The document discusses the integration of Wi-Fi and 3GPP networks in heterogeneous networks. It forecasts strong growth in mobile data usage and adoption of small cells. It outlines challenges around deployment, interference, and handoffs in heterogeneous networks. It proposes strategies like self-optimizing networks and dedicated small cell spectrum. The document advocates for seamless integration of Wi-Fi and 3GPP through intelligent radio access selection and traffic steering.
Hotspot 2.0 is a new approach that aims to make Wi-Fi networks as easy to use as cellular networks. It includes technologies like 802.11u for network discovery and selection, WPA2-Enterprise for secure authentication using credentials like SIM cards, and EAP methods. This would allow mobile users to seamlessly connect to Wi-Fi networks without manual login. However, challenges remain such as replacing existing access points that do not support the new standards and ensuring good customer experience given potential interference issues.
The document discusses the realities of 5G network deployments based on a survey of wireless industry professionals. It finds that the majority have launched or are deploying 5G networks, with two-thirds expecting deployment by the end of 2021. The top challenges for 5G deployment identified are the maturity of 5G equipment, availability of consumer devices, and obtaining fronthaul/backhaul connectivity and cell sites. However, the document argues that careful network design, planning, and equipment selection can help address issues like reusing current infrastructure to ease deployment challenges and accelerate the rollout of 5G networks.
A proposal to enhance cellular and wifiIJCNCJournal
WiFi offloading is becoming one of the key enablers to help the network operators dealing with the exponentially growing demand of mobile data. The idea of using WiFi to offload data traffic from cellular network has proposed for many years. However, the interoperability issue between the two networks needs to be enhanced so that WiFi can efficiently supplement for the cellular network in case of congestion or outage. In this paper, we propose a novel network roaming and selection scheme based on 3GPP TS 24.312 and IEEE 802.11k, u standards to enhance cellular and WiFi interworking. The proposed scheme is aimed at enhancing the network roaming and selection so that WiFi network can serve as a supplement and backup access network for the cellular not only for congestion control but also in case of unexpected network failure event. We also model and evaluate the proposed scheme in a typical HetNet with interworking WiFi access points and cellular base stations. The simulation result shows that our proposed scheme quickly detects unexpected network failure event and assists active UEs to perform handoff to preferable alternative point of access. As a result, service disruption is substantially reduced and quality of experience (downlink/uplink’s throughput) is improved. Therefore, our proposed scheme can be used for a more reliable HetNet in terms of congestion control and disruption tolerance.
An introduction to Wireless Small Cell NetworksMehdi Bennis
This document provides an introduction to small cell networks. It outlines that small cell networks are a necessary paradigm shift to meet increasing demand for mobile data by making cells smaller, denser, and smarter. Small cell networks include femtocells, picocells, relays, and device-to-device communications, which can operate with heterogeneous backhaul and be either closed, open, or hybrid access. Standardization efforts aim to enable interoperability, and self-organizing capabilities are important to maintain low costs as small cell density increases.
This document discusses the evolution to 5G networks. It begins by describing 4G network architecture including components like the Evolved Packet Core and IP Multimedia Subsystem. The roles of the Serving Gateway, PDN Gateway, and Mobility Management Entity in the 4G core network are explained. An architecture for 5G networks is then proposed, involving technologies like software-defined networking and network functions virtualization. Research topics for 5G include improved radio access networks, an efficient 5G core network, cloud computing and new applications. The presentation concludes by noting the need to study 5G requirements and issues to evolve current 4G networks to 5G.
This document discusses how to monetize 4G LTE networks through various revenue streams. It outlines a 4-phase LTE lifecycle including network planning, rollout, market rollout, and monetization. Potential revenue arms of monetization include offering fixed broadband services to meet bandwidth demands, expanding beyond consumer segments for fixed services, leveraging value-added services (VAS) like mobile apps, and bundling the right offerings to own the user experience. Diameter routing technology can help optimize signaling traffic and enable interworking between networks to support these monetization strategies.
This document discusses mobile data offloading using femtocells and WiFi. It provides an overview of femtocell technology compared to WiFi offloading, explaining how femtocells can extend coverage and increase capacity by handling indoor data traffic. The document also outlines some of the challenges in implementing femtocell networks, such as interference management, quality of service, and network synchronization.
Hotspot 2.0 is a new approach that aims to make Wi-Fi networks as easy to use as cellular networks. It includes technologies like 802.11u for network discovery and selection, WPA2-Enterprise for secure authentication using credentials like SIM cards, and EAP methods. This would allow mobile users to seamlessly connect to Wi-Fi networks without manual login. However, challenges remain such as replacing existing access points that do not support the new standards and ensuring good customer experience given potential interference issues.
The document discusses the realities of 5G network deployments based on a survey of wireless industry professionals. It finds that the majority have launched or are deploying 5G networks, with two-thirds expecting deployment by the end of 2021. The top challenges for 5G deployment identified are the maturity of 5G equipment, availability of consumer devices, and obtaining fronthaul/backhaul connectivity and cell sites. However, the document argues that careful network design, planning, and equipment selection can help address issues like reusing current infrastructure to ease deployment challenges and accelerate the rollout of 5G networks.
A proposal to enhance cellular and wifiIJCNCJournal
WiFi offloading is becoming one of the key enablers to help the network operators dealing with the exponentially growing demand of mobile data. The idea of using WiFi to offload data traffic from cellular network has proposed for many years. However, the interoperability issue between the two networks needs to be enhanced so that WiFi can efficiently supplement for the cellular network in case of congestion or outage. In this paper, we propose a novel network roaming and selection scheme based on 3GPP TS 24.312 and IEEE 802.11k, u standards to enhance cellular and WiFi interworking. The proposed scheme is aimed at enhancing the network roaming and selection so that WiFi network can serve as a supplement and backup access network for the cellular not only for congestion control but also in case of unexpected network failure event. We also model and evaluate the proposed scheme in a typical HetNet with interworking WiFi access points and cellular base stations. The simulation result shows that our proposed scheme quickly detects unexpected network failure event and assists active UEs to perform handoff to preferable alternative point of access. As a result, service disruption is substantially reduced and quality of experience (downlink/uplink’s throughput) is improved. Therefore, our proposed scheme can be used for a more reliable HetNet in terms of congestion control and disruption tolerance.
An introduction to Wireless Small Cell NetworksMehdi Bennis
This document provides an introduction to small cell networks. It outlines that small cell networks are a necessary paradigm shift to meet increasing demand for mobile data by making cells smaller, denser, and smarter. Small cell networks include femtocells, picocells, relays, and device-to-device communications, which can operate with heterogeneous backhaul and be either closed, open, or hybrid access. Standardization efforts aim to enable interoperability, and self-organizing capabilities are important to maintain low costs as small cell density increases.
This document discusses the evolution to 5G networks. It begins by describing 4G network architecture including components like the Evolved Packet Core and IP Multimedia Subsystem. The roles of the Serving Gateway, PDN Gateway, and Mobility Management Entity in the 4G core network are explained. An architecture for 5G networks is then proposed, involving technologies like software-defined networking and network functions virtualization. Research topics for 5G include improved radio access networks, an efficient 5G core network, cloud computing and new applications. The presentation concludes by noting the need to study 5G requirements and issues to evolve current 4G networks to 5G.
This document discusses how to monetize 4G LTE networks through various revenue streams. It outlines a 4-phase LTE lifecycle including network planning, rollout, market rollout, and monetization. Potential revenue arms of monetization include offering fixed broadband services to meet bandwidth demands, expanding beyond consumer segments for fixed services, leveraging value-added services (VAS) like mobile apps, and bundling the right offerings to own the user experience. Diameter routing technology can help optimize signaling traffic and enable interworking between networks to support these monetization strategies.
This document discusses mobile data offloading using femtocells and WiFi. It provides an overview of femtocell technology compared to WiFi offloading, explaining how femtocells can extend coverage and increase capacity by handling indoor data traffic. The document also outlines some of the challenges in implementing femtocell networks, such as interference management, quality of service, and network synchronization.
Delivering on the broadband promise: technology trends and institutional land...Antonio Bove
19th Ka and Broadband Communications, Navigation and Earth Observation Conference and the 31st AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference (ICSSC)
Florence 14th to 17th October 2013
Jeff Schmidt of Telstra presented on evolving networks for 5G. Currently, networks have physical nodes with manual configuration and provisioning that limits ability to prioritize different traffic types. The presentation discussed using network slicing to create logical partitions of network resources dedicated to different services like mobile broadband, IoT, and mission critical applications. This would allow isolating resources, selective feature enablement, and dedicated resources to guarantee service level agreements. Key points included using network slicing concepts from 4G in 5G core networks, challenges around orchestration, addressing, scaling, latency and throughput requirements.
- The document discusses 5G technology and its features, including its ability to greatly increase wireless network speeds and connectivity. It provides an overview of 5G's history and development, motivations, applications in areas like healthcare and autonomous vehicles, and its system architecture using different frequency bands. While 5G enables major improvements in areas like speed and latency, challenges remain regarding its new infrastructure requirements and the need to replace older devices.
BIEL has successfully launched an LTE network in Bangladesh, becoming one of the first to deploy a large-scale WiMAX network in 2007. It now covers major areas of Dhaka with LTE. LTE uses improved radio interfaces and core networks compared to previous technologies to increase network capacity and speed. LTE can provide download speeds up to 100Mbps and upload speeds up to 50Mbps. BIEL complied with all requirements to obtain a license allowing them to provide LTE services in Bangladesh.
Device availability is a constraint for mobile operators seeking to offload data to WiFi networks. Currently few phones support WiFi offloading, and manufacturers do not prioritize supporting operators' offloading strategies. Operators need to work with manufacturers to develop phones that support WiFi authentication standards. They could also provide combo devices and dialers that seamlessly connect users across available networks, including operators' WiFi networks. Additionally, operators could explore models like paying homeowners to allow dual-SSID access to operators' WiFi networks from home hotspots. Offloading done right may help operators adapt to the internet age by bringing new users and services onto their networks.
In May 2011, Informa conducted a global survey of the community built around the LTE World Series of events. We asked a broad cross-section of more than 500 industry executives from all members of the LTE ecosystem to answer around 20 questions on the current and future status of LTE. This presentation summarises our findings.
The document discusses NetNumber's HSS and HLR software solutions for high performance signaling services. It summarizes that NetNumber provides a centralized signaling and routing control platform called TITAN that allows carriers to run HSS, HLR, and authentication services virtually on a single server through software applications. This reduces costs compared to hardware-centric solutions and provides more flexibility to deploy new services and migrate between legacy and next-generation networks through software upgrades.
Brazil faces several challenges for the deployment of 5G networks including gaps in infrastructure like limited optical fiber backhaul and lack of mobile coverage in some areas. There are also regulatory challenges around spectrum availability and auction prices, sites licensing delays, and high tax burdens. Additionally, Brazil needs to address security issues that 5G introduces and increase research and development efforts which currently have limited funding and output. The successful rollout of 5G would help enable new applications in sectors like automotive, healthcare and smart cities by powering the Internet of Things on a massive scale.
Mobile Wimax Part2 Comparative AnalysisDeepak Sharma
This document compares Mobile WiMAX to 3G technologies such as 1xEVDO and HSPA. It finds that Mobile WiMAX offers higher data rates, better quality of service through flexible scheduling, and more scalable channel bandwidths. A performance comparison shows that Mobile WiMAX provides over 2 times the spectral efficiency and sector throughput of 3G technologies in both downlink and uplink directions. Mobile WiMAX is thus more suitable for high-speed mobile broadband applications.
Parallel Wireless has developed a solution to make rural cellular networks as easy and cost-effective to deploy as Wi-Fi. Their HetNet Gateway virtualizes the radio access network and allows hundreds of small cells called Converged Wireless Systems (CWS) to be orchestrated. CWS are low-cost software-defined radios that can provide 3G, 4G and Wi-Fi coverage using various backhaul options. This solution reduces deployment costs by 10 times compared to traditional networks and provides coverage for rural areas for the first time. Parallel Wireless is working with mobile operators to implement this solution and reimagine cellular networks.
5G is the next generation of mobile network technology that will provide higher data rates, lower latency, and better connectivity. It will offer data speeds of several gigabits per second, low latency, and the ability to connect several hundred thousand devices simultaneously. 5G uses new hardware and software architectures, like ultra wide band networks and code division multiple access, to achieve these capabilities and provide advantages like high quality services, global access, and high speed data transmission. 5G will enable new applications in areas like wearable devices, media, and the internet of things.
I participated in the Southwest Alaska Municipal Conference (SWAMC) Summit on 3/3/22 in Anchorage, AK on the Broadband Internet Connectivity Panel on behalf of Grant Management Associates (GMA). I delivered this brief Broadband Funding Presentation to kick off the panel discussion. The SlideShare version also incorporates a two page broadband funding summary at the end.
4G wireless is a packet switched wireless system designed to provide high throughput and wide area coverage. It uses technologies like OFDM and UWB to achieve data rates of 20Mbps and support mobile speeds up to 200km/hr. 4G aims to replace current mobile networks with a single worldwide standard based on IP to provide uniform multimedia services across heterogeneous access technologies. Key applications of 4G include interactive multimedia, streaming video, traffic control systems, and public safety communications.
This document discusses providing cellular services over WiFi networks to address rising mobile data usage. It outlines how mobile data traffic is growing much faster than network capacity improvements. WiFi offers a cost-effective way to offload data traffic and improve coverage. The document describes how mobile operators can leverage existing WiFi infrastructure to provide seamless voice, messaging and data services to users on both WiFi and cellular networks. It provides examples of operators using VoWiFi solutions and discusses Taqua's Virtual Mobile Core product which enables operators to integrate WiFi networks and deliver cellular services and features to users over WiFi.
1) Qualcomm is leading the development of 5G mobile technology through advancements in LTE, including LTE Advanced Pro.
2) LTE Advanced Pro enhances LTE capabilities through features like carrier aggregation across wider bandwidths, use of licensed and unlicensed spectrum, advanced antenna techniques, and lower latency.
3) These enhancements help deliver gigabit speeds, increase network capacity and efficiency, enable new IoT use cases, and progress LTE capabilities towards 5G standards.
Emerging Radio Technologies that are mmWave communications, Massive MIMO, Novel Waveforms and Multiple Access techniques etc. will provide ultra-high data rate traffic per user. However, only new Radio techniques implemented in lower layers of legacy networks could not guarantee the all 5G requirements, consequently the new network architecture along with new Radio technologies will emerge to fulfill all 5G requirements.
This document discusses the global outlook for 4G WiMAX technology. It aims to connect 1 billion mobile clients within 5 years using a single architecture across multiple mobile platforms. Key points include:
- WiMAX enables a primary mobile broadband experience, with average subscribers using over 7GB per month compared to 3-5GB for 3G.
- Clearwire is expanding WiMAX coverage to over 80 US markets by the end of 2010, targeting download speeds of 2-4Mbps.
- Intel's WiMAX solution extends performance with dual-band Wi-Fi and supports global spectrum allocations to ensure compatibility worldwide.
3G and LTE Enterprise Small Cell Architecture 2016David Chambers
Webinar slides with presentations from David Chamber/ThinkSmallCell and Amit Jain/Spidercloud contrasting the various Enterprise small cell architectures.
The webinar considered building size segmentation, 3G/4G technology mix, alternative approaches for distributed radio and controller functions, with a forward looking section covering LAA, MulteFire and shared spectrum
A Q&A session touched on the impact of Wi-Fi, how Enterprise IT departments look at co-existence of LTE/Wi-Fi, and whether small cells can be used to provide full multi-operator service.
Rob Karel - Ensuring The Value Of Your Trusted Data - Data Quality Summit 2008DataValueTalk
- The document discusses building a business case for trusted data and master data management (MDM) initiatives through a bottom-up valuation approach. It recommends starting with an individual line-of-business process to identify and address data quality issues to quickly realize value.
- Examples of target processes include reducing call center inefficiencies through better customer data, decreasing wasted marketing costs from improved targeting, and lowering supply chain breakdowns by ensuring data integrity. Metrics like data freshness, accuracy, and completeness should be used to ensure initiatives are on track.
- A multi-phase, long-term view of data governance as a "trusted data program" is advocated over viewing MDM as the goal in itself. Buy-
DATA FORUM MICROPOLE 2015 - Forrester - Data Gouvernance ValuationMicropole Group
This document discusses data valuation and governance for Micropole. It recommends evaluating data usage internally for efficiency, revenue, strategic objectives, and customer value. Externally, data can be used in data marketplaces and by selling APIs or data. Effective data governance is still needed and should focus on quality, uniqueness, lifecycle, compliance, security and privacy. New data governance objectives include classification, transparency, and machine learning integration. The document recommends roadmapping data strategies by business outcomes and considering data governance applications to improve effectiveness using data valuation.
Delivering on the broadband promise: technology trends and institutional land...Antonio Bove
19th Ka and Broadband Communications, Navigation and Earth Observation Conference and the 31st AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference (ICSSC)
Florence 14th to 17th October 2013
Jeff Schmidt of Telstra presented on evolving networks for 5G. Currently, networks have physical nodes with manual configuration and provisioning that limits ability to prioritize different traffic types. The presentation discussed using network slicing to create logical partitions of network resources dedicated to different services like mobile broadband, IoT, and mission critical applications. This would allow isolating resources, selective feature enablement, and dedicated resources to guarantee service level agreements. Key points included using network slicing concepts from 4G in 5G core networks, challenges around orchestration, addressing, scaling, latency and throughput requirements.
- The document discusses 5G technology and its features, including its ability to greatly increase wireless network speeds and connectivity. It provides an overview of 5G's history and development, motivations, applications in areas like healthcare and autonomous vehicles, and its system architecture using different frequency bands. While 5G enables major improvements in areas like speed and latency, challenges remain regarding its new infrastructure requirements and the need to replace older devices.
BIEL has successfully launched an LTE network in Bangladesh, becoming one of the first to deploy a large-scale WiMAX network in 2007. It now covers major areas of Dhaka with LTE. LTE uses improved radio interfaces and core networks compared to previous technologies to increase network capacity and speed. LTE can provide download speeds up to 100Mbps and upload speeds up to 50Mbps. BIEL complied with all requirements to obtain a license allowing them to provide LTE services in Bangladesh.
Device availability is a constraint for mobile operators seeking to offload data to WiFi networks. Currently few phones support WiFi offloading, and manufacturers do not prioritize supporting operators' offloading strategies. Operators need to work with manufacturers to develop phones that support WiFi authentication standards. They could also provide combo devices and dialers that seamlessly connect users across available networks, including operators' WiFi networks. Additionally, operators could explore models like paying homeowners to allow dual-SSID access to operators' WiFi networks from home hotspots. Offloading done right may help operators adapt to the internet age by bringing new users and services onto their networks.
In May 2011, Informa conducted a global survey of the community built around the LTE World Series of events. We asked a broad cross-section of more than 500 industry executives from all members of the LTE ecosystem to answer around 20 questions on the current and future status of LTE. This presentation summarises our findings.
The document discusses NetNumber's HSS and HLR software solutions for high performance signaling services. It summarizes that NetNumber provides a centralized signaling and routing control platform called TITAN that allows carriers to run HSS, HLR, and authentication services virtually on a single server through software applications. This reduces costs compared to hardware-centric solutions and provides more flexibility to deploy new services and migrate between legacy and next-generation networks through software upgrades.
Brazil faces several challenges for the deployment of 5G networks including gaps in infrastructure like limited optical fiber backhaul and lack of mobile coverage in some areas. There are also regulatory challenges around spectrum availability and auction prices, sites licensing delays, and high tax burdens. Additionally, Brazil needs to address security issues that 5G introduces and increase research and development efforts which currently have limited funding and output. The successful rollout of 5G would help enable new applications in sectors like automotive, healthcare and smart cities by powering the Internet of Things on a massive scale.
Mobile Wimax Part2 Comparative AnalysisDeepak Sharma
This document compares Mobile WiMAX to 3G technologies such as 1xEVDO and HSPA. It finds that Mobile WiMAX offers higher data rates, better quality of service through flexible scheduling, and more scalable channel bandwidths. A performance comparison shows that Mobile WiMAX provides over 2 times the spectral efficiency and sector throughput of 3G technologies in both downlink and uplink directions. Mobile WiMAX is thus more suitable for high-speed mobile broadband applications.
Parallel Wireless has developed a solution to make rural cellular networks as easy and cost-effective to deploy as Wi-Fi. Their HetNet Gateway virtualizes the radio access network and allows hundreds of small cells called Converged Wireless Systems (CWS) to be orchestrated. CWS are low-cost software-defined radios that can provide 3G, 4G and Wi-Fi coverage using various backhaul options. This solution reduces deployment costs by 10 times compared to traditional networks and provides coverage for rural areas for the first time. Parallel Wireless is working with mobile operators to implement this solution and reimagine cellular networks.
5G is the next generation of mobile network technology that will provide higher data rates, lower latency, and better connectivity. It will offer data speeds of several gigabits per second, low latency, and the ability to connect several hundred thousand devices simultaneously. 5G uses new hardware and software architectures, like ultra wide band networks and code division multiple access, to achieve these capabilities and provide advantages like high quality services, global access, and high speed data transmission. 5G will enable new applications in areas like wearable devices, media, and the internet of things.
I participated in the Southwest Alaska Municipal Conference (SWAMC) Summit on 3/3/22 in Anchorage, AK on the Broadband Internet Connectivity Panel on behalf of Grant Management Associates (GMA). I delivered this brief Broadband Funding Presentation to kick off the panel discussion. The SlideShare version also incorporates a two page broadband funding summary at the end.
4G wireless is a packet switched wireless system designed to provide high throughput and wide area coverage. It uses technologies like OFDM and UWB to achieve data rates of 20Mbps and support mobile speeds up to 200km/hr. 4G aims to replace current mobile networks with a single worldwide standard based on IP to provide uniform multimedia services across heterogeneous access technologies. Key applications of 4G include interactive multimedia, streaming video, traffic control systems, and public safety communications.
This document discusses providing cellular services over WiFi networks to address rising mobile data usage. It outlines how mobile data traffic is growing much faster than network capacity improvements. WiFi offers a cost-effective way to offload data traffic and improve coverage. The document describes how mobile operators can leverage existing WiFi infrastructure to provide seamless voice, messaging and data services to users on both WiFi and cellular networks. It provides examples of operators using VoWiFi solutions and discusses Taqua's Virtual Mobile Core product which enables operators to integrate WiFi networks and deliver cellular services and features to users over WiFi.
1) Qualcomm is leading the development of 5G mobile technology through advancements in LTE, including LTE Advanced Pro.
2) LTE Advanced Pro enhances LTE capabilities through features like carrier aggregation across wider bandwidths, use of licensed and unlicensed spectrum, advanced antenna techniques, and lower latency.
3) These enhancements help deliver gigabit speeds, increase network capacity and efficiency, enable new IoT use cases, and progress LTE capabilities towards 5G standards.
Emerging Radio Technologies that are mmWave communications, Massive MIMO, Novel Waveforms and Multiple Access techniques etc. will provide ultra-high data rate traffic per user. However, only new Radio techniques implemented in lower layers of legacy networks could not guarantee the all 5G requirements, consequently the new network architecture along with new Radio technologies will emerge to fulfill all 5G requirements.
This document discusses the global outlook for 4G WiMAX technology. It aims to connect 1 billion mobile clients within 5 years using a single architecture across multiple mobile platforms. Key points include:
- WiMAX enables a primary mobile broadband experience, with average subscribers using over 7GB per month compared to 3-5GB for 3G.
- Clearwire is expanding WiMAX coverage to over 80 US markets by the end of 2010, targeting download speeds of 2-4Mbps.
- Intel's WiMAX solution extends performance with dual-band Wi-Fi and supports global spectrum allocations to ensure compatibility worldwide.
3G and LTE Enterprise Small Cell Architecture 2016David Chambers
Webinar slides with presentations from David Chamber/ThinkSmallCell and Amit Jain/Spidercloud contrasting the various Enterprise small cell architectures.
The webinar considered building size segmentation, 3G/4G technology mix, alternative approaches for distributed radio and controller functions, with a forward looking section covering LAA, MulteFire and shared spectrum
A Q&A session touched on the impact of Wi-Fi, how Enterprise IT departments look at co-existence of LTE/Wi-Fi, and whether small cells can be used to provide full multi-operator service.
Rob Karel - Ensuring The Value Of Your Trusted Data - Data Quality Summit 2008DataValueTalk
- The document discusses building a business case for trusted data and master data management (MDM) initiatives through a bottom-up valuation approach. It recommends starting with an individual line-of-business process to identify and address data quality issues to quickly realize value.
- Examples of target processes include reducing call center inefficiencies through better customer data, decreasing wasted marketing costs from improved targeting, and lowering supply chain breakdowns by ensuring data integrity. Metrics like data freshness, accuracy, and completeness should be used to ensure initiatives are on track.
- A multi-phase, long-term view of data governance as a "trusted data program" is advocated over viewing MDM as the goal in itself. Buy-
DATA FORUM MICROPOLE 2015 - Forrester - Data Gouvernance ValuationMicropole Group
This document discusses data valuation and governance for Micropole. It recommends evaluating data usage internally for efficiency, revenue, strategic objectives, and customer value. Externally, data can be used in data marketplaces and by selling APIs or data. Effective data governance is still needed and should focus on quality, uniqueness, lifecycle, compliance, security and privacy. New data governance objectives include classification, transparency, and machine learning integration. The document recommends roadmapping data strategies by business outcomes and considering data governance applications to improve effectiveness using data valuation.
This document provides a summary of the key trends identified in Accenture's Technology Vision for 2012. It focuses on "Context-based services", describing how combining real-time data from various sources with location and contextual information will enable new immersive and valuable digital experiences for users. The trend highlights how context goes beyond just location to include inputs like social media, activities, and historical data. It discusses how context-based services can differentiate companies and benefit various industries like retail, healthcare, and banking. While the potential is significant, it also notes challenges like privacy that still need to be addressed for context-based services to reach their full potential.
Sky rocket your financial knowledge success!Michael Barker
This document summarizes a 2-hour workshop on profit and loss accounts (P&Ls) and the differences between cash and profits. The workshop covered categories in a P&L, analyzing a P&L against budget and last year, the saying "turnover is vanity, profit is sanity, cash is reality," P&L adjustments, influencing profitability, and financial terminology. Attendees learned why cash is more important than profits, how to work more closely with finance teams, and were quizzed on key points from the workshop.
This document provides an overview of cellular network technologies from 1G to 4G. It summarizes the evolution from analog 1G networks to digital 2G networks, then to 2.5G and 3G networks with increased data capabilities. 4G networks are described as providing further increased throughput through advanced technologies like OFDMA. Key multiple access technologies like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA used in different generations are explained. Popular cellular standards GSM and CDMA are discussed in detail along with their network architecture and capabilities. The transition from 2G to 2.5G to 3G using technologies like GPRS, EDGE is outlined. The goals and applications of 4G networks are described as fully converged services on a range
This document provides an overview of cellular networks. It discusses key concepts like cells, base stations, frequency reuse, and multiple access methods. It describes how location of mobile devices is managed through location updating and paging. It also covers handoff which allows active calls to continue seamlessly as users move between different cells.
150 Tips Tricks and Ideas for Personal BrandingKyle Lacy
The document provides 101 tips for personal branding. Some of the key tips include focusing on telling your authentic story to create an emotional connection with others, maintaining a consistent online presence through regular blogging and social media posting, and understanding that a personal brand is an evolving reflection of yourself that should be built over time through quality interactions and content. Personal branding is about developing trust and relationships by being yourself.
The document discusses designing teams and processes to adapt to changing needs. It recommends structuring teams so members can work within their competencies and across projects fluidly with clear roles and expectations. The design process should support the team and their work, and be flexible enough to change with team, organization, and project needs. An effective team culture builds an environment where members feel free to be themselves, voice opinions, and feel supported.
How to Become a Thought Leader in Your NicheLeslie Samuel
Are bloggers thought leaders? Here are some tips on how you can become one. Provide great value, put awesome content out there on a regular basis, and help others.
The document discusses Wi-Fi offloading and small cells as a solution to increasing mobile data traffic. It notes that the carrier WiFi and small cells infrastructure market will grow significantly over the next five years, accounting for nearly $9 billion in revenues. Specific challenges addressed include efficient traffic management across heterogeneous networks, high speed requirements, and using Wi-Fi offloading and small cells to improve coverage and capacity while reducing costs. The proposed solution involves integrating Wi-Fi networks with LTE small cells to allow traffic to be offloaded to Wi-Fi while maintaining control and mobility on the LTE network, addressing issues like availability of local IP access and standardization.
Operators strategy for supporting the ‘Mobile Data Explosion’eXplanoTech
The document discusses strategies that mobile operators can use to support increasing mobile data usage. It outlines several approaches operators are taking, including deploying small cells to increase network capacity, leveraging WiFi networks to offload traffic, and using new 3GPP standards and technologies like carrier aggregation and dynamic spectrum management. The document also provides a case study of how one US operator has evolved its network from 1947 to the present day to support growing demand.
The document discusses how wireless data usage is exploding due to increased smartphone adoption, stretching the limits of 3G and 4G networks. It notes that backhaul is the main bottleneck and that Wi-Fi offloading provides a scalable solution by leveraging existing Wi-Fi networks to handle data traffic. The CEO of Towerstream discusses their pilot Wi-Fi network in NYC that saw over 21 million connections in a quarter, mostly from handheld devices, transferring 1 terabyte of data daily and peaking at 70,000 unique visitors. Possible revenue models for carriers include wholesale offload deals and an advertising platform.
The document discusses heterogeneous networks (HetNets) which involve a mix of radio technologies and cell types working seamlessly together to meet increasing demands on mobile networks from more connected devices. HetNets use a combination of improved macro cells, additional small cells, and Wi-Fi to deliver consistent high quality experiences. This is achieved through a 3-step approach of enhancing existing macro cells, densifying networks with additional macro or micro cells, and complementing with small cells and indoor solutions. Cell coordination is also important where macro cells provide downlink coverage and small cells handle uplink to balance performance. HetNets are a key way to optimize customer experience as mobile traffic and devices increase dramatically in the coming years.
5G wireless systems will provide significantly higher bandwidth and connectivity speeds compared to current 4G standards. 5G is expected to support data rates up to 25 Mbps, connectivity for 65,000 devices simultaneously, and virtual private networks. Key technologies that enable 5G include software-defined radios, advanced billing interfaces, and a separation of the network layer into lower and upper sub-layers to support multiple wireless connections and address translation.
5G networks will provide vastly increased capabilities over 4G networks. 5G is expected to deliver peak data rates of up to 10 Gbps, end-to-end latencies of 1 ms or less, connectivity for at least 1 million devices per square kilometer, and network energy efficiency improvements of up to 90%. However, 5G networks are still in development and large-scale commercial deployments are not expected until around 2020. In the meantime, 4G networks are being enhanced through technologies like LTE-Advanced, VoLTE, and WiFi calling to help meet some 5G requirements and enable new applications and use cases.
In the past, we’ve seen a regular 10 year technology refresh with 2G, 3G and 4G each being added incrementally. Some believe that 5G will follow in the same cycle, although at the moment it remains vague and unpredictable. Others point out that the benefits of each new generation – mainly increasing spectral efficiency and releasing new spectrum – are reaching their full potential. This has been a key argument for small cell deployment, which increases capacity through frequency reuse without the need for additional spectrum or spectral efficiencies.
This document provides an introduction to 4th generation (4G) wireless networks. It discusses the history and evolution of previous mobile technologies (1G, 2G, 3G). 4G aims to provide higher data rates, seamless coverage, and support for multimedia services through an all-IP based network. The document outlines some key design objectives and technologies for 4G including addressing issues like heterogeneous networks, mobility management, quality of service, and security. It also discusses applications and challenges of 4G such as billing across multiple operators and reconfigurable terminal technology.
5G technology refers to the next generation of mobile networks beyond 4G. It aims to provide significantly higher data rates, lower latency, and better support for connectivity between devices. Key aspects of 5G include using higher frequency millimeter waves for data transmission, advanced wireless technologies like massive MIMO and beamforming, and new network architectures to support many more connected devices at higher speeds. While 5G promises major improvements in performance, challenges remain in fully developing and deploying the new technology at a large scale.
In this presentation, we embark on a journey through the evolution of cellular networks, tracing their roots from 1G to the current pinnacle of technology, 5G. We delve into the intricacies of 5G, exploring its foundational principles, technical workings, and the myriad advantages it brings, from lightning-fast data speeds to enabling groundbreaking applications in augmented reality, the Internet of Things, and beyond. However, no exploration of 5G is complete without addressing concerns and misconceptions. We confront conspiracy theories surrounding 5G, including alleged health risks and unfounded associations with the COVID-19 pandemic. By the end, participants will gain a holistic understanding of 5G's transformative potential, appreciating its benefits while dispelling myths that may cloud its advancement.
The document discusses the future of mobile networks known as HetNets and the increasing role of small cells. It notes that small cell deployments are growing rapidly, with over 1 million cells deployed by some major operators. Small cells provide benefits like improved coverage, greater capacity and spectrum efficiency. The document also discusses network considerations for HetNets including interference management and backhaul options. It examines usage scenarios for small cells like in homes, enterprises, rural networks and integrated with Wi-Fi.
Radisys & Airspan - Small Cells and LTE-A Webinar PresentationRadisys Corporation
Radisys' Renuka Bhalerao and Paul Senior of Airspan presented: Small Cells & LTE Advanced - The Hype of 3Cs: Capacity, Coverage and Customer Satisfaction on June 11, 2013. View/Read their materials how mobile operators can make their networks more efficient, increase capacity and coverage by deploying LTE-A and strategically placed small cells.
The document discusses 5G and 6G mobile technologies. It provides an overview of the evolution from 1G to 5G networks, describing some key 5G technologies like millimeter wave, small cells, massive MIMO, and beamforming. It then introduces 6G, explaining that 6G networks are expected to utilize terahertz bands and technologies like AI, optical wireless communication, and 3D networking. Some advantages of 6G mentioned include extremely high speeds, low latency, improved security and personalization, and enabling new applications like connected robotics.
Cellular networks are overloaded by mobile data traffic because of fast growth of mobile broadband services and the widespread use of smart phones. Application of smartphone, laptops internet etc. are increasing day by day. All this is causing congestion problem. Data revenue problem is a major problem for the network operators. One of the solutions to alleviate this problem is the offloading of mobile data traffic from the cellular access technology to the Wi-Fi access network. Wi-Fi access point is widely deployed by customers or by the operators so can be easily used for offloading technique. This paper reviews the models and architecture of offloading in between LTE network and Wi-Fi access network. Limitations of using Wi-Fi as alternative access network is also discussed in this paper and brief of ANDSF is provided in the paper.
CommsMEA - Hetnets - paving the way for the “ultraband” ageTariq Ashraf
The document discusses the relationship between mobile operators and Wi-Fi technology. It describes how Wi-Fi was initially seen as competing with mobile networks but operators are now embracing it to offload traffic. Two approaches to integrating LTE and Wi-Fi networks are discussed: using LTE in unlicensed spectrum bands or linking LTE and Wi-Fi to aggregate traffic across both networks. The document concludes that mobile operators will eventually provide unified connectivity across Wi-Fi and mobile networks using self-organizing networks to manage traffic across the heterogeneous network.
5G is the fifth generation of mobile communications that provides higher peak bit rates, greater system capacity, lower latency and energy consumption compared to 4G. 5G will enable unified global connectivity anywhere and anytime through its high-speed low-latency network. It will revolutionize various industries like education and transportation by facilitating real-time communication between systems and autonomous operations through technologies like robotics and drones. 5G's applications are expected to transform the world into a true wireless area with shared spectrum usage and aerial connectivity.
Mobility Management For Next Generation NetworksGreen Packet
Increasingly, operators worldwide will be faced with a similar challenge of managing data congestion over multiple access networks. With networks evolving into LTE, operators would need to carefully assess the technology fit into integrating complementary nature of multiple access networks into an all-IP flat architecture. An all IP flat architecture helps to tie heterogeneous access networks that devices can attach to access end-user services. Communication devices today are able to connect with more than one type of wireless technologies to the “web of things”. An end-user will connect to a Wi-Fi hotspot, if within range. When moving away from range, the communication link is handover to for example, UMTS. The motivation of inter-working lies in marrying the diverse strengths of each communication technology. High-bandwidth data communication inherent in WLAN lacks mobility. Conversely, cellular technologies such as UMTS succeed in highly mobile environments, but limited in bandwidth. Although cellular networks are evolving from today’s 3G to LTE that brings promise of capacity leaps (by nearly 4 times), the overall data growth projection will outpace LTE deployments and fill up very quickly.
The immediate need to curtail congested network and effectively manage mobility is imminent to accommodate the data traffic on their networks. The impact of inter-mobility between inter access technology together with various types of mobility support including 3GPP legacy network and non 3GPP is necessary to provide a target low-latency, higher data-rate, all-IP core network capable of supporting real-time packet services. Some of the available IP mobility protocols lack sufficient control to the network to optimize the handover process and do not handle well with slow connection setups of some wireless technologies. This paper highlights the potential approaches of bringing together mobility technologies that are available and how these approaches contribute to resolve operator concerns in deployment of services and combating congestion, access technology integration and evolution to LTE from legacy 3GPP networks.
(1) 5G is the next generation of wireless technology that aims to increase data speeds up to 3 times more than 4G and incorporate new technologies like beamforming and millimeter waves. (2) The Internet of Things connects physical devices over the internet and will see 50 billion devices connected by 2020. (3) 5G will be able to handle 1000 times more traffic than current networks, have speeds up to 1 Gbps, and be the foundation for technologies like virtual reality and autonomous vehicles.
The document discusses the future of mobile networks known as HetNets and the increasing role of small cells. It notes that small cell deployments are growing rapidly due to benefits like improved coverage, greater capacity and spectrum efficiency. Small cells are seen as key to meeting the exponential growth in mobile data traffic. The document also addresses network considerations around small cells including interference management, backhaul options and integrating small cells with Wi-Fi networks.
TOT aims to be a leading telecommunications operator in Thailand that closely responds to customer demands. It provides telecommunications services to expand broadband coverage to 80% of the population by 2015 and 95% by 2020 through investments of around 80 billion baht. TOT supports the development of a 'Smart Thailand' through initiatives like expanding its 3G/4G networks, increasing access to ICT services, and enabling applications and services for areas like smart education, healthcare, government, and agriculture. Moving forward, TOT plans to enhance its network coverage and capacity through technologies like small cells, LTE, and carrier aggregation to support growing data usage and machine-to-machine applications.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on BlockchainClaudio Di Ciccio
Presented at the CAiSE 2024 Forum, Intelligent Information Systems, June 6th, Limassol, Cyprus.
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Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
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We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
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Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
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Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
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Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
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In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
Wi-Fi -3GPP LTE in HetNets
1. June 10, 2014
Presented by: Dennis Savoie
Emails: dennis.savoie@cox.net
WI-FI – 3GPP IN
HETEROGENEOUS
NETWORKS
An Integrated Approach to Delivering the Best User Experience
This document is solely for the internal use.
2. Forecasts
2
• HetNet Wi-Fi - 3GPP Data Drivers
• Small Cell predicated to carry nearly 50% of all the data
traffic by 2016 with Wi-Fi and 3GPP.
• ARCchart Forecast shipments of over 5 million small
cells representing a $40 Billion market by 2017.
• SNS Research predicts HetNets will account for more
than $350 Billion in mobile data service revenues.
• Small Cell Forum reported more than 55 operators
world wide are leveraging small cells.
• Users do not care if they connected to 3G, LTE or Wi-
Fi – underlying technology should be invisible.
• ~ 70% of data traffic is generated In-building.
• 97.5% of Smartphones support Wi-Fi.
• Wi-Fi penetration rate predicted at 60% by 2017.
• Smartphones subs expected to grow to 4.5 Billion by
2018.
• Mobile data traffic expected to rise 12-fold between
2013 and 2018.
• Mobile video traffic expected to grow 60% annually
by the end of 2018.
• 3GPP LTE RAT Release 8 and 9 projects 1.6 Billion
subs by 2018.
4. Competition
• AT&T and Verizon Focus and Trends
• US Wireless market has become increasingly saturated with wireless connections having exceed the
population in mid-2011.
• AT&T Q4 2013
• Lag in LTE coverage by a wide margin in comparison to Verizon but with some traction.
• New subscribers coming from Tablets rather than smartphones by 77% for Q3.
• Increase smartphone penetration and adoption of 4G LTE helped AT&T data ARPU rise by
13% .
• 1.02% churn with a 46% pent up in 2013 - added only 1.2 million subs in 2013 from 1.4 million
subs in 2012.
• Verizon Q4 2013
• Leads US LTE deployment and looking to increase network density with LTE – Advance and
VoLTE, however Q3 LTE coverage is not as wide as predicted – sub adds declined by 930,000
from over 1.5 million during the same period last year.
• Growing smartphone penetration and increasing adoption of 4G LTE.
• Added more than twice as many subs in 2013 than AT&T but leveling.
• LTE gap between AT&T and Verizon narrows.
• .93% churn with a 34% pent up in 2013 – added only 2.7 million subs in 2013 from 5.1 million
subs in 2012.
• T-Mobile Q4 2013
• Sprint and AT&T hit worst by T-Mobiles new service plans, some impacts with Verizon..
4
5. Challenges
5
• Umbrella or macro network designed to provide
ubiquitous mobile broadband coverage.
• Dense network of small cells that supply enormous
quantities of BW in high-traffic areas most needed.
• Network intelligence that ties those networks
together.
6. Challenges
• HetNet 3GPP Challenges
• Deployment Dynamics – design and deployment process primarily field driven, where a cluster of
small cells is designed and optimized by IT personnel in a matter of hours.
• Real Estate – metro scale gov’t are restrictive about mounting wireless devices on their property.
• Backhaul – achieve data rates at 99.9% can only be achieved by optical fiber. However small cell
deployments are not cost effective for fiber as with the Macro.
• Truck Rollout – mass deployment of small cells and Wi – Fi are only commercially viable if the
installation and commissioning process is much simpler and faster than deploying macros.
• Interference – small cells in a HetNet means that the cell site density is a couple of orders higher of
magnitude than in macro networks – which will cause interference to the user.
• Critical SINR determines data rates – high interference and high SINR results in slow data
rates.
• Handoff – significant increase in cell site density, the handoff between small cells occurs more
often than the handoff between macro-cells – handoff algorithm has to be spot-on, fast and
accurate.
• More handoffs means more signaling traffic and for 4G LTE already traffic heavy due to
smartphone users.
• Potential network refuses data connection even with marginal users.
6
7. Challenges
7
• NetHet Wi-Fi – 3GPP Challenges
• LTE Release 12 – and beyond LTE-B has now started within 3GPP.
• User data rates in the multi-Gbps range locally and tens-of-Mbps range almost everywhere else.
• Seamless handover and offload traffic steering are two of the major challenges.
8. Strategies
8
• SON Solution Providers
• HetNets have to be designed, deployed
and operated in a far more efficient
manner than macro cell networks.
• Lack of real estate for outdoor small cells
– collocating multiple small cells may not
be possible.
• Separate spectrum band dedicated for
small cell deployment to control and
reduce handoff traffic from macro-cells.
• Self-optimizing Network Algorithms (SON)
to help automate installation, self-
configuration, diagnosis and optimization
of HetNets:
• Network Planning and Deployment
• Network Optimization
• Network Operations
9. Opportunities
9
• HetNet Wi-Fi - 3GPP Seamless Integration
Solution
• Mobile Operators have three ways to enhance
network mobile-broadband demand:
1. Enhance macro network - additional
licensed spectrum, more antennas, and
processing capabilities, etc.
2. Densify the macro network – total
number of sites low, while network
performance is less sensitive to traffic
location.
3. Add capacity through small-cell
deployment using low power nodes.
• Wi-Fi is simply another RAT like 2G, 3G or 4G
connected to the core cellular network.
11
22
33
10. Opportunities
10
• HetNet Wi-Fi -3GPP - LTE Intelligent Radio
Access Selection, Real-Time Traffic
Steering and Integration Core To Cell
• A optimum and seamless transition user experience
can only be achieved if Wi-Fi-selection decisions are
based on information available from both 3GPP and
Wi-Fi networks.
• User-equipment mobility and location.
• Total loading on both networks including cell load,
transport load and processing.
• Estimate of link rates in each network including
radio link and transport.
• Real-Time Traffic Steering is in constant visibility of the
KPIs in both the Wi-Fi and the cellular network, an
integrated Wi-Fi-3GPP can make informed, real-time
traffic-steering decision.
• End-to-End integration all the way from mobile packet
core network to the individual cell or AP is required for a
seamless user experience.
• Planning, Provisioning and Scalability can be better
achieved through collocation and integration with micro
and pico cell reducing space, power and backhaul
requirements.
11. Key Steps
• Key Steps in the Integration of Wi-Fi - 3GPP
• Design for an End-to-End Wi-Fi – LTE Integration
• Deploy and Integrate HetNet - Wi-Fi and LTE in parallel or series – boost traffic capacity,
service level and total cost of ownership with Wi-Fi on the RAT level and on-demand where
needed as priority high traffic zones to enhanced QoS.
• Plan and Provision for Scalability for on-demand traffic and convergence now for the
future.
• Implement Real-Time Traffic Steering Applications giving total control of the Operator
over the Wi-Fi access selection as well as load – balancing to increase sub penetration and
minimize churn.
• Acquire uniform Wi-Fi devices to ensure consistent implementations for a rapid
deployment.
• Risk
• Video now accounts for nearly 70% of data usage on the largest Carrier-Grade Wi-Fi
networks and, by 2015, 90% of all internet traffic is predicted to be video.
• Mobile Operators who don’t offer Carrier Wi-Fi may in effect be handing their subscriber
relationships and the user experience to competing operators who do.
11
12. Key Steps
• Considerations in the Integration of Wi-Fi with LTE
• Ericsson Real Time Traffic Steering integrates Wi-Fi and cellular in both the core and Radio
Access Networks (RAN).
• Support and complements standards-based Access Network Discovery and Selection
Function (ANDSF) which is proprietary.
• ANDSF rules cover items such as user profile, timing, location and application usage.
• Works the vendor's mobile radio access network, Wi-Fi access points and wireless LAN
controller.
• Constantly assesses KPIs in both the mobile 3GPP network and Wi-Fi network before
shifting a user’s smartphone connection between networks.
• SON access selection feature enabling load-balancing between Wi-Fi and 3GPP to optimize
the average user experience.
• Ericsson Carrier-Grade Wi-Fi
• Indoor and outdoor APs
• Controllers
• Network Management
12
13. References and Research
• Despite T-Mobile competition, AT&T Post Strong Q4 on Wider LTE Coverage and Low Subsidies, 1/29/2014;
http://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/01/29/despite-t-mobile-competition-att-posts-strong-q4-on-wider-lte-cov
• Verizon Earnings Preview: Watching Impact of Subsidies and T-Mobile Competition in Q4, 1/17/2014;
http://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/01/17/verizon-earnings-preview-watching-impact-of-subsidies-and-t-mo
• The Technological Future of Small Cells, 3/25/2014; http://www.ibwave.com/blog/the-technological-future-of-small-cells/
• The HetNet Bible(Small Cells and Carrier WiFi) – Opportunities, Strategies and Forecasts: 2013 – 2020 – With an
Evaluation of DAS & Cloud RAN;
https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&rlz=1C1BLWB_enUS553US567&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=T
• Wi-Fi In Heterogeneous Networks, Ericsson White Paper 6/2013;
http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/wp-wi-fi-in-heterogeneous-networks.pdf
• Heterogeneous Networks, Ericsson White Paper 2/2012;
http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/WP-Heterogeneous-Networks.pdf
• LTE Release 12, Ericsson White Paper 1/2013; http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/wp-lte-release-12.pdf
• It All Comes Back to Backhaul, Ericsson White Paper, 2/2012,
http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/WP-Heterogeneous-Networks-Backhaul.pdf
• Small Cells, Big Challenge: A Definitive Guide to Designing and Deploying HetNets; http://hetnet.ixiacom.com/
• Wi-Fi Integration, Ericsson Review, 2/2011; http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/2012/ER-WiFi-Integration.pdf
• Carrier Wi-Fi: The Next Generation, 12/20/2013;
http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/ericsson_review/2013/er-ng-carrier-wifi.pdf
• Achieving Carrier Grade Wi-Fi in the 3GPP World, Ericsson Review, 2/2012;
http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/ericsson_review/2012/er-seamless-wi-fi-roaming.pdf
• Small Cells Technologies: The Evolution of Wireless Providers Solutions; Frost and Sullivan White Paper; www.frost.com
13
Editor's Notes
Talking Point. When the mobile device is selecting the access network, it can’t determine whether the Wi-Fi network is going to provide a better link rate than the 3GPP network. It cannot know whether there is sufficient backhaul capacity to deliver the expected service either.
If operators use Wi-Fi as a stand-alone capacity-offload solution alone, they are going to limit their ability to offer their subscribers a consistently high-performance, seamless mobile broadband experience. They will also lose control over their relationship with a growing proportion of their customers and potentially miss out on new business opportunities.
The classic example is when a mobile device enters a building with both Wi-Fi and 3G coverage: even if the Wi-Fi coverage is poor and the 3G or 4G coverage is good, the device may still select the Wi-Fi network. Such device-based access selection can lead to a significant degradation in data rate provided to the user, unless and until the user moves closer to the Wi-Fi access point (AP).
On top of this, there is always a risk that the Wi-Fi network being joined is not what it claims to be or offers poor security, or that the user would actually get a better signal and data rate by staying connected to the mobile cellular data network.
When the mobile device is selecting the access network, it can’t determine whether the Wi-Fi network is going to provide a better link rate than the 3GPP network. It cannot know whether there is sufficient backhaul capacity to deliver the expected service either.
Meeting mobile broadband expectations with maximum efficiency as the Networked Society takes shape, providing the right user experience is a top priority for operators.
Bandwidth-hungry applications common on smartphones, tablets and other connected devices are driving figures for data traffic sky high. The opportunity for operators arises from people, business and society depending on their devices, mobile broadband access and high-performance networks.
Heterogeneous networks, commonly known as HetNets, and efforts to improve and densify existing mobile broadband infrastructure together with added small cells are important when meeting ever-increasing user expectations.
Overall, mobile data traffic is expected to grow tenfold by 2016 [3]. Users are increasingly aware of the connection speed, data rate, coverage and availability of their mobile broadband services. To ensure that subscribers remain satisfied, operators must deliver a seamless performance to the customer from end-to-end.
Talking Point. The main driver for the heterogeneous network vision – that Wi-Fi, along with other small-cell technologies, should become an integral part of a complete mobile-broadband solution – is to deliver high-quality services wherever users need them.
By the end of 2018, it is estimated that the typical mobile PC will generate 11GB, a tablet 3.1GB and a smartphone around 2GB per month. The current mobile-data explosion is largely being driven by smartphones, which have provided mobile operators with a welcome boost to average revenue per user (ARPU).
Total smartphone subscriptions reached 1.2 billion at the end of 2012 and are expected to grow to 4.5 billion in 2018. Mobile data traffic is also expected to rise 12-fold between 2012 and 2018, as shown in Figure .
Mobile video traffic is expected to grow 60 percent annually until the end of 2018.
The amount consumed per user is also growing rapidly.
At the end of 2012, the average mobile PC generated approximately 2.5GB per month versus 450MB per month produced by a high-traffic smartphone, with the difference partially related to screen size.
By the end of 2018, it is estimated that the typical mobile PC will generate 11GB, a tablet 3.1GB and a smartphone around 2GB per month [1].
Talking Point. The Asian markets are higher than US markets, and the DAS market mix adoption rate looses traction over the life cycle of the small cell mix with the introduction of new product technology to densify small cell.
Small Cells and Wi-Fi trends are in a growth.
Talking Point. AT&T’s lag in LTE coverage has been a concern over the past several quarters, with its post paid net adds shrinking in comparison to industry leader Verizon.
Talking Point. To ensure that subscribers remain satisfied, operators must deliver a consistent, high-quality and seamless mobile broadband experience that meets or exceeds their expectations.
As Figure 1 shows, achieving subscriber satisfaction will require improved data performance overall and at cell edges, especially indoors where about 70 percent of today’s data traffic is generated. Figure 2, the key is to find the right mix – in other words where to improve, densify and add to meet future capacity and coverage demands. How and when to use each tool depends on the existing networks (macro site density), the availability of backhaul (whether owned or leased), the availability of spectrum (whether licensed or unlicensed), estimated traffic volumes, and required data rates, as well as the technical and economic feasibility of each individual approach.
Backhaul Challenge. As small cells complement improved and densified macro cells, and the number of radio nodes increases, backhaul becomes more important. Backhaul performance not only affects the data throughput available to users, but also the overall performance of the radio-access network; high-performance backhaul with low latency enables tighter coordination between nodes, which in turn uses available spectrum more efficiently.
Site Challenge. To obtain maximum value from the radio spectrum, operators will need flexible base-station site solutions that allow for ideal placement of the radio site. Operators may need to consider alternatives for site location by connecting with new partners such as municipalities, retailers and external agencies rather than traditional deals made with landlords and tower-approval committees.
Scalability Challenge. From a radio network perspective, the complexity of a heterogeneous network composed of multiple layers and radio technologies could easily become unmanageable unless it is carefully designed. And to keep the system secure and protect user data, managing access for many new nodes and providing credentials for both authentication and encryption of traffic and signaling data is vital.
Spectrum Challenge. Operators also need to look for new ways to expand radio spectrum availability, for example by deploying Wi-Fi using unlicensed or license-exempt spectrum. The performance of a heterogeneous network depends greatly on the degree of radio coordination. If the underlaid small-cell layer is uncoordinated, spectrum needs to be partitioned to avoid interference, which leads to inefficient use of radio spectrum and a direct loss in achievable user bit-rates. Coordinated embedded cells also increase capacity so that only 30-50 percent as many smaller cells are needed to provide the same total network traffic and increase user bit-rates for devices limited by transmission power or interference by a factor of two to ten (source: Ericsson). The performance of coordinated embedded cells is enabled by efficient spectrum reuse across layers and radio coordination functionality.
Talking Points. Today’s 4G mobile network macrocells are up to 100 feet high, and are typically located on rooftops, providing umbrella coverage to a large area. Conversely, outdoor small cells are typically found mounted on lampposts or sides of buildings, 10 to 15 feet above the ground and provide capacity to customers nearby using a much smaller footprint. Small cells are also found inside structures, providing coverage and capacity in reception areas, lobbies and store fronts, as well in enterprise offices on higher floors. The inclusion of small cells within HetNets, this new paradigm will offer an unprecedented set of challenges related to how they are planned, deployed, optimized and operated.
Deployment Dynamics. RF optimization tools have to be self-optimizing and have to have self-healing capabilities without human intervention. That means having the ability to self-diagnose and fix most common network problems without human intervention. Because of the projected scale of small cell deployments, streamlining the approval process is going to be crucial in order to properly manage the deployments.
Real-estate. Generally, municipalities tend to be restrictive and rarely allow more than one set of antennas/transmitters on street furniture. Likewise, for aesthetic reasons, building managers are reluctant to allow each carrier to mount their own cluster of in-building small cells. Operators now need to increasingly work together in order to deploy neutral host networks and maximize the limited amount of small cell real estate available to wireless network equipment.
Backhaul. With LTE Advanced data rates reaching 1 Gb/s, there is only one technology currently capable of providing backhaul for those data rates at 99.999% (the so called “five nines”) reliability, and that is optical fiber. While macro cells may get fiber backhaul, the sheer number of small cells needed to get deployed is a near guarantee that only a fraction of them may be eligible for fiber backhaul. Extending fiber to all outdoor small cells is cost prohibitive, as it costs a few thousand dollars per meter in most metropolitan areas. An alternative solution at slower data rates is fixed wireless backhaul.
Truck Rollout. Mass deployment of small cells is only commercially viable if the installation and commissioning process is much simpler and faster than deploying macrocells. Most low-power in-building small cells need to have plug-and-play installation, so that IT managers or building managers can complete the process themselves.
Interference. When there are a large number of small cells in a HetNet, it means that cell site density is a couple of orders of magnitude higher than in macro networks. High cell density means that many sites will have their signal above the threshold at a mobile’s receiver. While being close to a cell site means that the serving signal is good (five bars), if a cell phone “hears” many non-serving cell sites, then it experiences a high level of interference. This is significant because signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) determines data rates, and high interference implies low SINR and slow data rates. Thus, without some kind of intelligent interference control or cancellation, the benefit of being close to a cell site quickly disappears even at a short distance away.
Handoff. Because of the significant increase in cell site density, the handoff between small cells occurs much more often than the handoff between macrocells, so handoff algorithm has to be tight, fast and accurate. More handoff s mean that handoff signaling traffic significantly increases as well. Signaling traffic is already much heavier in 4G networks than in any previous networks because smartphone applications need to periodically communicate with websites to provide application updates. Therefore, adding more traffic for handoff signaling makes the possibility of reaching a signaling capacity limit in a cell a challenging reality. Once that happens, the network refuses data connections even though there may not be very many users running active data sessions. This effectively reduces network capacity and slows the average data rate per cell.
Talking Point. These are some of the challenges operators are focusing their attention on when it comes to carrier Wi-Fi deployment.
So for Wi-Fi, the objective is not to turn it into a 3GPP technology, but rather to figure out how to add 3GPP intelligence and control over Wi-Fi usage, so that all resources are used in an optimal way while delivering the best user experience.
Some steps have already been taken to include Wi-Fi in mobile broadband solutions, such as EAP authentication.
Some solutions are already supported by UEs, while others will be available shortly. But much more can be done. With these challenges in mind, the top three priorities for next generation carrier Wi-Fi are:
traffic steering 3GPP/Wi-Fi – to maintain optimal selection of an access network so quality of experience can be ensured and data throughput maintained;
authentication – to provide radio-access network security for both SIM- and non- SIM-based devices; and
DPI, support for unified billing and support for seamless handover – achieved by integrating with the core infrastructure already deployed for 3GPP access.
With the operator in control, and with Wi-Fi networks that are integrated with mobile radio-access and core networks, subscribers will experience high-performing mobile broadband that operates in a harmonized way.
Operators will be able to control, predict and monitor the choice of connectivity, allowing them to optimize both the user experience and resource utilization across the entire network.
LTE –A. possibility was created for transmission bandwidth beyond 20MHz and improved spectrum flexibility through carrier aggregation, and enhanced multi-antenna transmission based on an extended and more flexible reference-signal structure. Another extension was the introduction of relaying functionality – that is, the possibility of using LTE radio access not only for the access (network-to-terminal) link but also as a solution for wireless backhauling. The 3GPP is currently in the concluding stage of LTE Release 11. In addition to further refining some of the features introduced in Release 10, Release 11 includes basic functionality for coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission and reception, as well as enhanced support for heterogeneous deployments. The latter refers to the deployment of low-power network nodes under the coverage of on overlaid layer of macro nodes. In June 2012, a 3GPP RAN workshop about the Release 12 scope took place in order to prepare the next evolution step of LTE. At that meeting requirements and potential technologies were identified. [4]
Talking Point. HetNets have to be designed, deployed and operated in a far more efficient manner than macro cell networks.
Neutral Host Cell Sites/Neutral Host Network Operators. Because of the lack of real estate for outdoor small cells, collocating multiple small cells may not always be possible, and operators may be forced to house multiple wireless operators under one small cell enclosure. Such a cell site is called a neutral host cell site, and a strategy wherein wireless operators share a cell site is called a neutral host deployment. Large-scale neutral host deployment may give rise to a new class of wireless operators: neutral host network operators. They will be known as network operators despite the fact that they don’t hold spectrum, because they will plan, design, deploy and operate a cluster (or even a small network) of neutral host cell sites, and charge wireless spectrum holders, namely, macro mobile network operators, an operational monthly fee.
Dedicated Spectrum Allocation for Small Cell Networks. Frequency reuse results in co-channel and adjacent channel interference. As the system load increases the level of interference will also increase. This increase in interference will cause the cell radii to shrink since the radio receivers will be subjected to interference in addition to the thermal noise. Once the cell radii shrink the users that are located near the edges of the cells will experience an unacceptable low QoS. However as the connections are drop the level of interference will decrease. To control and reduce handoff traffic to and from macrocells and to mitigate interference from macrocells, a separate spectrum band needs to be dedicated for small cell deployments. Having two separate spectrum bands would then separate a HetNet into two networks: a macro network and a small cell network. This would help control the traffic flow between the two, reduce overall interference in each network and also limit the handoff between the two. The FCC has recognized a need for a small cell spectrum band and has recently created an initiative to allow small cells to share 3.5 GHz spectrum band with satellite service, which may encourage carriers to adopt this strategy.
Self-optimizing Network Algorithms. Self-optimizing network (SON) algorithms are a diverse group of algorithms that help automate installation, self-configuration, diagnosis and optimization of HetNets. Here are some of the more important SON algorithms. Network Planning and Deployment. These are self-configuring algorithms that enable plug-and-play self-installation with minimal network operations involvement. Network Optimization. These are algorithms that mitigate interference in real time. Network Operations. These are algorithms that minimize monitoring and adjustment, providing analysis and recovery of faults, automated upgrades, reconfiguration of surrounding cells after a cell site has failed and auto inventory reporting of components from all network elements. SON algorithms are critical for the success of complex networks such as HetNets. For SON to be widely adopted by network operators, its algorithms need to be standardized and interoperable. Another important standardization aspect is multivendor interoperability, which would guarantee seamless operation of network infrastructure equipment from different OEMs. Without standardization and interoperability, the economies of scale are not achievable and the full potential of HetNets may not be released.
Talking Point. The main driver for the heterogeneous network vision – that Wi-Fi, along with other small-cell technologies, should become an integral part of a complete mobile-broadband solution – is to deliver high-quality services wherever users need them.
Heterogeneous networks accomplish this by combining radio-access technologies (RATs) to boost peak capacity at hotspots and improve performance at cell edges and in buildings.
This requires cost-efficient, easy-to-install radio solutions that complement the existing macro network in high-traffic areas.
Mobile operators have three ways to enhance network capacity and coverage to meet growing mobile-broadband demand: Enhance macro network, densify the macro network and add capacity.
However, in some high-traffic areas, typically where deploying new radio-network resources is more of a challenge (for example, in public areas such as airports, railroad stations, conference centers and hotel lobbies) it may not be feasible to improve or densify the macro network within the specific time, cost or spectrum constraints.
Operators can then identify where they require additional capacity and add small, low-power cells to make use of both licensed and unlicensed bands, including the rollout of integrated Wi-Fi.
With solutions that are scalable, integrated with both the core and radio access networks, and that enable good visibility and management of the user experience, Wi-Fi can be used to deliver all the same services available from the cellular data network.
It maximizes the entire user experience by helping to deliver consistently high performance through the addition of a large amount of widely available unlicensed spectrum.
This kind of integrated Wi-Fi-3GPP solution will enable network-based access selection and real-time traffic steering according to specific policies, applications and services, user mobility and local radio characteristics.
Talking Point. In order to provide a high-performance experience for mobile-broadband users, operators need greater control over when a device uses the mobile cellular network and when it uses the operator’s Wi-Fi network, and which Wi-Fi network is used. Hence a need for real-time traffic steering applications and tools.
Operator policy has been specified for some time in 3GPP – for example, through the interworking wireless local area network (iWLAN) specification – and has been augmented by Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF).
The ANDSF and Hotspot 2.0 standards, where supported on specific devices, will also complement real-time traffic steering.
In addition, the Wi-Fi Alliance has introduced its Hotspot 2.0 policy specifications. These policy tools go a long way to shifting control from the device to the network, but still cannot deal with the rapid changes in the radio environment experience by a typical mobile device in a multi-technology network.
With comprehensive visibility of the KPI s in both the Wi-Fi and the cellular network, an integrated Wi-Fi 3GPP solution can make informed, real-time traffic-steering decisions, as shown in Figure .
The beauty of this integrated approach is that even legacy devices can benefit from a better user experience.
Talking Points. Design for an End-to-End Wi-Fi – LTE Integration
Deploy and Integrate HetNet - Wi-Fi and LTE in parallel or series – boost traffic capacity, service level and total cost of ownership with Wi-Fi on the RAT level and on-demand where needed as priority high traffic zones to enhanced QoS.
Plan and Provision for Scalability for on-demand traffic and convergence now for the future.
Implement Real-Time Traffic Steering Applications giving total control of the Operator over the Wi-Fi access selection as well as load – balancing to increase sub penetration and minimize churn.
Acquire uniform Wi-Fi devices to ensure consistent implementations for a rapid deployment.
Talking Point. Ericsson Real Time Traffic Steering integrates Wi-Fi and cellular in both the core and Radio Access Networks (RAN).
Ericsson Carrier-Grade Wi-Fi