The document discusses X-rays, including their history, generation, applications, and challenges. It provides details on how Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with electron beams. X-rays are generated when high-energy electrons strike an anode target, releasing 1% of their kinetic energy as X-rays. X-rays are used widely in medicine for diagnostic imaging like bone structure imaging, as well as in security screening, scientific research, and archaeology. However, diagnostic X-ray radiation poses cancer and tumor risks if overexposed.

1. MD SHARIQUE AHMAD
FAC NO :- 17EEIM041
DEPT OF
ELECTRICAL ENGG
Z.H.C.ET AMU
X-Rays
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2. Contents:
 Introduction
 History of X-ray
 Generation of X-ray
 Application
 Working
 Challenges
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3. INTRODUCTION:
 X-rays are electromagnetic waves but they are more
energetic so they can penetrate many materials.
 When the X-rays hit the film, they expose it just as
light would.
 Since bone, fat, muscle, tumours and other masses
all absorb X-rays at different levels, the image on the
film lets you see different (distinct) structures inside
the body because of the different levels of exposure
on the film.
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4. History of X-ray:
 X-ray technology was invented completely by
accident. In
1895, a German physicist “Wilhelm Roentgen”
made the discovery while experimenting with
electron beams in a gas discharge tube.
 He noticed that a fluorescent screen in his lab
started to glow when the electron beam was
turned on.
 fluorescent material normally glows in reaction to
electromagnetic radiation, but Roentgen's tube
was surrounded by heavy black cardboard.4

5.  Roentgen placed various objects between the
tube and the screen, and the screen still glowed.
 Finally, he put his hand in front of the tube, and
saw the outline of his bones projected onto the
fluorescent screen.
 The new rays he temporarily termed "X-rays",
using the mathematical designation ("X") for
something unknown.
 Immediately after discovering X-rays themselves,
he had discovered their most beneficial
application.
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6. Generation of X-ray:
 The system is designed to provide a large number
of electron at cathode with high kinetic energy
focused to a small target at anode.
 The cathode is heated to release a large number of
electons by a process known as thermionic
emission.
 Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated
by high voltage towards anode.
 The whole process needs to be conducted in a
high vaccum.
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7.  When the high energy electrons strike the anode they
release their energy in the form of X-ray.
 But 99% of the electron kinetic energy is converted
into heat and only 1% is converted into X-ray.
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8. Application of X-rays:
 X-rays are used in medicine like identifying bone
structures ,dental radiography, mammography,
Radiotherapy etc.
 X-ray machines are used in airports and various
stations to check luggage etc.
 In Science x-rays are used to analyze the arrangement
of atoms in many kinds of substances particularly
crystals.
 Archaeologists used X-rays to examine ancient objects
covered by a crust of dirt.
 Used in research involving quantum mechanics theory
crystallography and cosmology.
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9. X-rays spectrum and their
application
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10. Working of X-rays:
 X-rays are able to penetrate through materials of light
atoms like flesh. The heavier atoms like metal absorb
them.
 A filter near the x-ray source blocks the low energy
rays so only the high energy rays pass through a
patient toward a sheet of film.
 Calcium in bones is considered a type of metal so
they absorbs X-ray photons. when photographic film
is placed on the body, this allows the technician to
take the picture.
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11. Challenges:
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 Diagnostic X-rays radiation can cause cell
mutations that may lead to cancer and tumours.
 Thyroid glands, which are the primary glands of
metabolism and energy, are also known victims of
x-rays.
 Multiple X-rays have been linked with multiple
myeloma – a form of bone marrow cancer.
 Old X-ray equipment gives off 20 to 30 times as
high a dose of radiation as new one.

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