The document summarizes the history of Vietnam in the 20th century. It discusses (1) how Vietnam was impacted by the Great Depression, leading to the formation of the Vietnamese Communist Party in 1930. (2) It then covers Japan's occupation of Vietnam in 1940 and the establishment of the Viet Minh resistance group. (3) After World War 2, Vietnam was divided following the Geneva Accords, with the North supported by China and the South receiving aid from the United States. This led to prolonged war between North and South Vietnam backed by their allies.
This presentation is based on Nationalism in Indochina. Fighting between French forces and their Viet Minh opponents in the South dated from September 1945. The conflict pitted a range of forces, including the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps, led by France and supported by Emperor Bảo Đại's Vietnamese National Army against the Viet Minh, led by Ho Chi Minh and its People's Army of Vietnam led by Vo Nguyen Giap. Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in Northern Vietnam, although the conflict engulfed the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia.
For any doubt anything
please contact me through my FB Id
"Kishan Chauhan"
This presentation is based on Nationalism in Indochina. Fighting between French forces and their Viet Minh opponents in the South dated from September 1945. The conflict pitted a range of forces, including the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps, led by France and supported by Emperor Bảo Đại's Vietnamese National Army against the Viet Minh, led by Ho Chi Minh and its People's Army of Vietnam led by Vo Nguyen Giap. Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in Northern Vietnam, although the conflict engulfed the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia.
For any doubt anything
please contact me through my FB Id
"Kishan Chauhan"
A brief history about Vietnam, Vietnam War and about Ho Chi Min. present econ...Swaraj Mishra
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A brief history about Vietnam, Vietnam War and about Ho Chi Min. present econ...Swaraj Mishra
This PPT show about the Vietnam history including the timeline from its time of origin to the after independence and also the 21st century. It includes the culture and demographics of Vietnam. Here you can find also the world war 2 situations in Vietnam, civil war and about their great leader Ho Chi Min. The economy of Vietnam compare to India. Vietnam political leaders and their government structure. The PPT includes the geographical significance of Vietnam and recent events.
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The Cold War and DecolonizationCuba and the United State.docxcherry686017
The Cold War and Decolonization
Cuba and the United States
Cuba was ceded to the USA in 1901 at the conclusion of the Spanish-American war.
The US made Cuba an independent state, but retained the “right of intervention” in order to insure a pro-American government.
The ensuing political instability led to years of corruption and questionable elections.
The United States continued to dominate Cuban politics and US companies control the majority of Cuba’s resources (sugar).
Cuba and the Cold War
Political instability and corruption led to a Communist insurgency in the 1950s led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara.
Castro succeeded in ousting the government of Fulgencio Batista in 1959.
Castro initially looked to the United States for support, but his policies of seizing the property of American companies angered the Eisenhower administration.
The Cuban Missile Crisis: Cold War meets Decolonization
US unhappiness with Cuba turned to hostility in 1961, when the CIA sponsored the “Bay of Pigs” invasion.
Castro immediately turned to the USSR for assistance.
The USSR, under Khrushchev, offered assistance in return for military cooperation.
Castro agreed, and the Soviets placed
medium range nuclear weapons in
Cuba, 90 miles from the USA.
The USA responded with a 13-day
naval blockade and the threat of
general war. Khrushchev agreed
to remove the missiles.
Decolonization in India
Gandhi
The basis of Gandhi’s efforts were non-violence and non-cooperation.
Swadeshi
The “Quit India” movement was started in 1939 because Gandhi believed India could not support a war to defend democracy when India was denied democratic self-rule.
In 1947, his movement forced Britain to accept Indian independence.
Nehru, Gandhi’s partner in the independence movement, worked hard to keep India unaligned with either the USA or the USSR.
The Soviet Union on Western Imperialism
“If it were necessary to give the briefest possible definition of imperialism we should have to say that imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism.”
--Lenin, 1916
The official policy of the USSR was
to aid anti-imperial efforts, primarily
by supporting communist insurgencies
and uprisings, in places like Africa and
Latin America.
Bandung Conference
Nehru of India and Sukarno of Indonesia organized the Bandung conference in 1955 for newly independent former colonies.
The goal of the conference was to offer support to one another, and to avoid having to become involved in the Cold War.
The countries which tried to remain outside the East versus West struggle became popularly known as the “Third World”
French Indochina
Ho Chi Minh was a civil rights worker in French Indochina.
Versailles Conference, 1919
Communism, 1920s.
Viet Minh, his resistance movement against Japan, 1941-1945
Provisional government and declaration of independence, 1945
He immediately turned to the United States for aid and recognition, citing his cooperation in fighting the Japanese.
Why ...
An overview on the American presence in the Vietnam war with an emphasis on failed strategy in fighting the war, particularly the so-called "war of attrition."
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
3. People attracted towards Communist ideology
▪ The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound impact on
Vietnam. The prices of rubber and rice fell, leading to rising rural
debts, unemployment and rural uprisings, such as in the
provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh.
▪ These provinces were among the poorest, had an old radical
tradition, and have been called the ‘electrical fuses’ of Vietnam –
when the system was under pressure they were the first to blow.
▪ In February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing
nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist
(Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, later renamed the Indo-Chinese
Communist Party.
4. Challenges Faced by Newly Formed Republic
▪ In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam, as part of its imperial
drive to control Southeast Asia. So nationalists now had
to fight against the Japanese as well as the French.
▪ The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Nam
Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the
Vietminh, fought the Japanese occupation and
recaptured Hanoi in September 1945.
▪ The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed and Ho
Chi Minh became Chairman
5. Challenges Faced by Newly Formed Republic
▪ The French tried to regain control by using the emperor, Bao Dai, as
their puppet. Faced with the French offensive, theVietminh were
forced to retreat to the hills.After eight years of fighting, the French
were defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.
▪ In the peace negotiations in Geneva that followed the French defeat,
theVietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country.
North and south were split.
▪ With the help of the Ho Chi Minh government in the north, the NLF
fought for the unification of the country.The US watched this alliance
with fear.Worried about communists gaining power, it decided to
intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms and wagged the war
withVietnam.
6. Problems Faced by South Vietnam
▪ This division set in motion a series of events that turned
Vietnam into a battlefield bringing death and destruction
to its people as well as the environment.
▪ The Bao Dai regime was soon overthrown by a coup led
by Ngo Dinh Diem.
▪ Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and
was jailed and killed. Diem retained Ordinance 10, a
French law that permitted Christianity but outlawed
Buddhism.
7. ▪ Worried about communists gaining power, US decided to
intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms.
▪ US entry into the war marked a new phase that proved
costly to the Vietnamese as well as to the Americans.
From 1965 to 1972, over 3,403,100 US services
personnel served in Vietnam (7,484 were women).
▪ Despite of having good technology and medical facilities,
casualties were high for US also.
8. ▪ Thousands of US troops arrived equipped with heavy weapons and
tanks and backed by the most powerful bombers of the time – B52s.
Even they used Chemical bombs on large numbers to destroy forest
and to kill people.
▪ The effect of the war was felt within the US as well. Many were critical
of the government for getting involved in a war that they saw as
indefensible. When the youth were drafted for the war, the anger
spread.
▪ The US media and films played a major role in both supporting as
well as criticising the war. Hollywood made films in support of the war,
such as John Wayne’s Green Berets (1968). Other films were more
critical as they tried to understand the reasons for this war. Francis
Ford Coppola’s Apocalypse Now (1979) reflected the moral confusion
that the war had caused in the US.
9. ▪ It symbolises how theVietnamese used their limited resources to great
advantage.
▪ The trail, an immense network of footpaths and roads, was used to
transport men and materials from the north to the south.
▪ The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. In some parts
supplies were transported in trucks, but mostly they were carried by
porters, who were mainly women.These porters carried about 25 kilos
on their backs, or about 70 kilos on their bicycles.
▪ Most of the trail was outsideVietnam in neighbouring Laos and
Cambodia with branch lines extending into SouthVietnam.
▪ The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts
to destroy this important supply line by intensive bombing failed
because they were rebuilt very quickly.
10. Women As Rebels
▪ Women in Vietnam traditionally enjoyed greater equality than
in China, particularly among the lower classes, but they had
only limited freedom to determine their future and played no
role in public life.
▪ As the nationalist movement grew, the status of women came
to be questioned and a new image of womanhood emerged.
Writers and political thinkers began idealising women who
rebelled against social norms.
▪ In the 1930s, a famous novel by Nhat Linh caused a scandal
because it portrayed women as rebellion and that brought the
new women in Vietnam society.
11. ▪ Trung Sisters
▪ In 1913, the nationalist Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based
on the lives of the Trung sisters who had fought against
Chinese domination in 39-43 CE.
▪ In this play he depicted these sisters as patriots fighting to
save the Vietnamese nation from the Chinese.
▪ They gathered a force of over 30,000, resisted the Chinese
for two years, and when ultimately defeated, they committed
suicide, instead of surrendering to the enemy.
12. ▪ Trieu Au
▪ One of the most venerated was Trieu Au who lived
in the third century CE. Orphaned in childhood,
she lived with her brother.
▪ On growing up she left home, went into the
jungles, organised a large army and resisted
Chinese rule.
▪ Finally, when her army was crushed, she drowned
herself.
13. ▪ Women were represented not only as warriors but also as workers:
they were shown with a rifle in one hand and a hammer in the other.
▪ As casualties in the war increased in the 1960s, women were urged
to join the struggle in larger numbers.
▪ Many women responded and joined the resistance movement. They
helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and
tunnels and fighting the enemy.
▪ They built six airstrips, neutralised tens of thousands of bombs,
transported tens of thousands of kilograms of cargo, weapons and
food and shot down fifteen planes.
▪ Between 1965 and 1975, of the 17,000 youth who worked on the trail,
70 to 80 per cent were women. One military historian argues that
there were 1.5 million women in the regular army, the militia, the local
forces and professional teams.
14. The prolongation of the war created strong reactions even within
the US. It was clear that the US had failed to achieve its objectives:
theVietnamese resistance had not been crushed; the support of
theVietnamese people for US action had not been won.
In the meantime, thousands of young US soldiers had lost their
lives, and countlessVietnamese civilians had been killed.
The widespread questioning of government policy strengthened
moves to negotiate an end to the war. A peace settlement was
signed in Paris in January 1974.This ended conflict with the US.
The NLF occupied the presidential palace in Saigon on 30 April
1975 and unifiedVietnam.