So what difference does it make? Assessing the impact of participation, transparency and accountability
IDS Research Fellow, John Gaventa
World Bank Institute Seminar November 22, 2010
Presentation by Prof. Dora Kostakopoulou (Warwick University) on the occasion of the EESC hearing on 'A more inclusive citizenship open to immigrants' - Brussels, 4 September 2013
Citizen participation is also sometimes seen as a solution to a quite different problem: shoring up the democratic legitimacy of governance processes. Representative democratic governance now faces several critical legitimating problems
Presentation by Prof. Dora Kostakopoulou (Warwick University) on the occasion of the EESC hearing on 'A more inclusive citizenship open to immigrants' - Brussels, 4 September 2013
Citizen participation is also sometimes seen as a solution to a quite different problem: shoring up the democratic legitimacy of governance processes. Representative democratic governance now faces several critical legitimating problems
Promoting social participation through Digital Governance: identifying barrie...dgovs_pucrs
This article aims to identify barriers for the adoption of strategic goals related to social participation in the Brazilian Public Administration present in the recently launched Brazilian Digital Governance Policy.
Public Engagement In Public Services By Ayesha SaeedAyesha Saeed Haq
Recently Community engagement has reached an appraisable level of interest across public sector globally. There could be many reasons for this including success of Obama’s election campaign, strong conviction of USA, UK & Australian government towards public engagement, UN millennium development goals and technological advanced population.
I have tried to compile the learning’s from across the globe in this document (public engagement in public services), I hope you will find it useful.
Good governance is the principle used in Management of government organizations as a means to improve the quality of development in the region. Good governance means a participatory form of governance that operates in a responsible, accountable and transparent manner, based on the principles of efficiency, legality and consensus to advance the rights of individual citizens and the public interest. Good governance means ensuring fairness, empowerment, employment and efficient service delivery. This research aims to Analysis of good governance and its pillars. Supriya Kumari "Good Governance and Its Pillars" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47535.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/47535/good-governance-and-its-pillars/supriya-kumari
Katrina Kosec
POLICY SEMINAR
Information, Governance, and Rural Service Delivery
Co-Organized by IFPRI and the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
Using Social Media to Enhance Civic Engagement in U.S. Federal AgenciesYasmin Fodil
This report was created by Yasmin Fodil and Anna York for their Harvard Kennedy School masters thesis, and looks at the use of social media to enhance civic participation in the United States and the United Kingdom in order to make recommendations to U.S. federal agencies on how to move forward.
Randomised control trials: lessons for Civic Tech - Andrew Westbury (Center f...mysociety
This was presented by Andrew Westbury from the Center for Effective Global Action at the Impacts of Civic Technology Conference (TICTeC 2017) in Florence on 25th April. You can find out more information about the conference here: http://tictec.mysociety.org
Session description: Randomised controlled trials have dramatically changed the development landscape, casting doubt on the effectiveness of accepted strategies, and identifying the value of less orthodox activities.
Measuring empowerment of women and girls – Some thoughts on the 'what' and th...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Anouka van Eerdewijk and Julie Newton (KIT) on 31 January 2018, as part of the webinar 'Measuring empowerment of women and girls – the what and the how'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more about this webinar at: http://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-measuring-empowerment-women-girls/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
Lucy Stevens, Practical Action
Presentation given at “Unlocking Investment in Africa’s Renewables: What are the Binding Constraints?” event, organised by the Institute of Development Studies and held on 19 January 2017 at the Wellcome Collection, London. For more information, please visit http://www.ids.ac.uk/events/unlocking-investment-in-africa-s-renewables-what-are-the-binding-constraints.
Guy Doyle, Mott MacDonald
Presentation given at “Unlocking Investment in Africa’s Renewables: What are the Binding Constraints?” event, organised by the Institute of Development Studies and held on 19 January 2017 at the Wellcome Collection, London. For more information, please visit http://www.ids.ac.uk/events/unlocking-investment-in-africa-s-renewables-what-are-the-binding-constraints.
Edwin Nateminya, Integral Advisory
Presentation given at “Unlocking Investment in Africa’s Renewables: What are the Binding Constraints?” event, organised by the Institute of Development Studies and held on 19 January 2017 at the Wellcome Collection, London. For more information, please visit http://www.ids.ac.uk/events/unlocking-investment-in-africa-s-renewables-what-are-the-binding-constraints.
Promoting social participation through Digital Governance: identifying barrie...dgovs_pucrs
This article aims to identify barriers for the adoption of strategic goals related to social participation in the Brazilian Public Administration present in the recently launched Brazilian Digital Governance Policy.
Public Engagement In Public Services By Ayesha SaeedAyesha Saeed Haq
Recently Community engagement has reached an appraisable level of interest across public sector globally. There could be many reasons for this including success of Obama’s election campaign, strong conviction of USA, UK & Australian government towards public engagement, UN millennium development goals and technological advanced population.
I have tried to compile the learning’s from across the globe in this document (public engagement in public services), I hope you will find it useful.
Good governance is the principle used in Management of government organizations as a means to improve the quality of development in the region. Good governance means a participatory form of governance that operates in a responsible, accountable and transparent manner, based on the principles of efficiency, legality and consensus to advance the rights of individual citizens and the public interest. Good governance means ensuring fairness, empowerment, employment and efficient service delivery. This research aims to Analysis of good governance and its pillars. Supriya Kumari "Good Governance and Its Pillars" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47535.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/47535/good-governance-and-its-pillars/supriya-kumari
Katrina Kosec
POLICY SEMINAR
Information, Governance, and Rural Service Delivery
Co-Organized by IFPRI and the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
Using Social Media to Enhance Civic Engagement in U.S. Federal AgenciesYasmin Fodil
This report was created by Yasmin Fodil and Anna York for their Harvard Kennedy School masters thesis, and looks at the use of social media to enhance civic participation in the United States and the United Kingdom in order to make recommendations to U.S. federal agencies on how to move forward.
Randomised control trials: lessons for Civic Tech - Andrew Westbury (Center f...mysociety
This was presented by Andrew Westbury from the Center for Effective Global Action at the Impacts of Civic Technology Conference (TICTeC 2017) in Florence on 25th April. You can find out more information about the conference here: http://tictec.mysociety.org
Session description: Randomised controlled trials have dramatically changed the development landscape, casting doubt on the effectiveness of accepted strategies, and identifying the value of less orthodox activities.
Measuring empowerment of women and girls – Some thoughts on the 'what' and th...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Anouka van Eerdewijk and Julie Newton (KIT) on 31 January 2018, as part of the webinar 'Measuring empowerment of women and girls – the what and the how'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more about this webinar at: http://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-measuring-empowerment-women-girls/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
Lucy Stevens, Practical Action
Presentation given at “Unlocking Investment in Africa’s Renewables: What are the Binding Constraints?” event, organised by the Institute of Development Studies and held on 19 January 2017 at the Wellcome Collection, London. For more information, please visit http://www.ids.ac.uk/events/unlocking-investment-in-africa-s-renewables-what-are-the-binding-constraints.
Guy Doyle, Mott MacDonald
Presentation given at “Unlocking Investment in Africa’s Renewables: What are the Binding Constraints?” event, organised by the Institute of Development Studies and held on 19 January 2017 at the Wellcome Collection, London. For more information, please visit http://www.ids.ac.uk/events/unlocking-investment-in-africa-s-renewables-what-are-the-binding-constraints.
Edwin Nateminya, Integral Advisory
Presentation given at “Unlocking Investment in Africa’s Renewables: What are the Binding Constraints?” event, organised by the Institute of Development Studies and held on 19 January 2017 at the Wellcome Collection, London. For more information, please visit http://www.ids.ac.uk/events/unlocking-investment-in-africa-s-renewables-what-are-the-binding-constraints.
Jeremy Lind, Institute of Development Studies
Presentation given at “Unlocking Investment in Africa’s Renewables: What are the Binding Constraints?” event, organised by the Institute of Development Studies and held on 19 January 2017 at the Wellcome Collection, London. For more information, please visit http://www.ids.ac.uk/events/unlocking-investment-in-africa-s-renewables-what-are-the-binding-constraints.
Simon Bawakyillenuo, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research
Presentation given at “Unlocking Investment in Africa’s Renewables: What are the Binding Constraints?” event, organised by the Institute of Development Studies and held on 19 January 2017 at the Wellcome Collection, London. For more information, please visit http://www.ids.ac.uk/events/unlocking-investment-in-africa-s-renewables-what-are-the-binding-constraints.
Helen Hoka Osiolo, The Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis
Presentation given at “Unlocking Investment in Africa’s Renewables: What are the Binding Constraints?” event, organised by the Institute of Development Studies and held on 19 January 2017 at the Wellcome Collection, London. For more information, please visit http://www.ids.ac.uk/events/unlocking-investment-in-africa-s-renewables-what-are-the-binding-constraints.
Neil McCulloch, The Policy Practice
Presentation given at “Unlocking Investment in Africa’s Renewables: What are the Binding Constraints?” event, organised by the Institute of Development Studies and held on 19 January 2017 at the Wellcome Collection, London. For more information, please visit http://www.ids.ac.uk/events/unlocking-investment-in-africa-s-renewables-what-are-the-binding-constraints.
Presentation given at “Unlocking Investment in Africa’s Renewables: What are the Binding Constraints?” event, organised by the Institute of Development Studies and held on 19 January 2017 at the Wellcome Collection, London. For more information, please visit http://www.ids.ac.uk/events/unlocking-investment-in-africa-s-renewables-what-are-the-binding-constraints.
With the help of this powerpoint presentation, at the Workshop on Governance Assessment Methods and Applications of Governance Data in Policy-Making (June 2009), Ken Mease argued that governance assessments can be 1) a reporting tool that can track and communicate progress towards goals and/or outcomes; 2) a policy tool that can guide evidence-based planning and action to address issues identified as important by citizens and in existing political commitments, and finally 3) a tool that can strengthen democracy by engaging stakeholders through informed discussions.
Inclusive process, rigourous methodology and policy uptake are the key issues raised in this power point presentation by Paul van Hoof, senior advisor on local governance with IDASA, at the Cairo workshop on assessing governance in sectors, June 2009.
Trust and Public Policy: How Better Governance Can Help Rebuild Public Trust ...OECD Governance
Highlights brochure from the OECD publication "Trust and Public Policy: How Better Governance Can Help Rebuild Public Trust", which examines the influence of trust in policy making and explores the steps governments can take to strengthen public trust. oe.cd/trust-and-public-policy
Faculty members involved with the "Heritage Under Threat" project, a collaboration between the IDS-led Coalition for Religious Equality and Inclusive Development (CREID) and the Universities of Mosul and Iraq are presented with awards by Prof Melissa Leach (IDS), Professor Dr Kossay Al-Ahmady (UoM) and Dr Lukman Hasan (UoD).
The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) is geared towards improving governance in the oil, gas and minerals sector. The EITI currently includes 53 countries across the world, half of which are in Africa. It is governed by multi-stakeholder coalitions representing business, governments and civil society organisations.
The EITI started out in 2007 by disclosing payments made by companies to governments in the form of license fees, taxes and other payments. Governments in turn disclosed payments they received from companies to identify possible discrepancies in reported revenues. Disclosures under the EITI are now increasingly fine-grained, focusing on identifying beneficial owners, publicising contracts, commodity trading transparency and project level investments. The EITI seeks to tackle corruption, promote accountability, strengthen institutions, and contribute to domestic resource mobilisation. The current approach also highlights gender and environmental considerations in government and company reporting.
Many EITI countries are currently facing a triple crisis occasioned by the Covid-19 pandemic: a health emergency, a massive fall in government revenues triggered by oil and commodity price falls, and an economic crisis caused by a huge reduction in global demand. This lecture explores the continued salience of governance and transparency work in the extractives sector during a period of acute global crisis, amid growing constraints on government budgets and capacity, and increasing limitations on civic space and advocacy.
This Sussex Development Lecture addresses this set of issues to place the EITI in a broader perspective as a leading global transparency and accountability initiative.
This lecture is part of the Sussex Development Lecture series: Global development challenges: towards a politics of hope.
Speaker
Mark Robinson, Executive Director of the Extractives Industries Transparency Initiative, EITI
The SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) potentially offer an inclusive, integrated approach to development, centred on social justice, for all of humanity. But how are they being implemented in practice? Too often a piece-meal, sectoral approach is adopted, rooted in modernist assumptions of linear transition and control.
Ian Scoones, IDS researcher and co-director of the STEPS Centre
The project of development is very much implicated in the production of climate change, as well as how it has been managed to date. But can the development sector also help to bring about the sorts of transformations now required to prevent climate chaos?
This lecture looks at the intertwined histories of development and climate change and argues that only a very different approach to development can help to address the climate crisis we currently face.
This lecture is part of the Sussex Development Lecture series: Achieving the SDGs: Synergies and Tensions.
Speaker: Peter Newell, Professor of International Relations, University of Sussex
Speaker: Peter Newell, Professor of International Relations, University of Sussex
The project of development is very much implicated in the production of climate change, as well as how it has been managed to date. But can the development sector also help to bring about the sorts of transformations now required to prevent climate chaos?
This lecture looks at the intertwined histories of development and climate change and argues that only a very different approach to development can help to address the climate crisis we currently face.
This lecture is part of the Sussex Development Lecture series: Achieving the SDGs: Synergies and Tensions.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. John Gaventa
World Bank Institute Seminar
November 22, 2010
So what difference does it
make?
Assessing the impact of
participation, transparency
and accountability
2. Taking a Citizen – Led Approach:
10 Years of DFID – funded research on
Citizenship, Participation and
Accountability (www.drc-citizenship.org).
First phase, much attention was on dynamics of
state-society relationship
Second phase, more on how citizens mobilise and
empower themselves, often outside of the state
In this presentation draw from this work, but also
highlight two recent projects and their
implications for voice and accountability
– Mapping outcomes of citizen engagement
– The impact of transparency and accountability
3. Active citizens build effective states
- not (only) the other way around
• Much has been learned about citizens view the state,
and about the state-society relationship
• Citizens can help to build democratic institutions,
legitimacy, responsiveness, capability, accountability
• ‘societal opportunities’ create possibilities of political
reform
• But we need more focus on the society side:
• how to ‘build’ active, empowered citizens
• how active citizens mobilise to change
development policies, build responsive states, and
do things for themselves
4. What difference does citizen engagement
make? The plea for evidence
The idea that good governance cannot be achieved without
the active involvement of citizens and civil society
actors has gained growing consensus in recent years.
Many donors and NGOs now support "participatory
governance", "social accountability" or "demand for
good governance" programmes aimed at promoting the
active involvement of citizens/CSOs in public decision-
making and holding government accountable [...] I'm
currently involved in a research project to gather
evidence of the results and/or impact of such
initiatives.
E-mail to author from World Bank consultant, 2009
.
‘Our number one challenge is to demonstrate what
difference citizen engagement makes.’
- Representative of large donor agency 2008.
5. What difference does citizen engagement
make?
Results from a meta-synthesis of 100 case studies in
20 countries
Drawing from widely accepted
approaches of systematic review,
qualitative case study analysis and
synthesis
Coding of 800 ‘outcomes’
Evidence points to largely positive
contributions
With risks of negative outcomes
6. Distribution of positive and negative outcomes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Construction of
citizenship
Practices of citizen
participation
Responsive and
accountable states
Inclusive and
cohesive societies
Total
Percentage
Positive
Negative
7. Positive Negative
Increased civic and
political knowledge
Greater sense of
empowerment and
agency
Increased knowledge
dependencies
Disempowerment and
reduced sense of
agency
Outcome 1
Better Citizens
8. Outcome 2
More Effective Participation
Positive Negative
Increased capacities for
collective action
New forms of participation
Deepening of networks and
solidarities
New capacities used for
‘negative’ purposes
Tokenistic or ‘captured’
forms of participation
Lack of accountability
and representation in
networks
9. Positive Negative
Greater access to state
services and resources
Greater realisation of
rights
Enhanced state
responsiveness and
accountability
Denial of state
services and
resources
Social, economic and
political reprisals
Violent or coercive
state response
Outcome 3
More Responsive and Accountable
States
10. Positive Negative
Inclusion of new actors and
issues in public spaces
Greater cohesion across
social groups
Reinforcement of social
hierarchies and social
exclusion
Increased horizontal
conflict and violence
Outcome 4 More inclusive and
cohesive societies
11. Types of outcomes and types of engagement
Citizens engage in multiple ways
– Local associations
– Social movements and campaigns
– Formal governance spaces
– Multiple forms of engagement
Local associations and movements are particularly
important for positive outcomes
Multiple forms of engagement are particularly
important for realising responsive and accountable
states
Beyond Putnam – not just the density but the nature
of the quality and quantity of the association that
counts
12. Distribution of positive and negative
outcomes across type of citizen engagement
Outcomes sorted by type of citizen engagement
(n=828)
Outcome
type
Local
associations
(n=324)
Social
movements
and
campaigns
(n=233)
Formal
participatory
governance
spaces
(n=153)
Multiple
(n=118)
Positive 90% 71% 55% 68%
Negative 10% 29% 45% 32%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
13. Types of citizen engagement
(n=100)
Positive outcomes
sorted by outcome
categories
Local
association
s
(n=29)
Social
movements
and
campaigns
(n=29)
Formal
participator
y
governance
spaces
(n=19)
Multiple
(n=23)
Construction of
citizenship
36% 35% 33% 29%
Practices of citizen
participation
26% 24% 30% 22%
Responsive and
accountable states
29% 33% 25% 44%
Inclusive and
cohesive societies
9% 8% 12% 5%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
Distribution of positive outcomes across types of citizen engagement
14. The relationships of outcomes to context
Grouping of countries across regime (Polity
IV, Freedom House, Economist Intelligence
Unit|)
Positive outcomes are not linearly
associated with level of democratisation –
highest proportion of positive outcomes
are found in most and least democratic
countries
Associations are particularly strong for
least democratic settings
15. Distribution of positive and negative outcomes across country types
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Total
Percentage
Positive
Negative
16. Types of citizen
engagement
Positive Outcomes in Tier Three countries
(n=273)
Construction
of citizenship
(n=96)
Practices
of citizen
participatio
n
(n=66)
Responsiv
e and
accountabl
e states
(n=83)
Inclusive
and
cohesive
societies
(n=28)
Local
associations 89% 92% 83% 78%
Social
movements and
campaigns 0% 2% 2% 0%
Formal
participatory
governance
spaces 6% 0% 4% 11%
Multiple 5% 6% 11% 11%
17. Implications
1. Citizen engagement makes a difference,
but not always. We need to understand
more the factors that lead to positive vs
negative change
2. These gains do not emerge automatically:
pay more attention must be paid to
building citizenship e.g. of empowerment,
as a component of other action
3. Only through empowered citizens will
accountability relationships likely occur.
18. Key Findings
4. Citizen engagement makes a difference
across regimes, not just in more
democratic settings.
5. The role of associations in fragile
settings is particularly important for
building cultures of citizenship
6. Citizen engagement is often met by
reprisals: it is critical to protect the
democratic space for engagement if
developmental outcomes are to be
achieved.
19. Part II: What is the impact of
citizen-led accountability
initiatives?
Over a decade of rapid growth and
spread of transparency and accountability
work in development and aid circles and
development academia
Apparent promise of T&A as the cures
for many ‘evils’
As yet, little clarity about what is being
achieved, what works, how it works, and
how best to fulfil that promise…
20. ... Particular focus:
Citizen-led, demand-side and ‘social
accountability’ activities and their connection to
state actors, institutions and processes
Connections between T, A and participation
Methodological challenges of impact
assessment in the T&A field
‘effectiveness’ Vs ‘impact’
Service delivery, budget processes, FoI, natural
resource governance, aid
21. ... Particular focus:
Citizen-led, demand-side and ‘social
accountability’ activities and their connection to
state actors, institutions and processes
Connections between T, A and participation
Methodological challenges of impact
assessment in the T&A field
‘effectiveness’ Vs ‘impact’
Service delivery, budget processes, FoI, natural
resource governance, aid
22. Some evidence of impact, but highly uneven….
The positive story - in some conditions TAIs
demonstrably contribute to:
– Greater state responsiveness
– Lower corruption
– Building spaces for engagement and empowering
local voices
– Better budget utilization and delivery of services
But not always:
– Evidence is uneven and scattered
– Initiatives are new and impacts unknown
– Much focus on effectiveness rather than impact
– Positive evidence in one case not corroborated by
studies in another
How do we enhance demonstrable impact?
23. Challenge 1:
Aims, claims, assumptions and expectations
(or, against what are we assessing impact and
effectiveness?)
Aims vary: Developmental outcomes, democratic
outcomes, voice empowerment outcomes
Assumptions vary: eg on links between T, A and
participation; about ‘citizens’; hierarchies of objectives;
how explicit/implicit; etc
The need for sharper theories of change
24. Challenge 2:
Methodological issues: How do we know what
we know?
We found some:
Quantitative surveys
Analysis of aggregated
survey data, multivariate
analysis
Experimental approaches
(RCTs)
Qualitative case studies and
case study analysis
Stakeholder interviews
Indices and rankings
We found a lack of:
Comparative studies
Ex-post long-term
evaluations
Appropriate use of
baselines
Rigorous participatory
approaches
Complexity-aware
approaches eg Most
Significant Change;
Outcome Mapping;
narrative-based
Methodological mixes
25. Methodological issues (cont.)
Limited evidence, few comparators, difficulty of
valid counterfactuals
Untested assumptions and poorly articulated
theories of change: blurry goalposts
Correlation Vs causality; attribution Vs
contribution
Indicators – what we want to measure Vs what
we can realistically measure
Whose perspectives, which impacts count?
Upward or downward accountability in the
impact assessment process itself
Complexity, contingency, uncontrollability
26. Challenge 3: Factors that make a difference
Little evidence that supports generalisations of
the kind ‘initiative x produces outcome y’....
A more useful question to ask:
Which factors (enabling and disabling) shape the
possibility that TAIs will achieve their stated
goals in a particular context?
27. Challenge 3 (cont.): Factors
State (supply side)
Level of democratisation
Level of political will
Broader enabling legal
frameworks, incentives
and sanctions
Citizen voice (demand side)
Capabilities of citizens
and civil society
Interaction of TAIs with
other mobilisation and
collective action
Embeddedness of TAIs in
broader policy processes
Linking Mechanisms
28. Challenge 3 (cont.): Factors
Thinking beyond the dichotomies (state-society;
voice–response; supply-demand)
New thinking in governance would urge us to pay more
attention to:
Multiple actors, accountability coalitions, networked
approaches to governance
Changing norms and cultures of accountability in state,
private sector and civil society simultaneously
Looking across levels and scales: Linking the local,
national, regional, international
Bringing politics back in:
– Power
– The black box of political will and political economy
– Links to parties, elections and political regimes
29. Key Lessons
The evidence base (+/-) is weak - but that doesn’t mean
that TAIs are not significant. The challenge is to deepen
the evidence and the methods for developing it.
On the state of the evidence:
• Develop new approaches to assessment, with complexity
perspective, that combine methods and approaches
• Explore further user-centred and participatory approaches
• Support comparative in-depth work across contexts and
TAIs, multi-case and other synthetic analysis
• Strengthen capacities of researchers and practitioners to
develop and build on innovative approaches
• Build into new TAIs ToCs, baselines, comparators, etc
30. Key lessons (cont.)
On factors for greater impact:
• Deepen understandings of synergies between T, A,
participation and voice
• Move beyond dichotomies to build new knowledge on
cross-cutting accountability coalitions
• Apply to T&A field the cutting-edge thinking on
governance, especially networked governance;
interaction of global – national – local; and private
sector
• Explore whether initiatives can travel across context,
method and issue
31. For links to these studies
www. drc-citizenship.org
www.ids.ac.uk
• Gaventa and Barrett, ‘ So what difference does it
make? Mapping the outcomes of Citizen
Engagement, ’ IDS Working paper 247
• Review of Impact and Effectiveness of
Transparency and Accountability Initiatives,
Rosemary McGee & John Gaventa with
contributions from Greg Barrett, Richard
Calland, Ruth Carlitz, Anuradha Joshi and
Andrés Mejía Acosta, IDS, October 2010