Remote health care monitoring system (RHCMS) has drawn considerable attentions for the last decade. As
the aging population are increasing and at the same time the health care cost is skyrocketing there has
been a need to monitor a patient from a remote location. Moreover, many people of the World are out of
the reach of existing healthcare systems. To solve these problems many research and commercial versions
of RHCMS have been proposed and implemented till now. In these systems the performance was the main
issue in order to accurately measure, record, and analyze patients’ data. With the ascent of wireless
network RHCMS can be widely deployed to monitor the health condition of a patient inside and outside of
the hospitals. In this work we present a ZigBee based wireless healthcare monitoring system that can
provide real time online information about the health condition of a patient. The proposed system is able to
send alarming messages to the healthcare professional about the patient’s critical condition. In addition
the proposed system can send reports to a patient monitoring system, which can be used by the healthcare
professionals to make necessary medical advices from anywhere of the World at any time.
Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications: An OverviewTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Healthcare systems have been facing various new challenges due to increasing and rising aging
population in healthcare. Advance information and communication technologies have introduced Wireless
Body Area Networks (WBANs) for healthcare systems. WBANs provide different monitoring services in
healthcare sector for monitoring their patients with more convenience. WBANs are economical solutions
and non-invasive technology for healthcare applications. This review paper provides a comprehensive
review on WBANs applications, services and recent challenges.
MHealth or Mobile Health is an emerging and an innovative of medication in India, by doctors can communicate and treat their patients very conveniently even from far distances.
The purpose of this presentation is to introduce the Body Area Network technology. At the beginning I have discussed the history and development of Body Sensor Network and how that grew into the more general concept of BAN. MobiHealth as a mature example of MBSN technology has been explained. I then continued on to take a look at a case study involving MobiHealth and the monitoring cardiac data. I concluded the paper by looking at some challenges related to BAN. We covered signal and path loss in the human body and some of the challenges associated with communication and power within the human body. This ppt demonstrates usability and the fusion of cutting edge technology and how it is shaping wearable technology.
Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications: An OverviewTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Healthcare systems have been facing various new challenges due to increasing and rising aging
population in healthcare. Advance information and communication technologies have introduced Wireless
Body Area Networks (WBANs) for healthcare systems. WBANs provide different monitoring services in
healthcare sector for monitoring their patients with more convenience. WBANs are economical solutions
and non-invasive technology for healthcare applications. This review paper provides a comprehensive
review on WBANs applications, services and recent challenges.
MHealth or Mobile Health is an emerging and an innovative of medication in India, by doctors can communicate and treat their patients very conveniently even from far distances.
The purpose of this presentation is to introduce the Body Area Network technology. At the beginning I have discussed the history and development of Body Sensor Network and how that grew into the more general concept of BAN. MobiHealth as a mature example of MBSN technology has been explained. I then continued on to take a look at a case study involving MobiHealth and the monitoring cardiac data. I concluded the paper by looking at some challenges related to BAN. We covered signal and path loss in the human body and some of the challenges associated with communication and power within the human body. This ppt demonstrates usability and the fusion of cutting edge technology and how it is shaping wearable technology.
In this paper, a novel cloud-based WBAN health management system is introduced to. This system can be used for people’s health information collection, record, storage and transmission, health status monitoring and assessment, health education, telemedicine, and remote health management. Therefore it can provide health management services on-demand timely, appropriately and without boundaries.
Use and future on telemedicine | Diu Title defense Fall 2020REZAUL KARIM REFATH
Use and future on telemedicine | Diu Title defense Fall 2020
Contact with me: Rezaul15-1871@diu.edu.bd
Do not copy the whole slide, It will kill your creativity
BANs are commonly regarded as an enabling technology for a variety of applications, including health and fitness monitoring, emergency response and device control. Recent breakthroughs in solid-state electronics afford for the creation of low-power, low-profile devices that can be modularly interconnected in order to create so-called sensor nodes comprised of one or more sensor devices, a microcontroller unit (MCU), and a radio transceiver that eliminates the need for wires to communicate with the coordinator node in order to transfer the collected data. In this survey, a review of the on-going research in WBANs in terms of system architecture, applications, how it different from Wireless Sensor Network and also describes the MAC protocols in WBAN.
The Future of mHealth - Jay Srini - March 2011LifeWIRE Corp
Jay Srini's presentation of her take on the Future of mHealth, presented at the 3rd mHealth Networking Conference, March 30, 2011. Aside from being one of the preeminent thought leader in the area of innovation and mhealth, she holds a number of positions including Assistant Professor at the University of Pittsburgh and CIO for LifeWIRE Corp.
A body area network (BAN), also referred to as a wireless body area network (WBAN) or a body sensor network (BSN) or a medical body area network (MBAN), is a wireless network of wearable computing devices.
A wireless body area network (WBAN) is a special purpose sensor network designed to operate autonomously to connect various medical sensors and appliances , located inside and outside the body.
Medisoft Telemedicine Pvt. Ltd. is a leading research based development company with focused effort in Telemedicine, ehealth and Healthcare IT (Software Development).
We are focused on technologies that are beginning to revolutionize conventional healthcare model. Our clinical telemedicine system “Tele Doctor” has emerged as a mature product which has been widely accepted.
Till date we have installations in 15 countries like India, Pakistan, Colombia, UAE, Cameroon, USA, Nepal, South Africa, Zambia, Israel, Nigeria, France and Tanzania etc.
mHEALTH: REVIEW OF MOBILE HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEMSIAEME Publication
With rise in world population, cost of healthcare also increased rapidly which led to the demand of low cost health monitoring solutions. In recent times, non-invasive wearable sensors have played an important role in healthcare applications. With advancement in wireless communication technologies, ubiquitous computing and embedded systems, the sensors need not be invasive anymore to accurately monitor a patient's health status, rather can be managed by user itself so as to keep a record of one's health condition. The advancement of healthcare technologies has enabled patients to monitor their vital health parameters on their own, and saves them from regular tiring hospital visits & high cost of laboratory medical checkups. It has also reduced the burden of healthcare service providers, thereby reducing overall medical costs. This paper provides a review of current status of mobile healthcare applications.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...ijwmn
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with trad
itional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in th
e
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieve
d by using them only. It is required to achieve max
imum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing hi
gher order sectorization and by utilizing all possi
ble
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This pa
per presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sit
es
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The
main target of this paper is to compare the perform
ance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam sm
art antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better receive
d signal quality and user throughput. Splitting mac
ro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the ca
pacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advanc
e antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with im
proved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations a
t
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Dow
nlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interva
l (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of
using smart antennas and higher order sectorization
with
proposed network layout.
Mobile elements scheduling for periodic sensor applicationsijwmn
In this paper, we investigate the problem of designing the mobile elements tours such that the length of each tour is below a per-determined length and the depth of the multi-hop routing trees bounded by k. The path of the mobile element is designed to visit subset of the nodes (cache points). These cache points store other nodes data. To address this problem, we propose two heuristic-based solutions. Our solutions take into consideration the distribution of the nodes during the establishment of the tour. The results of our experiments indicate that our schemes significantly outperforms the best comparable scheme in the literature.
In this paper, a novel cloud-based WBAN health management system is introduced to. This system can be used for people’s health information collection, record, storage and transmission, health status monitoring and assessment, health education, telemedicine, and remote health management. Therefore it can provide health management services on-demand timely, appropriately and without boundaries.
Use and future on telemedicine | Diu Title defense Fall 2020REZAUL KARIM REFATH
Use and future on telemedicine | Diu Title defense Fall 2020
Contact with me: Rezaul15-1871@diu.edu.bd
Do not copy the whole slide, It will kill your creativity
BANs are commonly regarded as an enabling technology for a variety of applications, including health and fitness monitoring, emergency response and device control. Recent breakthroughs in solid-state electronics afford for the creation of low-power, low-profile devices that can be modularly interconnected in order to create so-called sensor nodes comprised of one or more sensor devices, a microcontroller unit (MCU), and a radio transceiver that eliminates the need for wires to communicate with the coordinator node in order to transfer the collected data. In this survey, a review of the on-going research in WBANs in terms of system architecture, applications, how it different from Wireless Sensor Network and also describes the MAC protocols in WBAN.
The Future of mHealth - Jay Srini - March 2011LifeWIRE Corp
Jay Srini's presentation of her take on the Future of mHealth, presented at the 3rd mHealth Networking Conference, March 30, 2011. Aside from being one of the preeminent thought leader in the area of innovation and mhealth, she holds a number of positions including Assistant Professor at the University of Pittsburgh and CIO for LifeWIRE Corp.
A body area network (BAN), also referred to as a wireless body area network (WBAN) or a body sensor network (BSN) or a medical body area network (MBAN), is a wireless network of wearable computing devices.
A wireless body area network (WBAN) is a special purpose sensor network designed to operate autonomously to connect various medical sensors and appliances , located inside and outside the body.
Medisoft Telemedicine Pvt. Ltd. is a leading research based development company with focused effort in Telemedicine, ehealth and Healthcare IT (Software Development).
We are focused on technologies that are beginning to revolutionize conventional healthcare model. Our clinical telemedicine system “Tele Doctor” has emerged as a mature product which has been widely accepted.
Till date we have installations in 15 countries like India, Pakistan, Colombia, UAE, Cameroon, USA, Nepal, South Africa, Zambia, Israel, Nigeria, France and Tanzania etc.
mHEALTH: REVIEW OF MOBILE HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEMSIAEME Publication
With rise in world population, cost of healthcare also increased rapidly which led to the demand of low cost health monitoring solutions. In recent times, non-invasive wearable sensors have played an important role in healthcare applications. With advancement in wireless communication technologies, ubiquitous computing and embedded systems, the sensors need not be invasive anymore to accurately monitor a patient's health status, rather can be managed by user itself so as to keep a record of one's health condition. The advancement of healthcare technologies has enabled patients to monitor their vital health parameters on their own, and saves them from regular tiring hospital visits & high cost of laboratory medical checkups. It has also reduced the burden of healthcare service providers, thereby reducing overall medical costs. This paper provides a review of current status of mobile healthcare applications.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...ijwmn
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with trad
itional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in th
e
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieve
d by using them only. It is required to achieve max
imum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing hi
gher order sectorization and by utilizing all possi
ble
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This pa
per presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sit
es
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The
main target of this paper is to compare the perform
ance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam sm
art antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better receive
d signal quality and user throughput. Splitting mac
ro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the ca
pacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advanc
e antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with im
proved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations a
t
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Dow
nlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interva
l (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of
using smart antennas and higher order sectorization
with
proposed network layout.
Mobile elements scheduling for periodic sensor applicationsijwmn
In this paper, we investigate the problem of designing the mobile elements tours such that the length of each tour is below a per-determined length and the depth of the multi-hop routing trees bounded by k. The path of the mobile element is designed to visit subset of the nodes (cache points). These cache points store other nodes data. To address this problem, we propose two heuristic-based solutions. Our solutions take into consideration the distribution of the nodes during the establishment of the tour. The results of our experiments indicate that our schemes significantly outperforms the best comparable scheme in the literature.
Opportunistic and playback sensitive scheduling for video streamingijwmn
Given the strict Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of video streaming, this paper proposes a novel
solution for simultaneous streaming of multiple video sessions over a mobile cellular system. The proposed
solution combines a buffer management strategy with a packet scheduling algorithm. The buffer
management strategy selectively discards packets of a user from base station buffer whereas the packet
scheduling algorithm schedules packets of a user according to its instantaneous channel quality, average
throughput and playback buffer information. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed solution is
effective in providing a continuous video playback with good perceptual quality for more users. If at least a
good perceptual quality is to be satisfied for all users (QoS constraint of video streaming), then the
proposed solution improves the system capacity by 40% over a conventional packet scheduling algorithm.
Long-Term Evolution (LTE), an emerging and promising fourth generation mobile technology, is expected
to offer ubiquitous broadband access to the mobile subscribers. In this paper, the performance of Frame
Level Scheduler (FLS), Exponential (EXP) rule, Logarithmic (LOG) rule and Maximum-Largest Weighted
Delay First (M-LWDF) packet scheduling algorithms has been studied in the downlink 3GPP LTE cellular
network. To this aim, a single cell with interference scenario has been considered. The performance
evaluation is made by varying the number of UEs ranging from 10 to 50 (Case 1) and user speed in the
range of [3, 120] km/h (Case 2). Results show that while the number of UEs and user speed increases, the
performance of the considered scheduling schemes degrades and in both case FLS outperforms other three
schemes in terms of several performance indexes such as average throughput, packet loss ratio (PLR),
packet delay and fairness index.
Multiple optimal path identification using ant colony optimisation in wireles...ijwmn
Wireless Sensor Network WSN is tightly constrained for resources like energy, computational power and
memory. Many applications of WSN require to communicate sensitive information at sensor nodes SN to
Base station BS. The basic performance of WSN depends upon the path length and numbers of nodes in the
path by which data is forwarded to BS. In this paper we present bio-inspired Ant Colony Optimisation ACO
algorithm for Optimal Path Identification OPI for packet transmission to communicate between SN to BS.
Our modified algorithm OPI using ACO is base-station driven which considers the path length and the
number of hops in path for data packet transmission. This modified algorithm finds optimal path OP as
well as several suboptimal paths between SN & BS which are useful for effective communication.
A new channel coding technique to approach the channel capacityijwmn
After Shannon’s 1948 channel coding theorem, we have witnessed many channel coding techniques developed to achieve the Shannon limit. A wide range of channel codes is available with different complexity levels and error correction performance. Many powerful coding schemes have been deployed in the power-limited Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. However, it seems like we have arrived at an end of advancement path, for most of the existing channel codes. This article introduces a new coding technique that can either be used as the last coding stage of concatenated coding scheme or in parallel configuration with other powerful channel codes to achieve reliable error performance with moderately complex decoding. We will go through an example to understand the overall approach of the proposed coding technique, and finally we will look at some simulation results over an AWGN channel to demonstrate its potential.
Spatial multiplexing ofdmoqam systems with time reversal techniqueijwmn
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing with Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (OFDM/OQAM) is a multicarrier modulation scheme that can be considered as an alternative to the conventional Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with Cyclic Prefix (CP) for transmission over multipath fading channels. In this paper, we investigate the combination of the OFDM/OQAM with Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system with Time Reversal (TR) technique.
TR can be viewed as a precoding scheme which can be combined with OFDM/OQAM and easily carried out in a MIMO context using spatial data multiplexing.
We present the simulation results of the performance of OFDM/OQAM system in SISO case compared with the conventional CP-OFDM system and the performance of the combination MIMO-OFDM/OQAM with TR compared to MIMO-CP-OFDM. The performance is derived by computing the Bit Error Rate (BER) as a function of the transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Analyse Performance of Fractional Fourier Transform on Timing and Carrier Fr...ijwmn
This paper deals with the performance of the use of fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) instead of
conventional Fourier transform (FFT) in either symbol timing offset (STO) and carrier frequency offset
(CFO) estimation. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is widely used in many systems due to
advantages of theses technique compared with mono-carrier systems. In spite of his advantages, OFDM
presents drawbacks such as sensitivity to timing and frequency offsets. Many techniques are used in the
literature to estimate these two parameters in order to compensate them (synchronization task). These
techniques used conventional Fourier transform. In this paper, we are interested in estimating STO and
CFO using fractional Fourier transform. Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates the performance of the use
of FRFT instead of FFT.
Elgamal signature for content distribution with network codingijwmn
Network coding is a slightly new forwarding technique which receives various applications in traditional
computer networks, wireless sensor networks and peer-to-peer systems. However, network coding is
inherently vulnerable to pollution attacks by malicious nodes in the network. If any fake node in the
network spreads polluted packets, the pollution of packets will spread quickly since the output of (even an)
honest node is corrupted if at least one of the incoming packets is corrupted. There have been adapted a
few ordinary signature schemes to network coding that allows nodes to check the validity of a packet
without decoding. In this paper, we propose a scheme uses ElGamal signature in network coding. Our
scheme makes use of the linearity property of the packets in a coded system, and allows nodes to check the
integrity of the packets received easily.
A MANET is an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. When designing mobile ad hoc networks, several interesting and difficult problems arise because of the shared nature of the wireless medium, limited transmission power (range) of wireless devices, node mobility, and battery limitations. This paper aims at providing a new schema to improve Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol. The aim
behind the proposed enhancement is to find the best route in acceptable time limit without having broadcast storm. Moreover, O-DSR enables network not only to overcome congestion but also maximize the lifetime of mobile nodes. Some simulations results show that the Route Request (RREQ) and the Control Packet Overhead decrease by 15% when O-DSR is used, consequently. Also the global energy consumption in O-DSR is lower until to 60 % , which leads to a long lifetime of the network.
The four basic Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements in Long Term Evolution (LTE) system
are Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Reference Signal
Received Quality (RSRQ), and Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). A measurement of channel quality represented by Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) is used for link adaptation along with packet scheduling, whereas RSRP and RSRQ are needed for making handover decision during intra-eUTRAN (evolved Universal Terrestrial Random Access Network) handover in LTE. In this paper,
some practical measurement results recorded from a live LTE network of Australia using a commercial measurement tool namely NEMO Handy are analysed to verify the possible relationships among SINR, RSRP, RSSI and RSRQ as well as to evaluate the effects of SNR on throughput. In addition, the intraeUTRAN handover events occurred during the test period within the test area are studied. The analysis
yields some useful information such as: if the SINR is good for a measurement slot, higher throughput is
achieved; RSRP and SNR are proportional to each other on average; and lesser is the difference between
RSSI and RSRP, better is the RSRQ – each of which is consistent with theory. All the measurement results
are evaluated using computer programs built on MATLAB platform.
COMP-JT WITH DYNAMIC CELL SELECTION, GLOBAL PRECODING MATRIX AND IRC RECEIVER...ijwmn
Coordinated multi-point transmission and reception (CoMP) is introduced in LTE-A to mitigate co-channel
interference and improve the cell-edge user experience. In this paper we propose a joint transmission
scheme for LTE-CoMP and we enhance the performance of CoMP with two techniques: 1- dynamic MIMO
cell selection and 2- closed loop MIMO with global precoding matrix selection. A cell-edge user selects the
base stations that jointly transmit the desired signal from the available ones (we assumed 3). The user also
selects the closed loop precoding matrices for MIMO in a joint fashion to fit the independent MIMO
channels from two base stations (eNBs). In addition, edge users are likely to be subject to severe Cochannel
interference from eNBs outside the joint transmission set.To address co-channel interference from
the base station(s) that are not included in CoMP joint transmission set, the user equipment employs
Minimum Mean Squared Error receiver with Interference Rejection Combining (MMSE-IRC). We illustrate
the effect of fading correlation between elements of the transmit and receive antennas. Also, the effect of
the desired to interference eNB power ratio in case of medium correlation for 3 and 4 layers using MMSEIRC
receiver is studied. Also we compare the BER performance for 3 and 4 layers in case of different values of the desired to interference eNB power ratio. Simulation results show that the performance of CoMP with cell selection considerably improves the performance. Also, global selection of the precoding matrices outperforms local selection. In addition, using MMSE-IRC gives much better performance than the conventional minimum mean square error (MMSE) in the presence of co-channel interference.
An educational bluetooth quizzing application in androidijwmn
Bluetooth is one of the most prevalent technologies available on mobile phones. One of the key questions
how to harness this technology in an educational manner in universities and schools. This paper is about a
Bluetooth quizzing system which will be used to administer quizzes to students of a university. The
Bluetooth quizzing application consists of a server and client mobile Android application. It will utilize a
queuing system to allow many clients to connect simultaneously to the server. When clients connect, they
can register or choose the option to complete a quiz that the lecturer selected. Results are automatically
sent when quiz is done from the client application. Data analysis can then be done to review the progress of
students.
P ERFORMANCE A NALYSIS O F A DAPTIVE N OISE C ANCELLER E MPLOYING N LMS A LG...ijwmn
n voice communication systems, noise cancellation
using adaptive digital filter is a renowned techniq
ue
for extracting desired speech signal through elimin
ating noise from the speech signal corrupted by noi
se.
In this paper, the performance of adaptive noise ca
nceller of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) type has b
een
analysed employing NLMS (Normalized Least Mean Squa
re) algorithm.
An extensive study has been made
to investigate the effects of different parameters,
such as number of filter coefficients, number of s
amples,
step size, and input noise level, on the performanc
e of the adaptive noise cancelling system. All the
results
have been obtained using computer simulations built
on MATLAB platform.
WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT USING CBF ijwmn
Wireless mesh network has recently received a great deal of attention as a promising technology to provideubiquitous high bandwidth access for a large number of users. Such network may face a significant broadcast traffic that may consequently degrade the network reliability.
In this paper, we have focused interest to wireless mesh network based IEEE 802.11s and we have designed
a self-pruning method to control and reduce the broadcast traffic forwarding. Our scheme, namely Control of Broadcast Forwarding (CBF), defines two behaviours to manage the broadcasting operation. Routing
packets are managed differently from data broadcast messages to avoid afflicting the routing process.
The simulations results show that CBF ameliorates the network capacity by reducing considerably the
number of redundant packets, improving the end to end delay and providing high reachability and packet
delivery ration.
An Intelligent Healthcare Serviceto Monitor Vital Signs in Daily Life – A Cas...IJERA Editor
Vital signs monitoring for elderly in daily life environment is a promising concept that efficiently can provide medical services to people at home. However, make the system self-served and functioning as personalized provision makes the challenge even larger. This paper presents a case study on a Health-IoT system where an intelligent healthcare service is developed to monitor vital signs in daily life. Here, a generic Health-IoT framework with a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) is presented. The generic framework is mainly focused on the supporting sensors, communication media, secure and safe data communication, cloud-based storage, and remote accesses of the data. The CDSS is used to provide a personalized report on persons‟ health condition based on daily basis observation on vital signs. Six participants, from Spain (n=3) and Slovenia (n=3) have been using the proposed healthcare system for eight weeks (e.g. 300+ health measurements) in their home environments to monitor their health. The sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of the DSS‟s classification are achieved as 90%, 97% and 96% respectively while k=2 i.e., top 2 most similar retrieved cases are considered. The initial user evaluation resultdemonstrates the feasibility and performance of the implemented system through the proposed framework.
In the last decade the healthcare monitoring systems have drawn considerable attentions of the researchers. The prime goal was to develop a reliable patient monitoring system so that the healthcare professionals can monitor their patients, who are either hospitalized or executing their normal daily life activities. In this work we present a mobile device based wireless healthcare monitoring system that can provide real time online information about physiological conditions of a patient. Our proposed system is designed to measure and monitor important physiological data of a patient in order to accurately describe the status of her/his health and fitness. In addition the proposed system is able to send alarming message about the patient’s critical health data by text messages or by email reports. By using the information contained in the text or e-mail message the healthcare professional can provide necessary medical
advising. The system mainly consists of sensors, the data acquisition unit, microcontroller (i.e., Arduino), and software (i.e., LabVIEW). The patient’s temperature, heart beat rate, muscles, blood pressure, blood glucose level, and ECG data are monitored, displayed, and stored by our system. To ensure reliability and accuracy the proposed system has been field tested. The test results show that our system is able to measure the patient’s physiological data with a very high accuracy.
A framework for secure healthcare systems based on big data analytics in mobi...ijasa
In this paper we introduce a framework for Healthcare Information Systems (HISs) based on big data
analytics in mobile cloud computing environments. This framework provides a high level of integration,
interoperability, availability and sharing of healthcare data among healthcare providers, patients, and
practitioners. Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) of patients dispersed among different Care Delivery
Organizations (CDOs) are integrated and stored in the Cloud storage area, this creates an Electronic
Health Records (EHRs) for each patient. Mobile Cloud allows fast Internet access and provision of EHRs
from anywhere and at any time via different platforms. Due to the massive size of healthcare data, the
exponential increase in the speed in which this data is generated and the complexity of healthcare data
type, the proposed framework employs big data analytics to find useful insights that help practitioners take
critical decisions in the right time. In addition, our proposed framework applies a set of security
constraints and access control that guarantee integrity, confidentiality, and privacy of medical information.
We believe that the proposed framework paves the way for a new generation of lower cost, more efficient
healthcare systems.
M health an emerging trend an empirical studycsandit
The advent and advancement in technology specific to medical field has seen a migration of its
work across the globe, adapting higher and newer levels of m-health. Technology has been
successful in transforming the way traditional monitoring and alert system work to a modern
approach wherein minimizing the need for physical monitoring. Today, the field of healthcare
use varied monitoring systems to monitor the health of patients using ubiquitous and nonubiquitous
devices. These are sensor based devices that can read vital signs of patients and send
the data to the required personnel’s using mobile networks. This paper understands and
analyses how the monitoring and alert system works specific to m-health. m-health including
wearable and non-wearable devices read various vital signs and have the ability to monitor
health real-time and transfer the information collected using mobile network. m-health has
become an useful tool for elderly in this fast paced world where almost all the family members
are working or studying to keep track and maintain optimal health status. m-health alert system
involves the patient, the caretaker and medical service provider wherein the patient wears the
device and vital signs recorded are transferred the medical service provider who then analyses
the data collected and required changes in the medication are implemented. This paper
proposes a medical alert system that enlightens the capabilities of m-health making health
monitoring easy and reliable. It contains a three-level severity check and raises an alarm to the
caretaker, the physician or the ambulatory service provider.
Integrated healthcare monitoring device for obese adults using internet of th...IJECEIAES
Obesity is a global epidemic, often considered an impending disaster for the world’s population. Healthcare organizations and professionals repeatedly emphasize the negative impacts on obesity in the development of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and diabetes. The continuous monitoring of physiological parameters; namely SpO2, blood pressure, body temperature and pulse rate are imperative for obese adult patients. IoT is a dynamic field, used extensively in all fields: agriculture, automobile, manufacturing and retail industry primarily for automated remote real- time monitoring. This paper focuses on the implementation of IoT in the healthcare industry for monitoring and evaluating health conditions of obese adults, along with emphasis on the importance of medical data storage. Furthermore, a device is developed with a novel design and system, which not only allows real-time monitoring but also the storage of medical records for multiple patients simultaneously. The device facilitates measurements of these parameters using an Arduino environment and then transmits the data onto an IoT dashboard using a Wi-fi module for remote monitoring for healthcare professionals. The main aim is to provide a suitable device recommended by doctors for patients suffering from obesity, such that doctors can examine patient’s health trends over a period from the stored data for monitoring any changes that could be a symptom of an underlying unnoticed health condition.
Insomnia analysis based on internet of things using electrocardiography and e...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Insomnia is a disorder to start, maintain, and wake up from sleep, has many sufferers in the world. For patients in remote locations who suffer from insomnia, which requires testing, the gold standard performed requires patients to take the time and travel to the health care center. By making alternatives to remote sleep insomnia testing using electrocardiography and electromyography connected to the internet of things can solve the problem of patients' access to treatment. Delivery of patient data to the server is done to make observations from the visualization of patient data in real-time. Furthermore, using artificial neural networks was used to classify EMG, ECG, and combine patient data to determine patients who have Insomnia get resulted in patient classification errors around 0.2% to 2.7%.
Real-time Heart Pulse Monitoring Technique Using Wireless Sensor Network and ...IJECEIAES
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for healthcare have emerged in the recent years. Wireless technology has been developed and used widely for different medical fields. This technology provides healthcare services for patients, especially who suffer from chronic diseases. Services such as catering continuous medical monitoring and get rid of disturbance caused by the sensor of instruments. Sensors are connected to a patient by wires and become bed-bound that less from the mobility of the patient. In this paper, proposed a real-time heart pulse monitoring system via conducted an electronic circuit architecture to measure Heart Pulse (HP) for patients and display heart pulse measuring via smartphone and computer over the network in real-time settings. In HP measuring application standpoint, using sensor technology to observe heart pulse by bringing the fingerprint to the sensor via used Arduino microcontroller with Ethernet shield to connect heart pulse circuit to the internet and send results to the web server and receive it anywhere. The proposed system provided the usability by the user (userfriendly) not only by the specialist. Also, it offered speed andresults accuracy, the highest availability with the user on an ongoing basis, and few cost.
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Chronic diseases quickly become broader public health issues because of the difficulty in obtaining appropriate, often long-term health care. So that, it requires the extension of health care for patients with chronic diseases beyond the clinic to include patient’s home and work environment. To reduce costs and provide more appropriate healthcare, we need telehealth care where internet of things (IoT) technology plays an important role. The integration of the IoT and medical science offers opportunities to improve healthcare quality, and efficiency and to better coordinate healthcare delivery at home and in the workplace. In this paper, we present the realization of a remote healthcare system based on the IoT technology. The function of this system is the transmission via a gateway of internet collected data using biomedical sensors node based Arduino board (e.g., temperature, electrical activity of the heart, heart rate monitor). These data will be stored automatically in a cloud. The health can then be monitored by the doctor or patient using a web page in real-time from anywhere at any time in the world using laptops or smart phones, etc. This method also reduces the need for direct interaction between doctor and patient.
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3
Zigbee based wearable remote healthcare monitoring system for elderly patients
1. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2014
DOI : 10.5121/ijwmn.2014.6304 53
ZIGBEE BASED WEARABLE REMOTE HEALTHCARE
MONITORING SYSTEM FOR ELDERLY PATIENTS
Khalifa AlSharqi, Abdelrahim Abdelbari, Ali Abou-Elnour, and Mohammed
Tarique
Department of Electrical Engineering, Ajman University of Science and Technology,
Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
ABSTRACT
Remote health care monitoring system (RHCMS) has drawn considerable attentions for the last decade. As
the aging population are increasing and at the same time the health care cost is skyrocketing there has
been a need to monitor a patient from a remote location. Moreover, many people of the World are out of
the reach of existing healthcare systems. To solve these problems many research and commercial versions
of RHCMS have been proposed and implemented till now. In these systems the performance was the main
issue in order to accurately measure, record, and analyze patients’ data. With the ascent of wireless
network RHCMS can be widely deployed to monitor the health condition of a patient inside and outside of
the hospitals. In this work we present a ZigBee based wireless healthcare monitoring system that can
provide real time online information about the health condition of a patient. The proposed system is able to
send alarming messages to the healthcare professional about the patient’s critical condition. In addition
the proposed system can send reports to a patient monitoring system, which can be used by the healthcare
professionals to make necessary medical advices from anywhere of the World at any time.
KEYWORDS
ZigBee, Wireless, patient, monitoring, healthcare, wearable, sensor, networks, data publishing
1. INTRODUCTION
Over the recent years remote health care monitoring systems for the elderly people have drawn
considerable attentions. According to UNFPA, the global population is no longer young for the
first time in the history [1]. Population ageing is affecting the entire world and is happening in all
regions. But, it is progressing at a faster rate in the developing countries. Seven out of the fifteen
countries in the developing world have more than 10 million old people. By the year 2050 another
fifteen developing countries are expected to have 10 million old people. It is worthwhile to
mention here that the average life expectancy in the United States was 47.3 years in 1900. But, it
has increased to 68.2 years and 77.3 years in 1950 and 2002 respectively [2,3]. People are living
longer because of better nutrition, sanitation, medical advances, education, economic well-being,
and health care. Population ageing poses challenges to individuals, families, and societies. By
adopting proper policies societies should be prepared for an ageing world. Overall, the older
people should not be considered as a burden for the society. Their wisdom, energy, and
experience are added advantages for us to take care of the challenges of the 21st
century. In order
to keep the ageing population healthy we have to deal with some challenges. The major challenge
for us is to keep them healthy with our limited resources. Although numerous groundbreaking
achievements have been noticed in the health care sector for the recent years, the health care
expense is still sky high and it has become an issue that even the developed countries are worry
2. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2014
54
about. According to the data provided by the Kaiser Family Foundation [4] the per capita
expenditure of the health care is increasing at an exponential rate in some countries as shown in
Figure 1. With such a high and continuously increasing healthcare expenses, medical care for the
ageing people is becoming progressively challenging. One of the reasons for this high medical
expense is hospitalization cost. The senior citizens are the most frequent visitors to the hospitals.
They visit the hospitals for their medical treatment. Sometimes they have to stay there for a
certain period of time for follow up of their medical treatment. Their staying in a hospital not only
incurs expenses, but also incurs loss of patient’s mobility. Remote Health Care Monitoring
System (RHCMS) has been proposed as a solution to this problem. The main concept is to
monitor a patient from a remote location and to provide her/him with necessary medical advices.
The RHCMS has numerous advantages compared to conventional healthcare systems. Some of
the advantages include (a) monitoring a patient, (b) responding to an emergency, (c) assisting
patient mobility, (d) shortening hospital stay, and (e) reducing medical expenses. By using
RHCMS the physical conditions of the patients can be monitored for twenty hours a day and
seven days a week. The emergency services can be provided to the patients with a minimum
delay. The patients can be served without going to a health care facility and admitting there. The
healthcare professional can perform the follow up from a remote location and hence a patient
needs to stay in a hospital for a short period of time. In a nutshell RHCMS reduces expenses
related to the medical services.
Figure 1 Per capita health acre expenditure of the World
Most of the proposed RHCMSs are based on wireless technology. The evolution of the wireless
network has experienced a very fast-paced. Since the introduction of the IEEE 802.11 protocol
wireless networks have experienced a huge market demand. Within the four years of the
introduction wireless networks became very popular because of its portability, convenience, ease
of installation, and low cost [5]. In that time period about 7.5 million households in the United
States deployed wireless network. Wireless networks and medical sensors have been combined in
RHCMS. There have been many medical sensors available in the market. Most of the sensors can
measure and display critical health monitoring data such as the pulse rate, blood pressure,
temperature, and blood sugar of a patient. One of the limitations of the proposed RHCMS is its
limited coverage area. The measured data cannot be transmitted beyond a certain distance. Thus,
it is not possible for the healthcare professionals to monitor the medical conditions of a patient
from a distant location. In a hospital either the nurse or the physician has to move from one
patient to another patient for monitoring them. Hence, it may not be possible for them to monitor
a patient’s health conditions all the time. This situation can be even worse when they have to take
care of a large number of patients in a hospital at a given time. In order to overcome the above
mentioned limitations an on-line health monitoring system has been proposed in this work. The
3. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2014
55
proposed system can monitor the temperature, pulse, muscle, and ECG data of a patient. The
proposed system has been designed by using the ZigBee technology. A major portion of this
system has been implemented in LabView. Hence, the proposed system is reconfigurable as per
users’ need. The proposed system has been tested and verified in order to ensure its accuracy and
reliability. The system consumes a very low power. The system consumes a very low power
because it transmits signal only if the monitored parameters (i.e., temperature, heart beat rate etc.)
go outside their normal ranges. Otherwise, the system puts the transmitter into a sleep mode to
save energy. Hence the proposed system has a long operating life. The rest of the paper is
organized as follows. Section 2 presents some related work. The system model of the proposed
RHCMS has been presented in section 3. The implementation and results have been presented in
section 4. This paper is concluded with section 5.
2. RELATED WORKS
Numerous prototypes for remote health care system can be found in the literatures. Since this
work is based on the ZigBee technology, we focus only on the remote health care systems that
have been designed based on the ZigBee technology.
One of the early works on health care monitoring system has been proposed in [6]. The proposed
system is suitable for patients, senior citizens, and others who need continuous monitoring of their
health. The proposed system can monitor the ECG signals of a patient based on Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP) and a ZigBee network. The system consists of a wireless ECG sensor, ECG
console, ZigBee module, SIP register, a proxy server, a database server, and wireless devices.
Simultaneous monitoring of the biomedical signals from multiple patients has been addressed in
[7]. The proposed network is based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard and the ZigBee technology. The
authors have proposed an optimized source routing protocol to control the network load. Some
other issues including energy consumption, network lifetime, and delivery ratio have also been
addressed in the same work.
An intelligent remote healthcare system based on power line communication and the ZigBee
network has been proposed in [8]. The system consists of physiological sensors, a ZigBee/PLC
gateway, and some special software. The physiological data are collected by the physiological
sensor and are sent to a controlling center through a ZigBee/PLC gateway. The data are stored
and analysed at the controlling center.
A low power microcontroller based patient bed monitoring system has been presented in [9].
Resistive bend sensor has been used for minimizing the harmful effects of bedsores, which is a
common problem in hospital’s intensive care units and assistive living environments during
rehabilitations. The proposed system is able to replace the current wired system and it supports
continuous patient monitoring by enabling the patient bed mobility.
A Wireless Body Area Sensor network (WBASN) based on the ZigBee technology has been
presented in [10]. All nodes in the WBASN are connected as star topology and central node (i.e.,
access point) is used to control the network. The data collected by the access point is transferred
to a hospital network over mobile communication network. The authors have proposed a novel
“wake-up on-demand” mode of network operation. According to this mode the network “sleeps”
when the most of the circuits are turned off to reduce power consumption. Once the WBASN is
waked up all modules begin to work and all biomedical signals are obtained, stored, and
transmitted.
Reliability of data transmission for healthcare monitoring system has been investigated in [11].
The authors have suggested that there is always a chance for loosing physiological data when a
4. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2014
56
number of ZigBee devices operate in a hospital at a given time. Although the medium access
control is taken care of by the MAC layer, the authors have designed and implemented a new
medium access control algorithm to ensure reliable data transmission of the physiological data.
A telemedicine information monitoring system consists of vital sign monitoring devices, a
healthcare gateway, and a health service information platform has been proposed in [12]. Among
these components the healthcare gateway is the most critical component. The ZigBee module is
used to transmit information between the vital sign monitoring devices and the healthcare
gateway. The vital sign monitoring devices include ECG, SPO2, blood pressure, glucose, and
body temperature. The data is then relayed to a healthcare service information platform. The
system is based on Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) concept to provide the healthcare
management for people who are suffering from chronic illness.
A remote patient monitoring system based on the ZigBee wireless sensor network and the Internet
Things has been introduced in [13]. The system generates electronic medical records that are
saved in a database. After analysing the data the proposed system can send feedback about the
diagnosis, medical programs, and proposals to a remote location. The system uses the ZigBee
network for real time transmission of the physical data. The data processing and information
releasing have been implemented by a database program.
A wearable remote healthcare system for assessing hydration status and visceral fat accumulation
by using Bioelectrical Impedance (BI) analysis has been proposed in [14]. The authors have
designed a ZigBee based BI to replace the conventional wired BI. The proposed system consists
of BI measurement circuit integrated with 0.35 µm CMOS technology and a transducer circuit of
the ZigBee module.
Two alternative systems have been proposed for the deployment of the ZigBee based wireless
personal area network (WPANS) for remote patient monitoring in the general wards of a hospital
in [15]. In the first approach a single WPAN is considered for gathering and transmitting
physiological data from the patients in a ward. In the second approach multiple WPANS are
considered. The simulation results show that the multiple WPANS out-perform the single one in
respect of efficiency and reliability for data transmission.
An expandable wireless health monitoring system based on ZigBee has been proposed in [16].
The proposed system can monitor the temperature and pulses of a patient wirelessly. The test
result presented therein shows that the proposed system can monitor the temperature and pulse of
a patient with a high accuracy.
An ambient care system (ACS) framework to provide remote monitoring, emergency detection,
activity logging, and personal notification services has been proposed in [17]. The proposed
system consists of Crossbow MICAZ devices, sensors, and PDA enabled with ZigBee
technology. The authors concluded that the combination of the ZigBee technology together with a
service oriented architecture is the best option for ACS services.
A wireless sensor gateway (WSG) has been proposed in [18] to monitor patients’ health. The
main objective of this project is to monitor the cardiovascular status of a patient. Biological
signals like ECG, pulse wave, and body weight are the important parameters for the
cardiovascular monitoring of a patient. The proposed gateway is deigned to receive data from
wireless sensors through a ZigBee interface and to forward the same to a personal computer via
Bluetooth interface.
A ZigBee based system for remote monitoring of SPO2 has been proposed in [19]. The system
consists of SPO2 sensor devices, a router, and Personal Area Network (PAN) co-ordinators. All
5. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2014
57
the devices are based on MCU and ZigBee chip. The sensor devices measure SPO2 data from
patients and transmit the data to the router. The router sets schedule for data transmission to each
device by using a hierarchical routing. The proposed system also contains a web-based
management system so that the patient data can be published in the web.
A real-time rehabilitation platform for patients and aged people has been proposed in [20]. The
proposed system can collect data about the real-time walking acceleration of the patients. By
analysing the gait sequences the computer based rehabilitation system can figure out the normal
gait and abrupt falling of the people. The system also includes an ECG detector to monitor the
health condition of the patients and the aged people.
A prototype of smart sniffing shoes has been designed for monitoring the foot health of a patient
in [21]. The proposed system consists of chemical sensor array installed inside the shoe. The
ZigBee technology has been used for the data communication. A technique called principal
component analysis (PCA) has been used to monitor the foot health of a patient.
Another ZigBee based health monitoring system has been proposed to monitor temperature, heart
rate, blood pressure, and movements of patients in [22]. The main component of the system is an
electronic device worn on the wrist or finger of a high risk patient. The system uses a number of
sensors including an impact sensor to detect the fall of a person. The system can monitor a
medically distressed person and send an alarm to a caretaker system connected to a remote
computer.
A similar work for monitoring the patient’s pulse has been presented in [23]. The proposed
system can monitor the pulses of a patient from a remote location and it can also administer
necessary medical treatment. The proposed system consists of a pulse sensor, ZigBee module, and
ATmega218P microcontroller. The pulse measured by the sensor is sent to a coordinator through
a ZigBee interface. The test results show that the proposed system can cover up to 30 meter
distance.
A prototype model for cardiovascular activity and fitness monitoring system based on IEEE
11073 family has been proposed in [24]. The IEEE 11073-10441 defines the set of protocols for
tele-health environment at application layer and the rest of the communication is taken care of by
the medical grade ZigBee network. The test results show that the proposed system can report
severe cardiovascular malfunctioning without compromising the mobility.
A remote heart sound and lung sound monitoring system has been proposed in [25]. The authors
have solved the problem related to simultaneous transmission of heart and lung sounds. Sensors
have been used to collect the heart and lung sounds and then FastICA is used to separate these
two signals. The sound signals are then sent to a remote location via internet for diagnosis.
A low cost sleep monitoring system based on polysomnography has been proposed in [26]. The
authors have introduced some innovative sensor pillow and bed sheet system that employ the
ZigBee wireless network. To monitor the respiration of the patient a sensor array of force
sensitive resistors (FSR) based on polymer thick film device has been used. The sensor array is
able to classify and verify the respiratory rate during sleep.
A portable ECG monitoring system has been proposed in [27]. The proposed system is controlled
by MSP430 single chip computer, which amplifies and filters the patient’s ECG signals and sends
data to a central controller using a ZigBee wireless transmission module. Another similar
prototype of a ZigBee based ECG signal monitoring system has been proposed in [28]. A PC
6. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2014
58
based GUI interface has been developed to provide ECG signal processing task and health care
video tracking and management functions.
In this work we have proposed a remote health monitoring system based on the ZigBee
technology and LabView software. The proposed system can monitor ECG signals, muscle
power, temperature, and heartbeat of a patient from a remote location. In contrast to other related
works we used National Instruments’ LabView software for implementing the project. The
LabView constitutes a graphical programming environment that can acquire data (i.e., biomedical
signals). The LabView relies on graphical symbols rather than textual language to describe
programming actions. The principle of dataflow governs program execution in a straightforward
manner. We chose LabView software because it is easy to program and it has powerful
data acquisition system. In addition the output data generated by the LabView program
can be easily acquired into hardware. The data acquisition is performed by using Data
Acquisition System (DAQ) provided by the National Instrument. The use of DAQ reduces the
complexities of the circuits. Since the major portion of this work is implemented in LabView, the
proposed system can be easily reconfigured and adapted to accommodate more options in future.
The system can send data to a remote location for diagnosis. The system can also publish data in
the internet so that the concerned healthcare professionals can monitor their patients from
anywhere around the World at any time.
3. SYSTEM MODEL
The proposed system consists of a set of biomedical sensors attached with the body of a patient. A
wireless transmitter is used to send the data to a wireless receiver connected to a local monitoring
unit. In this work we used six biomedical sensors to monitor heart beat rate, temperature, changes
in muscles power, and ECG signals of a patient. These sensors convert the physiological changes
of the patient’s body into biomedical signals. The conditioning circuit (i.e., Arduino
microcontroller) reads the data from the sensors and controls the transmission of data to a
monitoring unit. The monitoring unit displays the data that is used by the physicians for necessary
medical advices. The wireless receiver consists of Xbee that receives data and sends it to the local
monitoring unit. The monitoring unit can display, record, and analyze the data. It can send reports
as well as alarming messages to the healthcare professionals. The system block diagram of the
proposed system is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 The system block diagram.
7. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2014
59
Based on the customer requirements the system hardware can be easily modified to accommodate
more sensors. The data transmission can also take place via wired or wireless channels. The
proposed system can be connected to the Internet for global communication. In addition, the
proposed system is carefully implemented in hardware and software system so that it can be
adapted to fulfill the user’s requirements. Since accuracy is one of the most important issues in
biomedical signal processing, the proposed system has been field tested extensively to ensure its
accuracy. The system can continuously monitor the health of a patient twenty four hours a day.
The proposed system is also able to inform the healthcare professionals about any unusual health
conditions of a patient. The doctors can also use the publishing system incorporated with the
system. When the measured data exceeds the allowable normal range, the system can send an
alarm message to the concerned healthcare professionals. The system can facilitate healthcare
professionals to perform immediate medical diagnosis and to administer the medical treatment if
needed. The system measures different physical parameters of a patient by using four different
sensors as shown in Figure 3. The microcontroller receives the signals from the sensors and
processes them before sending them to a ZigBee transmitter module. The transmitter module
transmits the signal that is received by the receiving antenna of the ZigBee receiver.
Figure 3 System block diagram of transmitter section
The system block diagram for the receiver is shown in Figure 4. The receiver antenna receives the
data sent by the transmitting antenna and then the data are sent to a PC (i.e., Monitoring Unit) for
display. The Monitoring Unit sends report using the internet to the concerned healthcare
professionals.
Figure 4 System block diagram receiver section
The temperature sensor used in our system is shown in Figure 5(a) and the associated program
flowchart in shown in Figure 5(b). We used LM35 sensor for our project. The LM35 is a high
8. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2014
60
(a) Temperature Sensor
(b) Flowchart
Figure 5 The temperature measurement.
precision integrated temperature sensor. It generates an analog voltage depending on the
temperature of the patient’s body. The sensor output voltage is linearly proportional to the body
temperature. The sensor circuitry is sealed and is not subject to oxidation. The LM35 generates a
higher output voltage than thermocouples. The sensor can measure temperature and generate
signal that is sent to a microcontroller. The data are then transmitted by the ZigBee to the PC. The
sensors are connected to the I/O port of the PIC microcontroller (i.e., Arduino). The output
voltage is converted into temperature by a simple conversion factor. As shown in Figure 6 the
temperature sensor measures the temperature and converts it into electrical signal. The electrical
signal is then processed by a microcontroller and the LabView software. Finally, it is displayed in
the monitoring unit. We set the normal body temperature of a patient in the range of 36○
C - 40○
C.
If the temperature reading is less than 36○
C or more than 40○
C degree the alarm will be ON and it
will send an alert message to the concerned healthcare professional.
The heart beat sensor used to measure the heartbeat of the patient is shown in Figure 6(a). This
sensor monitors the flow of blood through a clip that is attached with a fingertip. The sensor has a
laser that emits light through the skin and measures the reflection of the laser due to the flow of
the blood. The heart beat rate of an individual may vary. At rest, an adult man has an average
pulse rate of 72 beats per minute. Athletes normally have a lower pulse rate compared to that of a
less active people. On the other hand children have a higher pulse rate (approx. 90 beats per
minute). We set the critical pulse rate at 120 beats per minute. The flowchart for the heart pulse
9. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2014
61
sensor is shown in Figure 6(b). The sensor measures the heart beats and converts them into
electrical signals. Then the receiver antenna sends the data to the Monitoring Unit for displaying
the data. If the pulse rate is less than 120 beats per minute, the alarm will be ON and it will alert
the concerned authority.
(a) Heart beat sensor
(b) Flowchart
Figure 6 The measurement of heart beat rates
The muscles sensor used in this project is shown in Figure 7(a). The sensor detects the changes in
the muscle force and converts it into variable resistive readable values. The local monitoring unit
coverts the resistive date from the muscle sensor to a power signal. The main purpose of the
muscle sensor is to measure the power from the muscles. In some cases elderly people who are
unable to move or disabled and their muscles power decreases over a time period, the sensor
sends an alert message to health care service provider. If the patient is moving or standing still or
sleeping, the status of the patient’s movement can also be monitored by our proposed system. The
flowchart of the muscle sensor is shown in Figure 7(b). The transmitter sends the signal which is
received by the receiver. The receiver sends the data to the Monitoring Unit for graphical display.
If the reading is less than 150 or more than 500 the alarm will be ON and it will alert the health
care service provider.
10. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2014
62
(a) Muscle sensors
(b) Flowchart
Figure 7 The measurement of muscle power
ECG is an important biomedical parameter and is used clinically in diagnosing various diseases
and conditions of a patient’s heart. The acquisition of a real time ECG signal requires an
expensive CARDIART machine and only experienced cardiologist can interpret the ECG signal.
However, in developing and under developed countries people cannot make use of this facility
because they live in remote areas. In this proposed system we developed an accurate, low cost,
and user friendly real time ECG acquisition system for monitoring general cardiac abnormalities.
By using the proposed system the ECG data can be monitored and analysed from a remote
location via Web browser. Hence, the system supports long distance diagnosis. The system can
generate a report of the patient's condition by using the ECG data. The hardware ECG is mainly
consisting of an electronic circuit, which uses amplifiers and switches to amplify the readings
from the sensor so that it can be read and displayed. The software ECG monitors the readings
from the sensors and then converts them into the readings based on a defined formula. The
reading of the software ECG has been verified with that of a CARDIART machine in order to
ensure reliability and accuracy. The proposed system measures ECG data from four sensors
placed at four different places of the patient’s body as shown in Figure 8 and provides an output
as shown in Figure 9. The detail operation of the ECG is illustrated in Figure 10. First, the
microcontroller (i.e., Arduino) takes the signals from the sensors and converts them into readable
values using some defined formula. Then the data are transferred from the transmitter to the
receiver (i.e.,Xbee). Then the LabView program combines these readings from the four sensors
and provides one variable output. The ECG signal flow diagram is shown in Figure 10.
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63
Figure 8 ECG Sensors
Figure 9 The output of ECG sensors.
Figure 10 ECG signal flow diagram
4. IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS
The proposed system provides a patient with continuous health monitoring service. The signals
generated by the sensors are processed by a built-in microcontroller. The processed data are then
transmitted by ZigBee wireless transmitter. Finally the received data is sent to a PC. The
proposed system works as follows: (a) the user will wear the sensors, (b) the sensors will start
12. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 6, No. 3, June 2014
64
Figure 11 Labview front panel
reading the temperature, heart beats rate, muscle power, and ECG data, and (c) the program will
send the monitored data wirelessly and interfaces between the LabView software and the
hardware. The front panel of the proposed system is shown in Figure 11.
Figure 12 Output of the temperature sensor
Figure 12 shows a sample of the temperature sensor data. It shows the variation of the
temperature with respect to time. It is depicted in this figure that the temperature is in the normal
range from 8:35 AM to 9:01 AM which means that the patient’s body temperature is within the
normal range. Since the body temperature is within the set normal range, the system will not send
any alarm message to the healthcare professional.
Figure 13 shows a sample output of the heart pulse sensor. The output shows that there are the
changes in the heart pulse rate from time to time. The figure illustrates that the patient heart pulse
rate varies between 75 beats per minute and 76 beats per minute for the monitored period of time.
Since the heart beat rate is within the normal limit, we assume that the patient is at stand still
condition.
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65
Figure 13 The output of heart pulse sensor
Figure 14 shows a sample of the output of the muscle sensor attached with the arm. It shows the
percentage usage of the patients’ muscles (Max=1000) with respect to time. The figure shows the
percentage usage of the patients’ muscles is varying between 200 and 310 for the monitored
period of time (i.e., from 8:40 AM to 9:01 AM). This variation indicates that the patient is
moving and hence the muscles power is increasing with respect to time.
Figure 14 The output of the muscle sensor (Arm)
5. CONCLUSIONS
A reliable wireless healthcare monitoring system has been designed and successfully
implemented in this work. The proposed system has been field tested. The test results show that
the proposed system is able to monitor the body temperature, heart pulse rate, ECG signal, and
muscle power with enough accuracy. Since the proposed system is based on ZigBee, we can
conclude that it is a low power and low cost system. Moreover, major part of the proposed system
has been implemented in using LabView software. Hence, the proposed system is easily
reconfigurable and it can be connected to the Internet easily. The system is also able to store
physiological data of patients for 24 hours a day and seven days a week. In future the proposed
system can be extended to include more sensors that can measure more parameters like diabetes
and blood pressure. The proposed system is flexible enough to include such kind of
modifications.
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