The document provides details about the history and development of Mumbai (Bombay), India. It discusses how the city began as seven islands gifted to Britain and developed as a major port and trading center under the East India Company. It describes the dense and unplanned living conditions in the city, with 70% of residents living in crowded, multi-story tenement buildings called chawls that lacked basic amenities. It outlines efforts in the late 19th/early 20th century to improve infrastructure and living conditions through land reclamation projects, establishment of the City of Bombay Improvement Trust, and rent control acts. It also notes Mumbai becoming India's film industry center in the early 20th century.

1. MADATSST
&
MUKUND INGLE
PRESENT

2. Mr. Mukund B. Ingle

3.  Group of seven islands under Portuguese
 As King Charles II got married with Portuguese
Princess, it was gifted to British.
 British King gave it to East India Company.

4.  Port centre
 Opium and Cotton trading
 Administrative place
 Textile industries

5.  Average per person area was less and density per house was
20.
 City was not properly planned compare to London
 City was divided into two part
▪ Native Town – most of the Indian people stay there
▪ White Town – all British people stay there
 Rapid and unplanned expansion led to land and water shortage
 Rich people were staying into sprawling and spacious bungalows
 70 percent of the population was staying in thickly populated
‘Chawls’

6. ▪ Chawls were multi-storied structures having one
room and no toilet
▪ Owned by private landlords, money lenders,
merchants, bankers and building contractors
▪ Windows to be closed due to humidity, gutters and
cattle stables
▪ High rents forced people to live more ion one rooms
▪ Water was scare and people could be seen fighting
with each other

7. ▪ As rooms were too small, streets and open area were
used for various purposes like ‘akharas’, and various
leisure activities
▪ It was also the place of sharing news about jobs, politics,
riots or demonstrations
▪ ‘Jobber’ had very vital position in the chawls as he was
solving the disputes, organized food supply and provided
credit to the people
▪ Lower caste people found difficulties in gaining houses in
the Chawls

8.  Fear of plague forced Mumbai administration to town
planning.
 The City of Bombay Improvement Trust was
established in 1898
 It focused more on cleaning poor houses
 Rent Act was passed in 1918 to control the prices of
rent but that created houses crises as landlords
withdrew houses from the market

9. ▪ Sea wall –
▪ This project started by the governor of Bombay Mr. William
Hornby to protect low laying area from flood during high tides
▪ Leveling of Hills –
▪ Many private and government companies claimed the land
by this process
▪ Pushing sea water inside –
▪ Sea was pushed inside by pouring rocks and other material
in it. Marine drive is one of the example of this land
reclamation program

10. ▪ Bombay is called ‘Mayapuri’ due to cinema industry
▪ First scene of wrestling match was shoot by
Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar
▪ First movie “ Raja Harishchandra” was made by Dada
Saheb Phalke in 1913
▪ By 1925, Bombay became the film capital of the country
▪ Many people from different corners of the country started
migrating to Bombay to make their career in cinema
▪ So, many movies were made on the life of migrants

11.  ENGLAND –
 The widespread use of coal in homes and industries in
nineteenth century England raised serious problems.
 People used to joked that skies are grey and vegetables are
black.
 Shopkeepers and others used to complain about the black fog.
 People wanted that through legislation air should be cleaned.
 I didn’t work as factory owners were not interested to change
their old machines.
 Still some managed with small adjustments.
 Smoke Amendment Acts of 1847 and 1853 did not work.

12.  CULCUTTA –
 The city built on marshy land, resulting fog combined with smoke to
generate thick black smog
 The main pollutants were the industries and railways
 The coal brought from Raniganj had high content level of ash, created
more pollution
 In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygunge began to burn rice husk instead of
coal.
 Calcutta became the first city to get first smoke nuisance legislation
 The inspectors of the Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission finally
managed to control industrial smoke. Controlling domestic smoke,
however, was far more difficult.

13.  PARIS
 In 1852, Louis Napoleon III gave order for the massive rebuilding of Paris
 The chief architect of the new Paris was Baron Haussmann, the Prefect of the Seine.
 The poor were evicted from the centre of Paris to reduce the possibility of political
rebellion and to beautify the city.
 For 17 years after 1852, Haussmann rebuilt Paris. Straight, broad avenues or
boulevards and open spaces were designed, and full-grown trees transplanted.
 Public works on this scale employed a large number of people
 Some of the wealthier inhabitants of Paris thought that the city had been monstrously
transformed.
 The outcry against Haussmann’s Paris soon got converted into civic pride as the new
capital became the toast of all Europe.
 Paris became the hub of many new architectural, social and intellectual developments

14.  SINGAPORE
 Until 1965, Singapore, though an important port, shared all the problems of other
Asian cities.
 All this changed after the city became an independent nation in 1965 under the
leadership of Lee Kuan Yew, President of the People’s Action Party.
 A massive housing and development program was undertaken and it completely
altered the face of the island nation.
 The government itself won popular support by providing nearly 85 per cent of the
population with ownership housing of good quality.
 The tall housing blocks, which were well ventilated and serviced, were examples
of good physical planning.
 Migration into the city was strictly controlled.
 Social relations between the three major groups of people (the Chinese, the
Malays and the Indians) were also monitored to prevent racial conflict.