XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO T. Funder-Kristensen - REFRIGERATION PLANTS AS BENEFICIAL ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITATORS
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Thermal networks that connect supermarket refrigeration systems to district heating grids can significantly expand the energy scope of supermarkets. By integrating photovoltaic electricity generation and utilizing waste heat from refrigeration, supermarkets can export flexibility in electricity consumption and thermal energy conversion to storage and distribution networks. Unused compressor capacity in supermarket refrigeration systems, which is typically around 70%, represents an opportunity to absorb and distribute limitless thermal energy to external district heating networks.
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XVII CONVEGNO EUROPEO T. Funder-Kristensen - REFRIGERATION PLANTS AS BENEFICIAL ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITATORS
- 1. 1 | Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 17th European Conference Milano, 9th - 10th June 2017 Refrigeration plants as beneficial Energy Conversion Facilitators Torben Funder-Kristensen Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning – 17th European Conference Milano, 9th - 10th June 2017
- 2. 2 | Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 17th European Conference Milano, 9th - 10th June 2017 Content THERMAL NETWORKS Expands the energy scope for supermarkets THE ENERGY GRADE LEVEL in supermarkets THE HIDDEN CAPACITY Potentials THERMAL NETWORKS THERMAL SERVICES needs a business case INDEX OF COST AND EMISSION CONCLUSION
- 3. 3 | Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 17th European Conference Milano, 9th - 10th June 2017 Thermal networks expand the energy scope for supermarkets Supermarkets are large energy consumers Remote monitoring is common Advanced energy management systems are available Integration of PV electricity generation adds flexibility Waste heat from refrigeration is a free heating opportunity Heat can be exported Flexibility in electricity consumption (DSF) can be a source of remuneration Electricity to Thermal energy conversion using spare compressor capacity enables storage for heating and cooling
- 4. 4 | Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 17th European Conference Milano, 9th - 10th June 2017 The Energy grade level of a Supermarket vapor compression system encloses all functionalities Storage Electricity Thermal losses to ambient H&C; thermal Grid Electricity H&C; thermal Renewables Electricity (Sun/PV) Thermal (air/ground) Vapor compression system Thermal loss as fraction of electricity consumption shows the effectiveness of a supermarket Enabled DSF implies thermal and electricity storage capacity – It increases utilization of assets and may also improve efficiencies
- 5. 5 | Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 17th European Conference Milano, 9th - 10th June 2017 The hidden capacity 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 5 10 15 20 25 Percentageload 24 Hours LT cabinets (20% weight) MT cabinets (80% weight) LT + MT 𝑄𝑐 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝑘=1 𝑛 𝑄𝑐, 𝑘 • The Cooling capacity has a build-in safety margin due to food safety • Overall capacity exploitation is low • Night load is 20% • Day load is 40% • Free capacity can be up to 70 % in average • Results can vary dependent on store set up and geographical location
- 6. 6 | Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 17th European Conference Milano, 9th - 10th June 2017 Unused compressor capacity is an opportunity DISTRICT HEATING NETWORKS can absorb ‘limitless’ energy TYPICALLY ONLY 30% of the total compressor capacity is used ASSUMING A FACTOR 2 more energy can be produced with external heat sources
- 7. 7 | Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 17th European Conference Milano, 9th - 10th June 2017 Free capacity can be used to serve external needs for thermal services Understand the integration of energy systems • Smart energy systems • Flexibility in supermarkets Identify a customer to the thermal service • Establish the business case
- 8. 8 | Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 17th European Conference Milano, 9th - 10th June 2017 Establish the business case The following factors are to be considered : • Investments • Thermal grid connections • Heat Exchangers and Controls • Savings or income • In store heat recovery (sanitary water and space heating) • Export of thermal services related to normal operation • Export of thermal services related to ‘free capacity’ • Flexibility services (demand response) NB : Heat remuneration needs to outweigh electricity cost ; 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 > 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑂𝑃 Time Value 1-3 years Net Energy cost reduction 20-40% Energy cost Cost saving activity
- 9. 9 | Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 17th European Conference Milano, 9th - 10th June 2017 Index of cost DSF KW reductn Min. per event Events per day Value per KWh SUM year € Defrost 13 90 3 0,03 570 Capacity reduction 20 30 4 0,03 390 Imbalance Service 53 15 n.a. 60 3200 Electricity (base) 0,14 € / kWh Electricity (HP mode) 0,04 € / kWh Gas 0,55 € / m3 District Heating 0,05 € / kWh Index 100 = 79 k€ (only Refrigeration + Heating) NB: depends heavily on energy prices which are country dependent. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Base store (refr. + heating) Heat recovery sanitary water Heat recovery space heating Heat recovery export to DH Heatpump export to DH PV and Battery Demand side flexibility Expected
- 10. 10 | Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 17th European Conference Milano, 9th - 10th June 2017 Index of emission savings Index 100 = 280 tons of CO2 Heat : 200 kg CO2 per MWh Electricity : 500 kg CO2 per MWh • The extra electricity used for HP mode is subtracted the emission saving • DSF enables renewables and represents indirect emission savings • Heat recovery can be categorised as energy savings and become subject to incentives in some countries 0 20 40 60 80 100 Base store (refr. + heating) Heat recovery sanitary water Heat recovery space heating Heat recovery export to DH Heatpump export to DH PV panels
- 11. 11 | Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 17th European Conference Milano, 9th - 10th June 2017 Supermarkets… • can play a significant role in smart and integrated energy systems • are addressable flexibility resources • require modest investments before they make up a good business case Heat recovery… is taken to the next level by connecting DH grids to the supermarket refrigeration system Electricity production and storage can add flexibility and extra value in connection with the high capacity refrigeration system. Extended heat production can be utilised once connected to the DH grids. It demands remote evaporators Thermal and Electrical Flexibility can enforce each other providing a multiplier factor for the business case Conclusion
- 12. 12 | Latest Technologies in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 17th European Conference Milano, 9th - 10th June 2017
Editor's Notes
- This presentation is about the smart grid opportunities for a combined heating and refrigeration cycle applied in food retail applications. The potential of adding the flexibility of supermarkets to a smart grid network is outlined as well as the potential of utilisation of unused compressor capacity. In connection with external thermal networks a functional storage opportunity for renewable energy sources like wind is shown viable and backed up by a new case study. The business implications of connecting the supermarket to the district heating are briefly outlined.
- In a larger scale perspective, connecting supermarkets to external thermal networks and utilizing the fluctuating renewable electricity can provide a large heat contribution. Germany has a food retail outlet area of 30 mill m2. Assuming this area to represent an equivalent opportunity to export heat to the DH grid would mean that around 6 TWh of heat could be delivered – just based on the waste heat itself. If 50% of the excess and today unused compressor capacity could be used an additional 8 TWh heat would be the result or more than 7 % of today’s heat provided by the German CHP plants [4] .