Women in Ancient and Medieval Europe Lecture 1 - Osher Lifelong Learning at UNMUNM Continuing Education
Traditionally, classes and textbooks on Western history have had little to say about the lives of women in Western civilization. This lack of attention was largely due to the fact that women were officially excluded from politics and the military in such formative civilizations as Classical Greece and Rome, as well as being excluded from official positions within the early Christian Church. In fact, when women did draw the attention of historians in the Classical and Medieval eras, it was usually because these women were transgressing accepted norms in these male-dominated, hierarchical societies. However, as we now know, women contributed to these early societies in very important ways, not just as wives and mothers but, occasionally, as political leaders and even military figures. In this class, we’ll examine the political, social, and cultural forces that shaped women’s lives, and we’ll examine the lives of a few of the remarkable women who challenged these forces, both successfully and unsuccessfully.
This document summarizes information about Athena and Poseidon from Classical Greek mythology. It discusses Athena's association with wisdom, war, intelligence and practical skills. She favors and aids heroes and soldiers. Poseidon rules the sea and is associated with horses and earthquakes. The document also examines their competition to rule Athens and how each god is depicted in Athenian worship. It analyzes interpretations of Greek myths from Freud, Jung and Levi-Strauss and compares Athena to the Egyptian goddess Neith. Finally, it discusses how Athena became an allegory for political concepts like liberty and how she inspired figures like Marianne and the Statue of Liberty.
This document provides an overview of ancient Greek creation stories as told in Hesiod's Theogony. It discusses Hesiod's account of the origins of the gods and the world, including tales of Prometheus and Pandora. The document also places Hesiod's stories in historical and comparative contexts, examining how Greek myths may have been influenced by Near Eastern myths and how they served social functions. Finally, it notes how modern artists have depicted Titans like Prometheus and Atlas as symbols of rebellion and human progress.
This document provides an overview of the Greek goddess Aphrodite, her origins and associations, including her relationships with other gods. It discusses how she was associated with love, beauty, and sexuality. It also summarizes the myths around her relationships and offspring, particularly with Hephaestus, Ares, and Eros. The document then compares Aphrodite to the Near Eastern goddesses Ishtar and Astarte, noting their shared attributes. Finally, it discusses modern retellings of the myth of Pygmalion in film.
Dionysus was the Greek god of wine, fertility, theater, and religious ecstasy. He was the son of Zeus and the mortal Semele. His myths featured those who suffered or were torn apart during his worship. He was associated with wine, agriculture, fertility, theater, and mystery cults. Rituals in his honor encouraged freedom of expression and questioning of social norms through activities like drinking, dancing, and theater. Modern works have drawn upon Dionysus and his cult to comment on themes of political and sexual liberation.
This document provides an overview of the Greek gods Artemis and Apollo based on classical mythology. It discusses their origins and associations, including Artemis as the eternal virgin associated with nature and young girls, and as the protector of virginity. It describes Apollo as associated with music, poetry, healing, prophecy, and overseeing initiations of boys into adulthood. The document also examines myths and rituals connected to Artemis and Apollo, such as initiation rituals for girls and boys, and compares their worship in Greece and Anatolia. Finally, it discusses contemporary reinterpretations of myths involving Artemis and Apollo.
In first-century Ephesus, Artemis of the Ephesians was an important goddess worshipped in the city. Ephesus was founded by the Amazon queen and located along important harbors. While Artemis was often viewed as a fertility goddess by Christians, scholars note this was partly due to Christian polemics against her. The city of Ephesus in the first centuries was a major site that drew visitors and was home to the important temple of Artemis.
This document discusses Greek heroines and the myth of Medea in three parts. It begins by outlining five traits shared by Greek heroines, including that they performed extraordinary deeds and obtained immortality through song and cult. It then examines Medea's story and role as a heroine, noting her divine ancestry and acts of killing her brother and sons. The document concludes by exploring how Medea has been received and interpreted in different contexts, such as in Roman art and literature and more modern African American works that draw parallels between Medea and the experiences of slaves.
Women in Ancient and Medieval Europe Lecture 1 - Osher Lifelong Learning at UNMUNM Continuing Education
Traditionally, classes and textbooks on Western history have had little to say about the lives of women in Western civilization. This lack of attention was largely due to the fact that women were officially excluded from politics and the military in such formative civilizations as Classical Greece and Rome, as well as being excluded from official positions within the early Christian Church. In fact, when women did draw the attention of historians in the Classical and Medieval eras, it was usually because these women were transgressing accepted norms in these male-dominated, hierarchical societies. However, as we now know, women contributed to these early societies in very important ways, not just as wives and mothers but, occasionally, as political leaders and even military figures. In this class, we’ll examine the political, social, and cultural forces that shaped women’s lives, and we’ll examine the lives of a few of the remarkable women who challenged these forces, both successfully and unsuccessfully.
This document summarizes information about Athena and Poseidon from Classical Greek mythology. It discusses Athena's association with wisdom, war, intelligence and practical skills. She favors and aids heroes and soldiers. Poseidon rules the sea and is associated with horses and earthquakes. The document also examines their competition to rule Athens and how each god is depicted in Athenian worship. It analyzes interpretations of Greek myths from Freud, Jung and Levi-Strauss and compares Athena to the Egyptian goddess Neith. Finally, it discusses how Athena became an allegory for political concepts like liberty and how she inspired figures like Marianne and the Statue of Liberty.
This document provides an overview of ancient Greek creation stories as told in Hesiod's Theogony. It discusses Hesiod's account of the origins of the gods and the world, including tales of Prometheus and Pandora. The document also places Hesiod's stories in historical and comparative contexts, examining how Greek myths may have been influenced by Near Eastern myths and how they served social functions. Finally, it notes how modern artists have depicted Titans like Prometheus and Atlas as symbols of rebellion and human progress.
This document provides an overview of the Greek goddess Aphrodite, her origins and associations, including her relationships with other gods. It discusses how she was associated with love, beauty, and sexuality. It also summarizes the myths around her relationships and offspring, particularly with Hephaestus, Ares, and Eros. The document then compares Aphrodite to the Near Eastern goddesses Ishtar and Astarte, noting their shared attributes. Finally, it discusses modern retellings of the myth of Pygmalion in film.
Dionysus was the Greek god of wine, fertility, theater, and religious ecstasy. He was the son of Zeus and the mortal Semele. His myths featured those who suffered or were torn apart during his worship. He was associated with wine, agriculture, fertility, theater, and mystery cults. Rituals in his honor encouraged freedom of expression and questioning of social norms through activities like drinking, dancing, and theater. Modern works have drawn upon Dionysus and his cult to comment on themes of political and sexual liberation.
This document provides an overview of the Greek gods Artemis and Apollo based on classical mythology. It discusses their origins and associations, including Artemis as the eternal virgin associated with nature and young girls, and as the protector of virginity. It describes Apollo as associated with music, poetry, healing, prophecy, and overseeing initiations of boys into adulthood. The document also examines myths and rituals connected to Artemis and Apollo, such as initiation rituals for girls and boys, and compares their worship in Greece and Anatolia. Finally, it discusses contemporary reinterpretations of myths involving Artemis and Apollo.
In first-century Ephesus, Artemis of the Ephesians was an important goddess worshipped in the city. Ephesus was founded by the Amazon queen and located along important harbors. While Artemis was often viewed as a fertility goddess by Christians, scholars note this was partly due to Christian polemics against her. The city of Ephesus in the first centuries was a major site that drew visitors and was home to the important temple of Artemis.
This document discusses Greek heroines and the myth of Medea in three parts. It begins by outlining five traits shared by Greek heroines, including that they performed extraordinary deeds and obtained immortality through song and cult. It then examines Medea's story and role as a heroine, noting her divine ancestry and acts of killing her brother and sons. The document concludes by exploring how Medea has been received and interpreted in different contexts, such as in Roman art and literature and more modern African American works that draw parallels between Medea and the experiences of slaves.
Minerva Goddess of Wisdom summarizes the origins and attributes of the Greek goddess Athena, known as Minerva to the Romans. According to Greek mythology, Zeus swallowed Athena's mother pregnant with Athena, and Athena later burst from Zeus's forehead, fully grown and armored. As the goddess of wisdom, she did not have a spouse. Athena and Poseidon competed to be the patron god of Athens, with Athena's gift of the olive tree being preferred. Her symbols include the owl and olive branch. Athena aided the Greeks in the Trojan War and was important to both Greek and Roman culture and religion.
Contemporary Paganism Final Project James Jacob Pierriguestc32b0c1
The document discusses the symbolic appropriation of the goddess Isis between ancient pagan religions and modern Italian American Catholic cults of the Virgin Mary. It provides examples of how symbols, rituals, and imagery associated with ancient goddesses like Isis, Demeter, and Diana were adopted and adapted by Roman religion and later by Italian American Catholic traditions, acting as a bridge between paganism of the past and modern religions. Key symbols discussed include the moon, stars, snakes, doves, wheat, and torches.
The Philosophical Demotion of the Sacred Feminine Form in Classical Art Atyeb Atum RE
This presentation is an exploration of how the Greek classical arts and its mythology appropriated the feminine intuitive abilities from the sacred universal Mother Goddess and her daughters, both in the heavens and here on Earth. It charts how the patriarchal system became an institution that still plagues Humanity today with its Male Dominated ideologies adopted from many Greek philosophers and how they viewed women.
The document provides information on Egyptian mythology and gods. It discusses several major Egyptian gods including Osiris, the god of the afterlife; Anubis, the god associated with mummification; and Horus, who served many functions including god of the sky. It also mentions Bastet, the goddess of cats; and provides a creation myth from Hermopolis focused on the Ogdoad group of eight primeval water gods who were involved in the creation of the world from the primeval waters.
The document summarizes various important artworks from ancient cultures around the world, including sculptures like the Lion Man and Woman of Willendorf from prehistoric Europe, the complex stone structures of Stonehenge, and early cave paintings from Pech-Merle Cave in France. It also describes architectural works such as the Ishtar Gate of Babylon, funerary structures like the tomb and funeral mask of King Tut from ancient Egypt, and painted reliefs depicting Egyptian royalty hunting, like the artwork of Ti watching a hippo hunt. The document provides brief contextual information on the significance and stylistic elements of each piece.
The document provides background information on Egyptian mythology, including its gods and goddesses like Isis, Osiris, Horus, and Set. It describes how the ancient Egyptians worshipped in temples dedicated to different deities. It also discusses some Egyptian mysteries like the Sphinx and the Rosetta Stone, which helped with deciphering hieroglyphs. Notable Egyptian kings and queens that ruled during this time include King Tut, Ramesses II, Queen Hatshepsut, and Cleopatra.
Ancient Sparta was located in a fertile valley in Greece, near the Evrotas River. It had hot, dry summers and cold winters. Spartans followed a polytheistic religion that centered around 12 Olympian gods like Zeus, Hera, and Poseidon. Spartan society was militaristic and emphasized physical fitness. Boys underwent rigorous military training from age 7. Spartan culture did not prioritize the arts or literature. The government was an oligarchy controlled by elite warriors.
Isis, Ancient Egyptian Goddess of Motherhood and MagicCaroline Seawright
Isis (Ast, Aset), unlike her twin sister Nephthys, is one of the most famous goddesses of ancient Egypt. Although it is thought that her worship originated in Africa, was nurtured and refined in Egypt, she was a popular goddess in predynastic times in the Delta area. At the opposite end of Egyptian history, her worship spread through the ancient world by the Greek tourists the Romans conquerors, albeit in a different form with the original myths of the goddess long forgotten. Her fame quickly spread to all corners of the Roman empire. There was even a temple to Isis on the River Themes in Southwark, London!
The document provides information about ancient Egyptian art and what various works of art represented in their culture. Sculptures often depicted important figures like pharaohs and gods to honor them. Paintings decorated tombs and temples, using symbols and colors that represented religious concepts like the afterlife. One key piece of information is that the Egyptians created mummies, which were preserved bodies of the deceased, believing it helped them in the afterlife.
This document provides an overview of Greek mythology, describing various gods and goddesses that were important in ancient Greece. It notes that the gods were thought to explain natural phenomena and that some major gods like Zeus, Poseidon, and Aphrodite were very well known. Lesser gods were also described as playing roles. The document outlines various mythical creatures that interacted with gods, such as minotaurs and satyrs. It provides examples of how gods were depicted in statues and temples in ancient Greece and how Greek mythology continues to be referenced in modern works.
The document summarizes major developments in Greek art and thought during the Late Classical period (404-338 BCE) following the Peloponnesian War. It discusses how Greek art began to focus more on realism and individual subjects rather than idealism. Key artists from this period like Praxiteles and Lysippos are mentioned for introducing naturalism, emotion, and contrapposto poses into their sculptures. The Hellenistic period that followed is summarized as a time of cultural blending and the rise of new dynastic states after Alexander the Great's conquests.
The document proposes a logo featuring Heracles and Athena to represent masculinity, strength, courage, and wisdom. Heracles is shown wearing the Nemean lion pelt and holding his olive club, representing Greek agriculture. Athena is the virgin goddess of wisdom, justice, and strategic warfare. She is the patron of Athens and holds her owl, representing her role in just and thoughtful conflict.
Under the leadership of Pericles, the Athenians rebuilt the Acropolis after it was destroyed by the Persians. Pericles used funds from the Delian League alliance to construct the Parthenon temple dedicated to Athena. The temple featured sculptures by Phidias depicting Athenian myths and symbols of Athens' power and victory over its enemies. The sculptures emphasized movement through Phidias' innovative "wet drapery" style.
Astarte, ashtarte, ashtoreth or asteria and astronoe in greek ..Deepak Somaji-Sawant
Astarte was the chief female deity of Tyre who was sometimes called the "Queen of Heaven" and mother of Earth. She was identified with the moon and reigned over the whole land, and was sometimes called the Mother of Melkart. Cult statues of Astarte took many forms and were left as votive offerings at shrines and sanctuaries for good harvests, children, and protection and tranquility in the home. She shares qualities with her sister Anath, and the two may have originally been the same goddess. A marble relief from Tyre depicts Astarte delivering Melkart under a flaming tree with a serpent, representing the Tyrian trinity of Ba'al EL, A
1) Osiris was the Egyptian god of the afterlife who was murdered by his jealous brother Set.
2) Isis, Osiris' sister and wife, found and reassembled Osiris' body parts and resurrected him.
3) Horus, the son of Osiris and Isis, fought Set to avenge his father's death and became the new ruler of Egypt.
After Athens was burned during the Persian Wars, it entered a period known as the "Golden Age of Athens" under the leadership of Pericles from 460-429 BCE. Major cultural achievements during this time included rebuilding the city, constructing the famous Parthenon temple, and reforms to Athenian democracy to allow greater participation. Athens became a center of philosophy, theater, architecture, sculpture, and education. However, this period came to an end as Athens suffered losses in the Peloponnesian War.
This was the 2nd presentation I made for a school Art Class project or "Tour" as she calls it. ;) Enjoy some brief history and beauty within this. ;)
Pausanias was a 2nd century AD Greek writer and geographer who is famous for his extensive guidebook "Description of Greece" which describes the cities, sanctuaries, monuments and objects he observed during his travels throughout Greece. The text provides background on Pausanias and discusses how his 10 book guidebook covered different regions of Greece such as Attica, Argolis, Laconia, Messenia, Elis, Achaea, Arcadia, Boeotia and Phocis. Archaeologists still use Pausanias' writings as a reference to support or disprove their own findings.
This document provides an overview of the Greek gods Demeter and Hades and their associated myths. It discusses:
- Demeter as the goddess of fertility and her connection to death through her mysteries celebrated at Eleusis.
- Hades as the god of the underworld and his role in the myth of abducting Persephone, Demeter's daughter.
- Rituals and beliefs surrounding death and the underworld in ancient Greece, including funerary practices and the division of the underworld.
- Demeter's rituals connected to the agricultural cycle like the Proerosia and Haloa performed by women.
- The Eleusinian mysteries and Demeter's demand
Ancient Greece Lectures by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson - The University of New Mexic...UNM Continuing Education
This presentation was part of the "Ancient Greece" lectures by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson for the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at the University of New Mexico.
Ancient Greece was one of the most formative civilizations in Western history. While never an Empire, the Greeks, and particularly the people of Athens, developed and put into practice early concepts of democracy and legal equality. Aristophanes and Sophocles wrote classic plays describing issues important to Athenians of the fifth century BC, but which still resonate today - the social cost of warfare and the contest between loyalty to one’s family and obedience to one's government. Even after the end of the Classical period, when Athens and other Greek city-states fell under the control of Macedon and Rome, the Greeks continued to make their mark on the ancient Western world through the development of Hellenistic art, science, philosophy and religious cults. We'll examine the history of Greece from its prehistoric period through the Classical period and into the Hellenistic Age with a particular focus on the political and intellectual advances made by the Greeks and inherited by all of Western society.
Minerva Goddess of Wisdom summarizes the origins and attributes of the Greek goddess Athena, known as Minerva to the Romans. According to Greek mythology, Zeus swallowed Athena's mother pregnant with Athena, and Athena later burst from Zeus's forehead, fully grown and armored. As the goddess of wisdom, she did not have a spouse. Athena and Poseidon competed to be the patron god of Athens, with Athena's gift of the olive tree being preferred. Her symbols include the owl and olive branch. Athena aided the Greeks in the Trojan War and was important to both Greek and Roman culture and religion.
Contemporary Paganism Final Project James Jacob Pierriguestc32b0c1
The document discusses the symbolic appropriation of the goddess Isis between ancient pagan religions and modern Italian American Catholic cults of the Virgin Mary. It provides examples of how symbols, rituals, and imagery associated with ancient goddesses like Isis, Demeter, and Diana were adopted and adapted by Roman religion and later by Italian American Catholic traditions, acting as a bridge between paganism of the past and modern religions. Key symbols discussed include the moon, stars, snakes, doves, wheat, and torches.
The Philosophical Demotion of the Sacred Feminine Form in Classical Art Atyeb Atum RE
This presentation is an exploration of how the Greek classical arts and its mythology appropriated the feminine intuitive abilities from the sacred universal Mother Goddess and her daughters, both in the heavens and here on Earth. It charts how the patriarchal system became an institution that still plagues Humanity today with its Male Dominated ideologies adopted from many Greek philosophers and how they viewed women.
The document provides information on Egyptian mythology and gods. It discusses several major Egyptian gods including Osiris, the god of the afterlife; Anubis, the god associated with mummification; and Horus, who served many functions including god of the sky. It also mentions Bastet, the goddess of cats; and provides a creation myth from Hermopolis focused on the Ogdoad group of eight primeval water gods who were involved in the creation of the world from the primeval waters.
The document summarizes various important artworks from ancient cultures around the world, including sculptures like the Lion Man and Woman of Willendorf from prehistoric Europe, the complex stone structures of Stonehenge, and early cave paintings from Pech-Merle Cave in France. It also describes architectural works such as the Ishtar Gate of Babylon, funerary structures like the tomb and funeral mask of King Tut from ancient Egypt, and painted reliefs depicting Egyptian royalty hunting, like the artwork of Ti watching a hippo hunt. The document provides brief contextual information on the significance and stylistic elements of each piece.
The document provides background information on Egyptian mythology, including its gods and goddesses like Isis, Osiris, Horus, and Set. It describes how the ancient Egyptians worshipped in temples dedicated to different deities. It also discusses some Egyptian mysteries like the Sphinx and the Rosetta Stone, which helped with deciphering hieroglyphs. Notable Egyptian kings and queens that ruled during this time include King Tut, Ramesses II, Queen Hatshepsut, and Cleopatra.
Ancient Sparta was located in a fertile valley in Greece, near the Evrotas River. It had hot, dry summers and cold winters. Spartans followed a polytheistic religion that centered around 12 Olympian gods like Zeus, Hera, and Poseidon. Spartan society was militaristic and emphasized physical fitness. Boys underwent rigorous military training from age 7. Spartan culture did not prioritize the arts or literature. The government was an oligarchy controlled by elite warriors.
Isis, Ancient Egyptian Goddess of Motherhood and MagicCaroline Seawright
Isis (Ast, Aset), unlike her twin sister Nephthys, is one of the most famous goddesses of ancient Egypt. Although it is thought that her worship originated in Africa, was nurtured and refined in Egypt, she was a popular goddess in predynastic times in the Delta area. At the opposite end of Egyptian history, her worship spread through the ancient world by the Greek tourists the Romans conquerors, albeit in a different form with the original myths of the goddess long forgotten. Her fame quickly spread to all corners of the Roman empire. There was even a temple to Isis on the River Themes in Southwark, London!
The document provides information about ancient Egyptian art and what various works of art represented in their culture. Sculptures often depicted important figures like pharaohs and gods to honor them. Paintings decorated tombs and temples, using symbols and colors that represented religious concepts like the afterlife. One key piece of information is that the Egyptians created mummies, which were preserved bodies of the deceased, believing it helped them in the afterlife.
This document provides an overview of Greek mythology, describing various gods and goddesses that were important in ancient Greece. It notes that the gods were thought to explain natural phenomena and that some major gods like Zeus, Poseidon, and Aphrodite were very well known. Lesser gods were also described as playing roles. The document outlines various mythical creatures that interacted with gods, such as minotaurs and satyrs. It provides examples of how gods were depicted in statues and temples in ancient Greece and how Greek mythology continues to be referenced in modern works.
The document summarizes major developments in Greek art and thought during the Late Classical period (404-338 BCE) following the Peloponnesian War. It discusses how Greek art began to focus more on realism and individual subjects rather than idealism. Key artists from this period like Praxiteles and Lysippos are mentioned for introducing naturalism, emotion, and contrapposto poses into their sculptures. The Hellenistic period that followed is summarized as a time of cultural blending and the rise of new dynastic states after Alexander the Great's conquests.
The document proposes a logo featuring Heracles and Athena to represent masculinity, strength, courage, and wisdom. Heracles is shown wearing the Nemean lion pelt and holding his olive club, representing Greek agriculture. Athena is the virgin goddess of wisdom, justice, and strategic warfare. She is the patron of Athens and holds her owl, representing her role in just and thoughtful conflict.
Under the leadership of Pericles, the Athenians rebuilt the Acropolis after it was destroyed by the Persians. Pericles used funds from the Delian League alliance to construct the Parthenon temple dedicated to Athena. The temple featured sculptures by Phidias depicting Athenian myths and symbols of Athens' power and victory over its enemies. The sculptures emphasized movement through Phidias' innovative "wet drapery" style.
Astarte, ashtarte, ashtoreth or asteria and astronoe in greek ..Deepak Somaji-Sawant
Astarte was the chief female deity of Tyre who was sometimes called the "Queen of Heaven" and mother of Earth. She was identified with the moon and reigned over the whole land, and was sometimes called the Mother of Melkart. Cult statues of Astarte took many forms and were left as votive offerings at shrines and sanctuaries for good harvests, children, and protection and tranquility in the home. She shares qualities with her sister Anath, and the two may have originally been the same goddess. A marble relief from Tyre depicts Astarte delivering Melkart under a flaming tree with a serpent, representing the Tyrian trinity of Ba'al EL, A
1) Osiris was the Egyptian god of the afterlife who was murdered by his jealous brother Set.
2) Isis, Osiris' sister and wife, found and reassembled Osiris' body parts and resurrected him.
3) Horus, the son of Osiris and Isis, fought Set to avenge his father's death and became the new ruler of Egypt.
After Athens was burned during the Persian Wars, it entered a period known as the "Golden Age of Athens" under the leadership of Pericles from 460-429 BCE. Major cultural achievements during this time included rebuilding the city, constructing the famous Parthenon temple, and reforms to Athenian democracy to allow greater participation. Athens became a center of philosophy, theater, architecture, sculpture, and education. However, this period came to an end as Athens suffered losses in the Peloponnesian War.
This was the 2nd presentation I made for a school Art Class project or "Tour" as she calls it. ;) Enjoy some brief history and beauty within this. ;)
Pausanias was a 2nd century AD Greek writer and geographer who is famous for his extensive guidebook "Description of Greece" which describes the cities, sanctuaries, monuments and objects he observed during his travels throughout Greece. The text provides background on Pausanias and discusses how his 10 book guidebook covered different regions of Greece such as Attica, Argolis, Laconia, Messenia, Elis, Achaea, Arcadia, Boeotia and Phocis. Archaeologists still use Pausanias' writings as a reference to support or disprove their own findings.
This document provides an overview of the Greek gods Demeter and Hades and their associated myths. It discusses:
- Demeter as the goddess of fertility and her connection to death through her mysteries celebrated at Eleusis.
- Hades as the god of the underworld and his role in the myth of abducting Persephone, Demeter's daughter.
- Rituals and beliefs surrounding death and the underworld in ancient Greece, including funerary practices and the division of the underworld.
- Demeter's rituals connected to the agricultural cycle like the Proerosia and Haloa performed by women.
- The Eleusinian mysteries and Demeter's demand
Ancient Greece Lectures by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson - The University of New Mexic...UNM Continuing Education
This presentation was part of the "Ancient Greece" lectures by Dr. Lizabeth Johnson for the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at the University of New Mexico.
Ancient Greece was one of the most formative civilizations in Western history. While never an Empire, the Greeks, and particularly the people of Athens, developed and put into practice early concepts of democracy and legal equality. Aristophanes and Sophocles wrote classic plays describing issues important to Athenians of the fifth century BC, but which still resonate today - the social cost of warfare and the contest between loyalty to one’s family and obedience to one's government. Even after the end of the Classical period, when Athens and other Greek city-states fell under the control of Macedon and Rome, the Greeks continued to make their mark on the ancient Western world through the development of Hellenistic art, science, philosophy and religious cults. We'll examine the history of Greece from its prehistoric period through the Classical period and into the Hellenistic Age with a particular focus on the political and intellectual advances made by the Greeks and inherited by all of Western society.
This document provides an overview of social and cultural views of women in ancient Europe from prehistoric times through the Roman Empire. It discusses the roles and status of women in societies such as ancient Greece, Rome, and among Celtic and Germanic peoples. Goddesses worshipped in ancient religions are also profiled. Queens and female rulers who held political and religious power in places like Macedonia, Egypt, and the Hellenistic world are highlighted.
1) Zeus was the most powerful Greek god and was responsible for maintaining order in the cosmos through controlling thunder, lightning, and the weather.
2) Hera, Zeus's sister and wife, represented challenges to his authority and decrees due to her jealousy over his many affairs.
3) Zeus and Hera were two of the most widely worshipped gods in ancient Greece, though their relationship and behaviors were not considered good models for human relationships.
Everything about GREECE is here like
1. Greek Civilization
2. Greek Culture
3. Greek Mythology
and much more about GREECE
The whole Presentation contains songs too and at the end there is a National anthem of GREECE.
This document discusses how ancient Greeks navigated uncertainty through oracles and narratives. It explores how oracles did not make predictions, but offered alternative stories that allowed people to create meaning and motivation. By generating potential stories for the future, oracles helped ancient Greeks navigate risk and make decisions. The document presents examples of oracle sites in Greece, the types of questions Greeks asked oracles, and images that help illustrate oracle practices.
This document discusses the history and roles of goddesses in various ancient pantheons and cultures. It describes how goddesses were commonly associated with fertility, nature, and the cycles of life and death. Many early cultures depicted goddesses in artworks, showing robust female figures that emphasized pregnancy and childbirth. Specific goddesses discussed include Cybele, Inanna, Isis, and Demeter, who were central mother goddess figures across cultures in Anatolia, Sumeria, Egypt, and Greece respectively. They were often connected to themes of fertility, the underworld, and had dying and resurrecting consort gods. The document traces the archetypes and symbolism associated with ancient goddesses back to
The document provides an overview of the Etruscan civilization including:
- Their geographical location in central Italy between the Arno and Tiber rivers.
- They flourished between 700-300 BCE and had a prosperous culture producing metals.
- Etruscan art and architecture was influenced by Greek styles but had more animation and movement. Their temples had a nearly square design with wooden columns.
- Etruscans built large underground tombs to house ashes and treasures for the afterlife, reflecting their wealth and trade. Paintings in tombs depicted celebrations of life.
Magazine about Ancient Egypt - January 2021 - Online museum Joel van Aalderink
Magazine | Ancient Egypt | Online Museum
A magazine with unique insights on Ancient Egypt and articles about:
- The gods of Ancient Egypt
- A 3000-year old recipe
- A timeline of Egypt
- 4 obscure artifacts (an in-depth review)
- Religious syncretism
Early sculptures from prehistoric times used materials native to their regions, such as limestone and ivory. Notable examples include the Venus of Willendorf from 28,000-25,000 BCE, known for its exaggerated breasts and abdomen, and the Venus of Brassempouy from the Upper Paleolithic era, which realistically depicts the human face and hairstyle. Sculptures from Ancient Egypt commonly used wood, ivory, and stone, and were characterized by symbolic representations of gods as composite creatures, relief compositions arranged in horizontal lines, larger depictions of gods and kings compared to humans, and hieroglyphics filling empty spaces. Famous Egyptian sculptures include the limestone portrait of Queen Nefer
local_media Sculpture from the early age.pptxANNIELYNDEERIO2
The document provides an overview of sculptures from prehistoric times through the Gothic period. It describes key characteristics of sculptures from different eras, including materials used and stylistic evolutions. Examples given include the Venus of Willendorf from prehistoric times, Queen Nefertiti from Ancient Egypt, the Discobulus by Myron from Ancient Greece, the Portonacio Sarcophagus from Ancient Rome, and the Resurrection of the Virgin from the Gothic period. Symbolic elements, proportions, compositions, and increasing realism are some trends highlighted across periods.
Egyptian art developed between 5000 BC and 300 BC and was focused on honoring the dead. Paintings and sculptures depicted gods and the pharaohs and were meant to accompany people into the afterlife. Architecture like pyramids and temples were constructed as tombs and places of worship. Egyptian artforms included paintings on papyrus and walls, sculptures of gods and people, and massive architectural structures for burial and religion. Egyptian art and culture influenced later societies through hieroglyphics, calendar systems, and beliefs about the afterlife.
The document provides information on ancient Greece, including details about various city-states and aspects of Greek culture. Key points include:
- Greece is located in southeastern Europe and was home to influential city-states like Athens and Sparta.
- Athenian culture flourished in areas like architecture, drama, philosophy and science. The Parthenon and Acropolis were constructed in Athens.
- Spartan society emphasized military training and discipline.
- Greek society was divided between free citizens and slaves, and included metics or foreign residents.
- Greek culture made significant contributions to fields like philosophy, literature, theatre, music, science, architecture, sculpture and sports like the Olympics.
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Ancient indian mythology & scientific relevancekunalkevin yadav
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Greek temples were decorated with colorful sculptures depicting scenes from mythology. A prominent place for sculptures was the pediment, or triangular area above the entrance. Pediment sculptures evolved over time from bas-relief to fully three-dimensional figures fitted within the triangular space. One example is the Temple of Aphaia pediments showing Greeks battling their enemies with the goddess Athena at the center. These pediment sculptures illustrated important myths and represented ideals of Greek civilization triumphing over barbarism.
The document provides an overview of basic art history from prehistoric to Roman art. It describes prehistoric cave paintings and Venus figurines from the Upper Paleolithic period. During the Neolithic period, art became more symbolic with pottery, jewelry and megaliths. Mesopotamian art reflected military rule with structures like ziggurats and protective deities. Egyptian art had religious purposes and followed strict conventions for thousands of years as seen in structures like the Great Pyramids of Giza. Ancient Greek art progressed from the Archaic to Classical periods, establishing ideals of naturalism seen in works like the Parthenon and Doryphorus. Hellenistic art became more dramatic. Roman art
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core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
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accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Women in Ancient and Medieval Europe Lecture 1 - Osher Lifelong Learning at UNMCE
1. Map of the ancient Near East,
from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume 1.
2. Mesopotamian goddesses
• Ashnan—goddess of grains
• Ama-arhus—goddess of fertility
• Damkina—goddess of earth mother
• Ereshkigal—queen of the underworld
• Gula—goddess of healing and medicine
• Inanna/Ishtar—goddess of love, war, and fertility
• Nammu—the primeval sea
• Nanshe—goddess of fishing, justice, prophecy, fertility, protector of the needy
• Nidaba—goddess of astrology and learning writing
• Ninhursag/Ki—mother goddess, goddess of childbirth
• Ninkasi—goddess of alcohol
• Ninlil—goddess of the air and grains
• Ninsun—goddess of dreams and cows
• Sirtir—goddess of sheep
• Tiamat—primordial goddess involved in the Sumerian creation myth
– Enuma Elish (When on High…): Tiamat, Apsu, and Enlil/Marduk
3. Inanna/Ishtar
Left star symbol associated with Inanna, Louvre Museum, Paris, c. 1200 BC;
right cylinder seal depicting Inanna as the warrior, British Museum.
• Goddess of love, fertility,
and warfare, associated
with the planet Venus
• Ishtar’s descent to the
underworld
– Tammuz/Dummuzi
5. Egyptian goddesses
• Bast—goddess of fertility, childbirth, and perfume
• Hathor—originally the vengeful eye of Ra; later goddess of music, dancing, joy,
fertility
• Hatmehit—fish goddess
• Isis—goddess of fertility and healing, Hatmehit was one of her early forms
• Ma’at—goddess of truth, justice, and balance
• Menhit—goddess of war
• Meshkent—goddess of childbirth and midwifery
• Neith—goddess of the hunt, war, and weaving and domestic arts
• Nephthys—goddess of death, decay, and the unseen
• Nut—goddess of the sky, a symbol of resurrection and rebirth
• Satet—goddess of bountiful floods
• Sekmet—goddess of destruction and war, fought sickness and disease
• Seshet—scribal goddess and librarian, responsible for accounting, astronomy,
mathematics, and historical records
• Tefnut—goddess of water and fertility
6. Bast
Left statue in the Louvre Museum, c. 650-350 BC; right statue in the British
Museum, London, c. 650-350 BC.
• Goddess of fertility,
childbirth, and perfume
7. Isis holding the infant Horus
Statue in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, c. 650-350 BC.
• Goddess of fertility,
healing, and rebirth
• Isis-Osiris rebirth myth
– Seth
8. Ma’at
Left image of Isis from the tomb of Seti I, c. 1300 BC; right statue of Ma’at,
Egyptian Museum, c. 650-350 BC.
• Goddess of truth,
justice, and order
9. Depiction of the judgment of the deceased: Ma’at is
represented by the feather on the right side of the scale;
Isis and Nephthys stand behind Osiris on the far right.
From the Book of the Dead of Hunefer, British Museum, c. 1275 BC.
11. Nut
Image from the ceiling of the tomb of Ramses VI, Valley of the Kings, Egypt, c.
1140 BC.
• Goddess of the sky, a
symbol of resurrection
and rebirth
• Egyptian creation
story
– Amun-Re, Nut, and
Geb
12. “The earth and sky were intermixed and chaotic; the universe
was formless, as if rebelling against order.”
Image from the Greenfield Papyrus, British Museum, c. 950 BC.
13. Seshat
Relief in the Brooklyn Museum, c. 1900 BC.
• Goddess of writing,
associated with
astronomy,
mathematics,
accounting, and
historical records
14. Map of the ancient Mediterranean,
from Lynn Hunt, The Making of the West, Volume 1.
16. Gaia
Image from the Antikenmuseen, Berlin, Germany, 410-400 BC.
• Mother goddess,
strongly associated with
the earth and fertility
• Consort of Uranus
• Mother of Rhea and
Chronus
17. Rhea
Statue in the Getty Museum, Malibu, California, c. 50 AD.
• Mother goddess and
fertility goddess
• Mother of Zeus/Jupiter,
Hera/Juno,
Poseidon/Neptune,
Hades/Pluto,
Demeter/Ceres
18. Demeter
Statue in the Museo Pio-Clementino, Musei Vaticani, Vatican City.
• Goddess of agriculture,
fertility
• Mother of Persephone
(R. Prosperina)
– Persephone’s abduction
by Hades/Pluto
• Associated with
Elusinian mysteries
19. Demeter
Left image from the Badisches Landesmuseum, Karlsruhe, Germany, 480 BC;
right image from the National Museum, Athens, Greece, 450-425 BC.
Demeter with grain
Demeter (right) and Persephone
(left)
20. Athena
Frieze of the mourning Athena, original in the Acropolis Museum, Athens,
Greece, c. 460 BC.
• Goddess of wisdom,
warfare, and women’s
handicrafts
• Athena Parthenos,
Athena the Virgin
• Patron goddess of
Athens and Sparta
– Athena’s sacred snake
said to inhabit the
temple in Athens
• Romanized as Minerva
21. Athena
Image from the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
PA, 460-450 BC.
22. Artemis
Statue in the Louvre, Paris, France, c. 325 BC.
• Goddess of the hunt,
associated with
important events in
women’s lives
• Romanized as Diana
23. Artemis
Left image from the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, 470 BC; right image
from the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Firenze, Florence, Italy, 570-560
BC.
24. Hestia
Statue in Museo Torlonia, Rome, Italy, c. 470 BC.
• Goddess of the hearth
and home
• Often depicted as a
living flame
• Romanized as Vesta
25. Hera
Image from the Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design, New York
City, NY, c. 500-475 BC.
• Queen of the gods,
consort of Zeus,
goddess of fertility
• Mother of Ares/Mars by
Zeus; gives birth to
Hephaestus/Vulcan
independently
26. Aphrodite
Statue in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia, 420-410 BC.
• Goddess of love and
sexuality
– Born from sea foam
• Married to Hephaestus,
but has affair with Ares
• Romanized as Venus
27. Judgment of Paris: l-r Hera, Athena, Aphrodite,
Hermes, and Paris
Image from the Antikenmuseen, Berlin, Germany, 440 BC.
28. Female cultic practices
• Cult of Athena in Athens
– Panathenaea, the Parthenon
• Eleusinian mysteries
– A chief priest and two priestesses, one dedicated to Demeter and one to Persephone
– The melissae (bees)
• Thesmophoria—a Demeter cult for women only
• Games of Hera—women’s version of the Olympic games
• Fortuna
– Fortuna Virginalis, Fortuna Primigenia, Fortuna Muliebri, Fortuna Virilis
• Cult of Vesta, Vestal Virgins
• Cult of Ceres
• Cult of Bacchus/Dionysius
– Bacchanalia; after 186 BC, Roman men forbidden to participate
• Cult of Isis and Serapis
– Hellenized version of the Egyptian gods Isis and Osiris
• Cult of the Magna Mater/Cybele--imported into Rome c. 200 BC
Editor's Notes
Growth of agriculture in the Ancient Near East.
Gaia, Kylix, antikenmuseen Berlin, Germany, 410-400 BC. Poseidon (c) is battling a giant while Gaia, mother of the giants and earth goddess begs for the giant’s life. This a scene from a vase depicting the Gigantomakhia (war of the giants).
Rhea-Kybele. Getty Museum, Malibu, CA. “Cybele” free standing marble, 1.62 meters. Discovered in rome, ca 50 AD. Rhea was mother of the gods, here depicted with crown, holding bouquet of wheat and poppy heads, flanked by fruit-brimming cornucopia, rudder, and small lion.
Demeter statue. Museo Pio-Clementino Musei Vaticani , Vatican City. Free standing marble statue. Demeter (poss tykhe) with crown, plough-shaft, and cornucopia.
L: Demeter, Krater held in Badisches Landesmuseum, Karlsruhe, Germany, 480 BC. R: Demeter and Persephone, Lekythos attic red figure, National Museum, Athens, Greece, 450-425 BC. Demeter wears the crown, holds a sheaf of wheat. P holds an Eleusinian torch, pours libations from a cup.
Mourning Athena, frieze, c. 460 BC, original in Acropolis Museum, Athens.
Image of Athena from amphora held at University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Phil, PA, 460-450 BCE
Artemis statue. Musee du Louvre, paris, France. “Diana of Versailles”, free standing marble, 2.01 m. Discovered in Italy, Roman copy of Greek original attributed to Leochares ca 325 BC.
L: Artemis. Bell krater, museum of fine arts, Boston, Mass, 470 BC. Artemis drawing her bow. R: Artemis Potnia Theron. Volute krater, Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Firenze, Florence , Italy, 570-560 BC. Artemis depicted as Potnia Theron (Lady of the Beasts) from the Francois Vase. She is winged and grasps the necks of a panther/lioness and stag.
Hestia statue. Original in villa Albani, Museo Torlonia, Rome, Italy. Free standing marble. Roman copy of Greek bronze ca. 470 BC. Photo is of a plaster cast of the original. Cast is in Oxford Ashmolean Museum. Mantled goddess signifies that this is Hestia. 1.93 m
Hera, Lekythos, attic red figure, Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design, NYC, 500-475 BC. Hera sits on a throne decorated with a cuckoo. Goddess holds a cup in one hand and a royal lotus-tipped scepter in the other.
Aphrodite “of type Venus genetrix”. State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. Free standing marble statue, 1.64 m. Roman copy of a Greek original by Callimachus 420-410 BC. Aphrodite raising a veil, holding an apple in her left hand.
Judgment of Paris. Kylix, Antikenmuseen, Berlin, Germany, 440 BC. Paris sits on the right. To the left are Hermes as messenger, Aphrodite, bearing a winged Eros and myrtle wreath. Athena is next bearing a spear and helmet, then Hera with crown, miniature lion and royal lotus-tipped staff.