What am I going to show you in this ppt?
• What is cellular network and History of cellular networking
• Basics on how it works
• The latest gen of cellular networking: 5G
• Its features and Its differences from other gen cellular networks
• Drawbacks and slow evolution of its technology?
• Clearing all conspiracies around 5G

What is a Cellular network
• The cellular network technology works on a hierarchical structure formed by the base
transceiver station(BTS).
• At the lowest of hierarchy are the user equipment’s like mobile’s for eg i,.e what the user
or customer uses to connect with the network. The ue’s are connected to a cell.
• In a cellular network there will be a lot of cells with each cell representing a specific
geographical area. A typical cell site offers geographical coverage of between nine and 21
miles. All those cells are connected to its fixed location transceiver known as base station.
These cells together provide connection to a large geographical area.
• UE’s can communicate in the network even if they move to different cells, this
phenomenon is called handover.
• The BTS is what enables cellular devices to make direct communication with mobile
phones. The unit acts as a base station to route calls to the destination base center
controller. The base station controller (BSC) coordinates with the MSC to interface with
the visitor location register (VLR), and home location register (HLR) to route the calls
toward different base center controllers.
Cellular networks maintain information for tracking the location of their subscribers' mobile
devices. In response, cellular devices are also equipped with the details of appropriate
channels for signals from the cellular network systems. These channels are categorized into
two fields:
• Strong Dedicated Control Channel: Used to transmit digital information to a cellular
mobile phone from the base station and vice versa.
• Strong Paging Channel: Used for tracking the mobile phone by MSC when a call is routed
to it.

History of cellular networking
(before commercial operations started)
The Bell System had developed cellular technology since 1947, and had cellular networks in operation in Chicago and Dallas prior to 1979,
but commercial service was delayed by the breakup of the Bell System, with cellular assets transferred to the Regional Bell Operating
Companies. This network is referred as 0G.

History of cellular networking evolution
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

1G
• The commercial operations of the First Generation of cellular network started in Japan by NTT in 1979, initially only serving the
metropolitan area of Tokyo. The first phone used in this network was called TZ-801 built by Panasonic. Over 5 years NTT expanded the
coverage to whole of Japan.
• After Japan first adopted 1g other countries followed suit and by around 90’s almost all the countries had at least one cellular network
• The first generation of cellular networks used to transfer analog signals
• At its best it used 2.4kbps with a chanel capacity of 30KHz
• Many regions used different standards of 1G for eg:Nordic countries used Nordic mobile telephone(NMT).it was also used outside of
Nordic countries. NMT and advanced mobile phone system?
Motorolla DynaTac
First handheld device
launched in the global
market. It is an eg of a
device using 1G
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

2G
• Radio signals on 2G network are digital
• Comparing to its predecessor 1G, 2G has more transfer speed comparing it with its predecessor with 5kb/s normally and theoretically it
could reach 64kB/s
• It also allowed users to send sms and mms messages although at low speeds
• Unlike its predecessor whose technology differed across regions the 2g worked on a digital signaling technology called Global System for
Mobile Communication (GSM) and there were no regional restrictions
• Continuous improvement of GSM technology led to the introduction of so-called 2.5G, which incorporated packet switching in the form of
GPRS and also EDGE technology.
• 2.5G enabled data-rates up to 144kbps, enabling users to send and receive e-mail messages and browse the web.
• 2G was also more secure than its predecessor as its network was encrypted.
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

3G
• From 3G onwards, the use of cellular network became less about voice calls and more about social connectivity
• It was introduced in the year 2000 and it was known as UMTS in Europe and CDMA2000 in the US.
• This network is also based on the GSM technology.
• The main aim of 3G technology was to support high speed data and it allowed data-rates to 14Mbps with its ability to transmit greater
amounts of data at higher speeds.
• 3G enabled users to make video calls, surf the web, share files, play online games, download moderately sized files and even watch TV
online.
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
3G

4G
• 4G was introduced to take the full advantages of smartphones and its ecosystem.
• It is the first generation of cellular network to use Long-Term Evolution(LTE) technology to deliver download speeds between 10mbps and
1Gbps, offering better latency, improved voice quality, instant messaging services and social media, quality streaming and faster download
speeds.
• It is also the first IP based mobile network
• It can also handle applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content,
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB).
1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
4G
1G 2G 3G 5G
4G

5G THE LATEST GEN OF CELLULAR NETWORK
• Developed by 3GPP(3rd Generation Partnership Project) a standards organization which develop
protocols for mobile telecommunications.
• With its commercial operation starting in 2019 in South Korea, it is the latest gen of cellular
network
• The planned successor to 4G network which as of now dominate the market
• More secure, more faster and more tech loaded and feature rich than its predecessors
• 5G networks are predicted to have more than 1.7 billion subscribers and account for 25% of the
worldwide mobile technology market by 2025, according to the GSM Association and Statista.

Difference from its predecessors
• Although almost using the same technology as its predecessor’s the geographical area each cell can cover is very small compared to
its predecessor’s
• The new network is at least 100 times faster than its predecessor.
• It has higher download speeds, even going upto 10Gbit/s.
• It has higher bandwidths helping it to connect to different applications and services
• It will have better quality in crowded areas compared to its predecessors.
• 5G uses adaptive modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to keep the bit error rate (BLER) extremely low.
• It can connect 1,000,000 devices per km2 while its predecessors could only connect to 400 users at a time.

5G IT’S ADVANTAGES, APPLICATION’S AND FEATURES
Advantages
• Faster connectivity speeds, ultra-low latency and greater bandwidth
• More secure
• Same radio waves as used in wi-fi signals, this will allow it to be considered at par with ISP’s.
• It can work in high speeds even in crowded spaces.
• Its capacity of number of users is very large
• more uniform user experience to more users

Applications
1. IoT(Internet of Things):
a buzz word you have probably heard a lot but do not have a idea what it is. The internet of
things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines,
objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer
data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
Basically a machine to machine or a system to system communication.
The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete control over
their lives. In addition to offering smart devices to automate homes, IoT is essential to business. IoT
provides businesses with a real-time look into how their systems really work, delivering insights into
everything from the performance of machines to supply chain and logistics operations.
So How does 5G help IoT?
5G networks will go a long way in improving the performance and reliability of these
connected devices. According to reports, 5G will be more than ten times the speed of LTE
networks. This speed will maximize the ability of IoT devices to connect and transfer data very fast.

Applications
2. Telerobotics
It is an area of robotics concerned with the control of semi-autonomous robots
from a distance, chiefly using television, wireless networks.
How does 5G help this field?
5G technology’s rise has enabled new operating schemes, in which the robot
can perform a large part of the mission autonomously, but can also be
teleoperated in certain circumstances for which it has not been programmed.

Applications
3. Internet of Vehicles(IoV)
just like IoT, it’s a network where there will be communication between
different vehicles on road giving wide range of information to the driver and
even helping to enable self-driving.
How is 5G helping this field?
thanks to 5G’s high bandwidth and high capacity and its leveling feature
this is easily possible

Applications
4. Immersive Technologies
Immersive technology refers to new ways of creating, displaying and
interacting with applications, content and experiences. Immersive technology has
transformed the digital experience by bringing together the virtual with users'
sight, sound, and even touch. An eg is virtual reality and augmented reality.
How will 5G help this field?
Efficient adaptation of AR and VR technologies for the economy, business, and
everyday life requires a high bandwidth internet connection. Therefore, ultra-low
latency and high throughput of 5G are critical to enabling applications of these
technologies at a satisfactory level

Applications
5. Healthcare
In healthcare, it will enable doctors to conduct remote diagnoses
and even remote surgery through robot’s.
WOW THAT’S REVOLUTIONARY
6. Industry 4.0
Integrating technologies such as IoT, cloud computing, automation
and robotics so that Flexibility is improved so that manufacturers can
better meet customer demands using mass customization—ultimately
seeking to achieve efficiency with, in many cases, a lot size of one. By
collecting more data from the factory floor and combining that with
other enterprise operational data, a smart factory can achieve
information transparency and better decisions.
5G is helping in this with its high data transfer rate.

FEATURES OF 5G
• 5G network slicing: A 5G network operator may offer one slice that
is optimized for high bandwidth applications, another slice that's
more optimized for low latency, and a third that's optimized for a
massive number of IoT devices.
• Edge computing
• High capacity
• Beamforming
• Convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular
• Operation in unlicensed spectrum
• New radio frequencies
• 5G uses adaptive modulation and coding scheme (MCS) to keep the
bit error rate (BLER) extremely low

But its not all
Positive
Not everything is perfect
And this revolutionary technology has its drawbacks and
concerns…
Let’s talk about those in detail…

5G DRAWBACKS AND CONCERNS
Drawbacks:
• Experts believe that despite its ability to have faster download speeds, 5G technology will have less upload speed compared
to 4G and 4G LTE.
• Limited Coverage: The cells cover very small area the bandwidth’s penetration power through walls and objects is also very
low which affect’s the range even more. Because of this 5G’s speed is sometimes even slower than its predecessor.
• Its currently very expensive to set up 5G
• Rural and remote locations have not changed much as the 5G rollouts have focused on urban areas
• Although I said before 5G is more secure its back end does have many vulnerabilities.

5G DRAWBACKS AND CONCERNS
Concerns:
• Electromagnetic Interferences:
some of the spectrum used by 5G interferes with spectrum band used for weather forecasting and important communication systems and
radar systems used in aviation. because of this 5G networks are not allowed near airport. It also interferes with satellite communication and wifi-
6 bands.
• Security concerns:
some authoritarian countries which developed or manufactures the hardware required for 5G has allegedly used it for spying and
espionage. They have also used it for cyberwarfare.
• Overhype:
There have been concerns surrounding the promotion of 5G, questioning whether the technology is overhyped. There are questions on
whether 5G will truly change the customer experience

Wait Is that all?
I have seen more criticisms on 5G why
aren’t you discussing about that?
YEAH ABOUT THAT…

Misinformation about 5G
• That it causes cancer: not doesn’t. You have more chance of getting cancer from sunlight than in 5G radio waves
• That it transmits any diseases: not just 5G radio waves , there hasn’t been any radio waves of any frequency that can carry any form living or
living matter with it
• 5G weakens the immune system: There is no evidence to suggest that the low levels of radiation emitted by 5G technology
can have any effect on the immune system, including on antigens, antibodies or in the process of oxidative stress.
• 5G kills birds or insects: Radio wave emissions above 10 MHz from cell telephone towers are not known to harm birds. Mass
bee deaths that happened in many parts of the world are not related to 5G deployment
WHO poster warning
misinformation related to 5G

References
• https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9224777
• https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/what-is-5g.html
• https://www.samsung.com/in/support/mobile-devices/what-is-a-cellular-network-or-mobile-network/
• https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/5G
• https://www.gsmarena.com/glossary.php3?term=5g
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-gGeAe-PJA&t=134s

About 5G cellular network.pptx