Presentation by Kenichiro Tachi at the OECD Workshop on Improving the Evidence Base on the Costs of Disasters (21 November 2014). Find more information at http://www.oecd.org/governance/risk/workshoponimprovingtheevidencebaseonthecostsofdisasters.htm.

1. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
21 November 2014
Kenichiro Tachi
Director for International Coordination of River Engineering
Water and Disaster Management Bureau,
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT)
Disaster risk expenditure in Japan

2. 1. How do we collect and accumulate expenditure data for Disaster
Risk Management (DRM)?
• Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act
• White Paper on Disaster Management
• DRM Related Budget
2. Challenges in collecting data on DRM-related expenditures every
year
• Unsubstantial changes in DRM-related expenditures structure
• Difficulties in extraction of DRM-related expenditures
1
Contents

3. 1.How do we collect and accumulate
expenditure data for DRM?
2

4. 3
1.How do we collect and accumulate expenditure data for DRM?
Isewan Typhoon (Super Typhoon Vera) September 1959
The Isewan Typhoon disaster claimed 5,098 fatalities and missing and 38,921
injured.
JMA, 1961
894hPa min.
Nagoya Bay
Nagoya City
Handa City Destroyed houses

5. Responsibility of the National Government, Prefectures, and Municipalities (Articles 3-5): To
Protect the land, and lives, health, and assets of citizens (of the districts) from disaster.
Responsibility of the Residents (Article 7): To contribute disaster mitigation and preparedness by
protecting themselves, joining voluntary activities against disasters, and so on.
Objectives (Article 1):To protect the national land, and the lives, health , and assets of the
citizens from disaster, and clarifies the parties responsible for the same. (…) contributing to the
development and promotion of comprehensive and systematic disaster countermeasures
administration to maintain social order and ensure public welfare.
Objectives and Responsibility
Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act (Enacted in 1961)
-Fundamental Act for Government’s Disaster Countermeasures
-Triggered by Isewan-Typhoon in 1959 (5,098 casualties)
1.How do we collect and accumulate expenditure data for DRM?
4

6. 5
It is specified in Disaster Countermeasure Basic Act of Japan that
the government shall submit White Paper on Disaster
Management to the National Diet every year. It was first published
in 1963 and has been updated 52 times since then.
White Paper on Disaster Management
＜Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act of Japan＞
Article 9, section 2: In compliance with related
government ordinances, every fiscal year the
government must submit to the National Diet the report
on Disaster Management Plan as well as the overview
of countermeasures implemented for Disaster
Management.
1.How do we collect and accumulate expenditure data for DRM?

7. 6
Feature ： Enhancement of regional resilience through mutual aids
Chapter 1 Introduction ～ Concerns about the occurrence of an earthquake with epicenter directly below Tokyo and
Nankai Trough Quake～
Chapter 2: “Limits of public aids” and the importance of so-called “Soft Power”, self assistance and mutual aids
Chapter 3: 2013 Disaster Countermeasure Basic Act (revised) and Community Disaster Management Plan
Chapter 4: Examples of advanced approaches in communities
Chapter 5: Summary and Way Forward
Main Body:
Part 1 : Overview of Disasters and Countermeasures
Chapter 1: Overview of Disaster Countermeasures of Japan
Chapter 2: Effort for achievement of disaster recovery and rehabilitation following Great East Japan Earthquake
Chapter 3: Major disasters since 2013
Part 2 : Overview of disaster countermeasures for fiscal year 2012
Chapter 1: Enactment of Registration
Chapter 2: Science Technology Research
Chapter 3: Risk Prevention and Mitigation
Chapter 4: Disaster Management
Chapter 5: Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Chapter 6: International Cooperation for Disaster Reduction
Part 3: Disaster Management Plan for fiscal 2014
Chapter 1: Science Technology Research
Chapter 2: Risk Prevention and Mitigation
Chapter 3: Disaster Management
Chapter 4: Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Chapter 5: International Cooperation for Disaster Reduction
Structure of White Paper on Disaster Management
1.How do we collect and accumulate expenditure data for DRM?
DRM Expenditure
DRM budget

8. 7
Items surveyed and publicized in the White Paper
1.How do we collect and accumulate expenditure data for DRM?
Scientific Technology Research
・Earthquake ・Prediction of volcanic eruption
・Disaster occurrence mechanism and prevention of disaster occurrence
Disaster Prevention and Preparedness
・Reinforcement of facilities for disaster prevention, ・Construction of earthquake disaster
prevention system, ・Seismic reinforcement of various facilities and equipment, ・ Surveys
for development of Disaster Management Plans, ・Comprehensive emergency drill
National Land Conservation (mainly structural protections)
・Projects for rivers ・Sabo projects ・Projects for coasts
・Projects for prevention of landslide ・Projects for prevention of land subsidence
・Sewage project
Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation
・Emergency repair works ・Disaster recovery projects ・Financial aids
・Disaster rehabilitation projects
•Actual expenditure on measures for DRM implemented two fiscal year ahead of
the publication
•Budget on DRM measures to be implemented in the fiscal year of the publication
•Expenditure are categorirzed as below;

9. 8
・Approximately 4.5 trillion yen（average annual budget From 1995 to 2004）
・Approximately 5% of the total amount of the budget for general accounts
DRM-related Budget
1.How do we collect and accumulate expenditure data for DRM?
Change in DRM-related Budget of Japan
Share in general accounts
DRR Budget

10. 9
DRM-related Budget
1.How do we collect and accumulate expenditure data for DRM?
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Disaster Recovery and
Rehabilitation
National Land
Conservation
Disaster Prevention and
Prepardness
Scientific Technology
Reaearch
Change in DRM-related Budget by Field
•Ex-ante Disaster Management Investments shares a higher proportion.
(About 80%)
•At present, the percentage of disaster recovery expenditures is very high following the
Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami.

11. 2.Challenges in collecting data on
DRM-related expenditures every
year
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12. 11
2.Challenges in collecting data on DRM-related expenditures every year
Changes in budgetary structure lead to discontinuity to monitor on
expenditure trend.
In fiscal year 2010, DRM-related grants for DRR were converged with newly-
established “grants for comprehensive social infrastructure development” and
Tracking DRM-related grants became difficult. For this reason, the budget for DRM
for fiscal year 2011 appears to be decreased.
DRM-related budget The gap between 2010
and 2011 is due to the
changes in budgetary
structure.

13. Difficulties in extraction of DRM-related expenditures
•It is difficult to extract DRM-related expenditures from varieties of projects, which include
certain aspects of DRM.
•For instance, how should we extract DRM-related expenditures from East Sendai Express?
way?
2.Challenges in collecting data on DRM-related expenditures every year↓Sea
↑Cityside
○7 to 10 meters high road embankment stopped tsunami at about 4km inland
○Lots of local residents evacuated to the top of road embankment
（Sendai, the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami）
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14. 13
•The calculation of total DRM-related expenditures is useful to
i) monitor long-term trend in DRM expenditures;
ii) compare with the long-term trend in the disaster damages all
over the country.
It can be beneficial to promote DRM in each country.
•Is there a country demand for comparable data about DRM
expenditures?
2.Challenges in collecting data on DRM-related expenditures every year

15. Thank you for your attention!
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