The document discusses important pharaohs in ancient Egypt. It describes how pharaohs were powerful kings who ruled all of Egypt and represented the gods. It profiles several influential pharaohs like Djoser who built the first pyramid, Khufu who built the Great Pyramid of Giza, and Ramesses II who ruled for 66 years and built many monuments. The last pharaoh discussed is Cleopatra VII, who became queen at age 18 and aligned with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony but eventually committed suicide after her defeat in the Battle of Actium against Octavian.

1. The Pharaohs
In Ancient Egypt

2. Egypt used to be the land of pharaohs and
pyramids.
The Pharaoh was the
king of Egypt, the
most powerful person
there.

3. The Pharaoh
had 2 titles
Lord of the Two Lands
He was the ruler of all Egypt. He owned
all the land, made laws, collected taxes
and defended Egypt against foreigners.
High Priest of Every Temple
He represented the Gods on Earth. He
performed rituals and and built temples
to honour the Gods.

4. Many pharaohs went to war when their land was threatened
or when they wanted to control foreign lands. If the pharaoh
won the battle, the conquered people had to recognise the
Egyptian pharaoh as their ruler and offer him the finest and
most valuable goods from their land.

5. The Pharaohs
Djoser
• He commissioned the first Pyramid in
Egypt, The Step Pyramid. It was
constructed by Djosers' chief architect
and scribe Imhotep.
• Date: Circa 2630 BC (Before Christ).
• Location: Saqqara.
• Height: 62 metres.

6. The Pharaohs
Khufu
• Built the Great Pyramid of Giza,
the Earth’s largest pyramid. It’s the
oldest and largest of the
three pyramids in the Giza
Necropolis.
• Date: Circa 2550 BC (Before
Christ).
• Location: Giza.
• Height: 147 metres.
• Base: 230 metres.

7. The Pharaohs
Khafra
• He built the second largest
Pyramid of Giza. Some egyptologists
say that he was the builder of the
Great Sphinx of Giza.
• Date: Circa 2540 BC (Before
Christ).
• Location: Giza.
• Height: 143 metres.
• Base: 215 metres.

8. Menkaura
The Pharaohs
• He built the smallest of the three
Pyramids of Giza.
• Date: Circa 2540 BC (Before
Christ).
• Location: Giza.
• Height: 66 metres.
• Base: 103 metres.

9. The Pharaohs
• He ruled Egypt for 17 years.
• He was especially noted for abandoning
traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing
worship centered on the Aten, which is sometimes
described as monotheistic (believe in one only
God). He gave the solar deity a status above mere
gods.
• Date: Circa 1351 – 1334 BC (Before Christ).
• Nefertiti was his Great Royal Wife. She was
beautiful. They were known for the religion
revolution. They both reigned at what was
arguably the wealthiest period of Ancient Egyptian
history. Some scholars believe that Nefertiti ruled
briefly after her husband's death and before the
accession of Tutankhamun, although this
identification is a matter of ongoing debate.
Akhenaten

10. The Pharaohs
• He was Akhenaten’s son, but not
Nefertiti’s. Nefertiti only had daughters.
Tutankhamun was Akhenaten and one of
his sister’s son.
• He was the king of Egypt when he was 8
years old.
• He is known as the boy king.
• He probably reinstated the polytheistic
religion.
• Date: 1333 – 1324 BC (Before Christ). He
ruled Egypt for 8 years.
Tutankhamun

11. The Pharaohs
Ramesses II
• Date: reigned 1279–1213 BC (Before Christ).
• At age 14, Ramesses was appointed Prince Regent by his
father Seti I. He is believed to have taken the throne in his
late teens (18-19 years old) and is known to have ruled
Egypt for 66 years. It is estimated that he died when he
was 90 or 91 years old.
• He was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings. Now,
it is displayed in the Cairo Museum.
• He is considered as the greatest, most celebrated, and
most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire. He is
known as Ramesses the Great.
• He built many cities, temples and monuments. In
1255 BC Ramesses and his queen Nefertari traveled into
Nubia (Southern Egypt) to inaugurate a new temple, the
great Abu Simbel.

12. The Pharaohs
• Abu Simbel is formed by 2 temples. The biggest one
is dedicated to Amun, Ra-Horakhty, and Ptah, the 3
main Gods in Ancient Egypt, and it has 4 colossal
statues of Ramesses II in the front part of the temple.
It took 20 years to build it. And the smallest temple is
dedicated to Goddess Hathor and Ramesses wife
Nefertari. This was in fact the second time in ancient
Egyptian history that a temple was dedicated to a
queen. The first time, Akhenaten dedicated a temple
to his great royal wife, Nefertiti.
• Nefertari Meritmut’s lavishly decorated tomb,
QV66, is the largest and most spectacular in
the Valley of the Queens.

13. The Pharaohs
Cleopatra VII
• Date: 51 - 30 BC (Before Christ).
• She was the last queen of Ancient Egypt. She became queen
when she was 18 years old.
•The Ptolemies spoke Greek and refused to speak Egyptian.
But Cleopatra did learn to speak Egyptian and represented
herself as the reincarnation of an Egyptian goddess, Isis.
• Cleopatra originally ruled Egypt with her father, Ptolemy XII
Auletes, and later with her brothers, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy
XIV, whom she married as per Egyptian custom, but eventually
she became sole ruler. As pharaoh, she consummated a liaison
with Julius Caesar that solidified her grip on the throne. She
later elevated her son with Caesar, Caesarion, to co-ruler in
name.

14. • After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, she aligned
with Mark Antony in opposition to Caesar's legal heir,
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (later known as
Augustus). With Antony, she bore the twins Cleopatra
Selene II and Alexander Helios, and another son,
Ptolemy Philadelphus (her unions with her brothers
had produced no children). After losing the Battle of
Actium to Octavian's forces, Antony committed
suicide. Cleopatra followed suit, according to tradition
killing herself by means of an asp bite on August 12,
30 BC. She was briefly outlived by Caesarion, who was
declared pharaoh by his supporters but soon killed on
Octavian's orders.
Cleopatra VII