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Wind power integration challenges
- 1. A Review and Technical Assessment Integrating Wind Energy Into Island Power System ALOK DAS RAUNAQ SHAH 1
- 2. Global Power Scenario Per Capita Power Consumption 15000 SOUTH AFRICA INDIA India is third largest producer of electric power, yet one of the lowest per capita access and consumption Source: World Bank USA RUSSIA CHINA OTHER BRAZIL 12000 8000 6000 3000 0 kWh 1010 2
- 3. 215 331 510 785 1207 FY12 FY17E FY22E FY27E FY32EFY16 300 Indian Power Scenario Estimated Growth in Demand (GW) India saw 7.6% growth in GDP with an estimated Y-o-Y increase in power demand by 9% Source: CEA India experienced Peak Power shortage of 3.2 % Increasing participation of private players in power sector Sustained government focus as well as growing interest in renewable energy 3
- 4. Indian Power Scenario 70% 2% 14% 14% Total Power Consumption 42783 MW 42752 MW 5780 MW 210675 MW 63% 16% 11% 10% Wind Energy has successful and proven track record of over 20 years Source: CEA 301990 MW ___________ 4
- 5. Environmental Challenges Use of Fossil Fuels for Energy Global Warming Ocean Acidification Pollution Deforestation 5
- 6. Solution | Shift to Renewable Energy Wind and Solar are most viable options in Renewable Energy 6
- 7. Why Wind Energy? Turnkey solution by developers — equipment manufacturing, operation and maintenance done by same entity Zero fuel cost Technological advancement — PLF 35% – 45% (onshore) PLF 50% – 60% (offshore) Conducive Govt. policies and regulatory environment 7
- 8. But Wind is… Intermittent Diffused Unpredictable 8
- 9. A Conventional Generating Unit In a thermal power plant, power generation can be controlled and regulated as per the energy demand. Hence, the power system with Conventional Generating Units (CGU) is adequate and stable. 9
- 10. A Wind Energy Generation Unit The wind resource is intermittent and without energy storage causes fluctuations in WTGs output. High fluctuations increase the imbalance between supply and load. Hence, wind power is constrained to a fraction of the conventional power and this ratio is called Wind Penetration Level (Wind to CGU ratio) 10
- 11. Wind Power Integration Challenges A research study paper authored by Clint Ally, Arvind Singh, Sanjay Bahadoorsingh & Chandrabhan Sharma 11
- 12. Wind Power Integration Challenges Optimal Wind Turbine Selection Determining adequate wind penetration level Maintaining Power System Stability The Study acknowledges 3 challenges 12
- 13. The Study is done in… Trinidad and Tobago, a twin island country off the northern edge of South America Rampanalgas Piarco Mayar o Avg Wind Speed (at 75m) 5.3 m/s 9.1 m/s 13
- 14. Optimal Wind Turbine Selection Aim: Select the Wind Turbine which extracts maximum energy from prevailing wind profile at the site Criterion: Capacity Factor (CF) Model Weibull and Rayleigh Probability Density Function (PDF) from wind speed data of the site Model Wind Turbine Power Curve Compute CF for each proposed WTG in MATLABPDF POWER CURVE COMPUTE 14
- 15. Probability Density Function Weibull PDF Rayleigh PDF 𝑓 𝑣 = 𝑘 𝑐 ( 𝑣 𝑐 ) 𝑘−1 . 𝑒−( 𝑣 𝑐 ) 𝑘 𝑓 𝑣 = 𝑣 𝑐2 . 𝑒−𝑣2/(2𝑐2) 15
- 16. Probability Density Function (extrapolated to 75m height)Wind speeds (m/s) Wind speeds (m/s) Piarco Site Mayaro/Rampanalgus Site 16
- 17. Power Curve & Compute CF 17
- 18. Optimal Wind Turbine Selection ENERCON E33 ENERCON E53 UNISON U57 GAMESA G52 SUZLON S64 EWT DW52 GE 2500 CF (%) 28.09% 73.29% PIARCO MAYARO / RAMPANALGUS 1250 kW 500 kW 850 kW 750 kW 800 kW 330 kW 1250 kW 18
- 19. System Adequacy Assessment Aim: Determine wind penetration level (WPL) at the sites and assess which gives desirable system reliability Technique: Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) MCSGENERATE ARMA Generate indices based on historical reliability data of duration of up and down times of generating units ARMA wind speed modelling in MATLAB to predict reliable day-ahead hourly wind speeds MCS in MATLAB to generate wind utilization efficiency and compute WPL 19
- 20. System Adequacy Assessment PIARCO MAYARO / RAMPANALGUS Site Adding WTGs at Mayaro / Rampanalgus site was found to have relatively greater system reliability Rampanalgas Piarco Mayar o WPL 15MW 30MW 20
- 21. WTG Impact on System Dynamics Aim: Assess the impact of installing the WTGs, equaling the determined WPL, on the dynamic stability Method: Transient System Analysis Simulation in MATLAB Frequency Stability Voltage Stability Rotor Angle Stability Parameters 21
- 22. Frequency Stability Analysis The rate of frequency deviation is inversely proportional to system inertial WTG does not contribute to system inertia as it is not directly connected to the system Frequency response of system sufficiently recovers from the imbalance Increased sensitivity to disturbances which lead to power imbalance Contingency Simulated: Loss of 55 MW generation & Loss of 6.93 MW load All sites were found to have stable frequency profiles 22
- 23. Voltage Stability Analysis Piarco Site Low wind regime High wind regime Mayaro/ Rampanal- -gus Site WTGs operate in sub sync- -hronous mode WTGs operate in super sync- -hronous mode Absorbs Reactive Power Supplies Reactive Power Post-fault V is LESS than Pre-fault V Post-fault V is MORE than Pre-fault V Contingency Simulated: Loss of Line at Bus Bar (132kV) [Piarco] 3 phase bolted fault at bus Main And Transfer (33kV)[Rampanalgas] Sudden increase in load by 150% at bus GAL12 [Mayaro] 23
- 24. Rotor Angle Stability Analysis Contingency Simulated: 3 phase bolted fault at a bus bar [Mayaro & Piarco] Sudden increase in load at bus MAT 33kV [Rampanalgu 24 Rampanalgus Site Mayaro Site t =120 cycles t =60 cycles WTGs at Rampanalgus decreased rotor angle separation of nearby CGUs by approx. 12 degrees which was higher than that of Mayaro
- 25. Conclusion The Study finds Rampanalgus site to be most electrically suitable due to improved voltage profiles and synchronism to nearby CGUs Rampanalgas 25
- 26. 26 References www.palisade.com/risk/monte_carlo_simulation.asp Ally, C., Singh, A., Bahadoorsingh, S. and Sharma, C., 2015. A review and technical assessment integrating wind energy into an island power system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, , pp.863–874.
Editor's Notes
- India is third largest producer of electric power, yet seventh in per capita consumption yet seventh in power consumption
- Thermal energy units generate 70% of power in India with Hydro and Renewable being equal contributors at 14%. Total power generation is slightly over 300 GW. Wind is dominant in the renewable energy sources with whooping 63%.
- India is blessed with ample wind as well as solar resources. However, wind sector is more developed and has a proven track record of 20+ years.
- ENERGY SECURITY GREENDD AVAILBILITY LESS LAND REQUIRED
- The wind resource is intermittent and without energy storage will cause fluctuations in the WTGs output. High fluctuations will increase the imbalance between supply and load. This problem can be mitigated by constraining the wind power to a fraction of conventional power. This dispatch constraint can be expressed in a Wind to CGU ratio.
- A thermal power generator can be controlled and regulated in accordance with the variation in energy demand. Hence, the Conventional generating units are stable and adequate.
- The wind resource is intermittent and without energy storage will cause fluctuations in the WTGs output. High fluctuations will increase the imbalance between supply and load. This problem can be mitigated by constraining the wind power to a fraction of conventional power. This dispatch constraint can be expressed in a Wind to CGU ratio or WIND PENETRATION LEVEL.
- Define wind penetration level.
- The gathered data for Mayaro was assumed applicable to Rampanalgas. The wind speeds shown here are extrapolations of wind speeds measured at 10m height. Piarco has low wind regime while Rampanalgus/Mayaro has high wind regime.
- The aim is basically Which wind turbine to select? WTG is selected based on Capacity Factor. Define CF. Briefly explain the 3 steps taken to find Bfs for various proposed turbines.
- Probability Function is a function of a continuous random variable, whose integral across an interval gives the probability that the value of the variable lies within the same interval. Two types of PDFs were chosen - Weibull and Rayleigh. Explain the functions; k - Shape Factor; c - Scale Factor; v - wind speed. From the table it is clear that Weibull PDF is better-fit as it correlates more with the observed data from wind masts. (Show the mean and variance values to support what you say)
- Show the higher correlation of Weibull to the observed data than that of Rayleigh. Hence, Weibull PDF was chosen.
- Generic Power Curve of a WTG. It is divided into 4 sections. In section 2 even power is variable and wind-speed dependent while in section 3 power is constant. The formula used for computing capacity factor for each proposed WTG.
- These were the proposed candidates for the WTGs. EWT DW52 was selected as it had highest CF. EMT – Emergya Wind Technologies; DW - Direct Wind
- Objective is to determine how much capacity of wind turbine should be put in each of the site such that system remains reliable. Technique used is Monte Carlo Simulation in Matlab. MCS is a computerized mathematical technique that allows people to account for risk in quantitative analysis and decision-making. It performs risk analysis by building models of possible results by substituting a range of values - a probability distribution - for any factor that has inherent uncertainty. These are the 3 steps used to compute WPL. Indices are generated based on the historical data collected from the wind masts. Then ARMA model predicts day- ahead hourly wind speeds required for MCS. ARMA (Auto Regressive Moving Average) model is a tool for analysing and understanding time series data and predicting future values. With the MCS technique we get Wind Utilisation Efficiency from which WPL is computed.
- Mayaro/Rampanalgus site was selected as it has better WPL i.e. 30 MW which is 2 % of total power generated in the entire country
- Aim is if we put the determined capacity of wind power what impact will it have on the overall power system especially nearby CGUs. The method for this is Transient System Analysis. Parameters of the power system are assessed on wind power integration - frequency stability, voltage stability and rotor angle stability
- CGUs respond with greater mechanical power to deal with the disturbances. Frequency Stability Analysis is concerned with maintaining a steady frequency within normal range after suffering a disturbance resulting in a major unbalance between generation & load. CGUs respond with greater mechanical power to deal with the disturbances. System Inertia is the inertia of the large synchronous generators, which are large synchronous rotating masses. It is the sum of energy stored in rotating machines which are directly connected to the grid.
- Voltage Stability is related to the power system recovering and the maintaining of steady voltages at all buses after suffering a disturbance which would result in a steady decline in voltage and hence a collapse. Synchronous speed is the speed of rotation of the rotating magnetic field in the stator winding. Result: Mayaro/Rampanalgus improved post-fault recovery voltages and hence, have better voltage profile.
- Rotor Angle Stability is the ability of power system to maintain synchronism after suffering severe disturbances such as faults on transmission lines, loss of generation or loss of load. Mayaro and Rampanalgus sites due to high wind regime, inject wind power in events of faults. Due to line faults or load variation the rotor angles of different CGUs fall out of synchronisation. When the DFIGs of WTGs inject power immediately after fault, this separation of rotor angles of nearby CGUs is decreased and helps in quicker post fault recovery. Explain Graphs! Piarco had shown higher rotor angle separation than Mayaro/Rampanalgu and hence, was found to be less stable. Result: Since, Rampanalgus reduced the rotor angle separation more, it is most electrically suitable for rotor stability.
- Rampanalgus had WPL of 30 MW and had better electrical suitability of the 3 sites considered.