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3.  London- A large city with huge population. Its population
multiplied four folds in the 70 years i.e., 1810 – 1880
from 1 million to four million.
 It attracted many people from country side.

4. MAJOR EMPLOYMENT
 LONDON DOCKYARD
 CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR
 WOOD AND FURNITURE
 METAL AND ENGENEERING
 SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, OBJECTS OF
PRECIOUS METALS

5. IMPACT OF URBANISATION
ON LONDON
 As London grew crime flourished, 20,000 criminals in
1870’s.
 People from poor background turned to Criminals.
 To preserve the discipline amongst the population,
authorities imposed and offered jobs to deserving poor.
 Factories employed women,
 Industrialisation created unemployment and forced them
to do match-box making...

6.  Housing, became cheap and unsafe. Daily wages were
allowed to stay in apartments and multi storey buildings
which were unsafe & unhygienic.
 Bad living conditions resulted in early deaths-life
expectancy to 29yrs to 55yrs for middle class and rich
class respectively.

7.  Attempts were made to decongest localities.
 To have more “green open spaces” less polluted-large
blocks of apartments were built.
 Between 2WW (1919-1939) housing was taken care by
the British state

8.  An architect and planner Ebenezer Howard, later
Raymond Un Win and Barry Parker designed the Garden
city of New Years wick.
 The garden city is a pleasant place of full of plants and
trees, where people would both live and work.
 There would be common gardens, spaces and beautiful
places.

9.  The underground railway partially solved housing crisis
by carrying large masses of people to and from London.
 Thus underground railway besides providing means of
transport to thousands of people also solved the housing
problem to some extent.

10. WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
 Men and women did not have equal access to urban lives.
 Male-public space, women – domestic sphere.
 Women joined movements; demanded right to vote or
right to property to married women ( 1870 ).
 The family now consisted of smaller units.

11.  In 1886, the London poor exploded in a riot demanding
relief from poverty.
 In 1887, similar riot, which was brutally suppressed by the
police Bloody Sunday of Nov 1887.
 A large city population was both threat and opportunity.

13.  The pace of urbanization was slow in colonial INDIA –
11% lived in cities, especially in three Presidency states:
1] BOMBAY
2] MADRAS &
3] CALCUTTA
 These were multifunctional cities. There were major
ports, warehouses, homes and offices, army, educational
institutions, museums and libraries.

14. BOMBAY
 In the 17th century, Bombay was a group of seven islands
under Portuguese control.
 In 1661 it was passed to British after the marriage of
Britain’s King CHARLES II to the Portuguese princess as
dowry.
 At first, Bombay was major outlet for cotton textiles from
Gujarat later large quantities of raw material as cotton and
opium would pass.

15. WORK IN BOMBAY
 Bombay became a capital of Bombay presidency in 1819.
 Growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities
of traders, bankers, artisans and shopkeepers came to
settle.
 The first cotton mill established in 1854 led to loot of
people migrating to Bombay.
 Women formed a part of mill workforce, but by 1930s
women’s jobs were taken away by machines and men.

16.  Bombay was an overcrowded city- 9.4 sq yards per person
in 1840s as compared to 155sp yards in London.
 London had 8 persons per house as compared to 20 in
Bombay.
 The Bombay fort area in 1800s was divided into native
towns where Indians lived and there was a European or
while section.

18. LAND RECLAIMATION IN
BOMBAY
 The seven islands of Bombay were joined as one over a
period of time.
 The Bombay Governor William Hornby approved the
building of the great wall to prevent the flooding of low
lying areas of Bombay.
 In 1864, the back Bay reclamation company reclaim the
western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end
the Colaba.
 In 1918 “Rent Act” was created to keep reasonable rents.

19. CINEMAAND CULTURE
 Bombay appears to many as –”Mayapuri”- a city of
dreams
 Many Bombay films deal with the arrival of new migrants
and their problems and real life pressures.
 Harish Chandra S B shot a scene of wrestling match in
Bombay’s hanging gardens and it became India’s first
movie.
 In 1913- the film “Raja Harishchandra” was directed by
Dadasaheb Phalke, which became India’s first full length
feature film.

20. CITIES AND CHALLENGES
 Harms to natural features due to more demanding space
by factories, housing and other institutions.
 More use of coal in homes and industries lead to black
smoke, which further caused harmful pollution and other
hazards.
 Factory owners and steam engine owners did not want to
spend on technologies to improve their machines which
produced a lot of smoke and harmful chemicals.