Wildlife conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species around the world. In the US, there are nearly 1,000 endangered animal and plant species. Habitat destruction is the primary cause of endangerment, as human activity rapidly destroys habitats. Other threats include invasive species, overexploitation, disease, and pollution. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 and establishment of wildlife refuges help protect species. Specific conservation successes include the recovery of the American bald eagle from pesticide poisoning and international whaling regulations helping whale populations rebound.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
RISK AND BENEFITS OF WILDLIFE TRANSLOCATIONnikeshkathayat
Wildlife translocations have historically assisted in establishing or re-establishing species in areas of extinction and while at the same time may also poses risks to the existing population at the recipient site.
Define the following:
Normal species
Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Threaten species
Critically Endangered species
Rare species
Endemic species
Extinct species
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
RISK AND BENEFITS OF WILDLIFE TRANSLOCATIONnikeshkathayat
Wildlife translocations have historically assisted in establishing or re-establishing species in areas of extinction and while at the same time may also poses risks to the existing population at the recipient site.
Define the following:
Normal species
Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Threaten species
Critically Endangered species
Rare species
Endemic species
Extinct species
An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and invasive species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List lists the global conservation status of many species, and various other agencies assess the status of species within particular areas. Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species which, for example, forbid hunting, restrict land development, or create protected areas. Some endangered species are the target of extensive conservation efforts such as captive breeding and habitat restoration.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE THROUGH CAPTIVE BREEDINGNamrata Singh
An ever expanding human population is putting increased pressure on endangered species and driving many to extinction. It is for this reason that the conservation of rare and endangered species has come to the forefront of our attention over recent decades.
There are a number of strategies that exist to conserve these species out of which captive breeding is one of the efficient tools.
Conservation of Biodiversity is the need of the hour. Awareness is a must for biodiversity conservation.Various strategies of conservation are included in the presentation.
Wildlife management - threats to wildlifeAnish Gawande
There are few places left on the planet where the impact of people has not been felt. We have explored and left our footprint on nearly every corner of the globe. As our population and needs grow, we are leaving less and less room for wildlife.
Wildlife are under threat from many different kinds of human activities, from directly destroying habitat to spreading invasive species and disease. Most ecosystems are facing multiple threats. Each new threat puts additional stress on already weakened ecosystems and their wildlife.
An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and invasive species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List lists the global conservation status of many species, and various other agencies assess the status of species within particular areas. Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species which, for example, forbid hunting, restrict land development, or create protected areas. Some endangered species are the target of extensive conservation efforts such as captive breeding and habitat restoration.
Wildlife management techniques and methods of wildlife conservationAnish Gawande
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitat. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to different natural processes of nature. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure that nature will be around for future generations to enjoy and also to recognize the importance of wildlife and wilderness for humans and other species alike. Many nations have government agencies and NGO's dedicated to wildlife conservation, which help to implement policies designed to protect wildlife. Numerous independent non-profit organizations also promote various wildlife conservation causes.
Wildlife conservation has become an increasingly important practice due to the negative effects of human activity on wildlife. An endangered species is defined as a population of a living species that is in the danger of becoming extinct because the species has a very low or falling population, or because they are threatened by the varying environmental or prepositional parameters.
CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE THROUGH CAPTIVE BREEDINGNamrata Singh
An ever expanding human population is putting increased pressure on endangered species and driving many to extinction. It is for this reason that the conservation of rare and endangered species has come to the forefront of our attention over recent decades.
There are a number of strategies that exist to conserve these species out of which captive breeding is one of the efficient tools.
Conservation of Biodiversity is the need of the hour. Awareness is a must for biodiversity conservation.Various strategies of conservation are included in the presentation.
Wildlife management - threats to wildlifeAnish Gawande
There are few places left on the planet where the impact of people has not been felt. We have explored and left our footprint on nearly every corner of the globe. As our population and needs grow, we are leaving less and less room for wildlife.
Wildlife are under threat from many different kinds of human activities, from directly destroying habitat to spreading invasive species and disease. Most ecosystems are facing multiple threats. Each new threat puts additional stress on already weakened ecosystems and their wildlife.
The 4th Philippine National Report to the Convention on Biological DiversityNo to mining in Palawan
This is the 4th National Report (4NR) of the Philippines to the CBD. It covers the period from mid-2005 to mid-2008 with updates up to early 2009.
It focuses on the assessment of the country’s progress towards meeting the
2010 biodiversity target of achieving a significant reduction in the current
rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national levels, consistent
with the strategic plan for the CBD.
The 2010 biodiversity target is also
one of recent targets incorporated in the Millennium Development Goals
(MDG).
Highlights and specific case samples are cited in this Report to give snapshots
of the current status, trends and threats in the following ecosystems based on the thematic programmes of the CBD: forest and mountain, agriculture, inland waters, coastal, marine and island. Moreover, this Report identifies the gaps that should be addressed and some recommended actions for us to be able to meet the 2010 biodiversity target.
Nutrition, Biodiversity and Sustainable diets: Methods and Indicators for Sus...Bioversity International
Sustainable diets are those diets with low environmental impacts which contribute to food and nutrition security and to healthy life for present and future generations. Learn more about Bioversity International's work in understanding and promoting sustainable diets: http://bit.ly/17Gk5iK
Introduction to Biogeography of the Global GardenScott St. George
Biogeography uses ideas from biology, geography and history to explain the panorama of life on Earth. This course provides students with a broad introduction to important concepts and issues in ecology and environmental science. Over the semester, we’ll investigate how weather and climate affects the distribution of species, how individuals interact with their own species and others, and discuss why species expand or go extinct. Within this framework, we’ll also examine the many ways humans, either as individuals or in groups, act as agents of biotic change.
Save the planet.
Let us all protect our mother nature.
Let us raise our voice and claim her rights.
-Animals have soul too.They need protection from us.So let us make a choice.
We can't live without animals.They can live without us.
The process of Wildlife Conservation has been discussed
What is wildlife ?
Why is it depleting?
What are the effects of wildlife depletion ?
Why do we need to save it ?
And last but not the least
How can we save it ?
"Ways to conserve Wildlife"
Wildlife conservation is the practice of protecting plant and animal species and their habitats. As part of the world’s ecosystems, wildlife provides balance and stability to nature’s processes. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure the survival of these species, and to educate people on living sustainably with other species.
Wildlife refers to undomesticated animal species, but has come to include all organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans. Wildlife was also synonymous to game: those birds and mammals that were hunted for sport. Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Wildlife Conservation
In the United States alone, there are 986
endangered species (388 animals, 598
plants). Also listed are 276 species which are
threatened (129 animals, 147 plants).
In the world, 1072 animal species are
considered endangered or threatened; 748
plant species are listed as well.
3. Wildlife Conservation
Causes of Endangerment
Efforts and Governmental Acts to Protect
Species
Wildlife Refuges
American Bald Eagle Conservation
Whaling
5. Habitat Destruction
Our planet is continually changing, causing habitats
to be altered and modified. Natural changes tend to
occur at a gradual pace, usually causing only a
slight impact on individual species. However, when
changes occur at a fast pace, there is little or no
time for individual species to react and adjust to new
circumstances. This can create disastrous results,
and for this reason, rapid habitat loss is the primary
cause of species endangerment. The strongest
forces in rapid habitat loss are human beings.
6. Habitat Destruction (cont’d.)
For example, although tropical forests may look as
though they are lush, they are actually highly
susceptible to destruction. This is because the soils
in which they grow are lacking in nutrients. It may
take Centuries to re-grow a forest that was cut down
by humans or destroyed by fire, and many of the
world's severely threatened animals and plants live
in these forests. If the current rate of forest loss
continues, huge quantities of plant and animal
species will disappear.
7. Introduction of Exotic Species
Native species are those plants and animals that are part of a
specific geographic area, and have ordinarily been a part of that
particular biological landscape for a lengthy period of time.
These species are introduced into new environments by way of
human activities, either intentionally or accidentally. These
interlopers are viewed by the native species as foreign elements.
They may cause no obvious problems and may eventual be
considered as natural as any native species in the habitat.
However, exotic species may also seriously disrupt delicate
ecological balances and may produce a plethora of unintended
yet harmful consequences.
Introduced insects, rats, pigs, cats, and other foreign species
have actually caused the endangerment and extinction of
hundreds of species during the past five centuries. Exotic
species are certainly a factor leading to endangerment.
8. Overexploitation
Unrestricted whaling during the 20th century is an example of
overexploitation, and the whaling industry brought many species
of whales to extremely low population sizes. When several whale
species were nearly extinct, a number of nations (including the
United States) agreed to abide by an international moratorium on
whaling. Due to this moratorium, some whale species, such as
the grey whale, have made remarkable comebacks, while others
remain threatened or endangered.
Animals are also deliberately hunted for their furs and the special
properties some of their body parts have in the making of
medicines. While hunting endangered species is illegal, it
continues in many parts of the world because of the large sums
of money these animals can bring. There are demands for items
such as rhino horns and tiger bones in several areas of Asia. It is
here that there exists a strong market for traditional medicines
made from these animal parts.
9. More Factors
Disease, pollution, and limited distribution are more factors that
threaten various plant and animal species. If a species does not
have the natural genetic protection against particular pathogens,
an introduced disease can have severe effects on that specie.
For example, rabies and canine distemper viruses are presently
destroying carnivore populations in East Africa. Domestic
animals often transmit the diseases that affect wild populations,
demonstrating again how human activities lie at the root of most
causes of endangerment. Pollution has seriously affected
multiple terrestrial and aquatic species, and limited distributions
are frequently a consequence of other threats; populations
confined to few small areas due to of habitat loss, for example,
may be disastrously affected by random factors.
11. The Endangered Species Act
Passed in 1973
Mission to conserve “the ecosystems upon which endangered
and threatened species depend”
It is illegal to “take” an endangered species
Administered by the Department of the Interior’s U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (FWS) and the Department of Commerce’s
National Marine Fisheries Service
Individual states are encouraged to develop their own
conservation programs for local endangered species
12. Current ESA Statistics
517 animals are
currently endangered
29 animals are
proposed for listing
116 candidate species
541 Habitat
Conservation Plans
(HCPs) have been
approved
13. • Dedicated to the restoration and protection of costal habitats
• Plans and implements both large and small-scale projects
• Community-based Restoration Program (CRP)
• Damage Assessment and Restoration Program (DARP)
NOAA Restoration Center
More information can be found at:
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/habitat/restoration/index.html
14. Greenpeace
Immediately end industrial
logging and road-building in the
Earth's remaining ancient
forests
Immediately end clear-cutting
in all forests
U.S. businesses should
eliminate their use of all
products that destroy or
degrade ancient forests
Forest Stewardship Council
(FSC)
http://www.greenpeaceusa.org/forests/
15. Endangered Wildlife Trust
(EWT)
Goal of conserving the
diversity of plant and
animal species in
Southern Africa
“Working Groups”
initiate and fund
projects to further the
maintenance of
biodiversity
17. Wildlife Refuges
“A haven or sanctuary for animals; a wildlife
refuge is an area of land or of land and water
set aside and maintained, usually by
government or private organization, for the
preservation and protection of one or more
species of wildlife.”
18. Types of Refuges
The U.S. Wildlife Refuge System in 1997
made up more than 520 different areas in all
the states, covering over 93 million acres.
The system is governed by the Fish and
Wildlife Service of the Dept. of the Interior.
The work of the service includes:
Biological research
The administration and enforcement of relevant
federal legislation
Numerous related projects
19. Types of Refuges (cont’d.)
Refuges have been established for big game,
small resident game, waterfowl, and colonial
non-game birds.
The most numerous are the waterfowl
refuges.
Waterfowl refuges are refuges that offer to
various birds breeding areas, wintering areas,
and resting and feeding areas along major
flyways during migration.
20. Types of Refuges (cont’d.)
While the main purpose of the refuge system
is to ensure survival of wildlife by providing
suitable cover, food, and protection from
humans, many refuges have permitted
hunting and fishing in season and other
recreational activities within its grounds.
Some refuges, also, have been designated
wilderness areas.
21. Wilderness Areas
A wilderness area is “land retaining its primeval
character with the imprint of humans minimal or
unnoticeable.”
In the United States, the Wilderness Act of 1964
established the National Wilderness Preservation
System - 9 million acres of land in 54 different areas
that provided for the designation of new wilderness
areas.
By 1992, the total had risen to 95 million acres in
708 areas of land.
Alaska, with 57.6 million acres, is by far the leading
repository of wilderness in the United States.
22. Wilderness Areas (cont’d.)
According to environmentalists, Wilderness
lands are to be preserved in their natural
condition, wild and undeveloped.
The idea of wilderness has deep roots in
American thought and writings:
William Penn
Henry David Thoreau
23. The establishment of wildlife
refuges in the United States
Refuges have been established by private
individuals and societies and by all levels of
government.
The first state refuge was established by California
in 1870; the first federal refuge was Pelican Island in
Florida (1903).
Other countries throughout the world also maintain
parks, refuges, and game preserves.
Kruger National Park (est. 1898) in South Africa
24. Recent Issues with Refuges
Maintenance and repair of facilities are enormous.
Between 1985 – 1995, Congress added 80 refuges
to the system, but the refuges’ annual operating
budget never kept pace with this growth.
Now, even as refuges are asked to handle more and
more public access, some of these vast holdings are
perceived as burdens on taxpayers.
Some members of Congress have suggested selling
off portions of the refuge system.
25. Recent Issues with Refuges
(cont’d.)
Others have favored opening them up for
more public use.
Opponents of these measures arguing that
these bills refuges would be badly weaken
refuges throughout the country.
27. HISTORY OF THE BALD
EAGLE
-1782 Congress adopted the bald eagle as national symbol; at the
time there were estimated to be between 25,000-75,000 birds
-Females can weigh up to 14lbs and have an 8 foot wing span,
eagles can live up to 30 years in the wild, mate for life and will lay
two to three eggs per year
-Eagles have been known to build nests as big as 10 feet in
diameter and weighing up to 1 ton, and will often nest within 100
miles of where they were hatched
28. DESTRUCTION OF THE BALD
EAGLE POPULATION
-European settlers saw the eagle as a
threat to livestock telling tales of the
birds carrying away full-grown sheep
-By the 1960s there were fewer than 450
bald eagle nesting pairs in the United
States—due to hunting, habitat
destruction, and environmental
degradation
-By 1940 experts feared the eagle would
be hunted to extinction—leading
Congress to enact the Bald Eagle
Protection Act
29. PESTICIDES: THE DOWNFALL
OF THE B.E.P.A
-After WWII came the birth of the chemical era in
agriculture and the war to fight invading insects by
using harmful pesticides on crops
-DDT, most widely used pesticide, eventually
concentrated in the tissue of fish population
-Contaminated fish were eaten by the bald eagle and
converted into DDE, another harmful chemical that
prevented the production of calcium in female eagles
—this led to the production of eggs with extremely
soft shells
-Not until 1972 did the federal government ban the
use of DDT when scientists found a link between
declining eagle populations and the use of this
chemical
30. BALD EAGLE
RECOVERY
-The Endangered Species Act of 1973 listed the American
bald eagle as endangered in most of the contiguous states
-Agencies such as the Fish and Wildlife Service began to
initiate captive breeding programs, producing birds for
reintroduction into the wild
-By 1988, the bald eagle had recovered and reproduced
enough in the wild to discontinue the federal reintroduction
program
31. WHERE IS THE EAGLE
TODAY?
-In 1995 the bald eagle population exceeded 4,500 breeding pairs,
which allowed them to be downgraded from endangered to threatened
-There has been a proposal to remove the bald eagle from the
endangered species list, but many fear that without the ESA’s
protection the species will deteriorate once again
-According to many officials, “while the bald eagle no longer faces
imminent extinction, its full recovery is still impeded by the presence
of contaminants such as PCBs, dioxins, mercury and other chemicals. .
. .and by the loss of habitat from a variety of human activities,
including urban expansion and development along shorelines.”
33. The History of Whaling
Started by the Japanese in
the first few centuries A.D.
Norwegians began whaling
between 800 and 1000 A.D.
Dutch, British, and the
Americans started in the 17th
century.
These early whalers hunted
the Northern Right Whale.
34. Purpose for Early Whaling
Europeans used the whales for their oil and
baleen
The Japanese ate the meat and found uses
for many other parts of the whale
Early whaling was excessive
35. Effects of Early Whaling of the
Northern Right Whale
Now, only about 300 Right Whales survive in
the North Atlantic
Only 250 in the North Pacific
In February of 2002, the National Marine
Fisheries Service refused to designate
Critical Habitat for this species.
Said they needed to collect more data
36. The Bowhead Whale
Hunted to extinction in the
Atlantic Ocean
An estimated 7500 still exist
in the North Pacific
Still hunted at a rate of 67
per year by the Alaskan
Eskimos
In 2002, The International
Whaling Commission
rejected the U.S. request to
continue this hunt.
37. The Sperm Whale
Made famous by the
novel Moby Dick
U.S. whalers also
hunted the sperm
whale, first in the
Atlantic out of New
England, and then in
the Pacific off of
Hawaii.
38. The Sperm Whale Population
In 2002, population
estimates for the sperm
whale show only
360,000 left in the world
39. California Grey Whale
Hunted in the lagoons of
Baja California
Hunted almost to extinction
in the late 1800’s, then
recovered.
Hunted almost to extinction
again in the 1930’s and
40’s, then recovered again.
Today, the species is up to
pre-exploitation levels
(about 26000).
40. International Whaling
Commission
Regulates Whaling, established in 1946
Gave its member nations quotas on the
whales they wanted to hunt
But the quotas were much too high
Whale population declined rapidly
1982 – IWC adopted resolution calling for an
indefinite moratorium on commercial whaling,
which became effective in 1986, ending
commercial whaling.
41. Recovery of Some Populations
Although most species are recovering, the
Northern Atlantic Right Whale is in trouble.
In 1999, only two females with calves were
spotted off the coast of Georgia and
Florida.
Species 1979 1991
Blue Whale 500 2049
Humpback
Whale
88 607
42. Loopholes in the IWC
Compliance to the
moratorium is voluntary
– a member can file a
protest to the
moratorium and then
need not to abide by it.
Norway is still hunting
Minke Whales in the
North Atlantic as a
result of this.
Aboriginal whale
hunting allows the
American Eskimos to
still hunt the Bowhead
whale and the Grey
whale.
Whaling for “scientific
research” is still allowed
This is the loophole that
the Japanese use to
whale.
43. Japanese Whaling
Although the Japanese say
their whaling is carried out
for “research”, the meat is
sold to wholesalers and
used for school lunches.
Research has shown that
the Japanese are whaling
illegally, and selling the
meat from the whales that
are not allowed to be
hunted.
44. The Antarctic Sanctuary
In 1994, the IWC set aside a huge
area around Antarctica as the
Southern Ocean Sanctuary
The purpose is to protect the major
feeding areas of about 90% of the
world’s whales
The proposal passed by a vote of
23-1, with the Japanese being the
only opposition.
The Japanese continue to hunt 400
Minke whales a year in the
sanctuary for “research” purposes.
This is allowed under IWC rules,
because a sanctuary can remain
open to whaling by any nation that
objects to the proposal.
45. How can I help?
The easiest and most efficient way to help is
to donate to the various organizations that
are trustworthy and have a well established
reputation.
Wildlife Conservation Network
National Wildlife Federation
46. Conclusion
Increased understanding about the world’s
current wildlife situation and an increased
emphasis on education will give future
generations an opportunity to experience
nature to its fullest extent.