for bsc mlt

2. • Waste generated from health care facilities caries a
higher potential for infections and injuries.
• Safe and reliable methods of segregation and disposal of
hospital waste is essential.
• Waste segregation : basic separation of different
categories of waste generated

3. • Biomedical waste: Waste generated during the diagnosis,
treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or
in research activities based on the BMW rules, 2016.
• Solid waste generated in hospitals varies from ½ to 2
kg/bed in govt hospitals , private hospitals and nursing
homes.

4. Waste generated in hospitals falls into:
1.General waste(80%)
2.Pathological and infectious waste(15%)
3.Chemical and pharmaceutical waste(3%)
4.Sharp waste(1%)

6. • Wastes are generally produced by
 Health Care Facilities
 Research Facilities
 Laboratories

9. Segregation of waste
• At point of generation.
• In a color coded leak proof container.
• Container should bear biohazard symbol and appropriate wording.
• Container should never be completely filled.
• To avoid mixing of general (non-infectious) waste into infectious
waste. Once mixed, becomes infectious and should not be removed.
• To decrease expenditure on disposal of infectious waste.
• To reduce infectious waste.

10. 
 Human anatomical waste
 Soiled items – blood body fluids like dressing ,plaster ,casts,
cotton swabs and bags containing residual or discarded blood
or blood components
 Chemical waste expired /discarded medicine/cytotoxic waste -
antibiotics, cytotoxic drugs(glass/plastic vials)
 Discarded linen mattress beddings contaminated with blood or
body fluids.
 Microbiology biotechnology and clinical laboratory wastes
Yellow bag

11. 
 Recyclable contaminated waste
 Disposable items like
• Catheters
• Gloves
• Syringes
• Vaccutainers
RED BAG

12. 
 Sharps including metals
 Syringes with fixed needle
 Burner
 Needle tip cutter
 Scalpels & blades
 Any other sharp objects (includes both used and
contaminated metal sharps)
White bag

13. 
 Glass wares
 Metallic body implants
 Broken or discarded and contaminated glass including
medicine vials and ampules except those contaminated
with cytotoxic wastes.
Blue bag

14. 

15. 
Categories of BMW(2016)

16. 
 Incineration
 Autoclave
 Chemical disinfection
 Effluent treatment plant
 Microwaving
 Shredder
 Sanitary landfill
Disposal methods

17. 
 High temperature dry oxidation (870-1200°C)
 Reduce organic and combustible matter into nonorganic incombustible
matter.
 Result in very significant reduction of waste volume and weight.
 Done for wastes that cannot be reused ,recycled and disposed off in a
land fill.
 Not done for:
1. Pressurised gas containers
2. Reactive chemical waste.
3. Halogenated plastics such as PVC
4. Waste with heavy metals such as mercury ,silversalts ,radiographic
waste ,broken thermometers.
INCINERATION

19. 
 Thermal process where steam is bought into direct contact with
waste in a controlled manner and for sufficient duration to
sterilize the wastes.
 Two types: Gravity type
Horizontal type
 1210c for 15 minutes at pressure of 15 pounds.
 Precautions:
1.Not used in case of oil ,grease or dry material such as glove
powder.
2.Do not overfill the chamber.
3.Donot touch sides and tops of chamber.
4.Clean and waste items autoclaved separately.
5.Polyethylene trays should not be used.
AUTOCLAVE

20. 
 Chemicals are added to waste to kill or inactivate the
pathogens within it.
 It result in disinfection rather than sterilization.
 It is more suitable for liquid waste such as blood ,urine
,stool and hospital sewage.
 Microbiological cultures and sharps may also be
disinfected.
 1-2%Sodium hypochlorite
Chemical disinfection

21. 

22. 
 Liquid effluent generated during the process of washing
containers, vehicles, floors etc first subjected to chemical
treatment and then disposed in effluent treatment plant
Effluent treatment plant

23. 
 Microbial inactivation occurs due to thermal effect of
electromagnetic radiation spectrum lying between
frequencies 300 and 300,000 MHz
 Intermolecular heating process
 Heating occurs inside the waste material in presence of
steam.
 Efficacy of microwave disinfection should be monitored
regularly.
MICROWAVING

24. 
 Waste are deshaped or cut in to smaller pieces so as to
make waste unrecognizable
 Helps in prevention of reuse of biomedial waste.
SHREDDER

25. 
 Pit should be 2 meters deep, half filled with waste, then
covered with lime within 50cm of surface before filling
soil.
 When wastes are added to pit , layer of 10cm of soil
added to cover the waste
 Pits should be distant from habitation, ensure that no
contamination occurs to surface water or ground water.
SANITARY LANDFILL

26. 
 This makes use of an ionised gas in the plasma state to
convert electrical energy to temperatures of several 1000
degrees using plasma arc torches or electrodes.
 The system provides high temperatures combined with high
UV radiation flux which destroys the pathogens completely
PLASMA PYROLYSIS

27. 
 The process of inertization involves mixing waste with cement
and other substances before disposal to minimise the risk of
toxic substances contained in the waste migrating into surface or
ground water.
INERTIZATION

28. 
 It involves filling containers with waste ,adding immobilizing material
and sealing the containers to prevent the access to unscrupulous
activities
 The process uses cubic boxes made up of metallic drums which are 3
quarters filled with sharps or chemicals or pharmaceutical wastes and
then filled with a medium such as plastic foam , cement mortar or clay
material
ENCAPSULATION

29. 
 Microbiological waste – autoclaving Final disposal as a
general waste- Red Bag.
 Tubes used for serum separation, centrifugation of
samples, preparation of dilutions etc. tips , Caps, any other
contaminated plastic ware
Method: Chemical Disinfection
 Disposal of liquid waste : Pour into drain with running tap
WASTE REQUIRING PRETREATMENT BEFORE
DISPOSAL

30. 
Yellow bag
 Contaminated gloves; latex & plastic(Uncontaminated – general
waste)
 Contaminated tissue /blotting papers
 Contaminated cotton
 Human tissue/organs
White sharp disposal container
 Broken glass, pipettes, broken test tubes,
 Needles, razor blade, scalpel
WASTE DISPOSED WITHOUT
PRETREATMENT

31. 
 Do not allow the containers to overfill.
 Arrange containers near the operation area at accessible
distance,
 Ensure that the disposed item is inside the container and
not hanging at the edge.
 Transport within 48 hour
ATTENTION

32. 
DECONTAMINATION OF NON REUSABLE ARTICLES

33. 
DECONTAMINATION OF REUSABLE ARTICLES