Ancient Egypt was centered around the Nile River, which provided fresh water and fertile land for farming. Deserts on either side of the Nile protected ancient Egyptians. When the Nile flooded annually, it left behind a rich layer of silt that was perfect for growing crops. King Tut's undiscovered tomb contained many artifacts from his life, including his pure gold coffin. Hatshepsut was a powerful female pharaoh who had over 200 sphinx guarding her palace. Ancient Egyptian civilization progressed through several important periods, including the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.