu Ndjkdkuzfjz'fuysoS f,dalh uy;aj( Considerab
Q
le World)jYfhka ie,lSu tlS mrslrAu Ndjkd fldgig wh;ajQ Ndjkd wruqKhs'fyj;a m@;sNd.
ksus;a;hs fuysoS Ndjkdkqfhda.shdg m@;sNd. ksus;a; jegfykafka wm@udK uy;ajQ iFj f,dalh
wdY@hlrf.khs'f,dalh hkqfjka fuys woyialr we;af;a wm@udK iFj iuQyhdhs uyfKks nUhla jQ
fuz YrSrhu f,dalh;a f,dal iuqoh;a f,dal ksfrdaOh;a f,dal ksfrdaOhg udrA.h;a mKjus'hkqfjka
jQ nqoaO foaYkdfjka oelajQ mrsoafokau f,dalh uy;ajQ jYfhka .efkkqfha m<uqfldgu wdoslrAuslhd
g wruqKq jQ m@;sNd. ksus;a;hs'

m@;sNd. ksus;a; ,enqKq miqj thu wruqKq fldg OHdkh ,efnk ;dla tys is; fufyhjSu Wmpdr
Ndjkdhehs lshkq ,efnz'ta m@;sNd. ksus;a;u wruqKq fldg OHdkh ,efnk wjia:dfjys tys is;
fufyhjSu wrAmKd Ndjkd hehs lshkq ,efnz'wrAmKd kuz fuys OHdk m@dma;shhs fuu wrAmKdj
fkd,efnkafka nqoaOd kqiai;s Ouzudkqiai;s ix>dkqiai;s iS,dkqiai;s pd.dkqiai;s foaj;dkqiai;s
Wmiudkqiai;s urKdkqiai;s hk wkqiai;s wfgys yd wydr mgslal~, ixZ[aZ[d p;`Od;`jjF:dk hk
foflys tl;`j jk oY lrAuia:dkfhys muKs' i;r n@yau jsyrKfhys wrAmKdj ,efnz'

i;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkdfjys Wmpdr Ndjkdj yd wrAmKd Ndjkdj hk ;;ajhka;`,oS isf;ys
jrAOkhjkakdjQ m@;sNd. ksus;af;ys iajNdjh‘uy;a njg .shdjQ(Went into Considerable World)’
hkfldgiska bosrsm;a flfrA'fuz ;;ajh m@;sNd. ksus;af;ys f,dalh uy;ajQ ( Considerable World)
hk ;Fjh wNsnjd hEuls fyj;a jrAOkSh iajNdjh w;ska m<uq fldgig jvd fojk fldgi
bosrshg .sh mqZM,a iajNdjhla olakg ,efnz'i;r n@yaujsyrK Ndjkdj uZ.ska wrAmKdj bmsojsh
yelsnj l,ska jsia;rlr we;'

wrAmKdj jqjo fu;a;d lreKd uqos;d yd WfmalaLd hk ;`k pl`Ial OHdkslh fuz ;`k jvd m@:u
OHdkdos OHdk i;r ,enshyelsh'ffu;@S lreKd uqos;d foduzkiska kefZ.k jHdmdo jsysxid wr;s
|=relrhs th fiduzkiska fjkaj fkd,efnz'tnejska iqL fjokd rys; mZ[apu OHdkdosh fuys fkd,o
yelsh WfmalaLdj mZ[apu OHdkslh WfmalaLdj jvd mZ[api OHdkh muKla ,o yelshs' iFjhka
flfrys uOHia: nejska fuys iqL OHdk fkd,efnz'

1
mdol kHdhhka fol (Two Basic Theories)


wfjzr ps;af;da tajx wnHdmcACO ps;af;da tajx wixlsmsgzG ps;af;da tajx jsiqoaO ps;af;da I;a; osgzfGj Ouzfuz

213

mdol kHdhhka fol f,i wrA: oelafjkafka i;r n@yau jsyrK Ndjkd jevSu msKsi bjy,a
lr.kakdjQ l@ufjzohka folhs'fuys jsfYaI;djhla jkafka fjkilaa fkduelsj iuia; i;r n@yau
jsyrKhu tlu fu;a;d ixl,amh u; mdolj ;snSuhs'fuh fy,sjkafka mdol kHhhka fol
ms<snZoj jsuiQ l,aysh ulakisido mdol kHhhka fol wffjrh yd jHdmdo rys;nj u; f.dvkeZ.S
;snSuh'wffjrh yd jHdmdo rys;nj hkq ffu;a;d ixl,amfhau jsjsO wkqmQrAj wjia:djka yegshg
yZ|=kd.; yelsh'

fuzksid fuysoS iuia; i;r n@yau jsyrKhgu tla fmd|= idOlhla fuz;`,ska fidhd.; yelsh'
tkuz fu;a;d ixl,amhhs' uSg by;oS mejiQ mrsos iuia; Y@uK iuzm@odhu fu;a;d ixl,amh mdol
lrf.k f.dvkeZ.S we; hkak fuz uZ.ska ukdj ;yjqre fjz'th ;j|=rg;a iamqg lsrSu iZoyd jskh
YsCIdmo mekjS fkd;snQ ld,fhys nq|=kajykafia ;u Y@djl ix>hd yslaujd .ekSu msKsi Tjqkag
isysleZojSuz jYfhka foaYkdl< Tzjdo md;sfudlaLhg wka;rA.; lreKq jsYaf,aIKh lrne,sh
yelsh'1

‘inzn mdmiai wlrKx –lì,iai Wmiuzmod
ips;a; mrsfhdomKx- tlx nqoaOdk idikx’
hdomKx-

(ishZM wlì,ska |=rejSu lì,a lsrSu yd oshqKq lsrSu ;udf.a is; msrsis|= lsrSu hk fuz nq|=jrhkaf.a
wkqYdikhhs)

‘Lka;s mrux ;fmda ;s;laLd
ksnzndKx mrux joka;s nqoaOd
k ys mnzncsf;da mrEm>d;s
k iufKd fyd;s mrx jsfyGhkaf;d’

(bjiSu fuz iiafkys W;ùz ;mihs nq|= mfianq|= uy ry;ayq ksrAjdKh W;ùzfldg lsh;a wkayg yxid
mSvd lrkakd mejsoafola Y@uKfhla fkdfjz)

‘wkqmjdfoda wkqm>df;damd;sfudlafL p ixjfrda
u;a;Z[aZ|=;d p N;a;iaisx mka;x p ihkdikdikx
wOsps;af;a p wdfhdaf.da t;x nqoaOdk idikx’

(Wmjdo fkdlsrSu ysxid mSvd fkdlsrSu m@d;sfudlaL(YsCIdmo) YS, bJ|@h ixjr YS, fol /lSu
fNdackfhys muK oekSu(wdcSj mdrSYòaOs YS,h yd m@;H ikaks%Y@s; YS,h) jsfjzl fikiakl jsiSu
wIag iudm;a;Ska ,enSfuys jShH! jevSuu hk fuz oE l< hq;`h')2

1 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffu;@Sh ysus"iuhjrAOk

m@ldYlfhda"fld<U"1986"161 msgqj'
2 YdlHuqkSka|@djodkh fyj;a isoaOdrA: f.#;u nqoaO prs;h"n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffu;@Sh ysus"iuhjrAOk

m@ldYlfhda"fld<U"1986"161 msgqj'

214

by; Tzjdo md;sfudlaLfhys iZoyka jk oE ms<snZoj .eUqfrka i<ld ne,Q l< Tzjdo md;sfudlaL
fhys wka;rA.; ishZMu lreKq mokuzj we;af;a wjsysxidj u;nj fmfka'wjsysxidj kuz fu;a;d
ixl,amh uehs';uka Y@uKfhl` jSfuys muKla fkdj Y@uK iuzm@odhg wh;a ;eke;af;l` wkq.uk
lrkakdjQ m@;sm;a;s ud<dj ;ukao wkq.ukh lrkafkl` jSfuys mQrAj fldkafoaishla f,i ms<s.ekS
;sfnkqfha ;ud;`< wjsysxidj fyj;a fu;a;d ixl,amh m@.`K jS ;snSuhs'fuz ksid fu;a;d ixl,amfh
ys wod<;ajh Y@uK iuzmodhgu wkHkHjQ b.ekajSula nj fuz uZ.ska ;yjqre fjz'

nq|=kajykafia ld,du OrAuh foaYkd lrk,o ld,dujrekao wh;ajkafka CI;@Shh rdc mruzm
rdjgh'1CI;@Shhka jkdyS Y@uK iuzm@odhh mekkef.kakdjQ wkdrAh ixialD;shg wh;a fldgils'
fuz ksid nq|=r|=ka fuz foaYkdj jodrk ld,du jrekag ;ukag wh;a mqrdK iuzm@odhsl Wreuhla
ms<snZoj lrkakdjQ isysleZojSulau jkafkah' fu;a;d ixl,amh mdol lr.;a mdol kHdhhka fol
jkqfha
1 wffjrS jQ (Non- Enmity)2
2 jHdmdo rys; jQ (Non – ill – Will) 3

fuys wffjrS jQ (Non- Enmity) hkafkka woyia flfrkafka ffjrh kuz jQ Tz,drsl m@;s> ffp;is
lfhka jshqla; njhs'tu ksid wffjrh hkafkys woyi fu;a;d ixl,amfhys uQ<sl jrAOkSh
wjia:djhs'fuys jHdmdo rys; jQ hkafkka woyia flfrkafka jHdmdoh kuz jQ ishquz m@;s> ffp;isl
fhkaa jshqla; njhs'tu ksid jHdmdo rys; jQ hkafkys woyi fu;a;d ixl,amfhys oajs;Shsl jrAOkSh
wjia:djhs'thu fu;a;d ixl,amfhys l~Gdm@dma;s wjia:djo fjz fuz whqrska wjia:d follska olajd
we;af;a wdos lrAuslhdf.a jYfhka wffjrS jQ (Non – Enmity) wjia:djo jvd m@.`KjQ fhd.djprhd
f.a jYfhka jHdmdo rys; jQ ( Non – ill-Will) wjia:djo jYfhks'

tys m@;sM, kHdhhka 4 ( Four Theories As It’s Results)4

i;r n@yaujsyrKhka jevSfuys wdksixi jYfhka ld,duiQ;@fhys oelafjkafka my; iZoyka
lreKq i;rhs'tu lreKq i;r tu iQ;@fhys js.@yjk fiiq idrOrAu l@shd;aul lsrSfuys,d
Wmia:uzNl jkafka kHdhd;aul iajrEmfhks'tuksid tu lreKq fuysoS i,ldn,d we;af;a kHdhhka
jYfhks'tu lreKq i;r fufia oelajsh yelsh tkuz
1 wffjr is;a we;s nj ( Non – Enmity Mind)5
2 wjHdmdo is;a we;snj ( Non – ill –Will Mind)1

1 ld,du Ou!h"nU/kafoa isrs iSj,S ysus"iuhjrAOk uq|@Kd,h"fld<U"1961"31 msgqj yd ufkdr: mQrKS
(wx.`;a;rksldhgzGl:d)'
.`K;s,l uq|@Kh 1913 452 msgqj
2 w' ks' 1" ;sl ksmd;h"uydj.a."ld,duiq;a;"nq' c 'uq' 337-343 msgq'.tajx js.;dNscfCOda
AfCOda
3 tu js.;dnHdmdfoda

wfjzr ps;af;da tajx wnHdmcACO ps;af;da tajx wixls,sgzG ps;af;da tajx jsiqoaO ps;af;da ;iai osgzfGj Ouzfuz
5 tu tajx wfjzr ps;af;da

ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Buddhist values 3.chapter

ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත හේවගේ Buddhist values 3.chapter

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