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YEOT Spring 2015: Webinar 6: Ancient Engineering Architecture
The document provides information on ancient engineering and architecture from prehistoric times through the Roman era. It discusses prehistoric megaliths and structures, ancient Egyptian pyramids and tombs designed by Imhotep, and the emergence of classical architecture in Greece with the three orders of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian columns still influencing design today. It then focuses on the Parthenon temple in Athens constructed between 447-432 BC using the post-and-lintel method with optical illusions, and describes Roman advances like straight roads built with the groma tool, arched structures like the Colosseum and aqueducts transporting water into Rome.
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YEOT Spring 2015: Webinar 6: Ancient Engineering Architecture
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- 2. Be sure toenter your siege weapon photo or video by midnight today. You can upload it on Edmodo or send it to youngengineersoftoday@gmail.com
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- 4. Role of anArchitect The profession of ‘architect’ is not a modern concept Derived from the Greek word ‘architekton’ -archi (chief) -tekton (carpenter) In many ways, this nicely sums up the profession Architecture
- 5. Architecture Role ofan Architect "The most basic definition of an architect is a professional who is qualified to design and provide advice - both aesthetic and technical - on built objects...But this definition barely scratches the surface of an architect's role. Architects serve as trusted advisors... blending diverse requirements and disciplines in a creative process, while serving the public interest and addressing health and safety matters." -Quote from ‘What is an Architect?’, Royal Architecture Institute of Canada (RAIC)
- 6. Role of anArchitect Architecture is a profession that mixes art (building aesthetics) and science (engineering, structural design, etc) -The edifice -or building/structure- is a reflection of the surrounding culture The main tenets of architecture can be better understood by looking at its evolution throughout history Architecture
- 7. A (Brief) History ofArchitecture
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- 9. Brief History Prehistoric Architects existedin their most basic form -Constructed things like megaliths, obelisks, thatched huts, and earthen mounds Their constructions quite often puzzle modern archeologists to this day! Architecture
- 10. Architecture Brief History Themost famous example is Stonehenge, believed to be constructed from anywhere between 3,000-2,000 B.C.
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- 12. Architecture Brief History Prehistoric AncientEgypt (3,050-950 B.C.)
- 13. Brief History Ancient Egypt Architectswere employed by rulers to build tombs and great temples -Mostly used granite and limestone Their monuments and tombs could be incredibly tall due to their use of a wide base to support sloping walls Architecture
- 14. Architecture Brief History Picturedis the Step Pyramid of Djoser, designed by an Egyptian named Imhotep Said to be one of the earliest massive stone monuments -Built around 2,677 B.C.
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- 16. Architecture Brief History Prehistoric AncientEgypt (3,050-950 B.C.) Classical (850 B.C.-460 A.D.)
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- 18. Architecture Brief History Classical Spansthe period from the emergence of ancient Greece to the fall of the Roman empire Architects began to use mathematical principles to design structures, as documented by a Roman architect named Marcus Vitruvius These principles, also known as the Classical Orders, still play an influence in design to this day
- 19. Ancient Greek Architecture Inaddition to being places to worship, temples were symbols of society and culture They were built on the highest ground and surrounded by public meeting places and other gathering places, like gyms, stadiums, and theaters
- 20. Three Orders ofArchitecture Greek architecture was ruled by a strict system of proportions that related a structure’s individual components to the whole building
- 21. Three Orders ofArchitecture This developed into three distinct styles: ● Doric ● Ionic ● Corinthian
- 22. Three Orders ofArchitecture Each of the orders has its own style of details found in the moldings and ornamentation of the column and entablature. entablature column
- 23. Three Orders ofArchitecture It is important to remember the orders were based on the size and overall proportion system of the structure and it’ s components
- 24. Doric Doric, the oldestand simplest of the three Greek orders, dates back to 7th century B.C.
- 25. Doric The capital -or top of the column- is very plain.
- 26. Ionic While Doric wasconsidered “stocky”, Ionic was compared to the delicate female form. Use for smaller buildings and interiors.
- 27. Ionic The two scrollson its capital make it very recognizable.
- 28. Corinthian While invented byGreek sculptor Callimachus, this form, named after the city of Corinth, wasn’t used much by the Greeks.
- 29. Corinthian This column iseasy to recognize due to its ornate capital.
- 30. Architecture Brief History Amazingly,you can still see the influence of the Classical Orders in modern architecture!
- 31. Architecture Brief History Doric: TheAbraham Lincoln Memorial
- 32. Architecture Brief History Ionic: TheJefferson Memorial See the scrolls?
- 33. Architecture Brief History Corinthian: TheNew York Stock Exchange
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- 35. Parthenon Located in Athens, onthe hill known as the Acropolis - which translates roughly as the “high city”
- 36. Parthenon For Athena, daughter ofZeus and Metis, goddess of wisdom and military victory and patron of the city of Athens.
- 37. Parthenon Constructed between 447- 432BC by architects Iktinos and Kallikrates Took only 8 or 9 years!
- 38. Two back-to-back halls: Opisthodomos ●Smaller, inner hall ● Treasure and temple rites Cella ● Main room ● Housed statue of goddess Athena
- 39. What kind ofcolumns do you think the would have Opisthodomos? The Cella?
- 40. Review Doric columns weresimple and “stocky”. Ionic used for smaller buildings and interiors.
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- 43. Parthenon Foundations made oflimestone Columns made out of Pentelic marble
- 44. Parthenon Prior to 5thcentury, Doric temple construction was made with wood.
- 45. Parthenon The Athenians wanteda more durable temple. Their wealth and large population of citizens and slaves made the all-stone Parthenon possible.
- 46. Construction method: Postand lintel Parthenon is of post-and- lintel construction, block and block without mortar.
- 47. Construction method: Postand lintel
- 48. Simple machines Parthenon used20,000 tons of marble. Greeks used simple machines to help move the marble: pulleys, levers, and inclined planes.
- 49. Tools Quarrymen and stonemasonsused iron and wooden tools
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- 57. Parthenon: Optical Illusions Considerthis optical illusion: The perpetrators are those lines in the background spraying out and creating a rudimentary form of perspective. The Athenians knew that in a building of such scale that the structure would appear misshapen as the lines to the right do. In other words a perfect building would appear imperfect while a carefully planned imperfect building would appear perfect. I know, so simple.
- 58. Parthenon: Optical Illusions Thebackground lines make the two straight lines appear misshapen. The Athenians knew that building a perfect temple would appear imperfect based on a similar effect.
- 59. Parthenon: Entasis On columns,entasis was used, swelling outwards to correct appearance of curving inwards
- 60. Parthenon: Optical Illusions Horizontallines built convex to correct sagging
- 61. Parthenon: Optical Illusions Verticallines inclined inwards to correct appearance of falling outwards
- 62. Parthenon throughout history Originallya temple, the Parthenon acted as a church, a mosque, and even a munitions depot during the Turkish Occupation of Greece.
- 63. Why is theParthenon in ruins? In 1687, during a battle with the Venetians, an explosion caused most of the damage seen today. Greek
- 64. Design your ownGreek Temple http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk/acropolis/challenge/cha_set.html
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- 66. Be sure toenter your siege weapon photo or video by midnight today. You can upload it on Edmodo or send it to youngengineersoftoday@gmail.com
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- 68. Ancient Roman Architecture ●Roman Roads ● Arches ● Roman Colosseum ● Aqueducts
- 69. Roman Roads Why areroads important?
- 70. Roman Roads Allow forquick, easy travel ● Helped economy by allowing commerce between cities and towns ● Strengthened empire by allowing the military, Roman Legions, to move quickly
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- 73. Challenges? ● Expensive, work intensive ●Natural Obstacles ● Did not use compass or maps
- 74. Straight Roads How didthey manage to build straight roads without a compass or maps?
- 75. They used atool called a groma
- 76. This instrument wasa square cross composed of two pieces of wood nailed together -- right-angles in all corners. Each piece of wood had lead weights attached at the ends. A straight line was confirmed when one lead weight lined up with the one in front of it, on the same piece of wood. Groma
- 77. Once the surveyorwas sure of the straight line, wooden posts were dug into the ground. Roman soldiers did most of the building. Roman Roads
- 78. Challenges? 40,000 km ofroads (including 29 highways to Rome!)
- 79. Arches Arches added stability, strength,and beauty into Roman structures.
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- 81. Colosseum Large outdoorstadium Multiple arches to give it strength
- 82. 615 ft long,510 ft wide - took 131,000 cubic yards of stone to make
- 83. Colosseum Seating for around 50,000 Gladiatorgames, mock battles, dramas
- 85. Aqueduct Romans built aqueductsto bring water into Rome.
- 86. Aqueduct Why did theyneed to bring water in?
- 87. Aqueduct Not enough waterfrom the city’s original water source, the Tiber River, to meet Rome’s demands. Rome supplied water to private homes of wealthy, those peasants who could afford the charge, and also a plethora public baths, fountains, and public toilets.
- 88. Aqueduct They built 11 aqueductsin total between 312 B.C. and 226 A.D.
- 89. Aqueduct Works dug channels undergroundand created networks of pipes to carry water from outer source into Rome. Pipes were typically concrete, sometimes lead Siphons were used to create enough momentum when the pipes had to span a valley.
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