This document discusses various types of water filtration. It begins by defining filtration as removing particles from water by passing it through a porous granular material like sand. Filters are then classified based on their media (such as sand or anthracite coal) and depth (deep granular or precoat filters). Slow sand filters are described as using a slow water flow rate through a sand bed, with bacteria and organisms forming a layer that treats the water. Rapid sand filters are also discussed, treating more turbid water but requiring more maintenance than slow sand filters.
This document discusses sedimentation and settling tank design. It covers types of settling, zones in settling tanks, ideal settling conditions, design of settling basins, inlet and outlet arrangements, types of settling tanks including rectangular and circular, and objective and theory questions related to settling tank design and performance. Key factors discussed include overflow rate, flow velocity, detention time, settling velocity, and factors that affect settling efficiency such as turbulence.
Sedimentation is the process of separating suspended particles from water through gravitational settling, and involves reducing the velocity of water flow in sedimentation tanks to allow particles to settle to the bottom. Sedimentation can be plain or chemically assisted, and factors like tank design, flow rate, and particle characteristics determine settling efficiency. Various tank designs and inlet/outlet configurations aim to optimize detention time and minimize short-circuiting for effective sedimentation.
The document discusses the design and construction of sewers. It outlines the objectives, which are to understand sewer design procedures, types of sewers, materials used, and construction. It covers sewer shapes, design criteria including discharge, velocity, size and grades. Hydraulic formulae and elements for circular and partially full sewers are provided. Common sewer materials like concrete, steel, plastic, vitrified clay and their properties are described.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This document discusses methods for estimating wastewater and stormwater quantities for sewer system design. It defines key terms like sewage, sewer, and sewerage. It describes the components of wastewater engineering like collection, disposal, and treatment systems. It discusses different sewer systems like separate, combined, and partially separated. Methods for estimating sanitary sewage include considering population, water supply rate, and a peaking factor. Stormwater is estimated using the Rational Method or empirical formulas considering rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient, and catchment area. The document provides examples to calculate runoff coefficient, design discharge, and stormwater quantity.
This document discusses two types of sedimentation processes: plain sedimentation and sedimentation with coagulation. Plain sedimentation involves separating impurities from water through natural gravitational forces alone, without chemical additives. This process lightens the load on subsequent treatment steps and reduces costs. Sedimentation occurs as particles heavier than water settle out due to gravity. Sedimentation tanks come in various shapes and sizes, and different zones exist within the tanks. Aeration is discussed as well, including its purposes and different aerator types like cascade, spray, and air diffusers. Design criteria and an example calculation for sedimentation tank sizing is also provided.
The presentation discussed various methods of dewatering on construction sites, including sump pumping, wellpoint systems, ejector wells, ground freezing, and deep wells. It described the purpose of dewatering, factors that influence selection of methods, and advantages and limitations of each approach. The methods vary in their suitability based on soil type, required depth of drawdown, and other site-specific factors. Proper dewatering is important for construction efficiency and stability.
This document discusses sedimentation and settling tank design. It covers types of settling, zones in settling tanks, ideal settling conditions, design of settling basins, inlet and outlet arrangements, types of settling tanks including rectangular and circular, and objective and theory questions related to settling tank design and performance. Key factors discussed include overflow rate, flow velocity, detention time, settling velocity, and factors that affect settling efficiency such as turbulence.
Sedimentation is the process of separating suspended particles from water through gravitational settling, and involves reducing the velocity of water flow in sedimentation tanks to allow particles to settle to the bottom. Sedimentation can be plain or chemically assisted, and factors like tank design, flow rate, and particle characteristics determine settling efficiency. Various tank designs and inlet/outlet configurations aim to optimize detention time and minimize short-circuiting for effective sedimentation.
The document discusses the design and construction of sewers. It outlines the objectives, which are to understand sewer design procedures, types of sewers, materials used, and construction. It covers sewer shapes, design criteria including discharge, velocity, size and grades. Hydraulic formulae and elements for circular and partially full sewers are provided. Common sewer materials like concrete, steel, plastic, vitrified clay and their properties are described.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This document discusses methods for estimating wastewater and stormwater quantities for sewer system design. It defines key terms like sewage, sewer, and sewerage. It describes the components of wastewater engineering like collection, disposal, and treatment systems. It discusses different sewer systems like separate, combined, and partially separated. Methods for estimating sanitary sewage include considering population, water supply rate, and a peaking factor. Stormwater is estimated using the Rational Method or empirical formulas considering rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient, and catchment area. The document provides examples to calculate runoff coefficient, design discharge, and stormwater quantity.
This document discusses two types of sedimentation processes: plain sedimentation and sedimentation with coagulation. Plain sedimentation involves separating impurities from water through natural gravitational forces alone, without chemical additives. This process lightens the load on subsequent treatment steps and reduces costs. Sedimentation occurs as particles heavier than water settle out due to gravity. Sedimentation tanks come in various shapes and sizes, and different zones exist within the tanks. Aeration is discussed as well, including its purposes and different aerator types like cascade, spray, and air diffusers. Design criteria and an example calculation for sedimentation tank sizing is also provided.
The presentation discussed various methods of dewatering on construction sites, including sump pumping, wellpoint systems, ejector wells, ground freezing, and deep wells. It described the purpose of dewatering, factors that influence selection of methods, and advantages and limitations of each approach. The methods vary in their suitability based on soil type, required depth of drawdown, and other site-specific factors. Proper dewatering is important for construction efficiency and stability.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
The document discusses various aspects of sewage conveyance and pumping systems, including:
- Types of sewers like soil pipes, waste pipes, lateral sewers, branch sewers, and main/outfall sewers.
- Materials used for sewer construction like bricks, vitrified clay, concrete, steel, asbestos cement, plastic, and glass fiber reinforced plastic.
- Classification of sewer systems as combined, separate, or partially separate depending on how stormwater and sewage are conveyed. Combined systems convey both through one sewer while separate systems use different sewers.
Cross drainage works are structures built to carry canal water across natural streams and other obstructions that intersect the canal. There are different types of structures depending on whether the canal passes over or below the drainage. Common types include aqueducts, siphon, super passages, and canal siphons. Aqueducts can be built with tunnels underground or above ground, sometimes using shafts to remove dirt and supply workers. The ideal site for a drainage crossing has minimum disturbance to channels, suitable foundation soil, sufficient height clearance, and favorable existing topography and hydraulic conditions.
This document describes various sewage treatment processes including septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, ponds, lagoons and ditches. It provides details on the process, components and design of septic tanks. Septic tanks use sedimentation and anaerobic digestion to treat sewage. The design criteria includes detention time, tank dimensions, sludge storage volume and absorption field sizing based on percolation rates. An example problem demonstrates how to design a septic tank and absorption field for a hostel.
This document discusses several issues that can occur during rapid sand filtration including loss of head, negative head, air binding, mud ball formation, cracking and clogging of filters, sand incrustation, jetting and sand boils, and sand leakage. It provides explanations of these issues and discusses how they can be minimized or avoided during filtration operations.
This document discusses different types of earth and rockfill dams. It describes rolled fill dams which are constructed by compacting soil in thin layers. Homogeneous dams consist of a single material throughout while zoned dams have distinct core, shell, and filter zones. Diaphragm dams contain an impervious core like a thin wall. Key elements of earth dam design include the top width, freeboard, slopes, central core, and downstream drainage system.
Earthen dams, also known as earth-fill dams or embankment dams, are constructed by compacting successive layers of earth and other impermeable materials. They are commonly used due to their low construction cost and ability to be adapted to weak foundations. Earthen dams are built to supply drinking water, control floods, enable irrigation, produce hydroelectric power, and more. Proper design and construction techniques are required to ensure stability, control seepage, provide adequate spillway capacity, and meet other safety requirements. While dams provide important benefits, they can also negatively impact the environment through habitat loss, water quality changes, and other effects.
This document discusses various types of water filtration methods. It covers slow sand filters, rapid gravity filters, and membrane filters. It describes the key components of rapid gravity filters, including the filter bed, graded gravel layers, underdrain system, and water reservoir. It also discusses the mechanisms of filtration and cleaning through backwashing. The document provides details on factors that affect filter hydraulics and backwashing.
Surface water treatment involves several steps: (1) intake of water from rivers through screens and grit chambers, (2) addition of chemicals like chlorine, lime, and alum through rapid mixing, (3) coagulation through slow mixing to form and densify flocs, (4) settling of flocs in tanks, (5) filtration through granular materials to remove particles, and (6) disinfection through chlorination to remove pathogens before distribution. Proper treatment is essential to make surface water potable and safe for human consumption.
Physical Unit Operations Screening
- Screening is the first unit operation in wastewater treatment used to retain coarse solids and debris. It protects downstream equipment from clogging.
- Screens can be manually or mechanically cleaned and come in various designs like bar racks. Proper design considers factors like bar size, spacing, slope, and allowable head loss.
- A design example is provided to calculate the area, velocity, and head loss of a bar rack screen for a peak flow of 50 MLD. Head loss is estimated to be 1.7 cm when clean and 15.7 cm when half clogged. Frequent cleaning is needed to reduce head losses.
This document provides information about grit removal in wastewater treatment. It discusses that grit such as sand and eggshells can be easily removed from wastewater by reducing the velocity in a grit channel. Grit chambers are used to remove these particles to prevent damage to equipment and clogging. There are two main types of grit chambers - horizontal flow and aerated. The document provides design criteria for both types and works through an example design for a grit chamber for a town with a population of 200,000.
This document discusses different types of intake structures used to withdraw water from sources for treatment. It describes intake structures as structures constructed at the entrance of withdrawal pipes to safely withdraw water from sources while protecting the pipes from debris. The main types discussed are submerged intakes, intake towers, structures for medium rivers, canal intakes, and intakes for dam sluice ways. Key factors in selecting intake locations like access, water quality, and flooding are also outlined.
Sedimentation is the process of removing solid particles from water via gravity. It is commonly used in water treatment after coagulation and flocculation. The document discusses sedimentation tank design and calculations for settling velocity based on particle size and density. Examples are provided to design rectangular and circular sedimentation tanks for pre-treating river water to remove grit and sand based on a flow rate of 20,000 m3/day and using an overflow rate of 31 m/hour.
The document discusses sedimentation in water treatment. It defines sedimentation as the gravitational accumulation of solids at the bottom of water. It then discusses factors that affect sedimentation rates such as particle size and shape, water viscosity, and temperature. Stokes' formula and other equations for calculating particle settling velocity are provided. The main types of sedimentation tanks - quiescent/fill and draw, horizontal flow rectangular and circular, and vertical flow - are described. Key design considerations like surface overflow rate and detention period are also summarized. Finally, the need for periodic sludge removal from sedimentation tanks is mentioned.
This document discusses methods for disposing of treated sewage effluents. It describes natural methods like dilution disposal into water bodies, and disposal on land. It also describes artificial treatment methods before disposal. Key points covered include standards for dilution disposal, factors favoring dilution disposal, types of receiving waters, and the processes involved in the self-purification of natural streams.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
WEIRS VERSUS BERRAGE
TYPES OF WEIRS
COMPONENT PARTS OF A WEIR
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF WEIRS & THEIR REMEDIES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DESIGN FOR SURFACE FLOW
DESIGN OF BARRAGE OR WEIR
This document discusses methods for estimating water demand variations and design population for water supply projects. It provides the following key points:
1. Water demand varies seasonally, daily, and hourly. Maximum daily demand is typically 180% of average daily demand. Peak hourly demand is 2.7 times the average daily demand.
2. Several methods are described to estimate design population, including arithmetic, geometric, logistic, and ratio growth models. Arithmetic growth assumes a constant growth rate while geometric growth rates are proportional to the current population.
3. Design periods for water infrastructure typically range from 5 to 100 years depending on the type of system. Dams and tunnels use longer 50 year design periods while wells and distribution mains
This document discusses different types of water filtration processes. It describes slow sand gravity filters and rapid sand gravity filters. It explains the filtration materials used like sand, gravel and anthracite. Sand used as a filter material should be hard, uniformly sized, free from impurities and resistant. Gravel and anthracite are also used. Filters are classified as gravity filters like slow sand and rapid sand filters, and pressure filters like horizontal and vertical pressure filters. Slow sand filters have low filtration rates but are suitable for rural areas. Rapid sand filters have higher filtration rates and require less space. Pressure filters operate under pressure within a closed cylinder.
This document provides information on various filtration and water treatment systems. It begins with an overview of filtration, describing how it separates solids from liquids using a medium. It then discusses different types of filters including pressure sand filters, activated carbon filters, and ion exchange systems. It explains how these systems work to remove contaminants from water through physical and chemical processes like adsorption and ion exchange. The document also covers membrane filtration technologies like microfiltration and ultrafiltration that remove particles based on their size. It addresses issues like fouling and various cleaning methods for membrane systems.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
The document discusses various aspects of sewage conveyance and pumping systems, including:
- Types of sewers like soil pipes, waste pipes, lateral sewers, branch sewers, and main/outfall sewers.
- Materials used for sewer construction like bricks, vitrified clay, concrete, steel, asbestos cement, plastic, and glass fiber reinforced plastic.
- Classification of sewer systems as combined, separate, or partially separate depending on how stormwater and sewage are conveyed. Combined systems convey both through one sewer while separate systems use different sewers.
Cross drainage works are structures built to carry canal water across natural streams and other obstructions that intersect the canal. There are different types of structures depending on whether the canal passes over or below the drainage. Common types include aqueducts, siphon, super passages, and canal siphons. Aqueducts can be built with tunnels underground or above ground, sometimes using shafts to remove dirt and supply workers. The ideal site for a drainage crossing has minimum disturbance to channels, suitable foundation soil, sufficient height clearance, and favorable existing topography and hydraulic conditions.
This document describes various sewage treatment processes including septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, ponds, lagoons and ditches. It provides details on the process, components and design of septic tanks. Septic tanks use sedimentation and anaerobic digestion to treat sewage. The design criteria includes detention time, tank dimensions, sludge storage volume and absorption field sizing based on percolation rates. An example problem demonstrates how to design a septic tank and absorption field for a hostel.
This document discusses several issues that can occur during rapid sand filtration including loss of head, negative head, air binding, mud ball formation, cracking and clogging of filters, sand incrustation, jetting and sand boils, and sand leakage. It provides explanations of these issues and discusses how they can be minimized or avoided during filtration operations.
This document discusses different types of earth and rockfill dams. It describes rolled fill dams which are constructed by compacting soil in thin layers. Homogeneous dams consist of a single material throughout while zoned dams have distinct core, shell, and filter zones. Diaphragm dams contain an impervious core like a thin wall. Key elements of earth dam design include the top width, freeboard, slopes, central core, and downstream drainage system.
Earthen dams, also known as earth-fill dams or embankment dams, are constructed by compacting successive layers of earth and other impermeable materials. They are commonly used due to their low construction cost and ability to be adapted to weak foundations. Earthen dams are built to supply drinking water, control floods, enable irrigation, produce hydroelectric power, and more. Proper design and construction techniques are required to ensure stability, control seepage, provide adequate spillway capacity, and meet other safety requirements. While dams provide important benefits, they can also negatively impact the environment through habitat loss, water quality changes, and other effects.
This document discusses various types of water filtration methods. It covers slow sand filters, rapid gravity filters, and membrane filters. It describes the key components of rapid gravity filters, including the filter bed, graded gravel layers, underdrain system, and water reservoir. It also discusses the mechanisms of filtration and cleaning through backwashing. The document provides details on factors that affect filter hydraulics and backwashing.
Surface water treatment involves several steps: (1) intake of water from rivers through screens and grit chambers, (2) addition of chemicals like chlorine, lime, and alum through rapid mixing, (3) coagulation through slow mixing to form and densify flocs, (4) settling of flocs in tanks, (5) filtration through granular materials to remove particles, and (6) disinfection through chlorination to remove pathogens before distribution. Proper treatment is essential to make surface water potable and safe for human consumption.
Physical Unit Operations Screening
- Screening is the first unit operation in wastewater treatment used to retain coarse solids and debris. It protects downstream equipment from clogging.
- Screens can be manually or mechanically cleaned and come in various designs like bar racks. Proper design considers factors like bar size, spacing, slope, and allowable head loss.
- A design example is provided to calculate the area, velocity, and head loss of a bar rack screen for a peak flow of 50 MLD. Head loss is estimated to be 1.7 cm when clean and 15.7 cm when half clogged. Frequent cleaning is needed to reduce head losses.
This document provides information about grit removal in wastewater treatment. It discusses that grit such as sand and eggshells can be easily removed from wastewater by reducing the velocity in a grit channel. Grit chambers are used to remove these particles to prevent damage to equipment and clogging. There are two main types of grit chambers - horizontal flow and aerated. The document provides design criteria for both types and works through an example design for a grit chamber for a town with a population of 200,000.
This document discusses different types of intake structures used to withdraw water from sources for treatment. It describes intake structures as structures constructed at the entrance of withdrawal pipes to safely withdraw water from sources while protecting the pipes from debris. The main types discussed are submerged intakes, intake towers, structures for medium rivers, canal intakes, and intakes for dam sluice ways. Key factors in selecting intake locations like access, water quality, and flooding are also outlined.
Sedimentation is the process of removing solid particles from water via gravity. It is commonly used in water treatment after coagulation and flocculation. The document discusses sedimentation tank design and calculations for settling velocity based on particle size and density. Examples are provided to design rectangular and circular sedimentation tanks for pre-treating river water to remove grit and sand based on a flow rate of 20,000 m3/day and using an overflow rate of 31 m/hour.
The document discusses sedimentation in water treatment. It defines sedimentation as the gravitational accumulation of solids at the bottom of water. It then discusses factors that affect sedimentation rates such as particle size and shape, water viscosity, and temperature. Stokes' formula and other equations for calculating particle settling velocity are provided. The main types of sedimentation tanks - quiescent/fill and draw, horizontal flow rectangular and circular, and vertical flow - are described. Key design considerations like surface overflow rate and detention period are also summarized. Finally, the need for periodic sludge removal from sedimentation tanks is mentioned.
This document discusses methods for disposing of treated sewage effluents. It describes natural methods like dilution disposal into water bodies, and disposal on land. It also describes artificial treatment methods before disposal. Key points covered include standards for dilution disposal, factors favoring dilution disposal, types of receiving waters, and the processes involved in the self-purification of natural streams.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
WEIRS VERSUS BERRAGE
TYPES OF WEIRS
COMPONENT PARTS OF A WEIR
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF WEIRS & THEIR REMEDIES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DESIGN FOR SURFACE FLOW
DESIGN OF BARRAGE OR WEIR
This document discusses methods for estimating water demand variations and design population for water supply projects. It provides the following key points:
1. Water demand varies seasonally, daily, and hourly. Maximum daily demand is typically 180% of average daily demand. Peak hourly demand is 2.7 times the average daily demand.
2. Several methods are described to estimate design population, including arithmetic, geometric, logistic, and ratio growth models. Arithmetic growth assumes a constant growth rate while geometric growth rates are proportional to the current population.
3. Design periods for water infrastructure typically range from 5 to 100 years depending on the type of system. Dams and tunnels use longer 50 year design periods while wells and distribution mains
This document discusses different types of water filtration processes. It describes slow sand gravity filters and rapid sand gravity filters. It explains the filtration materials used like sand, gravel and anthracite. Sand used as a filter material should be hard, uniformly sized, free from impurities and resistant. Gravel and anthracite are also used. Filters are classified as gravity filters like slow sand and rapid sand filters, and pressure filters like horizontal and vertical pressure filters. Slow sand filters have low filtration rates but are suitable for rural areas. Rapid sand filters have higher filtration rates and require less space. Pressure filters operate under pressure within a closed cylinder.
This document provides information on various filtration and water treatment systems. It begins with an overview of filtration, describing how it separates solids from liquids using a medium. It then discusses different types of filters including pressure sand filters, activated carbon filters, and ion exchange systems. It explains how these systems work to remove contaminants from water through physical and chemical processes like adsorption and ion exchange. The document also covers membrane filtration technologies like microfiltration and ultrafiltration that remove particles based on their size. It addresses issues like fouling and various cleaning methods for membrane systems.
The document discusses effluent treatment plants (ETPs). It explains that ETPs treat wastewater from industrial or commercial activities before releasing it into the environment. ETPs use various treatment units like screens, sedimentation tanks, and biological processes to remove pollutants. Primary treatment removes solids while secondary treatment uses microorganisms to break down organic matter. Tertiary treatment can further purify the water using techniques like filtration and ion exchange. The document provides details on the purpose and functioning of common unit operations in ETPs.
Design of a Filtration System for a Small Scale Water Treatment Plant for a R...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Design of a Filtration System for a Small Scale Water Treatment Plant for a R...inventionjournals
This document describes the design of a filtration system for a small-scale water treatment plant for a rural community in Nigeria. The key aspects of the design are:
- The filter area is calculated as 24 square meters based on the daily water consumption of 0.057 million gallons.
- The filter bed is 3.6 meters long and consists of 1 meter of sand on top of 1.05 meters of layered gravel (rounded, coarse, and stone).
- Underdrains made of perforated blocks will drain water from the filter bed through channels and collect at a central port.
- An inlet sump separated from the filter bed by a 0.05 meter weir will distribute incoming water while
This document discusses different types of filters used to separate solids from liquids, including sand filters, dual media filters, activated carbon filters, and multi-grade filters. It provides details on the components, operation, and design of these various filter systems. Key information discussed includes the types of media used in each filter, how filtration works, vessel and equipment requirements, and design considerations around flow rates and surface area.
Rapid sand filtration is a technique common in developed countries for treating large quantities of drinking water. It is a relatively sophisticated process usually requiring power-operated pumps for backwashing or cleaning the filter bed, and flow control of the filter outlet. A continuously operating filter will usually require backwashing about every two days when raw water of relatively low turbidity is used.
Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process that uses gravity to remove suspended solids from water. Contact beds, intermittent sand filters, trickling filters, and miscellaneous filters are types of biological wastewater treatment processes that use microorganisms to break down organic matter. Contact beds have fallen out of use due to inefficiencies when the tank is full, while intermittent sand filters and trickling filters remain common.
The most common treatment process for surface water supplies—conventional treatment—consists of disinfection, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection, aeration, chlorination, softening (removal of hardness of water)
Filtration is used to remove remaining impurities from water after screening, sedimentation, and coagulation. There are two main types of filters: slow sand filters and rapid sand filters. Slow sand filters have a slow filtration rate but can remove a high percentage of impurities. Rapid sand filters have a faster filtration rate and are more commonly used. Both operate by passing water through sand and gravel layers that strain, flocculate, and biologically and electrically treat water to remove particles and pathogens. Proper sand size and grading is important for effective filtration. Filters are backwashed when the head loss becomes too high.
Tertiary treatment involves additional wastewater treatment processes beyond secondary treatment to further improve water quality before discharge or reuse. It typically includes nutrient removal through nitrification/denitrification or phosphorus precipitation, disinfection through UV, ozone, or chlorine, and filtration through sand filters, membrane filters, or activated carbon to remove remaining solids and chemicals. The goal of tertiary treatment is to remove nearly all organic and inorganic compounds to produce very high quality effluent suitable for sensitive reuse applications or discharge into the environment. Common tertiary treatment processes include nutrient removal, disinfection, ion exchange, membrane filtration, and sand or activated carbon filtration.
This presentation provides with information regarding the processes , methods , applications of Water Treatment and simple design of water treatment filters. It incorporates chlorination, aeration, and other miscellaneous methods for water treatment
This document discusses various types of water filtration processes. It describes slow sand filtration which uses a bed of sand to filter water slowly. Rapid sand filters are also discussed which can filter water at higher rates using various filter media like sand and anthracite coal. Rapid sand filters require regular backwashing to clean the media. Pressure filters are also covered which operate in a closed vessel under pressure and can filter water at higher rates than gravity filters.
This document discusses filtration, which uses a porous medium to remove fine suspended solids from liquid. Filtration is used in water treatment and wastewater treatment. It describes different types of filters including single-medium, dual-medium, and mixed-media filters. It also discusses the filtration process, mechanisms of particle removal, head loss, filtration rates, and operational considerations like backwashing. Filtration is effective at removing suspended solids in water and wastewater treatment applications.
This document provides an overview of water treatment processes and technologies. It discusses the criteria for selecting water treatment plant sites, and describes various purification methods including intake works, sedimentation, filtration using slow sand filters and rapid sand filters, disinfection, and water softening. The key steps in the water treatment process are outlined, from drawing water from the source and removing large suspended particles, to filtration, disinfection to kill bacteria, and ensuring water quality meets standards.
We has been dedicated in offering full set of water treatment solutions, such solutions can be called one-stop solutions which include system design, equipment manufacturing, project construction and after-sales service. What we can do have covered such areas as municipal tap water projects, drinkable pure water projects, industrial water projects, water-saving projects, sewage treatment engineering, constructed wetlands building, rivers & lakes governing projects and so on.
The document discusses various types of water treatment equipment and processes from Sichuan Shanshui Technology Co., Ltd. It defines terms like original water, softened water, pure water, and ultrapure water. It describes technologies for softening water using sodium ion exchangers, producing pure water using pretreatment and membrane filtration, and producing ultrapure water using pretreatment, RO, and EDI. It provides information on conventional filters, integrated water purifiers, disc filters, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and RO systems. It includes photos and discusses the inflow and effluent water quality standards for different treatment equipment.
The document discusses various aspects of water treatment processes. It begins by explaining that water treatment aims to remove impurities from water to make it suitable for domestic or industrial use. It then discusses various unit processes involved - screening to remove large particles, sedimentation to remove suspended solids with or without coagulation, filtration to remove finer particles, and disinfection to remove pathogens. Other processes mentioned are aeration to remove taste and odor, and softening to remove hardness. Factors considered in design of treatment plants like location, layout and treatment objectives are also summarized. Key treatment steps and the impurities removed by each are highlighted.
Components of Water Treatment Plant, Methods of Water Treatment, Process of Water Treatment such as Aeration, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection etc.
06 Treatment of water -Filtration and Water Softeningakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
Wt chapter-6-2-filter
1. 1/3/2012
1
FILTRATION
Water Treatment Course
AAiT, ZerihunAlemayehu
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
FILTRATION
Filtration involves the removal of suspended and colloidal
particles from the water by passing it through a layer or
bed of a porous granular material, such as sand.
2. 1/3/2012
2
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS
Based on the filter media
Sand filters, e.g. natural silica sand
Anthracite filters, e.g. crushed anthracitic coal
Diatomaceous earth filters, e.g. diatomaceous earth
Metal fabric filters (microstrainers), e.g. stainless
steel fabric filter.
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS
Based on the depth of filter media
Deep granular filters, e.g. sand, dual‐media and
multi‐media (combination of two or more media),
granular activated carbon
Precoat filters, e.g. diatomaceous earth, and
powdered activated carbon, filters
3. 1/3/2012
3
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS
Based on the rate of filtration, sand filters can be
further classified as
Gravity filters
Slow sand filters
rapid sand filters
high‐rate sand filters
Pressure filters
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
RATE OF FILTRATION
Rate of filtration (loading rate) is the flow rate of water
applied per unit area of the filter. It is the velocity of the
water approaching the face of the filter:
where va = face velocity, m/d = loading rate, m3/d.m2
Q = flow rate onto filter surface, m3/d
As = surface are of filter, m2
s
a
A
Q
v
4. 1/3/2012
4
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
EXAMPLE
A city is to install rapid sand filters downstream of the
clarifiers. The design loading rate is selected to be 160
m3/(m2 d). The design capacity of the water works is 0.35
m3/s. The maximum surface per filter is limited to 50 m2.
Design the number and size of filters and calculate the
normal filtration rate.
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
EXAMPLE SOLUTION
5. 1/3/2012
5
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
MECHANISM OF FILTRATION
The theory of filtration basically involves, transport
mechanisms, and attachment mechanisms.
The transport mechanism brings small particles from
the bulk solution to the surface of the media.
a) gravitational settling,
b) diffusion,
c) interception and
d) hydrodynamics.
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
MECHANISM OF FILTRATION
They are affected by physical characteristics such as
size of the filter medium, filtration rate, fluid
temperature, size and density of suspended solids.
As the particles reach the surface of the filter media, an
attachment mechanism is required to retain it. This
occurs due to
(i) electrostatic interactions
(ii) chemical bridging or specific adsorption.
6. 1/3/2012
6
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
SLOW SAND FILTERS
In SSF water is allowed at a slow rate through a bed of
sand, so that coarse suspended solids are retained on or
near the surface of the bed.
Loading rate of 2.9 to 7.6 m3/d.m2
The raw water turbidity has to be < 50 NTU.
The filtering action is a combination of straining,
adsorption, and biological flocculation.
7. 1/3/2012
7
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
SLOW SAND FILTERS
Gelatinous slimes of bacterial growth called ‘schmutzdecke’
form on the surface and in the upper sand layer, consists of
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifera and a range of aquatic
insect larvae.
The underlying sand provides the support medium for this
biological treatment layer.
Slow sand filters slowly lose their performance as the
Schmutzdecke grows and thereby reduces the rate of flow
through the filter. requires refurbishing
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
CLEANING SLOW SAND FILTERS
Scrapping: the top few mm of sand is carefully scraped
off using mechanical plant and this exposes a new layer
of clean sand. Water is then decanted back into the
filter and re‐circulated for a few hours to allow a new
Schmutzedecke to develop. The filter is then filled to full
depth and brought back into service.
wet harrowing: lower the water level to just above the
Schmutzdecke, stirring the sand and thereby
suspending any solids held in that layer and then
running the water to waste. The filter is then filled to
full depth and brought back into service.
8. 1/3/2012
8
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
TYPICAL SLOW SAND FILTER
Sand filter
bed
Grave
l
Schmutzecke
Supernatant
water
System of underdrains
WeirRaw water
Finished
water
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
TYPICAL SLOW SAND FILTER
9. 1/3/2012
9
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
TYPICAL SSF CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
Simple to construct and supervise
Suitable where sand is readily available
Effective in bacterial removal
Preferable for uniform quality of treated water
Disadvantages
Large area is required
Unsuitable for treating highly turbid waters
Less flexibility in operation due to seasonal variations in raw
water quality
10. 1/3/2012
10
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SSF
Parameter Recommended level (UK experience)
Design life
Period of operation
Filtration rate
Filter bed area
Height of filter bed
Initial
Minimum
Effective size
Uniformity coefficient
Height of underdrains + gravel layer
Height of supernatant water
10-15 year
24 h/day
0.1 – 0.2 m/h
5-200 m2/filter (minimum of two filters)
0.8-0.9 m
0.5-0.6 m
0.15-0.3 mm
< 3
0.3-0.5 m
1 m
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
EXAMPLE. SSF DESIGN
Design a slow sand filter to treat a flow of 800 m3/day.
Solution:
assuming a filtration rate of 0.15 m/h,
Required tank area = (800/24) x (1/0.15) = 222 m2
Use a tank 23 m long x 10 m wide.
From Table 6.1, the height of the tank require is:
System underdrain + gravel ≈ 0.5 m
Filter bed ≈ 0.9 m
Supernatant water ≈ 1 m
Therefore, total tank height = 2.4 m and tank dimension
becomes 23 m long x 10 m wide x 2.4 m high
11. 1/3/2012
11
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
RAPID SAND FILTERS
The most common type of filter for treating municipal
water supplies.
During filtration, the water flows downward through
the bed under the force of gravity.
When the filter is washed, clean water is forced upward,
expanding the filter bed slightly and carrying away the
accumulated impurities. This process is called
backwashing.
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
Turbid water may be treated
Land required is less compared to slow sand filter
Operation is continuous.
Disadvantages
Requires skilled personnel for operation and maintenance
Less effective in bacteria removal
Operational troubles
12. 1/3/2012
12
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
TYPICAL GRADATION OF RSF
after backwashing, the larger
sand grains settle to the bottom
first, leaving the smaller sand
grains at the filter surface.
Allows in-depth filtration:
provides more storage space for
the solids, offer less resistance to
flow, and allows longer filter runs.
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
TYPES OF RSF
RSF based on filter material, three types:
Single‐media filters: these have one type of media,
usually sand or crushed anthracite coal
Dual‐media filters: these have two types of media,
usually crushed anthracite coal and sand.
Multi‐media filters: these have three types of
media, usually crushed anthracite coal, sand, and
garnet.
13. 1/3/2012
13
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
RAPID SAND FILTER
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
OPERATION OF A RSF
Terminal head loss.
Constant rate
filtration
14. 1/3/2012
14
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
GRAIN SIZE CHARACTERISTICS
Sieve analysis a plot on semi‐log paper of the
cumulative frequency distribution,
Geometric mean (Xg) and
Geometric standard deviation (Sg)
Effective size, E, or 10 percentile, P10,
E = P10 = (Xg/Sg)‐1.282
Uniformity coefficient, U, or ratio of the 60 percentile to
the 10 percentile, P60/P10.
U = P60/P10 = (Sg)1.535
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
RSF FILTER MEDIA TYPICAL PROPERTIES
PROPERTY UNIT GARNET LMENITE SAND ANTHRACITE GAC
Effective Size,
ES
mm 0.2 - 0.4 0.2 - 0.4 0.4 - 0.8 0.8 - 2.0 0.8 - 2.0
Uniformity
Coefficient, UC
UC 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 2.4
Density, ρρ g/mL 3.6 - 4.2 4.5 - 5.0 2.65 1.4 - 1.8 1.3 - 1.7
Porosity, ε % 45 - 58
Not
available
40 - 43 47 - 52
Not
available
Hardness Moh 6.5 -7.5 5.6 7 2 - 3 Low
15. 1/3/2012
15
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
FILTER HYDRAULICS
The loss of pressure (head loss) through a clean stratified‐sand
filter with uniform porosity was described by Rose:
where hL = frictional head loss through the filter, m
va = approach velocity, m/s
D = depth of filter sand, m
CD = drag force coefficient
f = mass fraction of sand particles of diameter d
d = diameter of sand grains, m
ϕ = shape factor and = porosity
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
FILTER HYDRAULICS
16. 1/3/2012
16
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
FILTER HYDRAULICS…
The hydraulic head loss that occurs during backwashing is
calculated to determine the placement of the backwash troughs
above the filter bed.
where De = depth of the expanded bed, m
= porosity of the bed and s= porosity of the expanded bed
f = mass fraction of sand with expanded porosity
Laminar Turbulent
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
SETTLING
VELOCITY
17. 1/3/2012
17
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
REYNOLDS NUMBER
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
EXAMPLE 3
A dual medium filter is composed of 0.3 m
anthracite (mean size of 2.0 mm) that is placed
over a 0.6 m layer of sand (mean size of 0.7 mm)
with filtration rate of 9.78 m/h. Assume the grain
sphericity is = 0.75 and a porosity for both is 0.40.
Estimate the head loss of the filter at 15oC.
18. 1/3/2012
18
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
SOLUTION
Calculate head loss for anthracite
Calculate head loss for sand
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
EXAMPLE 4
Estimate the clean filter
headloss for a proposed new
sand filter using the sand. Use
the following assumptions:
loading rate is 216 m3/d.m2 ,
specific gravity of sand is 2.65,
the shape factor is 0.82, the
bed porosity is 0.45, the water
temperature is 10oC, and the
depth of sand is 0.5 m.
Sieve No % retain d(mm)
8-12 7.3 2
12-16 17.1 1.42
16-20 14.6 1
20-30 20.4 0.714
30-40 17.6 0.0505
40-50 11.9 0.0357
50-70 5.9 0.0252
70-100 3.1 0.0178
100-140 0.7 0.0126
20. 1/3/2012
20
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
SOLUTION…
AAiT Water Treatment
By Zerihun Alemayehu
EXAMPLE 5
Determine the depth of the expanded sand
filter bed being designed for Example 4.