Agriculutre production Sustainability Biotic and Abiotic Stress management production loss of producion Breeding needs Bt Brinjal

1. AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION AND
SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESS
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Presentation By
P. Kathiravan
M.Sc.,(Agri ) Genetics and Plant Breeding

2. INTRODUCTION
 To feed the future growing populations present agriculture enormous
challenges
 By 2050, global population is projected to be 50% larger so that global grain
demand is projected to doubled.
 Scientific methods to met sustainable and increased net social benefits of
intensive agricultural production and productivity.

3. By genetic improvement programs involving anovel breeding and genetic
engineering approaches for improving stress tolerance in plants.
 Genetic engineering offers the opportunity to transfer genes across the species to
achieve the desired characteristics such as salt tolerance in the transgenic plants.
 Gain-of-function or loss-of-function has been applied for the crop improvement
practices.
 Increased by developing new cultivars by using all available technologies
enhanced tolerance towards biotic and abiotic stress.

4.  The ‘Food, Cloth and Shelter’ are the three fundamental basic needs of human
life.
 Food and cloth are produced by Agriculture. The global population is expected to
increase in number.
 The current population of World in 2023 is 804 corers by the middle of this
century, with estimates of the world’s population in 2050 varying between 8.5
and 10 billion.

5.  New approaches are needed for food production, which should eliminate cause
harm to the environment or to human livelihood.
 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
 Agricultural production has always involved the exploitation of resources such
as soil, water, and energy.
 Agricultural production has been challenged by many diseases and insect pests
resulting in loss of crop yield.

6.  To maintain the agriculture production for sustainable food system by
developing resistance towards biotic and abiotic stresses through advance
Breeding &-Biotechnological approaches.
 We should build up suitable crop genotypes to increase production and at
the same time augment agricultural sustainability.
 In Africa it arose by 140%, in Latin America by almost 200% and in Asia by
280%.
 The greatest achievement was attained by China, where a fivefold increase
attainment, mostly during the 1980s–1990s.

7.  SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
 Due to growing in population we need to produce more agriproducts and
maintain its amount in future.
 The production process should include biodynamic, community based,
ecoagriculture, ecological, environmentally sensitive, extensive, farm fresh,
free range, low input.
 Making the best use of the genotypes of crops ecological conditions under
which they are grown or raised through the full range of modern biological
approaches.

8.  LOSS OF PRODUCTION
 Crop plants are exposed to multiple abiotic and/or biotic stresses,
 Which leads to hindered growth and development and, subsequently, loss
of productivity and crop quality.
 Eg: Abiotic factors - drought, salinity, and heat, biotic stress - fungal
pathogens and insects.
 The severity of the effect of such stressors can be clearly attested by
multi‐billion-dollar losses in yield.

9.  A stress environment induces a higher threshold of ROS, which in plants
modulates development.
 Signaling the stressed plant to grow rapidly, flower early and even shorten
the grain filling period in field crops to complete the life cycle.
 Redirect nutrient flow from vegetative organs to reproductive growth
seems to be the normal during a plant’s transition from vegetative to
reproductive growth.
 It is also known that generation of ROS-mediated HR (as a response to a
stress or a pathogen attack) causes a shift in cellular metabolism for
resource re-allocation, cause loss in yield.

10.  Thus, a heightened defense response of a plant contributes to the fitness cost, as seen
during JA-dependent defense against herbivores and pathogenesis.
 Thus, the production loss can be reduced by stress resistance breeding.
 BREEDING NEEDS
 For increasing the crop productivity, farmers are using a high dose of chemicals, which
may leads to
 Insects and pathogens gaining resistance to chemical pesticides.

11.  Environmental pollution, soil corrosion, deprivation of agro ecosystems,
deposition of excess chemicals,
 In Agriculture there are various practices is done to increase the productivity
of crops by applying techniques from the subjects of
 Agronomy,
 Agricultural Microbiology,
 Soil Science,
 Agricultural Entomology,

12.  Plant Pathology,
 Plant Breeding and
 Agricultural Bio- technology.
 Among these Plant Breeding and Bio-technology contribute more to
sustainability in Agriculture production by various approaches.
 We can increase the quality and quantity of crop yield potential by
restricting incidence of biotic and abiotic agents without causing the
hazardous to environment.

13. I) IMPROVING ABIOTIC STRESSES TOLERANCE IN CROPS
 Abiotic stresses can create impact on crop yield and quality.
 Drought, temperature extremes, high light intensities and UV radiation, and
salinity.
Eg; High temperatures reduce grain filling period in wheat, oat, and field
corn.
Polyamines, small their role in the fruit metabolome, play an important role
in plant responses to various abiotic stresses.

14. Development of Abiotic Stress-Tolerant Crops:
 Important in increasing agricultural productivity.
 Done by new strategies and approaches as possibly due to the involvement
of multigenic traits.
 Genetic transformation of crops by introducing genes that provide tolerance
to one or more abiotic stresses.

15.  Specific transcription factors for abiotic stress signaling, have been
identified by techniques such as comparative transcriptomics.
 To characterize important transcription factors for stress tolerance &
stress responsive and utilize them for genetic transformation of a crop.
 Some salt tolerant rice varieties are
 IRRI-112 as PSBRc48
 IRRI 113 as PSBRc50

16.  This will catalyze producing super new high-yielding crops with durable
resistance to harsh environmental stresses to meet the food demands of
world population.
 Flavr Savr
Flavr Savr a genetically modified tomato, was the first commercially
grown genetically engineered food. Tomatoes have a short shelf-life in
which they remain firm and ripe.
 II)IMPROVING BIOTIC STRESS RESISTANCE IN CROPS
 Traditional breeding strategies for plant resistance to pathogens have
successfully mined ‘R’ (resistance) genes from related plant hosts and
incorporated them into high yielding cultivars.

17.  Plant ‘R’ genes that contained pathogen attack via ‘innate’ immunity.
 Such strategies are inherently time consuming in nature, pathogen species-
specific, and tend to be of short duration as new race(s) of pathogens
develop eventually overcoming R-gene plant resistance.
 ANNAMALAI BRINJAL
 It is resistance to Aphids.

18.  Genetic engineering application in Biotic stress
 We apply gene modified techniques through advance breeding approach.
 Bt Cotton
 Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO)
or genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton
variety which produces an insecticide activity
to bollworm.
 Bt Brinjal
 The Bt brinjal is another transgenic brinjal it is resistant to Lepidopteron insects, in
particular the Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer (Leucinodesorbonalis).

19.  Bt Corn
 t Corn is highly effective at controlling
Lepidoptera larvae, caterpillars.
CONCLUSION
 The world’s future population will place
unprecedented demands on agriculture
 Necessitating a dramatic increase in food production while at the same
time decreasing the negative impacts of agriculture on land, water, and
climate.

20.  Need to develop better performing crop cultivars using all available
technologies, including genetic engineering can eliminate the chemical
fertilizers and dangerous pesticides
 Clearly, to meet the challenge of sustainably feeding the future world
population many different regional-specific approaches need to be
developed and implemented.
 By applying these techniques the challenges to increase food production to
solve immediate problems of hunger.