This document provides an overview and summary of Zika virus. It discusses what Zika virus is, how it spreads, its symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It focuses particularly on the association between Zika infection during pregnancy and microcephaly in infants. It provides recommendations for prevention, discusses implications for global travel and the Rio Olympics, and politics surrounding the virus. The expert presenting is the Director of Medical Operations at Elite Medical Group with experience in emergency medicine.
Hiv infection /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses pediatric and adolescent HIV in Zimbabwe. It provides statistics on HIV prevalence rates among adults and children in Zimbabwe. It notes challenges in identifying HIV-exposed infants outside of health care settings and in providing pediatric testing and treatment. The document also discusses the specific challenges in managing HIV-positive adolescents, including issues with disclosure, adherence, stigma, and addressing their sexual and reproductive health needs. It describes the Zvandiri program model for differentiated care for children, adolescents, and young people living with HIV in Zimbabwe.
This document summarizes the work of mothers2mothers (m2m) in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. It describes how m2m uses mentor mothers to educate and support HIV-positive pregnant women and new mothers, with the goals of preventing HIV transmission to babies, keeping mothers and infants healthy, and empowering mothers. The model employs and trains local HIV-positive women to mentor others in health facilities and communities. An evaluation found that m2m significantly increases utilization of PMTCT services and improves psychosocial outcomes for participants. m2m has expanded from South Africa to 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and can be transmitted through sexual contact, blood transmission, or from mother to child. There are two types of HIV, HIV-1 being more prevalent. HIV progresses to AIDS by weakening the immune system over time. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) aims to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding through testing, treatment, and replacement feeding. Antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV and slow disease progression.
The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS including:
1. The history and epidemiology of HIV/AIDS globally and in Egypt. HIV was first identified in 1981 and transmission occurs through unprotected sex, blood transfusions, and mother-to-child. Rates in Egypt have increased in recent years.
2. The life cycle and stages of HIV infection from initial binding to T-cells through replication and progression to AIDS if untreated.
3. Effective prevention methods including antiretroviral treatment for pregnant women, voluntary medical male circumcision, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and consistent condom use which can reduce risk of transmission by over 90%.
HIV infection in children is a major public health problem, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Over 2.5 million children are living with HIV globally, with over 95% of pediatric infections resulting from mother-to-child transmission. Factors like high HIV prevalence in women of childbearing age and subtype C's increased virulence have led to high rates of pediatric infection in Tanzania and SSA. HIV depletes CD4+ T cells, impairing immune function and leaving children susceptible to opportunistic infections. Disease progression varies but can be rapid, with mortality high in infants under 2 years old due to inability to control high viral loads.
This document discusses the social dimensions of sexually transmitted infections like HIV/AIDS. It begins by outlining the objectives of explaining basic HIV/AIDS knowledge. It then discusses the seven dimensions of health, focusing on the social dimension which refers to our ability to interact successfully and maintain supportive relationships. In regards to HIV/AIDS, the social dimension focuses on how social support networks protect against health problems. The document then provides basic information about HIV/AIDS, including what it is, the stages of infection, modes of transmission through body fluids, and methods of prevention through abstinence and safe practices. Statistics about HIV cases in the Philippines are also presented, showing the majority of cases are among young males. The challenges of stigma and lack of
1) HIV infection during pregnancy poses risks for both mother and baby, with around 13,000 babies born to HIV+ mothers becoming infected each year in India.
2) Strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission include antiretroviral therapy for the mother during pregnancy and delivery, and for 6 weeks postpartum. Caesarean delivery and avoiding breastfeeding can further reduce risks of transmission.
3) Proper prenatal counseling, treatment, and testing of the newborn are important for management of HIV infection during pregnancy.
Hiv infection /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses pediatric and adolescent HIV in Zimbabwe. It provides statistics on HIV prevalence rates among adults and children in Zimbabwe. It notes challenges in identifying HIV-exposed infants outside of health care settings and in providing pediatric testing and treatment. The document also discusses the specific challenges in managing HIV-positive adolescents, including issues with disclosure, adherence, stigma, and addressing their sexual and reproductive health needs. It describes the Zvandiri program model for differentiated care for children, adolescents, and young people living with HIV in Zimbabwe.
This document summarizes the work of mothers2mothers (m2m) in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. It describes how m2m uses mentor mothers to educate and support HIV-positive pregnant women and new mothers, with the goals of preventing HIV transmission to babies, keeping mothers and infants healthy, and empowering mothers. The model employs and trains local HIV-positive women to mentor others in health facilities and communities. An evaluation found that m2m significantly increases utilization of PMTCT services and improves psychosocial outcomes for participants. m2m has expanded from South Africa to 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and can be transmitted through sexual contact, blood transmission, or from mother to child. There are two types of HIV, HIV-1 being more prevalent. HIV progresses to AIDS by weakening the immune system over time. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) aims to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding through testing, treatment, and replacement feeding. Antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV and slow disease progression.
The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS including:
1. The history and epidemiology of HIV/AIDS globally and in Egypt. HIV was first identified in 1981 and transmission occurs through unprotected sex, blood transfusions, and mother-to-child. Rates in Egypt have increased in recent years.
2. The life cycle and stages of HIV infection from initial binding to T-cells through replication and progression to AIDS if untreated.
3. Effective prevention methods including antiretroviral treatment for pregnant women, voluntary medical male circumcision, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and consistent condom use which can reduce risk of transmission by over 90%.
HIV infection in children is a major public health problem, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Over 2.5 million children are living with HIV globally, with over 95% of pediatric infections resulting from mother-to-child transmission. Factors like high HIV prevalence in women of childbearing age and subtype C's increased virulence have led to high rates of pediatric infection in Tanzania and SSA. HIV depletes CD4+ T cells, impairing immune function and leaving children susceptible to opportunistic infections. Disease progression varies but can be rapid, with mortality high in infants under 2 years old due to inability to control high viral loads.
This document discusses the social dimensions of sexually transmitted infections like HIV/AIDS. It begins by outlining the objectives of explaining basic HIV/AIDS knowledge. It then discusses the seven dimensions of health, focusing on the social dimension which refers to our ability to interact successfully and maintain supportive relationships. In regards to HIV/AIDS, the social dimension focuses on how social support networks protect against health problems. The document then provides basic information about HIV/AIDS, including what it is, the stages of infection, modes of transmission through body fluids, and methods of prevention through abstinence and safe practices. Statistics about HIV cases in the Philippines are also presented, showing the majority of cases are among young males. The challenges of stigma and lack of
1) HIV infection during pregnancy poses risks for both mother and baby, with around 13,000 babies born to HIV+ mothers becoming infected each year in India.
2) Strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission include antiretroviral therapy for the mother during pregnancy and delivery, and for 6 weeks postpartum. Caesarean delivery and avoiding breastfeeding can further reduce risks of transmission.
3) Proper prenatal counseling, treatment, and testing of the newborn are important for management of HIV infection during pregnancy.
HIV infects and damages cells that help the body fight infection and disease. It can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. To prevent mother-to-child transmission, pregnant women should receive counseling and voluntary testing for HIV. If infected, antiretroviral treatment is recommended during pregnancy and delivery, and avoidance of breastfeeding if safe alternatives are available. Planned c-section or antiretroviral prophylaxis can further reduce the risk of transmission.
*I hope its help you all for preparation part 1 exam for MRCOG & MOG and your daily job.Good Luck May ALLAH bless our work and study,Good luck to all.dont forget to pray to ALLAH.if i wrong please correct me..process of learning..
The 2013 consolidated WHO guidelines provide recommendations for treating and preventing HIV across the continuum of care. Key features include:
- Simplified once-daily ART regimens including TDF+FTC/3TC+EFV as the preferred first-line regimen for adults and adolescents.
- "Option B+" is recommended - lifelong ART for all pregnant and breastfeeding women for prevention of mother-to-child transmission.
- Earlier treatment is recommended - ART is to be initiated in all individuals with CD4 ≤500 cells/mm3 or clinical stage 3/4 disease regardless of CD4 count.
The journey towards making elimination of mother to child transmission a real...HopkinsCFAR
The document discusses the journey towards eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV (eMTCT) and the contributions of clinical research. It outlines the burden of mother-to-child HIV transmission and the progress made through PMTCT interventions and clinical trials. Landmark trials in Uganda evaluated effective ARV regimens and extended infant prophylaxis, informing WHO guidelines. Ongoing research addresses challenges like adherence and retention through interventions like peer support groups. Further research on new drugs, testing approaches, and integration of services is still needed to achieve eMTCT goals.
This was a lecture given during the CME activitiy for POGS Region 7 by the Philippine Infectious Disease Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology (PIDSOG) at Casino Espanyol in Cebu City.
- Children are affected less frequently by COVID-19 than adults, with fewer cases and milder symptoms overall. However, a rare inflammatory condition called MIS-C has emerged.
- The presentation discusses the epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, clinical presentation, management considerations, and outcomes of COVID-19 in children. It also covers vertical transmission, breastmilk safety, and the emerging MIS-C condition.
- While children generally have milder disease, MIS-C can cause severe, multi-system inflammation in some children and the long term prognosis is still uncertain. Further research is needed on treatment options for MIS-C.
The document discusses HIV in pregnancy and strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission. It recommends screening all pregnant women for HIV early in pregnancy and managing positive cases with a multidisciplinary team. Antiretroviral therapy is recommended for HIV-positive mothers during pregnancy and delivery to reduce transmission risk below 2%. Mode of delivery depends on the mother's viral load and treatment, with elective c-section beneficial for untreated or high viral load women.
The Zika virus is a mosquito-borne illness that was initially identified in Africa in the 1950s and reported in the Americas in 2014. While symptoms are generally mild, infection during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects such as microcephaly. There is no vaccine or treatment for Zika, so pregnant women are advised to take precautions to avoid mosquito bites such as wearing repellent and covered clothing. If pregnant and exposed to Zika, women should contact their obstetrician for testing and monitoring due to the potential risks to the fetus.
This document discusses HIV and pregnancy. It notes that HIV was first identified in 1981 in the US and was reported in India in 1986. Modes of HIV transmission include sexual contact, blood transmission, and perinatal transmission from mother to child. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of HIV screening during pregnancy. It discusses the effects of HIV on pregnancy and risks of perinatal transmission. It provides details on management of HIV during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum care including anti-retroviral regimens to reduce transmission risk. Universal work precautions for healthcare workers are also outlined.
This document discusses paediatric HIV, including:
1) Over 2 million children under 15 were living with HIV by 2006, most acquiring it vertically from their mothers. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission focuses on antiretroviral prophylaxis and treatment.
2) HIV infected children can receive routine immunizations which are generally safe and effective, though antibody response may be impaired. Live attenuated vaccines require additional precautions for immunosuppressed children.
3) Clinical monitoring of perinatally exposed infants includes growth, development, and screening for opportunistic infections. HIV testing is done via PCR and serology. Antiretroviral therapy aims to suppress viral load and improve CD4 counts.
This document describes the case of a 14-year-old girl presenting with cough, fever, and white patches in her mouth for 2-3 weeks. Her history reveals recurrent respiratory infections, oral lesions, and loose stools for over a year. On examination she has pallor, lymphadenopathy, clubbing, oral thrush, and skin lesions. Tests show anemia, lymphocytosis, and positive HIV ELISA. She is diagnosed with HIV stage III. The document then discusses HIV transmission, clinical staging, diagnosis in infants, management, antiretroviral therapy, and prophylaxis for opportunistic infections.
This document provides statistics on the global HIV epidemic in 2018 from UNAIDS as well as information on HIV in India. Some key points:
- 37.9 million people globally were living with HIV in 2018. 1.7 million became newly infected that year while 23.3 million were accessing antiretroviral therapy.
- India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world. In 2015, the national adult prevalence was 0.26%. Prevalence is highest in certain states like Mizoram (2.04%) and Manipur (1.43%).
- Children account for 6.54% of total PLHIV in India. Early infant diagnosis, appropriate infant feeding and prophylaxis
Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV 2017Helen Madamba
This is a lecture delivered during the Integrated Orientation on HIV/AIDS and TBHIV Collaboration by the Department of Health Region 7 at Bohol Tropics Resort, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Module 4 hiv infection & art in childrenDavid Ngogoyo
This document provides an overview of managing HIV infected children. It covers the epidemiology and transmission of HIV in children, the natural progression of disease, diagnosis and staging, prevention and treatment of common HIV conditions, and antiretroviral therapy for children. Key points include mother-to-child transmission being the most common mode of transmission, diagnostic criteria involving virologic tests for children under 18 months and antibody tests after 18 months, and natural history patterns including rapid, intermediate, and slow disease progression in African children.
1) The document discusses eliminating pediatric HIV/AIDS through preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). It outlines the four components of the WHO's PMTCT strategy and improvements in reducing new HIV infections among children from 600,000 in 1990 to 370,000 in 2009.
2) While PMTCT programs have expanded, only about half of pregnant women and infants receive antiretroviral drugs. Early diagnosis and lifelong treatment are critical for infants to survive.
3) Goals for HIV care programs include preventing opportunistic infections, early identification and management of complications, and engaging patients in care, treatment and prevention through education and support. With continued progress, the document argues that virtual elimination of pediatric HIV
This is a lecture given to medical students of Cebu Institute of Medicine under the reproductive module. It contains a discussion of principles of HIV infection screening, diagnosis, staging and management, especially during pregnancy.
Sugbuanong Pundok Aron sugpuon and Child Abuse (SUPACA) is a group of youth advocates who promote the four inherent rights of a child: survival, protection, development and participation. Due to the explosion of the Philippine HIV Epidemic especially in Cebu, the SUPACA youth advocates go from barangay to barangay to organize children and youth to talk about HIV/AIDS to improve awareness. With understanding comes compassion and with compassion, stigma and discrimination is reduced.
This document provides information and tools for assessing risks associated with travel to challenging destinations. It defines different types of risks like terrorism, crime, and health issues that travelers should consider. It also discusses how risks are perceived, noting that emotions can influence perceptions more than rational calculations. Data on deaths of US citizens overseas is presented, showing that vehicle accidents and homicides are leading causes. The document recommends collecting risk information from government websites, embassies, and local sources, and presents tools like a worldwide risk map and State Department travel warnings to help assess safety in different locations. Small steps for risk mitigation are outlined. Two case studies on assessing risks in Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are presented.
Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 in Uganda. It is transmitted primarily via mosquito bites but can also be transmitted sexually or from mother to fetus. While most infections cause only mild symptoms, infection during pregnancy can lead to microcephaly and other birth defects. There is currently no vaccine or treatment, but researchers are developing DNA vaccines which may be available in 3-5 years. Two vaccine candidates are currently in phase 1 clinical trials.
HIV infects and damages cells that help the body fight infection and disease. It can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. To prevent mother-to-child transmission, pregnant women should receive counseling and voluntary testing for HIV. If infected, antiretroviral treatment is recommended during pregnancy and delivery, and avoidance of breastfeeding if safe alternatives are available. Planned c-section or antiretroviral prophylaxis can further reduce the risk of transmission.
*I hope its help you all for preparation part 1 exam for MRCOG & MOG and your daily job.Good Luck May ALLAH bless our work and study,Good luck to all.dont forget to pray to ALLAH.if i wrong please correct me..process of learning..
The 2013 consolidated WHO guidelines provide recommendations for treating and preventing HIV across the continuum of care. Key features include:
- Simplified once-daily ART regimens including TDF+FTC/3TC+EFV as the preferred first-line regimen for adults and adolescents.
- "Option B+" is recommended - lifelong ART for all pregnant and breastfeeding women for prevention of mother-to-child transmission.
- Earlier treatment is recommended - ART is to be initiated in all individuals with CD4 ≤500 cells/mm3 or clinical stage 3/4 disease regardless of CD4 count.
The journey towards making elimination of mother to child transmission a real...HopkinsCFAR
The document discusses the journey towards eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV (eMTCT) and the contributions of clinical research. It outlines the burden of mother-to-child HIV transmission and the progress made through PMTCT interventions and clinical trials. Landmark trials in Uganda evaluated effective ARV regimens and extended infant prophylaxis, informing WHO guidelines. Ongoing research addresses challenges like adherence and retention through interventions like peer support groups. Further research on new drugs, testing approaches, and integration of services is still needed to achieve eMTCT goals.
This was a lecture given during the CME activitiy for POGS Region 7 by the Philippine Infectious Disease Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology (PIDSOG) at Casino Espanyol in Cebu City.
- Children are affected less frequently by COVID-19 than adults, with fewer cases and milder symptoms overall. However, a rare inflammatory condition called MIS-C has emerged.
- The presentation discusses the epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, clinical presentation, management considerations, and outcomes of COVID-19 in children. It also covers vertical transmission, breastmilk safety, and the emerging MIS-C condition.
- While children generally have milder disease, MIS-C can cause severe, multi-system inflammation in some children and the long term prognosis is still uncertain. Further research is needed on treatment options for MIS-C.
The document discusses HIV in pregnancy and strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission. It recommends screening all pregnant women for HIV early in pregnancy and managing positive cases with a multidisciplinary team. Antiretroviral therapy is recommended for HIV-positive mothers during pregnancy and delivery to reduce transmission risk below 2%. Mode of delivery depends on the mother's viral load and treatment, with elective c-section beneficial for untreated or high viral load women.
The Zika virus is a mosquito-borne illness that was initially identified in Africa in the 1950s and reported in the Americas in 2014. While symptoms are generally mild, infection during pregnancy can cause serious birth defects such as microcephaly. There is no vaccine or treatment for Zika, so pregnant women are advised to take precautions to avoid mosquito bites such as wearing repellent and covered clothing. If pregnant and exposed to Zika, women should contact their obstetrician for testing and monitoring due to the potential risks to the fetus.
This document discusses HIV and pregnancy. It notes that HIV was first identified in 1981 in the US and was reported in India in 1986. Modes of HIV transmission include sexual contact, blood transmission, and perinatal transmission from mother to child. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of HIV screening during pregnancy. It discusses the effects of HIV on pregnancy and risks of perinatal transmission. It provides details on management of HIV during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum care including anti-retroviral regimens to reduce transmission risk. Universal work precautions for healthcare workers are also outlined.
This document discusses paediatric HIV, including:
1) Over 2 million children under 15 were living with HIV by 2006, most acquiring it vertically from their mothers. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission focuses on antiretroviral prophylaxis and treatment.
2) HIV infected children can receive routine immunizations which are generally safe and effective, though antibody response may be impaired. Live attenuated vaccines require additional precautions for immunosuppressed children.
3) Clinical monitoring of perinatally exposed infants includes growth, development, and screening for opportunistic infections. HIV testing is done via PCR and serology. Antiretroviral therapy aims to suppress viral load and improve CD4 counts.
This document describes the case of a 14-year-old girl presenting with cough, fever, and white patches in her mouth for 2-3 weeks. Her history reveals recurrent respiratory infections, oral lesions, and loose stools for over a year. On examination she has pallor, lymphadenopathy, clubbing, oral thrush, and skin lesions. Tests show anemia, lymphocytosis, and positive HIV ELISA. She is diagnosed with HIV stage III. The document then discusses HIV transmission, clinical staging, diagnosis in infants, management, antiretroviral therapy, and prophylaxis for opportunistic infections.
This document provides statistics on the global HIV epidemic in 2018 from UNAIDS as well as information on HIV in India. Some key points:
- 37.9 million people globally were living with HIV in 2018. 1.7 million became newly infected that year while 23.3 million were accessing antiretroviral therapy.
- India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world. In 2015, the national adult prevalence was 0.26%. Prevalence is highest in certain states like Mizoram (2.04%) and Manipur (1.43%).
- Children account for 6.54% of total PLHIV in India. Early infant diagnosis, appropriate infant feeding and prophylaxis
Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV 2017Helen Madamba
This is a lecture delivered during the Integrated Orientation on HIV/AIDS and TBHIV Collaboration by the Department of Health Region 7 at Bohol Tropics Resort, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Module 4 hiv infection & art in childrenDavid Ngogoyo
This document provides an overview of managing HIV infected children. It covers the epidemiology and transmission of HIV in children, the natural progression of disease, diagnosis and staging, prevention and treatment of common HIV conditions, and antiretroviral therapy for children. Key points include mother-to-child transmission being the most common mode of transmission, diagnostic criteria involving virologic tests for children under 18 months and antibody tests after 18 months, and natural history patterns including rapid, intermediate, and slow disease progression in African children.
1) The document discusses eliminating pediatric HIV/AIDS through preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT). It outlines the four components of the WHO's PMTCT strategy and improvements in reducing new HIV infections among children from 600,000 in 1990 to 370,000 in 2009.
2) While PMTCT programs have expanded, only about half of pregnant women and infants receive antiretroviral drugs. Early diagnosis and lifelong treatment are critical for infants to survive.
3) Goals for HIV care programs include preventing opportunistic infections, early identification and management of complications, and engaging patients in care, treatment and prevention through education and support. With continued progress, the document argues that virtual elimination of pediatric HIV
This is a lecture given to medical students of Cebu Institute of Medicine under the reproductive module. It contains a discussion of principles of HIV infection screening, diagnosis, staging and management, especially during pregnancy.
Sugbuanong Pundok Aron sugpuon and Child Abuse (SUPACA) is a group of youth advocates who promote the four inherent rights of a child: survival, protection, development and participation. Due to the explosion of the Philippine HIV Epidemic especially in Cebu, the SUPACA youth advocates go from barangay to barangay to organize children and youth to talk about HIV/AIDS to improve awareness. With understanding comes compassion and with compassion, stigma and discrimination is reduced.
This document provides information and tools for assessing risks associated with travel to challenging destinations. It defines different types of risks like terrorism, crime, and health issues that travelers should consider. It also discusses how risks are perceived, noting that emotions can influence perceptions more than rational calculations. Data on deaths of US citizens overseas is presented, showing that vehicle accidents and homicides are leading causes. The document recommends collecting risk information from government websites, embassies, and local sources, and presents tools like a worldwide risk map and State Department travel warnings to help assess safety in different locations. Small steps for risk mitigation are outlined. Two case studies on assessing risks in Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are presented.
Zika virus was first discovered in 1947 in Uganda. It is transmitted primarily via mosquito bites but can also be transmitted sexually or from mother to fetus. While most infections cause only mild symptoms, infection during pregnancy can lead to microcephaly and other birth defects. There is currently no vaccine or treatment, but researchers are developing DNA vaccines which may be available in 3-5 years. Two vaccine candidates are currently in phase 1 clinical trials.
In December 2014 following the recommendations of Dame Carol Black, the Fit for Work website and telephone advice line were launched. In addition to these services FFW also provides free occupational health assessments and return to work plans. The scheme has been gradually rolled out across the country.
In this webinar, Marie Walsh will explore:
The elements of the scheme
Provide an overview of its uses which may assist your business in the effective management of sickness absences.
The event will be ideal for all those in HR or who are responsible for staff within their business.
Este documento resume el procesamiento de Diego Lorenzetti por el homicidio calificado de su esposa Romina Aguilar. Se reconstruye el hecho, señalando que Lorenzetti habría contratado a dos personas, incluyendo a Edivaldo Pereira, para cometer el crimen a cambio de una recompensa. La investigación policial siguió varias pistas, incluyendo información sobre la posible participación de Lorenzetti y de un hombre apodado "El Brasilero" vinculado a las carreras de caballos. Con esta evidencia, el
Email Marketing: Subject Line Secrets And Strategiessevengmedia
This document provides tips and strategies for writing effective subject lines for email marketing. It discusses optimizing subject lines for length and mobile screens. Subject lines should clearly state the email's benefit and induce readers to open using techniques like curiosity, urgency, and relevance. Marketers are advised to test different subject lines and segment lists to increase personalization. Trickery and humor should be avoided in subject lines to maintain credibility.
El documento es una inscripción para el II Seminario de la Cátedra Andaluza para el Diálogo de las Religiones que tendrá lugar el 7 de abril de 2011. Incluye un formulario de inscripción que debe enviarse antes del 25 de marzo junto con el pago de 30 euros. El seminario abordará temas como la reforma, la laicidad, y las tareas pendientes para las religiones desde una perspectiva cristiana e islámica.
The document discusses the Skynet botnet, including its main components, spreading method, capabilities, botnet size, and feature commands. It notes that Skynet bundles Tor, Zeus bot, CGMiner, and Opencl.dll. It spreads via Usenet downloads and has capabilities like Tor communication, credential grabbing, DDoS, IRC, and bitcoin mining. The botnet size is said to be over 12,000 zombies. Feature commands allow controlling infected systems and performing attacks. The botnet is designed to stop mining if the computer is actively used by its owner.
1) Los medios y tecnologías en educación se desarrollaron como un campo estratégico en América Latina en los años 1950-1960, como parte del proyecto desarrollista para modernizar las sociedades tradicionales a través de la incorporación de medios y tecnologías.
2) Sin embargo, surgieron corrientes críticas como la comunicación/educación popular y las teorías críticas que impugnaron esta visión hegemónica.
3) Actualmente existe un diálogo entre prácticas de comunicación/educación popular y las
Johnny Mauricio farfán villa está estudiando Mecánica Automotriz. Su visión es completar con éxito su carrera en esta área. A corto plazo, su misión es aprobar el curso actual. Eligió esta carrera porque desde niño le gustaron los autos y quería aprender sobre su funcionamiento.
The document introduces several key members of the Human Needs Project (HNP). It describes their backgrounds and accomplishments. Connie Nielsen is an actor who founded HNP after seeing poor sanitation conditions in Kibera, Kenya. David Warner co-founded HNP and runs a sustainable construction firm. Daniel Kammen advises on clean energy issues and is a climate change expert. The other members provide expertise in law, engineering, technology, and other relevant fields to support HNP's work.
El documento resume los 19 años de experiencia docente de Jim Andrew Palomares Anselmo en el Instituto Tecnológico "Gilda Liliana Ballivián Rosado", incluyendo cargos jerárquicos como jefe del departamento y jefe del área académica de mecánica automotriz, asignaturas dictadas, funciones como jefe de área académica, y experiencia como miembro de jurado calificador y supervisor de prácticas pre-profesionales.
Este documento habla sobre temas relacionados con la alimentación y el deporte como mitos sobre la proteína, dietas estrictas, exceso de alimentos, falsos mitos sobre comidas, verduras y lacteos, recomendaciones para la rutina diaria, consejos nutricionales, problemas frente a la comida, aprender a comer de forma consciente, y sugerencias para adelgazar sin dietas.
Bhutan, A Kingdom in the Clouds?
Bhutan como destino, sus peculiaridades y porqué es tan especial, su cultura, oferta paisajística, cultural, espiritual
Ponente: Jorge Monje Beltrán, único español residente en el país. Director del Hotel Uma Paro, en Buthán.
Contamos con un diseño comprometido con el medio ambiente.
Asesoramiento integral, desde el principio del planteamiento de la idea hasta su puesta en marcha. Trabajamos desde los primeros planos e ideas.
Cell Well Ltd. is a company that develops and supplies cell-based products for hepatitis research, including a new human hepatocyte-like cell line called 4bHHl that is susceptible to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and can be used as a tool to study the HBV lifecycle and screen antiviral drugs and vaccines.
This resume is for Shittu Mutiu Olufemi, a Nigerian male born in 1982 seeking a position utilizing his education and experience in petroleum and natural gas processing engineering technology. He holds higher national and national diplomas in petroleum and natural gas processing engineering technology from Petroleum Training Institution. His professional experience includes various engineering and project management roles in fabrication, construction, and health, safety, and environment. He has skills in Microsoft Office, project management software, and welding and pipe fitting.
El documento describe el surgimiento y evolución de los estudios culturales en Gran Bretaña durante los siglos XIX y XX. Comenzó como una tradición conocida como "cultura y sociedad" que se oponía al capitalismo industrial y promovía la literatura. Pioneros como Raymond Williams, Edward Thompson y Richard Hoggart estudiaron la influencia de la cultura en la sociedad y los medios de comunicación. En 1964 se fundó el Centro de Estudios Culturales Contemporáneos en Birmingham para analizar las formas culturales y su relación con el cambio social. Stuart Hall
El documento resume varias enfermedades raras, incluyendo el Síndrome de Proteus, que causa un crecimiento excesivo de la piel y huesos; la Insensibilidad Congénita al Dolor con Anhidrosis, que impide sentir dolor, calor o frío; y la Hipertricosis, conocida como el "síndrome del hombre lobo", que causa un exceso de vello corporal. Se describen las causas, síntomas y tratamientos de estas enfermedades.
This document provides an overview of the Zika virus. It begins with definitions and an introduction to the virus. The history section describes its discovery and spread. Key points include it being first isolated in 1947 in Uganda and recent outbreaks in French Polynesia, Brazil, and other Americas countries. The rest of the document covers epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of the Zika virus. It provides details on transmission, symptoms, complications like Guillain-Barré syndrome, diagnostic testing, current lack of vaccines or treatment, and recommendations to prevent mosquito bites.
This document provides information from a presentation on Zika virus given by Julius L. Tonzel from the Louisiana Office of Public Health. Some key points summarized:
1) Zika virus is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes and can also be transmitted sexually or from mother to fetus. Most infections are asymptomatic but it can cause birth defects.
2) Louisiana is conducting enhanced surveillance for local Zika transmission, testing patients with Zika-like symptoms who have not traveled if they are in parishes with Aedes mosquitoes.
3) Birth defects associated with congenital Zika include microcephaly and abnormalities of the brain, eyes, ears and muscles. Infected infants require specialized
Zika virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes a mild fever illness in adults. It can be serious for pregnant women as it is linked to microcephaly in babies. The virus was first discovered in monkeys in Uganda in 1947 and in humans in 1952. Outbreaks have occurred in Africa, Asia, the Pacific and Americas. Diagnosis involves testing for viral RNA or IgM antibodies. There is no vaccine or treatment, only symptom management. Pregnant women with possible exposure should be tested and their babies monitored for brain abnormalities. Prevention involves protecting against mosquito bites.
Zika virus is spread primarily via mosquito bites and can cause microcephaly and other brain defects if contracted during pregnancy. It is an RNA virus from the flavivirus family that causes mild symptoms like fever, rash and joint pain in most cases. Diagnosis involves testing for viral RNA early in infection or antibodies later. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, just managing symptoms. The virus was recently found to cause severe birth defects due to mutations that help it evade the immune system and inhibit interferon signaling compared to past strains.
This document provides information about Zika virus from its causes and transmission to symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It is caused by a virus transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitos and can also be sexually transmitted. While most cases have mild or no symptoms, it poses risks for neurological complications and microcephaly if contracted during pregnancy. There is no vaccine and treatment focuses on relieving symptoms. Prevention emphasizes avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellent. The WHO is supporting affected countries through surveillance, laboratory testing, clinical guidance, and vector control activities to address the ongoing Zika outbreak.
Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 from a monkey in the Zika Forest of Uganda. It is transmitted primarily via Aedes mosquito bites. While most infections cause mild symptoms or none, it poses a serious threat during pregnancy as it can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. There are currently no vaccines or treatments available. Diagnosis is typically via RT-PCR testing of blood or other samples.
Introduction
How mosquitos spread ZIKA
What illnesses ZIKA is related to?
History
Symptoms
Treatment
Potential risks
Microcephaly
Which Countries should be avoid?
ZIKA in Canada
Tests
Advices
Vaccines
Surveillance
References
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HIV DURING PREGNANCY, this is very common and very dangerous disease during pregnancy. this is for medical and nursing student. i tried to make understand of students.
The document presents information on Zika virus and its health management. Zika virus is a mosquito-borne virus first identified in monkeys in 1947 and humans in 1952 in Uganda and Tanzania. It causes mild symptoms like fever, rash, and joint pain in most cases lasting 1 week. While deaths are rare, Zika infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other severe brain defects in babies. To prevent Zika, efforts should focus on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and using repellents and nets. There is no treatment other than relieving symptoms, so seeing a doctor is important if pregnant and experiencing Zika symptoms.
This document discusses Zika virus and provides information about diagnosis and treatment. It begins with two pre-test questions about advising individuals who may have been exposed to Zika virus. The rest of the document summarizes key details about Zika virus, including its history, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, evaluation of pregnant women exposed, and treatment approaches. Zika virus is an emerging infectious disease that spreads through mosquito bites and can cause microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers. Diagnosis involves laboratory testing of blood and other samples. Evaluation and monitoring of pregnant women exposed focuses on fetal ultrasound screening. Treatment is generally rest, fluids, and acetaminophen.
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The document summarizes information about the Zika virus. It discusses how the World Health Organization declared Zika a public health emergency due to its suspected link to microcephaly. It then provides details about the symptoms of Zika virus, how it is transmitted, diagnosed, prevented, and treated. The document also discusses the WHO and CDC responses to Zika and efforts to develop a vaccine.
The document discusses Zika virus and its effects on pregnancy. It notes that Zika virus infection during pregnancy can be transmitted from mother to fetus and in some cases cause microcephaly or other birth defects in the fetus/baby. It provides information on symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and recommendations for testing pregnant women who have been exposed to Zika or have relevant symptoms.
Zika virus is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes and can cause fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. While usually mild, Zika virus infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects. The virus was first identified in 1947 and outbreaks have recently occurred in Brazil, the Americas, and the Pacific. Diagnosis involves virus detection or antibody testing, but results can be complicated by cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses like dengue.
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Advisor Live: Zika virus disease – What you need to knowPremier Inc.
Presented as part of Premier’s AdvisorLive® series and co-sponsored by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC)
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* Implications and risks for healthcare personnel.
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* Joanne Cono, MD, ScM, Director, Office of Science Quality, Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
* Jeanne S. Sheffield, MD, Director of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Professor, Johns Hopkins Medicine
* Moderator: Gina Pugliese, RN, MS, Vice President, Premier Safety Institute
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1. ZIKA: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Devon L. Davis, MD
Director, Medical Operations
Elite Medical Group
2. PURPOSE OF PRESENTATION
SLIDE 2
• Explore the virus and emerging problems worldwide
• Review symptoms, diagnosis and treatment
• Focus on special cases
• Target prevention strategies
• Discuss global implications
3. Global Rescue’s Boston Operations Center
GLOBAL RESCUE
Founded in 2004, U.S. based integrated
provider of:
• Medical Services
• Security Services
• Field Rescue Services
• Intelligence, Information & Mobile
Communication Services
• Crisis Planning & Response Services
Operations Centers located in:
• Massachusetts
• New Hampshire
• Pakistan
• Thailand
SLIDE 3
4. DEVON L. DAVIS, MD
Director – Medical Operations, Elite Medical Group
Oversees worldwide medical operations for Elite Medical Group.
Board-certified Emergency Physician with 19 years of clinical practice.
• Extensive experience as medical director of multiple emergency medical service agencies
with emphasis on mass casualty events.
• Senior Doctor for Norwegian Cruise Line.
Education
• Residency-University of Pittsburgh Affiliated Residency in Emergency Medicine
• MD-Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
• BA-Dartmouth College
SLIDE 4
5. INTRODUCTION
‘Zika’ has become a household word in the past 6-12
months due to:
• Its rapid spread in multiple countries
• Its impact on international travel
• The significant health implications for adults, children, and
particularly unborn fetuses
SLIDE 5
6. Single-stranded RNA Arbovirus-
Flavivirus:
• 1947: Discovered in the Ugandan
Zika Forest in rhesus monkey with a
fever
• 1952: First human diagnosis
• 1953-2006: Occasional outbreaks;
likely many more cases than
reported
• 2007: Yap State, Federated States
of Micronesia;
• 2013-2014: French Polynesia
WHAT IS ZIKA?
SLIDE 6
7. • May 2015: 1st confirmed case in
Brazil
• February 2016: Zika declared a
PHEIC (Public Health Emergency
of International Concern) by
World Health Organization
WHAT IS ZIKA? (CONT.)
PHEIC
“An extraordinary event which is
determined to constitute a public
health risk to other states through
the international spread of disease
and to potentially require a
coordinated international response.”
SLIDE 7
8. Bites of Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquitoes,
which:
• Also spread Dengue and Chikungunya
• Live near people
• Bite mostly in the daytime — dawn to dusk
• Often feed on multiple people for one blood meal
• Lay eggs in standing water (up to 200 eggs/3 days)
• “Cockroach” of the mosquito — very hardy
• Eggs can remain dry up to 1 year then hatch with water contact
TRANSMISSION
SLIDE 8
9. Zika can also be passed from a mother to unborn fetus
• Now linked to severe birth defects such as microcephaly
Sexual contact:
• Virus persists longer in semen than in blood
• Can be passed from male to his partner
• Currently no evidence yet that can be passed from female to partner
Blood transfusion
Laboratory exposure — route is unclear
TRANSMISSION (CONT.)
SLIDE 9
10. WHERE IS ZIKA FOUND?
• <2015: Mostly in Africa, Southeast Asia, Pacific
Islands
• May 2015: Brazil
• 2015-2016: Many countries, especially the
Americas
SLIDE 10
12. Endemic countries have had Zika in the past and have
occasional new cases:
• Provides immunity to the local inhabitants
• Reduced risk to travelers
Epidemic countries have current outbreaks and have not had
Zika in the past:
• Little immunity for locals
• Higher risk to travelers
ENDEMIC VS. EPIDEMIC
SLIDE 12
13. CDC Data as of July 6, 2016 U.S.:
• No locally-acquired mosquito-transmitted cases in US
• 1,132 travel-acquired cases
• 1 lab-acquired case
• 14 sexually-transmitted cases
• 5 cases of subsequent Guillain-Barré Syndrome
• 1 death (?)
US territories:
• 2,526 locally-acquired
• 8 travel-associated
• 12 cases of GBS
• Sexually transmitted not reported in mosquito-borne illness areas
• 1 death (thrombocytopenia)
US DATA
SLIDE 13
14. • Fever, joint/muscle pain, rash, conjunctivitis, headache
• Symptoms usually last a few days to a week—mostly mild—”flu”
• Incubation period not well known
• Many asymptomatic (up to 80%) or mild disease
• Few hospitalizations/deaths
• Infection likely gives future immunity
• Similar to other mosquito-borne diseases like Dengue and
Chikungunya
ZIKA PRESENTATION
Image: cbc.ca/news/health/zika-virus-skin-1.3576971
SLIDE 14
15. Zika can be a clinical diagnosis but can be tested in both blood and urine
by RT-PCR
Ab testing less reliable due to cross-reactivity with other viruses
Disease typically self-limiting :
• Oral fluids, rest, and anti-pyretics like Tylenol usually sufficient
• Hospitalization rarely needed
• Avoid NSAIDs/Aspirin until confirmed that not Dengue
(bleeding complications with Dengue)
• Avoid mosquito bites during first week of illness
—can spread to others via mosquitos
No vaccine available
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
SLIDE 15
16. • Dengue
• Chikungunya
• Yellow Fever
• Malaria
• West Nile Virus
• Eastern/Western Equine Encephalitis
• St. Louis Encephalitis
• LaCrosse Encephalitis
• Zika
MOSQUITO-BORNE ILLNESSES
SLIDE 16
17. PROBLEMS WITH ZIKA
Majority of cases of Zika infection resolve without incident
Several instances with far-reaching negative implications:
• Pregnancy
• Sexual transmission
• Post-viral sequelae
SLIDE 17
18. • Certain birth defects in fetuses or infants born to mothers
infected with Zika
• CDC and WHO cautions to women who live in Zika-infected
areas or who are traveling to Zika prevalent areas
• Cautions also to couples about protected intercourse or
abstention
• Breastfeeding still recommended (currently)
ZIKA AND PREGNANCY
Image: africa.tvcnews.tv
SLIDE 18
19. • Since May 2015 outbreak in Brazil, significant
increase in babies born with microcephaly
(small head) & other defects
• Rare: 6/10,000 births in US
• Causes: genetic, infection (rubella, CMV),
severe malnutrition, exposures to
ETOH/chemicals, poor blood supply to brain in
utero
• Increase in instances of microcephaly in babies
with mothers positive for Zika has caused great
concern worldwide
MICROCEPHALY
Image: cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html
SLIDE 19
20. • A spectrum of severity from mild to severe
• Seizures, vision/hearing disorders, movement/balance problems,
developmental and intellectual delay, difficulty swallowing
• Can be noted on ultrasound but not very sensitive
• After birth head circumference remains <3rd percentile
• No cure or treatment
• Fetal brain disruption sequence-collapse of skull after destruction
of brain tissue
• Congenital Zika Syndrome: severe microcephaly, other brain & eye
abnormalities, redundant scalp skin, arthrogryposis, clubfoot
MICROCEPHALY (CONT.)
SLIDE 20
22. Case report from New England Journal of Medicine –
March 2016:
• 25 yo healthy female from Slovenia, a volunteer in Brazil since 2013
• Pregnant in Feb. 2015 febrile illness with itchy rash at 13 weeks
• No testing for Zika done at the time
• U/S @ 14 and 20 weeks unremarkable
• Returned to Europe – U/S @ 29 weeks showed fetal defects
• Presented to Dept. of Perinatology in Ljubljana, Slovenia
• Pregnancy terminated @32 weeks – severe microcephaly and other
significant defects
• Pathology indicated Zika virus in brain tissue
MICROCEPHALY (CONT.)
SLIDE 22
23. • Search for causality for the microcephalic babies in Brazil
• Reviewed the data using methods for determining teratogenicity
• 2013-14 outbreak in French Polynesia noted similar increase in
microcephalic infants
• Defects consistent with infection during 1st or 2nd trimester
• Conclusion: +causal relationship between a Zika-infected mother
and microcephaly, other birth defects
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE - MAY 2016
SLIDE 23
24. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PREGNANCY
Virus remains in semen longer than in blood; exact duration not
clear
Pregnant women who live in or have traveled to Zika areas:
• Use condoms or abstain from intercourse during the pregnancy;
• Prevent further mosquito bites
SLIDE 24
25. Testing:
• Pregnant women w/potential exposure should be tested if either
she or partner develops symptoms
• Pregnant women who have visited a Zika area should be tested and
have ultrasounds during pregnancy, even if asymptomatic
• Not as useful to test male partner—false negatives; virus may still
be in semen but not in blood; Ab level often not detectable
• No attempt at pregnancy recommended for 8 weeks after leaving
Zika-prevalent country
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PREGNANCY (CONT.)
SLIDE 25
26. SEXUAL TRANSMISSION
Zika virus can be passed through sexual contact
First documented case 2008
Via oral, vaginal or anal intercourse
• Known that can pass from male to his partner
• Unclear if female can spread virus to her partner
—currently no known cases
SLIDE 26
27. • Virus can be transmitted before or after symptoms appear or
even without symptoms
• Virus found in blood, semen, urine, saliva, breast milk but
not vaginal swabs
• Virus persists longer in semen than in blood—isolated from
semen weeks after illness onset when blood negative
• Condoms or abstinence provide best protection
• Not clear if birth defects same if disease acquired through
sexual contact vs. mosquito bite
SEXUAL TRANSMISSION (CONT.)
Image: webmd.com/sex/rm-quiz-condoms
SLIDE 27
28. Travelers to Zika areas:
• Male partner with symptoms: condoms/no sex for 6 months
• Male partner without symptoms: condoms/no sex for 8 weeks after
return
Living in Zika areas:
• Male partner with symptoms: condoms/no sex for 6 months
• Male partner without symptoms: consider precautions while Zika is in
the area
SEXUAL TRANSMISSION (CONT.)
Image: webmd.com/sex/rm-quiz-condoms
SLIDE 28
29. • Increase in cases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome
noted in patients s/p Zika illness
• GBS is an autoimmune disease that attacks
the peripheral nervous system
• Causes an ascending flaccid paralysis and
sensory loss
• More common in adults than children
• Most recover-some serious cases have long-
term complications, can be deadly
• Often triggered by viral or bacterial
infection or other stressors (surgery,
trauma, or rarely immunizations)
• Diagnosed by loss of DTR’s, lumbar puncture
• No cure-mostly supportive treatment (IV
immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis may be
helpful)
GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME
Image: medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167892.php
SLIDE 29
30. NEJM April 2016 article:
• Possible mutation that gives the current strain increased virulence and
ease of transmission
• Don’t see incidence of microcephaly and Guillain-Barré
• Syndrome in endemic areas of Zika—likely because most children have
contracted the disease at some point. Children less likely to have GBS. They
are likely immune by the time old enough for pregnancy.
GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME (CONT.)
SLIDE 30
31. DR. MARIA ADELAIDA VELEZ GARCIA
—OB/GYN IN CALI, COLOMBIA
• 2500 patients/year (1,800 OB, consults on additional 1,200)
• December 2015 – June 2016: 21 pregnant patients + for Zika
• 10 fetuses with microcephaly or other defects, including
intracranial calcifications, poor brain development – 5 were
aborted
• Study from Brazil had a birth defect rate of about 29%
Image: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali
SLIDE 31
32. “Preliminary surveillance data in Colombia suggests
that maternal infection with the Zika virus during the
third trimester of pregnancy is not linked to
structural abnormalities in the fetus. However, the
monitoring of the effect of ZVD on pregnant women
in Colombia is ongoing.”
JUNE 2016 NEJM: COLOMBIA
SLIDE 32
33. Letter to the Editor:
Authors’ research has shown an increase in requests
for abortion medications through the Internet in
Latin American countries that either restrict or
prohibit abortion.
JUNE 2016 NEJM
SLIDE 33
34. • No vaccine
• Avoiding bites by the Aedes mosquito is the best way to prevent
infection with Zika virus
• Use insect repellents that contain DEET, picardin, IR3535 or oil of
lemon & eucalyptus or para-menthane-diol products
• Sunscreen first
• Wear long sleeves, long pants and/or permethrin-treated clothing
• Use air conditioning and screens in windows or mosquito netting
• Get rid of standing water
• Vector control—eggs and adult mosquitos
PREVENTION
Image: wikihow.com/apply-deet
SLIDE 34
37. 238-physician letter to the WHO (June 2016)
Multiple athletes dropping out
International Journal of Infectious Diseases (Feb. 2016)
—preparedness for mass gatherings:
• Vector control by Brazilian government
• Increased awareness
• Improved testing capability
• Facilities for treatment of sequelae/complications
• Education of athletes and visitors in prevention
Winter season in Brazil (fewer mosquitoes)
July 2016, The Lancet: Zika risk for Rio games 15x LESS than risk
of Dengue during 2014 World Cup in Brazil
RIO OLYMPICS
SLIDE 37
38. CDC recommendations for travelers:
• Pregnant women—not to any area with
Zika
• If must, should follow guidelines for
mosquito bite prevention
• Get good prenatal care including testing
with or without symptoms
Safe sex for all travelers
Use preventive measures
After return home:
• Avoid mosquito bites for several weeks
• Safe sex for 8 weeks (6 months if male
has symptoms; male partners of
pregnant women—condom use or
abstention until pregnancy over)
INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL
SLIDE 38
39. SPREAD OF ZIKA
Current outbreak spread quickly to a multitude of countries
Asian strain (French Polynesia, Cambodia, Yap)
Spread by mosquitoes:
• Aedes aegypti located in warmer zones
• Aedes albopictus can survive cooler temps
Image: www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmra12602113 figure 3
SLIDE 39
40. Zika mosquitoes do not like to live at altitudes greater than 6500ft
(2000m) above sea level
Some feel that an outbreak in the US is unlikely:
• Even warmer states get cool temps in the winter months
• Advanced countries have increased use of air conditioning and
window screens
• Proactive vector control including aerial spraying for mosquitos
Puerto Rico and aerial spraying
Travelers returning from Zika areas must avoid mosquito bites
Concerns for worldwide spread still exist…
SPREAD OF ZIKA (CONT.)
SLIDE 40
41. US AREAS OF RISK
Image: www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmra12602113 figure 3
SLIDE 41
42. POLITICS, RELIGION AND THE MEDIA
• May 2016 and July 2016 - Director of CDC makes pleas for federal funding for
Zika
• US Congress controversy
• MDs’ letter to WHO ran on CNN + other news stations
• Started with 100 signatures
• Now nearly 240
• Pop media and Internet sites postulate every theory from Olympics problems to
population control/terrorism
• Pope Francis has even weighed in
Image: www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmra12602113 figure 3
SLIDE 42
43. Zika is an international public health
problem
Spread must be controlled
Need research into:
• Vaccine
• Rapid diagnosis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Zika as cause of birth defects and
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
CONCLUSIONS
Image: huffingtonpost.com/entry/faqs-about-zika-virus_us_56ae80c9e4b077d4fe8e8f6c
SLIDE 43
44. 15.“El Salvador confirms second case of Zika-linked
microcephaly,” Fox News, July 11, 2016.
16.“El Salvador confirms second case of Zika-linked
microcephaly,” Fox News, July 11, 2016.
17.“CDC Head Tom Frieden Delivers Emotional Plea for Zika
Funding,” Huffington Post, May 26, 2016.
18.“Utah resident is first Zika-related death in continental US,”
CNN, July 8, 2016.
19.“Utah woman is 1st confirmed Zika-related death in
continental US,” FoxNews.com, July 9, 2016.
20.“Officials confirm Zika-related death in Utah was a man,”
Washington Post, July 11, 2016.
21.“On Zika, Obama warns congressional inaction could cause
‘tragedies that can last a lifetime,’” Washington Post, July 1,
2016.
22.“White House threatens to veto $1.1 GOP Zika bill, “ Fox
News, June 23, 2016.
23.“Amid Zika Crisis, House GOP Proposes Eliminating Birth
Control Program,” Huffington Post, July 6, 2016.
24.“Brazil says the is ‘almost zero’ risk of Zika during Olympics.
Really?” Washington Post, July 6, 2016.
25.US Reports 279 Zika cases in pregnant women, Obama pushes
Congress on funds,” The Himalayan, May 21, 2016.
26.“Climate Change Bites,” nrdc.org, December 31, 2015
27.“Pope Francis suggests contraception could be permissible in
Zika fight,” Washington Post, February 18, 2016.
28.“the Real Surprise in Pope Francis’ Zika virus remarks,”
religionnews.com, February 19, 2016.
29.“US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and
Environmental Protection Agency Urge Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico to Consider Aerial Spraying as Part of Integrated Mosquito
Control to Reduce Zika-Associated Birth Defects,” CDC Media
Statement, July 6, 2016.
30.“US Reports First Zika Virus Death in Puerto Rico,”
nbcnews.com, April 29, 2016.
31.“Pope Francis: Abortion is evil, not the solution to Zika
virus,” catholicnewsagency.com, February 18, 2016 .
REFERENCES
1.Pacheco, Oscar et al. Zika Virus Disease in Colombia—
Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med Online. June 15, 2016.
2.Petersen, Lyle R. et al. Zika Virus. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:
1552-1563.
3.Massad, Eduardo et al. Is Zika a substantial risk for visitors to
the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games? The Lancet 2016; Vol. 388,
No. 10039, p.25.
4.Mlakar, Jernej et al. Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly .
N Engl J Med 2016; 374:951-958.
5.Rasmussen, Sonja A. et al. Zika Virus and Birth Defects—
Reviewing the Evidence for Causality . N Engl J Med 2016; 374:
1981-1987.
6.Franca, Giovanny VA et al. Congenital Zika virus syndrome in
Brazil: a case series of the first 1501 live births with complete
investigation. The Lancet Online. June 29, 2016.
7.Letter to Editor. Requests for Abortion in Latin America
Related to Concern about Zika Virus Exposure. N Engl J Med.
June 22, 2016.
8.Petersen, Eskild et al. Unexpected and Rapid Spread of Zika
Virus in the Americas-Implications for Public Health
Preparedness for Mass Gatherings at the 2016 Brazil Olympic
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