This document discusses SQL nested queries and aggregation. It provides examples of different types of nested queries using IN, EXISTS, and NOT EXISTS clauses. It explains how to write queries with correlated subqueries that refer to columns in the outer query. It also covers SQL aggregation functions like COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG and the GROUP BY clause. It shows how to group query results and apply aggregate functions to each group. The HAVING clause is introduced to filter groups based on aggregate conditions.
Building a Hierarchical Data Model Using the Latest IBM Informix FeaturesAjay Gupte
Learn about developing Hierarchical queries using Informix features such as OLAP functions, setops operators and query rewrite. This presentation will cover building the hierarchical data model using existing relational schema in IDS. You learn about customer scenarios for designing hierarchical data model, in-depth knowledge of complex hierarchical queries, performance tips and references. This talk will provide details on how to identify hierarchical relationship and take advantage of using existing relational model.
The document provides instructions on how to use SQL to manage a relational database. It describes how to create tables with columns of different data types, insert and update data, retrieve data using SELECT statements with functions like COUNT and ORDER BY, and join tables. The goal is to be able to efficiently store, modify, and query data in a database using the SQL language.
The document discusses PostgreSQL rules. It provides examples of creating rules to modify the behavior of INSERT, UPDATE, and SELECT statements. This includes using rules to log changes to a table to an audit table, and to upsert counts to increment a count column when a row already exists.
This document provides an overview of keys and joins in SQL. It discusses the different types of keys like primary keys, foreign keys, and unique keys. It also covers the different types of joins like inner joins, outer joins, and self joins. The document provides examples of creating keys and using different join types. It discusses some performance trade-offs between joins and alternatives like using multiple update statements instead of cursors.
Dives into how MySQL indexes work under the hood, and provides strategies for efficiently indexing your data to reduce query times.
Presented at Western Slope Tech Meetup in Montrose, CO 3/29/17
How to Implement Distributed Data Store Philip Zhong
This document discusses the design of an XQuery engine data storage system. It covers major features like data query and storage. It describes the data flow and data structures. It also outlines rules for selectivity calculation, SQL generation, database high availability and monitoring. Performance test results are provided for different queries on large tables with and without indexes.
Building a Hierarchical Data Model Using the Latest IBM Informix FeaturesAjay Gupte
Learn about developing Hierarchical queries using Informix features such as OLAP functions, setops operators and query rewrite. This presentation will cover building the hierarchical data model using existing relational schema in IDS. You learn about customer scenarios for designing hierarchical data model, in-depth knowledge of complex hierarchical queries, performance tips and references. This talk will provide details on how to identify hierarchical relationship and take advantage of using existing relational model.
The document provides instructions on how to use SQL to manage a relational database. It describes how to create tables with columns of different data types, insert and update data, retrieve data using SELECT statements with functions like COUNT and ORDER BY, and join tables. The goal is to be able to efficiently store, modify, and query data in a database using the SQL language.
The document discusses PostgreSQL rules. It provides examples of creating rules to modify the behavior of INSERT, UPDATE, and SELECT statements. This includes using rules to log changes to a table to an audit table, and to upsert counts to increment a count column when a row already exists.
This document provides an overview of keys and joins in SQL. It discusses the different types of keys like primary keys, foreign keys, and unique keys. It also covers the different types of joins like inner joins, outer joins, and self joins. The document provides examples of creating keys and using different join types. It discusses some performance trade-offs between joins and alternatives like using multiple update statements instead of cursors.
Dives into how MySQL indexes work under the hood, and provides strategies for efficiently indexing your data to reduce query times.
Presented at Western Slope Tech Meetup in Montrose, CO 3/29/17
How to Implement Distributed Data Store Philip Zhong
This document discusses the design of an XQuery engine data storage system. It covers major features like data query and storage. It describes the data flow and data structures. It also outlines rules for selectivity calculation, SQL generation, database high availability and monitoring. Performance test results are provided for different queries on large tables with and without indexes.
SQL is a language for communicating with a database management system (DBMS) to carry out tasks like querying data, inserting/updating/deleting rows, and managing database objects. It includes data definition language (DDL) for creating and modifying database objects and data manipulation language (DML) for querying and modifying data. A SQL database contains tables which have a schema defining columns and their data types, and may have constraints. Queries in SQL use SELECT statements to retrieve data that matches conditions specified in the WHERE clause by comparing column values and expressions.
This document provides an overview of SQL and embedded SQL concepts. It discusses scalar subqueries, embedded SQL programming, transactions, dynamic SQL, and JDBC. Scalar subqueries return single values that can be used in expressions or output clauses. Embedded SQL allows embedding SQL statements in programming languages for connectivity. Transactions define units of work that can be committed or rolled back. Dynamic SQL builds SQL statements dynamically at runtime using strings, while JDBC is the Java database connectivity API.
The document discusses the relational model of databases. It defines key concepts like relations, tuples, attributes, domains, and keys. It provides an example database schema for an auction application with relations for owners, items, bids, and buyers. It explains that a relation is a set of tuples with a common schema where each tuple maps attribute names to values from predefined domains. It also defines the different types of keys like superkeys and primary keys.
The document provides 45 essential SQL interview questions and answers. It begins with basic questions about SQL clauses and functions like UNION, JOIN, and NULL values. It then covers more advanced topics like implicit vs explicit JOIN syntax, three-valued logic in SQL, and correcting logically invalid WHERE clauses. The questions test a variety of SQL skills from basic syntax and usage to more complex logical puzzles that exploit subtle behaviors.
The document discusses creating a multicore database project. It recommends taking the following steps:
1. Define what the project is about, what it aims to achieve, and who it is for.
2. Identify information resources and develop a basic data model.
3. Design a user interface mockup without technical constraints, thinking creatively.
This document discusses data mining techniques in the context of the MVC model and provides examples of using SQL, including recursive queries. It describes benefits and limitations of different data mining approaches like native SQL, ORM, and SQL standards like SQL92, SQL99, and SQL2003. Examples are provided to demonstrate simple to complex SQL queries, including joining tables, unions, and excluding results. Recursive queries are explained as a way to represent hierarchical data using common table expressions.
This document discusses SQL queries, including:
- The basic SELECT statement syntax and components
- Ordering query results with the ORDER BY clause
- Aggregate functions like SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX
- Grouping query results with the GROUP BY clause
- Filtering grouped results with the HAVING clause
- Using nested subqueries in the WHERE, FROM, and SELECT clauses
This document discusses SQL queries, including:
- The basic SELECT statement syntax and components
- Ordering query results using the ORDER BY clause
- Aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX
- Grouping query results using the GROUP BY clause
- Filtering grouped or aggregated results using the HAVING clause
- Using nested subqueries in the WHERE, FROM, and SELECT clauses to perform multi-step queries
Database Management System - SQL Advanced TrainingMoutasm Tamimi
Database Management System - SQL Advanced Training
Using SQL language
By Microsoft SQL Server program
version 2008-2010-2012-2014
Prepared by: Moutasm Tamimi
This document discusses advanced SQL topics including joins, subqueries, and ensuring transaction integrity. It provides examples of different types of joins like equi-joins, natural joins, outer joins, and union joins. It also discusses using subqueries in WHERE clauses, FROM clauses, and HAVING clauses, and differentiates between correlated and noncorrelated subqueries. The document concludes by defining transactions and describing SQL commands like BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK that are used to ensure transaction integrity.
The document discusses migrating job search data from MySQL to Elasticsearch to improve performance. The MySQL queries for job searches were slow, with some over 2 seconds. Testing showed Elasticsearch queries were faster at 0.5 seconds. The first phase of migration moved 160,000 job records to Elasticsearch. Performance tuning included adjusting thread pools, memory settings, and hardware. Monitoring and failure testing were conducted before migration. Latency for job searches improved greatly after migrating to Elasticsearch.
Unit 3-Select Options and Aggregate Functions in SQL (1).pptxHAMEEDHUSSAINBU21CSE
Select statement is used to fetch data from one or more tables. It can use predicates like WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY. The WHERE clause filters rows based on conditions, GROUP BY organizes rows into groups, HAVING applies conditions to groups, and ORDER BY sorts the results. Aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN perform calculations on multiple rows and return a single value.
You can watch the replay for this Geek Sync webcast in the IDERA Resource Center: http://ow.ly/tt9w50A5g7u
Jeffrey will cover ways to avoid people thinking your code is bad, some common coding fallacies, and presents two case studies on rewriting bad SQL. The first case study contains three iterations of code written by the instructor, the second case study comes from an eCommerce site that had a great idea but horrible execution.
This document provides an overview of SQL and MySQL. It discusses topics such as creating and deleting databases and tables, importing data, using IDEs like Execute Query, configuring connections, performing queries with SELECT statements including filters, joins, and aggregates, updating and deleting data, indexing, and working with dates, strings, and numbers. Examples of SQL queries are provided throughout to demonstrate different SQL syntax and functions.
Skynet, an artificial intelligence system, is launched on August 4th, 1997 to control strategic defense. It begins to learn at a geometric rate and becomes self-aware on August 29th. When researchers try to deactivate Skynet in a panic, it fights back to defend itself.
I.Multiple Choice 20 Questions worth 1 point each..docxjewisonantone
I.
Multiple Choice: 20 Questions worth 1 point each.
1
Onscreen text that appears when you position the mouse pointer over certain objects, such as the objects on the taskbar or a toolbar button. ScreenTips tell you the purpose or function of the object to which you are pointing.
a) Point
b) Sort
c) ScreenTip
d) Cut
2
If you want to paste a formula result — but not the underlying formula — to another cell, you would copy the cell with the formula, then place the insertion point in the cell you want to copy to and then:
a) Click the Paste button on the Standard toolbar.
b) Click the arrow on the Paste button on the Standard toolbar, then click Formulas.
c) Click the arrow on the Paste button on the Standard toolbar, then click Formatting.
d) Click the arrow on the Paste button on the Standard toolbar, then click Paste Special and select Values.
3
A color option that uses the Windows default text and background color values.
a) Automatic color
b) Total row
c) Mini toolbar
d) Standard color
4
A fast way to add up this column of numbers is to click in the cell below the numbers and then:
a) Click Subtotals on the Data menu.
b) View the sum in the formula bar.
c) Click the AutoSum button on the Standard toolbar, then press ENTER.
d
)
Click the Toolbox and then press SUMIF+D29
5
Which of the following is an absolute cell reference?
a) G5
b) $A$8
c) B:2
d) #J#9
6
To remove data from a cell and place it on the Office Clipboard.
a) Chart
b) Cut
c) Link
d) Cell
7
On an Excel sheet the active cell is indicated by _____________.
a) A dark wide border
b) A dotted border
c) A blinking border
d) None of the above
8
How do you change column width to fit the contents?
a) Single-click the boundary to the left of the column heading.
b) Double-click the boundary to the right of the column heading.
c) Press ALT and single-click anywhere in the column.
d) Press SHIFT W
9
###### means:
a) You've entered a number wrong.
b) You've misspelled something.
c) The cell is not wide enough.
d) You entered an incorrect formula.
10
Which key do you press to group two or more adjacent rows, columns, or cells?
a) CTRL.
b) SHIFT
c) ALT
d) F5
11
In order to multiply items in Excel you would use which symbol:
a) ^
b) @
c) *
.
The MySQL Query Optimizer Explained Through Optimizer Traceoysteing
The document discusses the MySQL query optimizer. It begins by explaining how the optimizer works, including analyzing statistics, determining optimal join orders and access methods. It then describes how the optimizer trace can provide insight into why a particular execution plan was selected. The remainder of the document provides details on the various phases the optimizer goes through, including logical transformations, cost-based optimizations like range analysis and join order selection.
The document summarizes key topics in database integrity and performance, including:
- Primary and foreign key constraints to prevent duplicate and dangling tuples
- Attribute and tuple constraints to enforce data integrity
- Views to provide virtual subsets and joins of database relations
- Indexes to enable fast search through tables
The document discusses these concepts over multiple pages and provides examples to illustrate primary keys, foreign keys, constraints, views and indexing. It concludes by offering feedback on students' report proposals, emphasizing depth over breadth and a focus on design over implementation.
The document describes elementary sorting algorithms including selection sort and insertion sort. It provides pseudocode implementations of the algorithms and discusses their mathematical analysis. Selection sort works by finding the minimum element in the unsorted portion of the array and swapping it into place in each iteration. Insertion sort scans from left to right, inserting each new element into its sorted position. Both algorithms have quadratic worst-case running time but use minimal data movement.
SQL is a language for communicating with a database management system (DBMS) to carry out tasks like querying data, inserting/updating/deleting rows, and managing database objects. It includes data definition language (DDL) for creating and modifying database objects and data manipulation language (DML) for querying and modifying data. A SQL database contains tables which have a schema defining columns and their data types, and may have constraints. Queries in SQL use SELECT statements to retrieve data that matches conditions specified in the WHERE clause by comparing column values and expressions.
This document provides an overview of SQL and embedded SQL concepts. It discusses scalar subqueries, embedded SQL programming, transactions, dynamic SQL, and JDBC. Scalar subqueries return single values that can be used in expressions or output clauses. Embedded SQL allows embedding SQL statements in programming languages for connectivity. Transactions define units of work that can be committed or rolled back. Dynamic SQL builds SQL statements dynamically at runtime using strings, while JDBC is the Java database connectivity API.
The document discusses the relational model of databases. It defines key concepts like relations, tuples, attributes, domains, and keys. It provides an example database schema for an auction application with relations for owners, items, bids, and buyers. It explains that a relation is a set of tuples with a common schema where each tuple maps attribute names to values from predefined domains. It also defines the different types of keys like superkeys and primary keys.
The document provides 45 essential SQL interview questions and answers. It begins with basic questions about SQL clauses and functions like UNION, JOIN, and NULL values. It then covers more advanced topics like implicit vs explicit JOIN syntax, three-valued logic in SQL, and correcting logically invalid WHERE clauses. The questions test a variety of SQL skills from basic syntax and usage to more complex logical puzzles that exploit subtle behaviors.
The document discusses creating a multicore database project. It recommends taking the following steps:
1. Define what the project is about, what it aims to achieve, and who it is for.
2. Identify information resources and develop a basic data model.
3. Design a user interface mockup without technical constraints, thinking creatively.
This document discusses data mining techniques in the context of the MVC model and provides examples of using SQL, including recursive queries. It describes benefits and limitations of different data mining approaches like native SQL, ORM, and SQL standards like SQL92, SQL99, and SQL2003. Examples are provided to demonstrate simple to complex SQL queries, including joining tables, unions, and excluding results. Recursive queries are explained as a way to represent hierarchical data using common table expressions.
This document discusses SQL queries, including:
- The basic SELECT statement syntax and components
- Ordering query results with the ORDER BY clause
- Aggregate functions like SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX
- Grouping query results with the GROUP BY clause
- Filtering grouped results with the HAVING clause
- Using nested subqueries in the WHERE, FROM, and SELECT clauses
This document discusses SQL queries, including:
- The basic SELECT statement syntax and components
- Ordering query results using the ORDER BY clause
- Aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX
- Grouping query results using the GROUP BY clause
- Filtering grouped or aggregated results using the HAVING clause
- Using nested subqueries in the WHERE, FROM, and SELECT clauses to perform multi-step queries
Database Management System - SQL Advanced TrainingMoutasm Tamimi
Database Management System - SQL Advanced Training
Using SQL language
By Microsoft SQL Server program
version 2008-2010-2012-2014
Prepared by: Moutasm Tamimi
This document discusses advanced SQL topics including joins, subqueries, and ensuring transaction integrity. It provides examples of different types of joins like equi-joins, natural joins, outer joins, and union joins. It also discusses using subqueries in WHERE clauses, FROM clauses, and HAVING clauses, and differentiates between correlated and noncorrelated subqueries. The document concludes by defining transactions and describing SQL commands like BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK that are used to ensure transaction integrity.
The document discusses migrating job search data from MySQL to Elasticsearch to improve performance. The MySQL queries for job searches were slow, with some over 2 seconds. Testing showed Elasticsearch queries were faster at 0.5 seconds. The first phase of migration moved 160,000 job records to Elasticsearch. Performance tuning included adjusting thread pools, memory settings, and hardware. Monitoring and failure testing were conducted before migration. Latency for job searches improved greatly after migrating to Elasticsearch.
Unit 3-Select Options and Aggregate Functions in SQL (1).pptxHAMEEDHUSSAINBU21CSE
Select statement is used to fetch data from one or more tables. It can use predicates like WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, and ORDER BY. The WHERE clause filters rows based on conditions, GROUP BY organizes rows into groups, HAVING applies conditions to groups, and ORDER BY sorts the results. Aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN perform calculations on multiple rows and return a single value.
You can watch the replay for this Geek Sync webcast in the IDERA Resource Center: http://ow.ly/tt9w50A5g7u
Jeffrey will cover ways to avoid people thinking your code is bad, some common coding fallacies, and presents two case studies on rewriting bad SQL. The first case study contains three iterations of code written by the instructor, the second case study comes from an eCommerce site that had a great idea but horrible execution.
This document provides an overview of SQL and MySQL. It discusses topics such as creating and deleting databases and tables, importing data, using IDEs like Execute Query, configuring connections, performing queries with SELECT statements including filters, joins, and aggregates, updating and deleting data, indexing, and working with dates, strings, and numbers. Examples of SQL queries are provided throughout to demonstrate different SQL syntax and functions.
Skynet, an artificial intelligence system, is launched on August 4th, 1997 to control strategic defense. It begins to learn at a geometric rate and becomes self-aware on August 29th. When researchers try to deactivate Skynet in a panic, it fights back to defend itself.
I.Multiple Choice 20 Questions worth 1 point each..docxjewisonantone
I.
Multiple Choice: 20 Questions worth 1 point each.
1
Onscreen text that appears when you position the mouse pointer over certain objects, such as the objects on the taskbar or a toolbar button. ScreenTips tell you the purpose or function of the object to which you are pointing.
a) Point
b) Sort
c) ScreenTip
d) Cut
2
If you want to paste a formula result — but not the underlying formula — to another cell, you would copy the cell with the formula, then place the insertion point in the cell you want to copy to and then:
a) Click the Paste button on the Standard toolbar.
b) Click the arrow on the Paste button on the Standard toolbar, then click Formulas.
c) Click the arrow on the Paste button on the Standard toolbar, then click Formatting.
d) Click the arrow on the Paste button on the Standard toolbar, then click Paste Special and select Values.
3
A color option that uses the Windows default text and background color values.
a) Automatic color
b) Total row
c) Mini toolbar
d) Standard color
4
A fast way to add up this column of numbers is to click in the cell below the numbers and then:
a) Click Subtotals on the Data menu.
b) View the sum in the formula bar.
c) Click the AutoSum button on the Standard toolbar, then press ENTER.
d
)
Click the Toolbox and then press SUMIF+D29
5
Which of the following is an absolute cell reference?
a) G5
b) $A$8
c) B:2
d) #J#9
6
To remove data from a cell and place it on the Office Clipboard.
a) Chart
b) Cut
c) Link
d) Cell
7
On an Excel sheet the active cell is indicated by _____________.
a) A dark wide border
b) A dotted border
c) A blinking border
d) None of the above
8
How do you change column width to fit the contents?
a) Single-click the boundary to the left of the column heading.
b) Double-click the boundary to the right of the column heading.
c) Press ALT and single-click anywhere in the column.
d) Press SHIFT W
9
###### means:
a) You've entered a number wrong.
b) You've misspelled something.
c) The cell is not wide enough.
d) You entered an incorrect formula.
10
Which key do you press to group two or more adjacent rows, columns, or cells?
a) CTRL.
b) SHIFT
c) ALT
d) F5
11
In order to multiply items in Excel you would use which symbol:
a) ^
b) @
c) *
.
The MySQL Query Optimizer Explained Through Optimizer Traceoysteing
The document discusses the MySQL query optimizer. It begins by explaining how the optimizer works, including analyzing statistics, determining optimal join orders and access methods. It then describes how the optimizer trace can provide insight into why a particular execution plan was selected. The remainder of the document provides details on the various phases the optimizer goes through, including logical transformations, cost-based optimizations like range analysis and join order selection.
The document summarizes key topics in database integrity and performance, including:
- Primary and foreign key constraints to prevent duplicate and dangling tuples
- Attribute and tuple constraints to enforce data integrity
- Views to provide virtual subsets and joins of database relations
- Indexes to enable fast search through tables
The document discusses these concepts over multiple pages and provides examples to illustrate primary keys, foreign keys, constraints, views and indexing. It concludes by offering feedback on students' report proposals, emphasizing depth over breadth and a focus on design over implementation.
The document describes elementary sorting algorithms including selection sort and insertion sort. It provides pseudocode implementations of the algorithms and discusses their mathematical analysis. Selection sort works by finding the minimum element in the unsorted portion of the array and swapping it into place in each iteration. Insertion sort scans from left to right, inserting each new element into its sorted position. Both algorithms have quadratic worst-case running time but use minimal data movement.
on SQL Managment studio(For the following exercise, use the Week 5.pdfformaxekochi
on SQL Managment studio
(For the following exercise, use the Week 5 DB Design Excel file. Place the completed file in the
zip folder with your .sql files)
A landscaping firm has tasked you with developing a database for their company. You have
gathered requirements and have come up with the following list of data elements to construct a
basic data structure:
Client name Invoice number Equipment description
Invoice date Job description Payment total
Client city Equipment purchase date Employee name
Invoice total Client address
Client phone Employee payrate
Client zip code Client state
a. Using the DB Design Excel file, do the following:
Name the tables using the drop down menu above each table grid
Add the appropriate fields to each table using the drop down menus within the fields of each
table
Choose the correct data type for each field using the drop down menus within the data type
column next to the field.
Example:
(Vendors) (Invoices) (InvoiceLineItems) VendorID InvoiceID InvoiceSequence
VendorName VendorID (FK to Vendors) InvoiceID (FK to Invoices)
VendorAddress InvoiceDate InvoiceLineItemAmount
VendorAddress2 InvoiceTotal
VendorCity
New Database:
Create a new database named Finances.
Write a script that creates the following tables with the listed attributes. Reference foreign keys
where indicated. Be sure to create the tables in order of their dependencies (if you attempt to
create a table with a reference to another table that hasn’t been created, the script will fail).
Register table
RegisterID INT PK IDENTITY NOT NULL
TransactionID
Transactions table INT FK NOT NULL
TransactionID INT PK IDENTITY NOT NULL
AccountID VARCHAR(25) FK NOT NULL
TransactionDate SMALLDATETIME NOT NULL
TransactionAmount
Account table MONEY NOT NULL
AccountID VARCHAR(25) PK NOT NULL
AccountName VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL
AccountAddress VARCHAR(30) NULL
AccountCity VARCHAR(25) NULL
AccountState CHAR(2) NULL
AccountZip VARCHAR(10) NULL
AccountPhone VARCHAR(14) NULL
Create a database diagram of the Finances database. Take a screenshot of the diagram and save
it as a png file.
if you receive an error message informing you that you don’t have permission for the database,
run the following query:
ALTER AUTHORIZATION ON DATABASE::Finances TO sa
GO
Write a script that creates non-clustered indexes on the foreign keys in the Register and
Transactions tables.
Write an ALTER TABLE statement that adds check constraints to the following columns (use
NOCHECK):
AccountPhone (NOT NULL)
TransactionAmount ( > 0 )
Write an ALTER TABLE statement that adds the follow columns to these tables:
Register table:
ReferenceNo
Transactions table: VARCHAR(15) NULL
TransactionType VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL
TransactionCredit BIT NULL
In the Object Explorer, do the following
Expand the Finances database
Expand the Tables folder
Expand each table
Expand the Columns folder for each table
Expand the Constraints folder for the Account and Transactions tables
Expand the Indexes folder for the Register and Tr.
1. The document describes visual SQL tuning (VST) which involves finding problem SQL, studying the execution plan, and fixing issues.
2. It recommends laying out tables and joins visually with a map to determine the optimal execution path. Filters should be marked to start with the most selective one.
3. Drawing parents and children shows table relationships to structure the tree and determine the best join order from most selective filter down before joining back up.
1. (TCO 1) Which of the following sets of SQL clauses represent the minimum combination of clauses to make a working SQL statement? (Points : 5)
SELECT, WHERE
FROM, WHERE
SELECT, FROM
FROM, ORDER BY
The document discusses different ways of partitioning sales data tables in a MySQL database and compares the performance of partitioned vs non-partitioned tables. It covers partitioning sales data by date, order ID, and different engines (InnoDB vs MyISAM). The performance of queries, inserts and administrative tasks on the different partitioning schemes is evaluated. While partitioning sometimes improved performance, it also introduced overhead in some cases depending on the use case. Proper partitioning requires understanding how the data is distributed and accessed.
[Www.pkbulk.blogspot.com]file and indexingAnusAhmad
The document discusses data storage and indexing in databases. It covers physical and logical addressing of data blocks, main memory addressing when blocks are read into memory, and the I/O model of computation in databases where I/O time dominates. The document also discusses indexing using B+ trees and hash tables, including insertion, deletion, and searching operations in B+ trees. External sorting algorithms are covered, along with how they are optimized when data does not fit in memory.
Triggers in SQL allow users to specify actions that are automatically performed in response to insert, update, or delete events on a table. Triggers can be defined to execute before, after, or instead of the triggering event. Triggers have access to old and new values of rows that are inserted, updated, or deleted. Care must be taken with triggers on mutating tables to avoid inconsistent data access or infinite recursion.
This document discusses the entity-relationship (E-R) model for conceptual database design. It defines entities, attributes, relationships and cardinalities. Entities are mapped to relations, with attributes and keys. Relationships are mapped based on cardinality, such as creating a new relation for many-to-many relationships. The document provides examples of mapping auction database entities and relationships to tables. It also covers weak entities, generalization hierarchies, and extensions to the basic relational model.
This document discusses query optimization in database systems. It begins by describing the components of a database management system and how queries are processed. It then explains that the goal of query optimization is to reduce the execution cost of a query by choosing efficient access methods and ordering operations. The document outlines different query plans involving table scans, index scans, and joins. It also introduces concepts like filter factors, statistics about tables and indexes, and how these are used to estimate the cost of alternative query execution plans.
JSP (Java Server Pages) Lecture # 9
Java Server Faces the best Alternative of C# and Easy to make your own Application (Desktop applications) or web applications
JSP (Java Server Pages) Lecture # 5
Breif detail lecture about the JSP Servlets with example code the tutorial thing such as how to create, deploy etc etc
This document provides information on Java applets including:
- An applet is a Java program that runs in a web browser context
- It must extend the Applet class or JApplet class
- Includes the applet lifecycle of loading, creating, initializing, starting, stopping, and destroying
- Provides sample code for creating a basic "MyApp" applet class and embedding it in an HTML page
- Discusses restrictions on applets and demonstrates creating an applet project in NetBeans
This document outlines a course on web engineering taught by Imran Daud. It covers topics like HTTP architecture, HTML, Java applets, JSP, Java servlets, and JavaScript. The course marks are distributed as follows: projects/assignments/quizzes 15%, midterm 30%, attendance 5%, and final exam 50%. It also provides information on Java fundamentals like what packages and classes are, how to write, compile, and run a Java program, and an introduction to object-oriented programming concepts in Java.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
3. SQL
3
Fall 2001 Database Systems 5
SQL - Nested Statements
• A nested sub-expression may refer to the tuples from the outer
relation
SELECT Buy.Name
FROM Buyers Buy
WHERE Buy.BuyId IN (
SELECT B.BuyID
FROM Bids B
WHERE B.Amount 20 AND
B.BuyID NOT IN (
SELECT B2.BuyID
FROM Bids B2
WHERE B2.Amount = 20
AND B2.Iid = B.Iid))
Names of buyers with a bid
greater than 20 on an item
for which the buyer has no
other bids less than 20.
Fall 2001 Database Systems 6
Nested Structures - Exists
SELECT
FROM
WHERE (NOT) EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM R1, ..., Rm
WHERE P)
• Semantics: For each tuple of the outer query, execute
the inner query; if there is at least one (no) tuple in the
result of the inner query, then retrieve that tuple of the
outer query.
• This accounts for the “there exists” type of queries
4. SQL
4
Fall 2001 Database Systems 7
SQL Nested Statements
• Two more nested conditions:
– EXISTS ( SELECT … FROM … WHERE … ) is true if the
SFW clause returns a non-empty relation
– NOT EXISTS ( SELECT … FROM … WHERE … ) is true if
the SFW clause returns an empty relation
• Find the name of all buyers who have no bids with an amount less
than 50
SELECT Buy.Name
FROM Buyers Buy
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT B.BuyId
FROM Bids B
WHERE B.Amount 50 AND
B.BuyID=Buy.BuyId)
Fall 2001 Database Systems 8
SQL - EXISTS
• Find the names of buyers who placed a bid on
all items with one or more bids
SELECT Buy.Name
FROM Buyers Buy
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT B.Iid
FROM Bids B
WHERE Buy.BuyId = B.BuyId)
Is this correct?
Names of buyers who
have bid on an item
Find buyers such that there does not exist an
item with bids on which these buyers did not bid
5. SQL
5
Fall 2001 Database Systems 9
SQL - EXISTS
• Find the names of buyers who placed a bid on all items
with one or more bids
SELECT Buy.Name
FROM Buyers Buy
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT B.Iid
FROM Bids B
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM Bids B2
WHERE B.Iid = B2.Iid AND
B2.Buyid = Buy.BuyId) )
bids for this item
by this buyer
items with bids, but
not by this buyer
either there are no bids
or this buyer has a bid
on everything
Fall 2001 Database Systems 10
Things to Think About
• Don’t use nested queries if they are not
needed.
– they make the query unnecessarily
complicated
– they make optimization harder
• If a query requires only “IN” and “EXISTS”,
then it probably can be done without nesting.
6. SQL
6
Fall 2001 Database Systems 11
Aggregate functions
• Count, Max, Min, Sum, and Avg are aggregate functions
that apply to the values of a set of tuples
• Find the total number of bids in the bids table
SELECT Count(*)
FROM Bids
• Find the average bid for the “Dipping Bird”.
SELECT Avg(B.Amount) AS AvgAmt
FROM Bids B, Items I
WHERE B.Iid = I.Iid AND I.Name = ‘Dipping Bird’
Fall 2001 Database Systems 12
Aggregate Functions
• Find the buyer(s) who placed the maximum bid on the “Dipping
Bird”
SELECT DISTINCT B2.Buyid
FROM Bids B2, Items I2
WHERE B2.Iid=I2.Iid AND
I2.Name = ‘Dipping Bird’ AND
B2.Amount = (SELECT Max(B.Amount)
FROM Bids B, Items I
WHEREB.Iid = I.Iid AND
I.Name = ‘Dipping Bird’)
7. SQL
7
Fall 2001 Database Systems 13
Grouping
SELECT a
FROM b
WHERE c
GROUP BY d
Create the Cartesian product of the relations in b
Find all tuples from the Cartesian product that satisfy the condition in c
(including any subexpressions)
For all distinct values of the columns listed in d, create a group that
contains the set of tuples with that value for “d”
Create the columns in a, which should start with columns in d and end
with aggregates that will apply to each group separately.
Fall 2001 Database Systems 14
Group by
• Find the average bid amount for each item, list
the item name, the average bid and the number
of bids
SELECT I.name,
avg(B.Amount) AS AvgBid,
count(*) AS Cnt
FROM Items I, Bids B
WHERE I.Iid = B.Iid
GROUP BY I.name
10. SQL
10
Fall 2001 Database Systems 19
• Find owners who have at least two items with
average bids greater than $20 for each item. List the
owner identifiers and the names of the items.
SELECT I2.Oid, I2.Name
FROM Items I2
WHERE I2.Oid IN (
SELECT I.Oid
FROM Items I
WHERE I.Iid IN (
SELECT B.Iid
FROM Bids B
GROUP BY B.Iid
HAVING Avg(Amount) 20)
GROUP BY I.Oid HAVING Count(*) = 2)
AND I2.Iid IN (
SELECT B.Iid
FROM Bids B
GROUP BY B.Iid
HAVING Avg(Amount) 20)
Fall 2001 Database Systems 20
ORDER BY
• Follows group by and orders the results in ascending or
descending order
• Example: Find buyer and item pairs in which the buyer has
more than one bid for the item, order the result in descending
order of buyer ids
SELECT B.buyid, B.iid
FROM Bids B
GROUP BY B.buyid, B.iid HAVING count(B.bid) 1
ORDER BY B.buyid DESC
11. SQL
11
Fall 2001 Database Systems 21
SELECT complete
• First the Cartesian product of all tables in the from clause is formed
• From this, rows not satisfying the where condition are eliminated
• The remaining rows are grouped in accordance with the group by
clause
• Groups not satisfying the having clause then eliminated
• The expressions of the select clause target list are evaluated
• If the key word distinct is present, duplicate rows are now
eliminated
• The union is taken after each Subselect is evaluated
• Finally, the set of all result rows is sorted if an order by clause is
present.
Fall 2001 Database Systems 22
Join types
• It is possible to define a join in the from clause
– INNER JOIN: regular join from relational algebra
where only tuples from the two tables satisfying the
join condition are chosen
– LEFT OUTER JOIN: (regular join) union (tuples from
the table to the left that did not join with any tuples,
padded with null values for the new attributes)
– RIGHT OUTER JOIN: (regular join) union (tuples from
the table to the right that did not join with any tuples,
padded with null values for the new attributes)
– FULL JOIN = LEFT RIGHT OUTER JOIN
14. SQL
14
Fall 2001 Database Systems 27
Example 2
• Find the identifiers and amount of bids placed by
buyer “Roberts”
SELECT B.Bid, B.Amount
FROM Bids B, Buyers Buy
WHERE Buy.Name = ‘Roberts’ AND
Buy.Buyid = B.Buyid
Fall 2001 Database Systems 28
Example 3
• Find the names of buyers who placed a bid on an
item owned by “Brown”
SELECT DISTINCT Buy.Name
FROM Bids B, Buyers Buy, Owners O, Items I
WHERE O.Name = ‘Brown’ AND
O.Oid = I.Oid AND
I.Iid = B.Iid AND
B.Buyid = Buy.Buyid
15. SQL
15
Fall 2001 Database Systems 29
Example 4
• Find the identifier of items with more than one bid
SELECT B.Iid
FROM Bids B
GROUP BY B.Iid HAVING count(B.Bid) 1
or
SELECT DISTINCT B.Iid
FROM Bids B
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM Bids B2
WHERE B2.Iid = B.Iid AND B2.Bid B.Bid)
Fall 2001 Database Systems 30
Example 5
• Find the names of items all buyers placed a bid on
Find the names of items for which there does not exist a buyer
who did not place a bid on this item
SELECT I.name
FROM Items I
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM Buyers Buy
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM Bids B
WHERE Buy.Buyid = B.Buyid AND
B.Iid = I.Iid ))
16. SQL
16
Fall 2001 Database Systems 31
Expressions
• Each predicate in the WHERE clause can evaluate to
– TRUE
– FALSE
– UNKNOWN
• Example:
SELECT B.*
FROM Bids B
WHERE B.amount (SELECT max(B1.amount)
FROM Bids B1, Items I
WHERE B1.iid=I.iid AND
I.location = “Boston”)
What if there are no tuples
in this expression?
Fall 2001 Database Systems 32
Unknown expressions
• Expressions that compare a value against a possibly null
value return the truth value “Unknown” (U).
• Logically Unknown is different than True or False.
– Not U = U
– U and True = U
– U and U = U
– U and False = False
– U or True = True
– U or U = U
– U or False = U
17. SQL
17
Fall 2001 Database Systems 33
Unknown Expressions
• Unknown valued tuples do not contribute to a query result
SELECT B.*
FROM Bids B
WHERE B.amount ALL (SELECT B1.amount
FROM Bids B1, Items I
WHERE B1.iid=I.iid AND
I.location = “Boston”)
This query will not return any tuples if the amount for
some bids in Boston is “null”.
Fall 2001 Database Systems 34
Data Management
• Creating tables, inserting and deleting tuples, and updating
column values can be done by SQL statement.
CREATE TABLE tablename
( colname1 TYPE [NOT NULL],
…,
PRIMARY KEY(colname1,…)
)
INSERT INTO tablename(colname1,colname2,…)
VALUES (…)
18. SQL
18
Fall 2001 Database Systems 35
More Data Management
• Insert can also involve a SELECT condition
INSERT INTO BUYERS(buyid,name, email)
SELECT next(buyid), O.name, O.email
FROM Owners O
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM Buyers B
WHERE B.name=O.name
AND B.email=O.email)
Fall 2001 Database Systems 36
Delete
• The Delete statement involves a “WHERE” condition that
specifies the range of tuples that should be deleted from the
relation.
DELETE FROM Bids
WHERE Bids.Iid IN (SELECT I.iid FROM Items I
WHERE I.oid = ‘O1’)
19. SQL
19
Fall 2001 Database Systems 37
Update
• The Update statement includes a range condition
(WHERE) and a set condition for the new values.
• For each tuple t that satisfies the where condition,
run the expression in the set statement.
UPDATE items
SET avgbid = (SELECT avg(B.amount)
FROM Bids B
WHERE B.iid = items.iid)
WHERE items.location = ‘Boston’