The document provides a history of architecture from the Aegean period through the Hellenic period. It discusses the architectural features of Minoan civilization including the palace at Knossos with its 1,300 rooms connected by corridors. Mycenaean civilization was influenced by Minoan architecture. During the Hellenic period, city-states like Athens and Sparta emerged with different forms of government. Under Pericles, Athens saw an outburst of construction including the Parthenon. Greek temples had a simple plan with a colonnade on the outside, while Egyptian temples had a more complex interior plan. The document also describes other architectural forms like houses, tombs, and theaters.

1. History Of Architecture
AEGEAN PERIOD TILL HELLENIC PERIOD

2. Aegean Period (Minoan)
• Civilizations on Crete and Greek mainland from 1900 to 1100 BC
• The first great commercial and naval power in the Mediterranean,
founded on trade with the whole eastern seaboard: Asia Minor,
Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Libya, even South Italy and Sicily on
the west
• Trade and communications produced a unity of culture and economic
stability
• Knossos was the largest city, had a magnificent palace
 Materials used for construction were ashlar blocks of local sandstone
and limestone with timber crossbeams and rubble added, perhaps to
resist seismic activity. A large western court is also common to the
palaces, and these were usually paved with limestone flagstones.
Stairs, doorjambs, and in some rooms, benches, flooring (with red or
white plaster in the interstices) and sometimes the lower parts of walls
were also made with gypsum. Roofs were always flat and constructed
with wooden beams. Decoration of the buildings included stone
carvings, particularly, horns of consecration. Walls were painted,
sometimes with frescoes, stuccoed or veneered.

3. Knossos Palace
 The great palace was gradually built between 1700 and 1400 BC, with periodic
rebuildings after destruction. The palace has an interesting layout– the original plan
can no longer be seen due to the subsequent modifications. The 1,300 rooms are
connected with corridors of varying sizes and direction, which differ from other
contemporaneous palaces that connected the rooms via several main hallways. The
6 acres (24,000 m2) of the palace included a theater, a main entrance on each of its
four cardinal faces, and extensive storerooms. The palace used advanced
architectural techniques: for example, part of it was built up to five stories high.

4. COLONNADES &
WATER SYSTEMS
 Large colonnaded areas were also a typical
Minoan feature. Tapering pillars of red or
black-painted wood, usually complete and
upturned trunks, often set on a stylobate and
with simple black or red round wooden
capitals (and also simpler stone columns) were
used not only to support ceilings but to divide
spaces, allow the entrance of light and air and
perhaps even for aesthetic effect.
 Another innovative feature of the palaces are
their complex drainage systems. These took
the form of stone channels, settling basins,
under-floor clay pipes, and clay u-shaped tiles,
often incorporating runnels and curves to slow
the descent of the water and avoid splashing.
 In summary, one might say that the Minoan
palaces with their colonnades, central courts,
imaginative use of space and general
splendour, laid the ground plan for
future Aegean civilizations, in particular the
Mycenaeans and Greeks, who would
incorporate many of these features into their
own monumental architecture.

5. Mycenaean Civilization (1600 till 1100 BC)
 Mycenaean civilization flourished in
the late Bronze Age, from the 15th to
the 13th century BCE and extended
its influence not only throughout
the Peloponnese in Greece but also
across the Aegean, in particular,
on Crete and the Cycladic islands.The
Mycenaeans were influenced by the
earlier Minoan civilization (2000-
1450 BCE) which had spread from its
origins at Knossos, Crete to include
the wider Aegean. Architecture, art
and religious practices were
assimilated and adapted to better
express the perhaps more militaristic
and austere Mycenaean culture.

6. Hellenic Period (800 to
323 BC)
• City-states developed on the plains between
mountains – Sparta and Athens were most
important
• The "polis" emerged as the basis of Greek
society
• Each had its own ruler, government and laws
• A federal unity existed between city-states
due to common language, customs, religion
• Several different forms of government:
Oligarchic, Tyrannic, Democratic

7. Under Pericles
• 444 BC to 429 BC, peak of Athenian
prosperity
• Outburst of building activity and
construction, developments in art,
law-making, philosophy and
science
• Philosophers – Socrates, Plato,
Aristotle
• Among best soldiers in the ancient
world – Hoplite Army defeated
repeated invasions by Darius and
Xerxes of Persia
• Alexander the Great of Macedonia
conquered Persia, Asia Minor,
Egypt, Syria, Afghanistan
• Greek language and culture
reached an enormous area

8. Comparison Between Egyptian and Greek
Temples
Egyptian Temples
 complex plan - courts, halls and chambers with
the sanctuary deep inside the temple
 Flat stone roof - columns closely packed to
support roof
 All columns are concealed inside the external
walls
 The external wall resembled a fortress isolating
the temple from its surroundings which
symbolically, represented the forces of chaos and
evil
 The scene on the outer walls of the temple, and
the walls of the outer courtyard, show the battle
of the forces of light, represented by the Pharaoh,
subduing the forces of darkness, represented by
the foreign enemies.
The scenes in sanctuaries and hypostyle halls
show sacred offerings to gods.
Greek Temples
 - Very simple plan - A single cella (Naos)
- Similar to Mies van der Rohe motto "Less
is more”
 The temple is roofed in terracotta, with
pitched wooden beams and rafters
- Fire was a constant hazard
 External colonnade (inverse of Egyptian
temple) - The formula for the column count
is L=2W+1, where "W" is the number of
columns wide and "L" the number of
columns on the long side. A temple 6
columns wide has 13 columns long
 All structural elements were decorated
following pre-defined Ionic and Doric
Orders - no random decorations or scenes
showing achievements of kings

9. ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
 DESCRIPTION
 Aegean
• Rough and massive
 Hellenic
• Mostly religious architecture
• "carpentry in marble“ - timber
forms imitated in stone with
remarkable exactness
 Hellnistic
• Not religious in character, but civic
– for the people
• Provided inspiration for Roman
building types
• Dignified and gracious structures
• Symmetrical, orderly

10.  CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM
• Columnar and
• Roof truss appeared,
enabling large spaces to
be unhindered by
columns
 MATERIALS
• Timber and terra cotta
• Stone
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER

11. Architecture : Houses
 On islands:
• Flat roofing
• Drawn together in blocks
• Two to four storeys high
• Light admitted through light wells
 On mainland:
• Single-storeyed house with deep plan
• Columned entrance porch with central doorway
• Living apartment proper with sleeping room
behind

12. Architecture :
Tombs
 In Greece, the tombs of the wealthy
were closely linked, architecturally, to
the modern mausoleum in that they
were often ornately decorated stone
buildings housing the reclining
dead. As the Greeks believed that
remembrance of the dead was
necessary for the continued existence
of the spirit in the
afterlife, Greek tombs frequently
pictured the deceased in ordinary
settings from life (such as sitting down
to dinner, enjoying the company of
friends or family) in order to remind the
living of who that person was in life.

13. Architecture :
Palaces
 Most Greek palaces currently known are those of the Minoan
Civilization on the island of Crete, the Mycenaean palaces of
Peloponnese, and the Macedonian Palaces of northern
Greece.
 The palaces of Ancient Greece generally followed the
Minoan-inspired layout, with its large central court flanked by
additional buildings for the King's staff (his "cult"), storage
buildings, administration, and public events. To the east of
the main court were the Royal Chambers of the King and the
Queen and to the west there were rooms for religious and
public activity. The Treasury of the Shrine is a room
containing many precious artifacts, such as the usual
imported ivory, metals, and semi-precious stones.
 Knossos was a multi-storied building, its footprint covering
five and a half acres of land. It was home to the King of the
Minos and his advisors, trade goods, and craftspeople. In
addition, the palace featured a central courtyard, a large
number of rooms and corridors, a throne room, several large
baths, storerooms, craft workshops, the administrative
chambers, and a very intricate plumbing system. The palace
itself was not indestructible and eroded over time. The palace
was renovated, one renovation on top of the other. As the
Minoan administration grew, the palace reduced in size.

14. Architecture : Temples
• Chief building type
• Earliest ones resembled megaron in plan and construction
• Number of columns at entrance:
 1 column – hemostyle
 2 columns – distyle
 3 columns – tristyle
 4 columns – tetrastyle
 5 columns – pentastyle
 6 columns – hexastyle
 7 columns – heptastyle
 8 columns – octastyle
 9 columns – enneastyle
 10 columns – decastyle
 12 columns – dodecastyle

15. Architecture : Temples
Temple of Hera, Paestum
The Parthenon, Acropolis
Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens
Temple of Artemis Ephesus

16. Parthenon
 A magnificent temple on the Acropolis of Athens, known as
the Parthenon, was built between 447 and 432 BCE in the Age
of Pericles, and it was dedicated to the city’s patron deity Athena.
The temple was constructed to house the new cult statue of the
goddess by Pheidias and to proclaim to the world the success of
Athens as leader of the coalition of Greek forces which had
defeated the invading Persian armies of Darius and Xerxes. The
temple would remain in use for more than a thousand years, and
despite the ravages of time, explosions, looting, and pollution
damage, it still dominates the modern city of Athens, a magnificent
testimony to the glory and renown the city enjoyed throughout
antiquity.
 The acropolis itself measures some 300 by 150 metres and is 70
metres high at its maximum. The temple, which would sit on the
highest part of the acropolis, was designed by the architects Iktinos
and Kallikratis, and the project was overseen by the sculptor
Pheidias. Pentelic marble from the nearby Mt. Pentelicus was used
for the building, and never before had so much marble (22,000
tons) been used in a Greek temple. Pentelic marble was known for
its pure white appearance and fine grain. It also contains traces of
iron which over time has oxidised, giving the marble a soft honey
colour, a quality particularly evident at sunrise and sunset.
 The name Parthenon derives from one of Athena’s many epithets:
Athena Parthenos, meaning Virgin. Parthenon means ‘house of
Parthenos’ which was the name given in the 5th century BCE to the
chamber inside the temple which housed the cult statue.

17. PARTHENON DESIGN & DIMENSIONS
 The Parthenon would become the largest Doric Greek temple,
although it was innovative in that it mixed the two architectural
styles of Doric and the newer Ionic. The temple measured 30.88
m by 69.5 m and was constructed using a 4:9 ratio in several
aspects. The diameter of the columns in relation to the space
between columns, the height of the building in relation to its
width, and the width of the inner cella in relation to its length are
all 4:9. Other sophisticated architectural techniques were used to
combat the problem that anything on that scale of size when
perfectly straight seems from a distance to be curved. To give the
illusion of true straight lines, the columns lean ever so slightly
inwards, a feature which also gives a lifting effect to the building
making it appear lighter than its construction material would
suggest. Also, the stylobate or floor of the temple is not exactly
flat but rises slightly in the centre. The columns also have entasis,
that is, a slight fattening in their middle, and the four corner
columns are imperceptibly fatter than the other columns. The
combination of these refinements makes the temple seem
perfectly straight, symmetrically in harmony, and gives the
entire building a certain vibrancy.
 The outer columns of the temple were Doric with eight seen
from the front and back and 17 seen from the sides. This was in
contrast to the normal 6x13 Doric arrangement, and they were
also slimmer and closer together than usual. The roof was
constructed using cedar wood beams and marble tiles and would
have been decorated with akroteria (of palms or figures) at the
corners and central apexes. The roof corners also carried lion-
headed spouts to drain away water.

18. PARTHENON DECORATIVE
SCULPTURE
 The temple was unprecedented in both the quantity and quality
of architectural sculpture used to decorate it. No previous Greek
temple was so richly decorated. The Parthenon had 92 metopes
carved in high relief (each was on average 1.2 m x 1.25 m square
with relief of 25 cm in depth), a frieze running around all four
sides of the building, and both pediments filled with monumental
sculpture.
 The frieze ran around all four sides of the building (an Ionic
feature). Beginning at the southwest corner, the narrative follows
around the two sides, meeting again at the far end. It presents a
total of 160 m of sculpture with 380 figures and 220 animals,
principally horses. This was more usual for a treasury building
and perhaps reflects the Parthenon’s double function as a
religious temple and a treasury. The frieze was different from all
previous temples in that all sides depicted a single subject, in this
case, the Panathenaic procession which was held in Athens every
four years and which delivered a new, specially woven robe
(peplos) to the ancient wooden cult statue of Athena housed in
the Erechtheion.

19. Architecture : Temenos
• Enclosure designated as a sacred
land
• Entire groups of buildings laid
out symmetrically and orderly
The Acropolis, Athens
10 structures form a world-famous building group:
• Propylaea
• Pinacotheca
• Statue of Athena Promachos
• Erectheion
• Parthenon
• Temple of Nike Apteros
• Old Temple of Athena
• Stoa of Eumeses
• Theater of Dionysus
• Odeon of Herodes Atticus
Stoa of Eumeses
Agora

20. Architecture : Theater or Odeion
•Carved or hollowed out of the hillside
• Acoustically-efficient
Theater of Epidauros

21. Mouldings
•Architectural devices, which
with light and shade, produce
definition to a building
• Could be refined and delicate
in contour, due to fineness of
marble and the clarity of
atmosphere and light
Arris
Splay
Fillet
Billet
Cove
Cavetto
Ogee
Cyma Recta
Cyma Reversa
Beak
Brace

22. Architectural
Methods
• Certain refinements used
to correct optical illusions:
• Horizontal lines built
convex to correct sagging
• Vertical features inclined
inwards to correct
appearance of falling
outwards
• On columns, entasis was
used, swelling outwards to
correct appearance of
curving inwards

23. METHODS OF NATURAL
LIGHTING
 No windows
• clerestory - situated between roof and upper
portion of wall
• skylight - made of thin, translucent marble
• temple door, oriented towards the east

24. GREEK ORDERS
• Shaft, Capital, and Horizontal entablature
(architrave, frieze, cornice)
• Originally, Doric and Ionic, named after the two
main branches of Greek race
• Then there evolved Corinthian, a purely
decorative order

25. DORIC ORDER
• Without base, directly on crepidoma
• Height (including capital) of 4 to 6 times the diameter at the
base
• Shaft diminishes at top from 3/4 to 2/3 of base diameter
• Divided into 20 shallow flutes separated by arrises
• Doric capitals had two parts - the square abacus above and
circular bulbous echinus below
 Doric entablature:
• Height is 1 and 3/4 times the lower diameter in height
 3 main divisions:
• Architrave, principal beam of 2 or 3 slabs in depth
• Frieze
• Cornice, mouldings

26. IONIC ORDER
• Volute or scroll capital (derived from Egyptian lotus and
Aegean art)
 Ionic column:
• More slender than Doric
• Needed a base to spread load
• Height was 9 times the base diameter
• Has 24 flutes separated by fillets
• Upper and lower torus
 Ionic entablature:
• Height was 2 and 1/4 times the diameter of column
 Two parts:
• Architrave,with fasciae
• Cornice
• No frieze

27. CORINTHIAN ORDER
• Decorative variant of Ionic Order
 Corinthian column:
• Base and shaft resembled Ionic
• More slender
• Height of 10 diameters
• Capital: much deeper than Ionic, 1 and 1/6
diameters high
• Capital invented by Callimachus, inspired by basket
over root of acanthus plant
 3 parts:
• Architrave,
• Frieze,
• Cornice, developed type with dentils

28. Greek Furniture
 Greeks was influenced by
the Egyptians, that copied
their furniture style.
 Greek furniture emphasis
the comfort, its soft,
rounded, has mare curves
and adequate the human
body requirements more
than the Egyptian
furniture.
 Greek Furniture was
typically constructed out of
wood. Though it might
also be made of stone or
metal, such as bronze, iron,
gold and silver There is 5
main types of furniture and
little else:
• Stools
• Couches
• Chests
• Small tables
• Chairs
 Greek furniture styles were
simple, elegant and
tasteful. Although carving
and inlays were used,
furniture was not over-
decorated. Houses were
not cluttered with much
furniture, and household
items were made for use
and comfort rather than
decoration. However, the
Greek love of beauty and
art extended to furniture
design, and the few simple
items of furniture in an
early Greek household
were often works of art in
their own right.
Egyptian Furniture
Greek Furniture

29. Greek Furniture
Couches - Klines
The andron was furnished with reclining couches;
Greek Klinethe Greeks followed the Eastern tradition of
lying down to eat. These couches, known as klines, had a
headboard that could be used as a backrest while sitting,
and were elegantly upholstered. They could be made
entirely of wood, but often had bronze legs cast in animal
styles. The klines would be placed around the walls, and
small tables would be placed next to them to hold the food
and drinks.
Stools & Chairs
Both fixed and folding stools were popular from
early times. Later these evolved into chairs for
everyday use; previously chairs were only used for
ceremonial occasions. Greek classical chairs had
curved backs and legs, and were often elegantly
upholstered
Chests
Cupboards and shelves were unknown.
Various types and sizes of chests were used
for storage. These were usually decorated,
perhaps painted with a
Greek Chest Picturefrieze of leaves and
flowers. Chests were prized pieces of furniture,
and would often be passed down from one
generation to another.

30. Reference
 http://www.ancient.eu/Minoan_Architecture/
 http://www.ancient.eu/parthenon/
 https://www.slideshare.net/omaimasa/ancient-greece-interior-design-furniture
 http://www.furniturestyles.net/ancient/greek/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knossos
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization
 http://www.interkriti.org/crete/iraklion/knossos.html
 http://www.ancient.eu/Mycenaean_Civilization/
 http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/pericles
 http://www.ancient.eu/Archaic_Period/
 http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/classical-greece
 http://ancient-greece.org/history/classical.html
 https://www.aldokkan.com/art/temple.htm
 http://www.ancient.eu/tomb/