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Zotepine
1. ZOTEPINE IN PSYCHIATRIC
DISORDERS
PRESENTOR
DR. ANANT KUMAR RATHI
1st YEAR RESIDENT
GUIDE
DR. D. K. SHARMA
PROF. & HEAD, DEPTT. OF PSYCHIATRY
GOVT. MEDICAL COLLEGE & M.B.S. HOSPITAL, KOTA
2. CLASSIFICATION OF
ANTIPSYCHOTICS
TYPICAL OR FIRST GENERATION
ANTIPSYCHOTICS (FGA)
Phenothiazines:- Chlorpromazine
Thioridazine
Trifluperazine
Fluphenazine
Butyrophenones:- Haloperidol
Droperidol
Thioxanthines:- Flupenthixol
Zuclopenthixol
Dibenzoxazepine:- Loxapine
Diphenylbutylpiperidine:- Pimozide
3. CLASSIFICATION OF
ANTIPSYCHOTICS
ATYPICAL OR SECOND GENERATION
ANTIPSYCHOTICS (SGA)
Dibenzodiazepine:- Clozapine
Thienobenzodiazepine:- Olanzapine
Dibenzothiazepine:- Quetiapine
Benzisoxazole:- Resperidone
Benzisothiazolyl:- Ziprasidone
Aripiperidylindole:- Aripiprazole
Benzamide:- Amisulpride
Levosulpride
Dibenzothiepine:- Zotepine
8. SCHIZOPHRENIA
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
HALLUCINATION FEW FEELINGS
S LOSS OF
DELUSIONS MOTIVATION &
AGITATION INTEREST
DISORGANISATI EMOTIONAL
ON WITHDRAWL
IMPAIRMENTS
WORK
RELATIONSHIP
SELF CARE
COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE
IMPAIRED DEPRESSION
LEARNING HOPELESSNESS
MEMORY ANXIETY
FLUENCY
9. SCHIZOPHRENIA - lMPACT
A major psychotic disorder
Currently conceptualized as a broad
syndrome
Functionally and socially debilitating
chronic illness
Constant 1% worldwide life time incidence
10% suicide rate
Strong genetic component
10. Abnormality of brain neurochemistry
neuroanatomy and development
Mesolimbic overactivity of dopamine
produce positive symptoms
Mesocortical underactivity of dopamine
and serotonin produce negative and
cognitive symptoms
Hypofrontality related to serotonin
transmission is associated with negative
symptoms
11. Treatment options for
schizophrenia
1st Generation Antipsychotics
Post synaptic D2 blockade
D2 blockade
D2 blockade in in
in
Nigrostriatal Tuberoinfundi
Mesolimbic
bular pathway
area pathway
Results in
adverse effects
Results in as
Alleviates
adverse hyper
positive
effects as prolactinemia,
symptoms galactorrhea
EPS
Menstrual
12. 2nd Generation Antipsychotics
Bind to
serotonin Less affinity
5HT-2A Less affinity Less affinity
to D2
to D2 to D2
receptor, receptor in
receptor in receptor in
Less Tuberoinfun
Mesocortica Nigrostriatal
affinity to dibular
l pathway pathway
D2 pathway
receptor
Lower
Alleviates propensity Lower
Lower
positive to cause propensity
propensity
negative negative to cause
cognitive to cause
and hyperprola
symptoms EPS
cognitive ctinemia
13. ZOTEPINE PHARMACOLOGY
An atypical
antipsychotic
Tricyclic substituted
Dibenzothiepine
drug
Developed by
Astellas pharma in
Japan 1982
Chemically similar to
clozapine and
quetiapine
14. Pharmacokinetics
Only oral formulation
available
Well absorbed in GI Tract
Bioavailability is 7 to 13%
due to extensive first pass
hepatic biotransformation
Peak plasma conc. within 1
to 4 hrs.
Plasma protein binding is
97%
Half life is 15 to 24 hrs
Steady state conc. reach in 4
15. Pharmacokinetics
Major metabolic route is N-demethylation by
Cyt-p450 isozyme 3A2 to norzotepine
Norzotepine also has about 30-40% activity of
parent compound
Eliminated in bile and faeces
16. Pharmacodynamics
Zotepine blocks D1&D2 receptors
Implication:- Antipsychotic activity
Extra Pyramidal Symptoms
Raise serum prolactin
Zotepine blocks 5HT2a, 5HT2c, 5HT6, 5HT7
receptors
Implication:- Improved cognition, reduced
anxiety,
Increased sleep & appetite, weight
gain
Zotepine blocks 5HT receptors more potently than
DA receptors
Implication:- Explain its atypical behaviour
19. Unique pharmacological profile
of Zotepine
At low doses (75-150mg/day) it increases
dopaminergic transmission
Implication:- Improves negative and cognitive
deficits
At high doses (150-300mg/day) it inhibits
dopaminergic transmission
Implication:- Improves positive symptoms
Inhibits nor epinephrine reuptake
Implication:- Improves affective and cognitive
symptoms
20. ZOTEPINE: EFFICACY
Postsynaptic D2
Antagonist
POSITIVE. Excitement
/hostility
LOW
DOS SCHIZOPHRENIA HIGH
DOS
E E
NEGATIVE, Cognitive &
Depressive
Balance DA
Level
21. EFFICACY
Positive symptoms of
schizophrenia
Schizophrenia in acute
exacerbation
Negative symptoms of
schizophrenia
Refractory schizophrenia
Efficacy against hostility
Efficacy against cognitive
symptoms
Relapse prevention
22. SCREENING
Weight, Blood Pressure, Fasting blood sugar,
Lipid profile
Get personal & family history of diabetes,
hypertension, cardiovascular disease, smoking
Refer such pt. for nutrition, weight
management and medical management
Whether taking agents that prolong QT
Risk of electrolyte disturbances (on diuretics)
23. DOSING
For negative symptoms schizophrenia
Started in 25 mg t.d.s doses
Gradually can be increased up to total of
150 mg/day
For positive symptoms schizophrenia
Started in 50 mg t.d.s doses
Gradually can be increased up to total of
300 mg/day
For critically ill patient
it can be used upto450 mg/day
24. ADVERSE EFFECTS
Weight Gain is most
common
Somnolence is troublesome
Extra Pyramidal Symptoms
Reduced salivation
Hypotension
Hyperprolactinemia
Constipation
Excessive salivation
25. ADVERSE EFFECTS RARE BUT
SERIOUS
ECG changes:- QT prolongation, torsades de
pointes (dose dependant)
Seizures:- Dose related proconvulsive effect
Paralysis of intestine:- anorexia, nausea,
vomiting, severe constipation, abdominal
fullness or flaccidity
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome:- Fever,
muscular rigidity, akinetic mutism, autonomic
hyperactivity
26. Drug interactions
Serious fall in blood pressure occur when co
administered with adrenaline
Additive antihypertensive effect with antiHTNs
Additive sedation with CNS depressants as BZDs,
barbiturates, anesthetics including alcohol
Additive anticholinergic action with
anticholinergics, TCAs, antiparkinsons drugs
Antagonize the effect of dopaminergic agents
Combined use of Phenothiazines may increase
risk of seizures
Fluoxetine and Diazepam increase plasma conc.
Of zotepine.
27. Warnings and precautions
Avoid in patients with:-
Coma and Circulatory collapse
Encephalitis, Brain tumors, Head injury
Hepatic & Hematological disorder
Exposed to high environmental temperature
Engaged in activities requiring alertness
Terfenadine or Astemizole (QT
Prolongation)
28. Warnings and precautions
Poisoning
ECG changes
History of seizures or lobotomy
Gout and Nephrolithiasis
Narrow angle glaucoma
Urinary retention, chronic constipation
Obese person
Electrolyte disturbances
29. USE IN SPECIAL
POPULATION
RENAL IMPAIRMENT:- Start 25 mg b.d, up to
max. of 75 mg b.d
HEPATIC IMPAIRMENT:- Start 25 mg b.d, up
to max. of 75 mg b.d, monitor LFTs
CARDIAC IMPAIRMENT:- Used cautiously
specially if on antiarrhythmics or drugs causing
bradycardia, hypokalemia
Elderly:- Start 25 mg b.d, up to max. of 75 mg
b.d
Children:- Not recommended under age of 18
30. Over dosage:
CNS Depression from somnolence to coma
Low BP
EPS occurs
Restlessness, agitation
Convulsions
Abnormal ECG, arrhythmia
Management:- No specific antidote
Symptomatic and maintenance
therapies recommended
31. PREDICTION OF EFFICACY
(Lin et al, J Clin Psychiatry 2007)
135 acutely ill DSM-IV schizophrenics in Taiwan.
Zotepine 150 mg/day for 4 weeks.
35 drop outs due to inefficacy, adverse effects,
or withdrawal of consent.
Response rate was 78% in the 100 completers.
Response defined as 20% decrease in BPRS.
Improvement in BPRS at weeks 1 and 2 each
predicted 4-week response.
32. ACUTE EXACERBATION OF
SCHIZOPHRENIA: Efficacy outcomes
(Petit et al, Psychopharmacol Bull 1996)
8-week study in 13 French centers
Zotepine (150-300 mg/day; n=63)
HPL (10-20 mg/day; n=63)
BPRS, CGI-I, CGI-S outcomes: no differences
between groups.
SANS improvement: Zotepine > HPL.
Improvement curves: Max during weeks 1-2;
more gradual, thereafter.
33. ACUTE EXACERBATION OF
SCHIZOPHRENIA: Adverse effects
(Petit et al, Psychopharmacol Bull 1996)
AIMS, Simpson-Angus scores decreased with
zotepine, increased with HPL (significant for
latter)
No akathisia with zotepine.
Weight change: Zotepine, +2.3 kg; HPL, -0.8 kg
Pulse raised by 5 bmp with zotepine, nil with
HPL
No changes in blood pressure
Uric acid levels significantly decreased with
zotepine but not with HPL.
34. OPEN-LABEL, 6-WEEK,
7-CENTER, INDIAN RCT
238 young adults with DSM-IV schizophrenia
Zotepine 25 mg tid vs HPL 5 mg bd
Zotepine vs HPL:
PANSS +vs s/s improvement, 49% vs 45%
PANSS –ve s/s improvement, 42% vs 41%
Virtually identical improvement in CGI-S, CGI-I
35. ASIAN STUDY: POSITIVE SYMPTOM
SCHIZOPHRENIA, Efficacy outcomes
(Hwang et al, J Formos Med Assoc 2001)
6-week study in 2 Taiwanese centers
ICD-10 schizophrenia (n=70; mostly chronic)
17 drop outs, similar between groups
Zotepine 150 mg/day vs HPL 9 mg/day
Efficacy on PANSS, BPRS, CGI: Zotepine=HPL
20% and 30% response rates: Zotepine=HPL
36. ASIAN STUDY: POSITIVE SYMPTOM
SCHIZOPHRENIA, Adverse effects
(Hwang et al, J Formos Med Assoc 2001)
No dystonia with zotepine
EPS: Zotepine < HPL
Weight gain: Zotepine +2.6 kg; HPL +0.4 kg
Heart rate increased with zotepine
Zotepine adverse effects: Dizziness (38%),
sedation (32%), dry mouth (29%), constipation
(20%), increased salivation (18%)
37. EFFICACY AGAINST HOSTILITY
(Briken et al, Schiz Res 2002)
Open-label RCT in ICD-10 schizophrenia,
schizoaffective disorder (n=69)
Zotepine 50-275 (mean 150) mg/day
Olanzapine 2.5-20 (mean, 12) mg/day
Risperidone 1-8 (mean, 4) mg/day
Zotepine > risperidone on BPRS measures of
hostility (olanzapine efficacy was in between).
Benefits persisted after controlling for sedation
and improvement in positive symptoms.
38. EFFICACY AGAINST NEGATIVE
SYMPTOMS
(Fleischhacker et al, Pharmacopsychiatry 1987)
10 chronic schizophrenics with –ve symptoms
Zotepine 50-200 mg/day for 8 weeks
Significant decrease in SANS
No increase in positive symptoms
1 patient had +ve symptom relapse at 3 weeks
2 more patients relapsed during maintenance
treatment.
39. NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS, NEGATIVE
STUDY
(Moller et al, Pharmacopsychiatry 2004)
80 schizophrenic with stable negative symptoms
Zotepine 25-225 mg/day (mean, 130) vs
placebo
8-week study
Zotepine not significantly superior to placebo on
PANSS (positive, negative, general
psychopathology subscales), CGI, MADRS,
EPS measures.
40. RELAPSE PREVENTION
(Cooper et al, Psychopharmacol Berl 2000)
119 patients with chronic, DSM-IIIR
schizophrenia
Zotepine 150-300 mg/day vs placebo for 26
weeks
Drop out due to adverse events, 26% vs 7%
Estimated 26-week relapse rate, 9% vs 53%
(HR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.05-0.48)
SANS scores did not improve, placebo-level
EPS
Uric acid levels decreased by 43% with zotepine
(unchanged with placebo)
41. REFRACTORY
SCHIZOPHRENIA
45 patients with treatment-resistant
schizophrenia
Zotepine 137-299 mg/day in monotherapy or as
add-on therapy (maintenance dose, 231
mg/day)
BPRS decreased from week 2 to week 12 in 29
of 35 evaluable patients.
Better outcomes in younger and catatonic
patients, and in those with acute exacerbation
and shorter illness duration
Harada et al (Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1991)
42. EFFICACY: OTHER INDICATIONS
Zotepine (12.5-150 mg/day) was effective
against Behavioral and Psychological
Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) in a open study
of 24 patients (Rainer et al, CNS Drugs 2004)
Zotepine is effective against Mania as
monotherapy (Amann et al, Bipolar Disord 2005) or in
combination with a mood stabilizer (Chan et al,
Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010).
Zotepine reduced Chorea in one patient with
Huntington’s disease (Bonelli et al, Human
Psychopharmacol 2003).
46. What constitute an ideal
Antipsychotic
Mood-stabilizing
Efficacious for properties
Positive & negative Low EPS, TD
symptoms
Cognitive benefits Ideal Weight Neutral
Antipsychotic
Improved No adverse
Function and Long-term health
Quality of life Consequences
Affordable
47. TO SUMMARISE
1st discovered in Japan
Initially studied in Asian countries
Only few studies available
Tricyclic Dibenzothiepine molecule
Receptor profile:-
Dopaminergic blockade(D2&D3 > D1&D4)
Serotonergic Blockade( 5HT2A&5HT2C)
Inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine
All leading to improvement in positive, negative
as well as cognitive symptoms and less EPS
48. TO SUMMARISE
As per studies available, it is effective in
Acute exacerbation of schizophrenia
Refractory schizophrenia
Relapse prevention
Side Effects:- Weight gain, sedation, dry
mouth, EPS, Constipation, hyperprolactinemia
49. PROS & CONS
POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES:- Controlling
positive, negative, affective as well as
cognitive symptoms
POTENTIAL DISADVANTAGES:-
lack of studies
Not FDA approved
Frequent dosing
Seizure potential
Slow onset of action
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