Alaska is more than 67% federally controlled lands. Hawaii has less than 20% and was granted land by the federal government. Why the difference? The Transfer of Public Lands is the Only Solution Big Enough to 1) fund education, 2) better care for our lands and forests, 3) protect access, 4) create jobs, and 5) grow our local, state, and national economies and tax base.
The document calls on Congress to convey title of federal public lands to Western states based on the following key points:
1) Over 50% of lands in Western states are still controlled by the federal government despite a duty to dispose of them.
2) Retaining control of these lands harms the states' economies and independence.
3) Transferring title of the lands to the states would generate revenue to address national debt and support economic growth.
4) The federal government is not properly managing these lands and their resources.
This document discusses the evolution of America's constitutions over time, from the colonial charters through the Articles of Confederation and the US Constitution of 1788. It notes how several key principles of the original Constitution, like limited government, federalism, separation of powers, and checks and balances, have changed significantly over time due to legislation, amendments, and judicial interpretations. Specifically, the federal government's powers have expanded far beyond the limited, enumerated powers originally intended. The document questions whether America still operates under its original Constitution or something quite different today.
The document discusses the history of federal control over public lands within states and arguments for transferring those lands to state control. It notes that when new states were admitted to the union, compacts were created to transfer federal public lands within the new states equally to the states. However, vast amounts of land remained under long-term federal control in western states like Oregon. The document argues that this unequal treatment of western states violates the terms of statehood and harms state sovereignty, revenues, and ability to manage resources and growth. It advocates for the transfer of federal public lands to state control on equal terms as the original states and early western states like Illinois that successfully compelled such land transfers.
The Articles of Confederation established the first system of government for the United States after declaring independence from Britain in 1777. It created a loose alliance between the 13 sovereign states and gave most powers to the states instead of the federal government. The Articles established a unicameral Congress with each state getting one vote, but it lacked a strong central government since it could not tax, raise an army, or regulate trade between the states. Events like Shays' Rebellion in 1787 showed the weaknesses of this structure and helped spur the movement for a new, stronger Constitution.
The document summarizes the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States from 1781-1787. It established a weak national government with most power held by the individual states. Though it allowed for the orderly governance and westward expansion during and after the Revolutionary War, its weaknesses were exposed by events like Shay's Rebellion, leading to calls to reform the national government structure.
The document summarizes the US Constitution, beginning with the Preamble outlining the reasons for independence and establishing a more perfect Union. It then describes the 7 original articles that established the three branches of government and their powers, as well as how the Constitution can be amended. Finally, it lists the 27 amendments added to the original Constitution, including those guaranteeing rights like freedom of speech and abolishing slavery.
The Articles of Confederation failed to provide a sufficient constitution for America for several reasons:
1) Congress had no power to enforce laws or collect taxes from the states, leaving the government without money or means to pay debts.
2) The structure of equal representation for each state in Congress, regardless of population size, led to conflicts between large and small states.
3) Economic disputes between states with ports and those without convenient ports caused dissatisfaction and discord.
The new Constitution was proposed to address these critical flaws by creating a stronger federal government with balanced powers between states and the central authority.
The document calls on Congress to convey title of federal public lands to Western states based on the following key points:
1) Over 50% of lands in Western states are still controlled by the federal government despite a duty to dispose of them.
2) Retaining control of these lands harms the states' economies and independence.
3) Transferring title of the lands to the states would generate revenue to address national debt and support economic growth.
4) The federal government is not properly managing these lands and their resources.
This document discusses the evolution of America's constitutions over time, from the colonial charters through the Articles of Confederation and the US Constitution of 1788. It notes how several key principles of the original Constitution, like limited government, federalism, separation of powers, and checks and balances, have changed significantly over time due to legislation, amendments, and judicial interpretations. Specifically, the federal government's powers have expanded far beyond the limited, enumerated powers originally intended. The document questions whether America still operates under its original Constitution or something quite different today.
The document discusses the history of federal control over public lands within states and arguments for transferring those lands to state control. It notes that when new states were admitted to the union, compacts were created to transfer federal public lands within the new states equally to the states. However, vast amounts of land remained under long-term federal control in western states like Oregon. The document argues that this unequal treatment of western states violates the terms of statehood and harms state sovereignty, revenues, and ability to manage resources and growth. It advocates for the transfer of federal public lands to state control on equal terms as the original states and early western states like Illinois that successfully compelled such land transfers.
The Articles of Confederation established the first system of government for the United States after declaring independence from Britain in 1777. It created a loose alliance between the 13 sovereign states and gave most powers to the states instead of the federal government. The Articles established a unicameral Congress with each state getting one vote, but it lacked a strong central government since it could not tax, raise an army, or regulate trade between the states. Events like Shays' Rebellion in 1787 showed the weaknesses of this structure and helped spur the movement for a new, stronger Constitution.
The document summarizes the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States from 1781-1787. It established a weak national government with most power held by the individual states. Though it allowed for the orderly governance and westward expansion during and after the Revolutionary War, its weaknesses were exposed by events like Shay's Rebellion, leading to calls to reform the national government structure.
The document summarizes the US Constitution, beginning with the Preamble outlining the reasons for independence and establishing a more perfect Union. It then describes the 7 original articles that established the three branches of government and their powers, as well as how the Constitution can be amended. Finally, it lists the 27 amendments added to the original Constitution, including those guaranteeing rights like freedom of speech and abolishing slavery.
The Articles of Confederation failed to provide a sufficient constitution for America for several reasons:
1) Congress had no power to enforce laws or collect taxes from the states, leaving the government without money or means to pay debts.
2) The structure of equal representation for each state in Congress, regardless of population size, led to conflicts between large and small states.
3) Economic disputes between states with ports and those without convenient ports caused dissatisfaction and discord.
The new Constitution was proposed to address these critical flaws by creating a stronger federal government with balanced powers between states and the central authority.
The document summarizes the early history of the United States government, from the Articles of Confederation to the ratification of the Constitution. It describes that the original 13 states each had their own government, and then joined together under the Articles of Confederation, which gave most power to state governments. However, problems with the Articles led to the Constitutional Convention and the drafting of a new Constitution, which was then ratified by the states and established a stronger federal government with balanced power between the national and state levels.
United States Constitution wikipedia (highlighted)VogelDenise
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
The United States’ Corporate Constitution was CREATED on or about September 17, 1787 – i.e. a date AFTER the CREATION of the Declaration of Independence which CLEARLY Prohibits DESPOTISM, Political Corruption, etc. Nevertheless, it appears that this Constitution was DRAFTED for the CORPORATION by the name of United States and NOT the United States OF AMERICA!
This document is POSTED for purposes of sharing information with the PUBLIC/WORLD and WILL assist in the OVERTHROW of the United States’ DESPOTISM Government Regime which is RUN and CONTROLLED by WHITE Jews/Zionists and WHITE Supremacists.
NOT ONLY that is CRITCAL in SUPPORTING the RETURN of Lands/Properties to the NATIVES that INHABITED the areas that have been LABELED as UNITED STATES OF AMERICA!
We look forward to sharing WHY “ALL” Contracts/Agreements between this CORPORATION and FOREIGN Governments are VOID as they may relate to the Lands/Properties KNOWN as the United States OF AMERICA! In other words, if Foreign Governments and their Leaders were DECEIVED to believe they are ENTITLED to Lands/Properties NAMED as the United States OF AMERICA based on Contracts/Agreements BETWEEN this Corporation KNOWN as the “United States” ONLY!
BOTTOM LINE, the WHITE Jews/Zionists and WHITE Supremacists that are RUNNING and CONTROLLING the United States’ DESPOTISM Government Regime ARE acting WITH Criminal, FRAUDULENT, DECEPTIVE, etc. INTENT and has SWINDLED a GREAT DEAL of Foreign Governments OUT OF MONIES using such FRONTING Corporations as the “United States” in their SCAMS!
The Articles of Confederation were the first constitution of the United States, drafted in 1777 by John Dickinson to create a framework for governance. However, it had several critical flaws: it gave the central government no enforcement powers; states did not pay taxes and ignored Congress; and states made their own diplomatic agreements. As a result, Congress could not pay debts or maintain the army, leading to embarrassment and foreign encroachment. These issues prompted the drafting of a new constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation.
The document is a review of the key elements of the U.S. Constitution. It contains multiple choice and matching questions about the branches of government, qualifications for elected positions, terms of office, Constitutional amendments, and impeachment processes. The review covers the legislative, executive, and judicial branches; roles of Congress, the President, and Supreme Court; and important rights and processes established in the Constitution.
Soc studies #15 articles of confederationMrsSevCTK
The document summarizes the key events leading up to the drafting and ratification of the Articles of Confederation, which established the first national government of the United States after the American Revolutionary War. It describes the political ideas that influenced the Articles, their provisions, and the difficulties faced under the weak confederation system, including inflation, conflicts between states, and Shays' Rebellion, demonstrating the need for a stronger federal government.
The Fourteenth Amendment was Never Constitutionally Ratified — Thus, Anchor B...Jonathan Henderson
The document argues that the Fourteenth Amendment was never constitutionally ratified and thus its protections do not apply to "anchor babies" or undocumented immigrants. It claims the Fourteenth Amendment failed to receive the necessary number of state ratifications to be added to the Constitution. It references debates around the Fourteenth Amendment's ratification process and cites analyses and congressional records that argue the amendment was not properly ratified and thus is not legally part of the Constitution. The document uses this argument to claim protections like birthright citizenship and due process do not apply to undocumented immigrants or their children born in the US.
The document summarizes the early government of the United States, from the Articles of Confederation to the ratification of the Constitution. It describes how the original 13 states each had their own government, and then joined together under the Articles of Confederation, which gave most power to state governments. However, problems with the Articles led to a Constitutional Convention that established a new national government with three branches and compromises between large and small states. The Constitution was then ratified and George Washington became the first President.
The document discusses the Articles of Confederation and the problems that arose under that first form of government for the United States. It describes the limited powers granted to the national government and the states' dominance over certain matters. Key issues that weakened the Articles included the inability to tax, lack of control over economic matters, and foreign relations problems due to the nation's lack of unity. The Northwest Ordinance established a process for admitting new states and was one of the Articles' greatest achievements.
The document discusses the concept of federalism in the US government. It describes how federalism is established in the US Constitution through the separation and sharing of powers between the federal and state governments. It outlines the major powers granted to each level of government, and how federalism has evolved over time from a stricter separation of powers to a more cooperative relationship between federal and state authorities. Both advantages and criticisms of federalism are presented.
"The independent power of the states...serves as a check on the power of the Federal Government: by denying any one government complete jurisdiction over all concerns of public life, federalism protects the liberty of the individual from arbitrary power...The States are separate and independent sovereigns. Sometimes they have to act like it." - US Supreme Court Affordable Care Act Decision, June 2012
This document provides an overview of the US legal system. It discusses how law has historically regulated human interactions for various reasons and theories like consensus theory and conflict theory. It also summarizes the crime control and due process models of the criminal justice system. Common law, statutory law, and case law are examined. Important Supreme Court cases like Marbury v. Madison and US v. Jones are briefly summarized. The roles of courts, judges, and other legal professionals are also outlined.
Here are the answers:
A - 1, 4, 7, 8, 9
C - 2, 3, 5, 6, 10
The document describes the transition from the Articles of Confederation to the United States Constitution. The Articles of Confederation established the first system of government but had significant weaknesses that led to calls for a new governing framework. This resulted in the Constitutional Convention and the creation of the U.S. Constitution.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to the US Constitution, including:
- The Founding Fathers who created the Constitution believed in establishing a new type of government that would give freedom, equality, and justice for all.
- The Preamble outlines the key purposes of the Constitution, which are to establish a more perfect Union, ensure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common Defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty.
- The Constitution aims to find a balanced center between the extremes of anarchy (no government) and tyranny (too much government control) on the political spectrum. It was influenced by aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture that emphasized consensus
this presentation gives the basic idea about the key features about the constitution of The United States of America. it also talks about the Father's of The Constitution Making. it provides basic facts about the US constitution - date it was made, etc.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established procedures for governing new western territories acquired by the United States under the Treaty of Paris in 1783. It provided for territorial governors and outlawed slavery in the territories. The Articles of Confederation failed because it did not allow the federal government to collect taxes, issue currency, or act effectively, making it weak. Americans were concerned about Shays' Rebellion as it showed Congress could not defend the country and they feared the new nation was falling apart.
The document discusses equal protection under the law from the framing of the Constitution to modern day. It covers several key topics:
- Tensions between state and federal authority that led to the Civil War and issues of slavery and states' rights.
- The 14th Amendment was ratified after the Civil War to define citizenship and prohibit states from denying citizens equal protection under the law.
- Important Supreme Court cases that further defined and applied equal protection, such as incorporating some Bill of Rights protections against the states.
- The development of anti-discrimination laws and affirmative action programs to address issues of racial discrimination in the 20th century criminal justice system.
The document summarizes 11 amendments to the US Constitution between the 11th and 27th amendments. These amendments covered topics like states rights to not be sued without consent, separating electoral college votes for president and vice president, abolishing and prohibiting slavery, defining citizenship rights, prohibiting restrictions on voting based on race, allowing income tax, direct election of senators, prohibition and repeal of prohibition, women's right to vote, terms for elected officials, presidential voting in DC, prohibiting poll taxes, presidential succession, lowering the voting age to 18, and regulating congressional salaries.
The Articles of Confederation established a weak central government for the United States after the Revolutionary War. Power was held mainly by the individual states, which considered themselves sovereign. The central government could not levy taxes, regulate interstate commerce, or enforce laws. It also lacked an army. This was demonstrated by Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts, which the central government could not respond to militarily. The weaknesses of the Articles' government ultimately led to calls for a new, stronger federal constitution.
The document discusses the creation of the US Constitution. It describes the key differences between the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan, including how they proposed structuring the branches of government and representation in Congress. It outlines some of the major compromises reached at the Constitutional Convention, such as the Connecticut Compromise on representation and the Three-Fifths Compromise. The document also briefly discusses some of the influences on the Framers like political writings of the time and their experiences, as well as the varying reactions to the completed Constitution.
The document discusses the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States adopted in 1781. It established a weak central government that gave most power to the states. The Articles helped the 13 states cooperate during the Revolutionary War but were not intended to impose national laws on independent states. Key accomplishments under the Articles included securing alliances, establishing territories, and passing the Northwest Ordinance to govern the territories. However, the Articles also had problems like limited power to pass or enforce laws. Dissatisfaction with the Articles later led Americans to call for changes to the government structure.
Utah State Representative Ken Ivory has been a leader in the pursuit of fiscal self-reliance in Utah, with regard to both issues—federal fund transfers and land ownership. Ivory was a primary sponsor of the Financial Ready Utah bills, as well as the 2012 Transfer of Public Lands Act, which establishes a framework for the transfer of certain federal lands to the state of Utah in the coming years. Ivory also serves as president of the American Lands Council (www.AmericanLandsCouncil.org), a nonprofit composed of state officials, local governments, businesses, organizations and individuals interested in advancing the cause of local control of land access, land use and land ownership.
Earlier this month, Reason Foundation Director of Government Reform Leonard Gilroy interviewed Rep. Ivory on the rationale behind the Financial Ready Utah bills and the Transfer of Public Lands Act, the history of federal control of western lands, and much more.
The document summarizes the early history of the United States government, from the Articles of Confederation to the ratification of the Constitution. It describes that the original 13 states each had their own government, and then joined together under the Articles of Confederation, which gave most power to state governments. However, problems with the Articles led to the Constitutional Convention and the drafting of a new Constitution, which was then ratified by the states and established a stronger federal government with balanced power between the national and state levels.
United States Constitution wikipedia (highlighted)VogelDenise
17 USC § 107 Limitations on Exclusive Rights – FAIR USE
The United States’ Corporate Constitution was CREATED on or about September 17, 1787 – i.e. a date AFTER the CREATION of the Declaration of Independence which CLEARLY Prohibits DESPOTISM, Political Corruption, etc. Nevertheless, it appears that this Constitution was DRAFTED for the CORPORATION by the name of United States and NOT the United States OF AMERICA!
This document is POSTED for purposes of sharing information with the PUBLIC/WORLD and WILL assist in the OVERTHROW of the United States’ DESPOTISM Government Regime which is RUN and CONTROLLED by WHITE Jews/Zionists and WHITE Supremacists.
NOT ONLY that is CRITCAL in SUPPORTING the RETURN of Lands/Properties to the NATIVES that INHABITED the areas that have been LABELED as UNITED STATES OF AMERICA!
We look forward to sharing WHY “ALL” Contracts/Agreements between this CORPORATION and FOREIGN Governments are VOID as they may relate to the Lands/Properties KNOWN as the United States OF AMERICA! In other words, if Foreign Governments and their Leaders were DECEIVED to believe they are ENTITLED to Lands/Properties NAMED as the United States OF AMERICA based on Contracts/Agreements BETWEEN this Corporation KNOWN as the “United States” ONLY!
BOTTOM LINE, the WHITE Jews/Zionists and WHITE Supremacists that are RUNNING and CONTROLLING the United States’ DESPOTISM Government Regime ARE acting WITH Criminal, FRAUDULENT, DECEPTIVE, etc. INTENT and has SWINDLED a GREAT DEAL of Foreign Governments OUT OF MONIES using such FRONTING Corporations as the “United States” in their SCAMS!
The Articles of Confederation were the first constitution of the United States, drafted in 1777 by John Dickinson to create a framework for governance. However, it had several critical flaws: it gave the central government no enforcement powers; states did not pay taxes and ignored Congress; and states made their own diplomatic agreements. As a result, Congress could not pay debts or maintain the army, leading to embarrassment and foreign encroachment. These issues prompted the drafting of a new constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation.
The document is a review of the key elements of the U.S. Constitution. It contains multiple choice and matching questions about the branches of government, qualifications for elected positions, terms of office, Constitutional amendments, and impeachment processes. The review covers the legislative, executive, and judicial branches; roles of Congress, the President, and Supreme Court; and important rights and processes established in the Constitution.
Soc studies #15 articles of confederationMrsSevCTK
The document summarizes the key events leading up to the drafting and ratification of the Articles of Confederation, which established the first national government of the United States after the American Revolutionary War. It describes the political ideas that influenced the Articles, their provisions, and the difficulties faced under the weak confederation system, including inflation, conflicts between states, and Shays' Rebellion, demonstrating the need for a stronger federal government.
The Fourteenth Amendment was Never Constitutionally Ratified — Thus, Anchor B...Jonathan Henderson
The document argues that the Fourteenth Amendment was never constitutionally ratified and thus its protections do not apply to "anchor babies" or undocumented immigrants. It claims the Fourteenth Amendment failed to receive the necessary number of state ratifications to be added to the Constitution. It references debates around the Fourteenth Amendment's ratification process and cites analyses and congressional records that argue the amendment was not properly ratified and thus is not legally part of the Constitution. The document uses this argument to claim protections like birthright citizenship and due process do not apply to undocumented immigrants or their children born in the US.
The document summarizes the early government of the United States, from the Articles of Confederation to the ratification of the Constitution. It describes how the original 13 states each had their own government, and then joined together under the Articles of Confederation, which gave most power to state governments. However, problems with the Articles led to a Constitutional Convention that established a new national government with three branches and compromises between large and small states. The Constitution was then ratified and George Washington became the first President.
The document discusses the Articles of Confederation and the problems that arose under that first form of government for the United States. It describes the limited powers granted to the national government and the states' dominance over certain matters. Key issues that weakened the Articles included the inability to tax, lack of control over economic matters, and foreign relations problems due to the nation's lack of unity. The Northwest Ordinance established a process for admitting new states and was one of the Articles' greatest achievements.
The document discusses the concept of federalism in the US government. It describes how federalism is established in the US Constitution through the separation and sharing of powers between the federal and state governments. It outlines the major powers granted to each level of government, and how federalism has evolved over time from a stricter separation of powers to a more cooperative relationship between federal and state authorities. Both advantages and criticisms of federalism are presented.
"The independent power of the states...serves as a check on the power of the Federal Government: by denying any one government complete jurisdiction over all concerns of public life, federalism protects the liberty of the individual from arbitrary power...The States are separate and independent sovereigns. Sometimes they have to act like it." - US Supreme Court Affordable Care Act Decision, June 2012
This document provides an overview of the US legal system. It discusses how law has historically regulated human interactions for various reasons and theories like consensus theory and conflict theory. It also summarizes the crime control and due process models of the criminal justice system. Common law, statutory law, and case law are examined. Important Supreme Court cases like Marbury v. Madison and US v. Jones are briefly summarized. The roles of courts, judges, and other legal professionals are also outlined.
Here are the answers:
A - 1, 4, 7, 8, 9
C - 2, 3, 5, 6, 10
The document describes the transition from the Articles of Confederation to the United States Constitution. The Articles of Confederation established the first system of government but had significant weaknesses that led to calls for a new governing framework. This resulted in the Constitutional Convention and the creation of the U.S. Constitution.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to the US Constitution, including:
- The Founding Fathers who created the Constitution believed in establishing a new type of government that would give freedom, equality, and justice for all.
- The Preamble outlines the key purposes of the Constitution, which are to establish a more perfect Union, ensure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common Defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty.
- The Constitution aims to find a balanced center between the extremes of anarchy (no government) and tyranny (too much government control) on the political spectrum. It was influenced by aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture that emphasized consensus
this presentation gives the basic idea about the key features about the constitution of The United States of America. it also talks about the Father's of The Constitution Making. it provides basic facts about the US constitution - date it was made, etc.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established procedures for governing new western territories acquired by the United States under the Treaty of Paris in 1783. It provided for territorial governors and outlawed slavery in the territories. The Articles of Confederation failed because it did not allow the federal government to collect taxes, issue currency, or act effectively, making it weak. Americans were concerned about Shays' Rebellion as it showed Congress could not defend the country and they feared the new nation was falling apart.
The document discusses equal protection under the law from the framing of the Constitution to modern day. It covers several key topics:
- Tensions between state and federal authority that led to the Civil War and issues of slavery and states' rights.
- The 14th Amendment was ratified after the Civil War to define citizenship and prohibit states from denying citizens equal protection under the law.
- Important Supreme Court cases that further defined and applied equal protection, such as incorporating some Bill of Rights protections against the states.
- The development of anti-discrimination laws and affirmative action programs to address issues of racial discrimination in the 20th century criminal justice system.
The document summarizes 11 amendments to the US Constitution between the 11th and 27th amendments. These amendments covered topics like states rights to not be sued without consent, separating electoral college votes for president and vice president, abolishing and prohibiting slavery, defining citizenship rights, prohibiting restrictions on voting based on race, allowing income tax, direct election of senators, prohibition and repeal of prohibition, women's right to vote, terms for elected officials, presidential voting in DC, prohibiting poll taxes, presidential succession, lowering the voting age to 18, and regulating congressional salaries.
The Articles of Confederation established a weak central government for the United States after the Revolutionary War. Power was held mainly by the individual states, which considered themselves sovereign. The central government could not levy taxes, regulate interstate commerce, or enforce laws. It also lacked an army. This was demonstrated by Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts, which the central government could not respond to militarily. The weaknesses of the Articles' government ultimately led to calls for a new, stronger federal constitution.
The document discusses the creation of the US Constitution. It describes the key differences between the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan, including how they proposed structuring the branches of government and representation in Congress. It outlines some of the major compromises reached at the Constitutional Convention, such as the Connecticut Compromise on representation and the Three-Fifths Compromise. The document also briefly discusses some of the influences on the Framers like political writings of the time and their experiences, as well as the varying reactions to the completed Constitution.
The document discusses the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States adopted in 1781. It established a weak central government that gave most power to the states. The Articles helped the 13 states cooperate during the Revolutionary War but were not intended to impose national laws on independent states. Key accomplishments under the Articles included securing alliances, establishing territories, and passing the Northwest Ordinance to govern the territories. However, the Articles also had problems like limited power to pass or enforce laws. Dissatisfaction with the Articles later led Americans to call for changes to the government structure.
Utah State Representative Ken Ivory has been a leader in the pursuit of fiscal self-reliance in Utah, with regard to both issues—federal fund transfers and land ownership. Ivory was a primary sponsor of the Financial Ready Utah bills, as well as the 2012 Transfer of Public Lands Act, which establishes a framework for the transfer of certain federal lands to the state of Utah in the coming years. Ivory also serves as president of the American Lands Council (www.AmericanLandsCouncil.org), a nonprofit composed of state officials, local governments, businesses, organizations and individuals interested in advancing the cause of local control of land access, land use and land ownership.
Earlier this month, Reason Foundation Director of Government Reform Leonard Gilroy interviewed Rep. Ivory on the rationale behind the Financial Ready Utah bills and the Transfer of Public Lands Act, the history of federal control of western lands, and much more.
This document contains a list of tasks related to managing an image gallery and purchasing additional image storage space. It notes several issues with alignment, loading indicators, error messages, selection of multiple images, and drag and drop functionality that need to be addressed. It also contains tasks for correcting text, sizing pop-ups appropriately, centering elements, and indicating upload status. Overall the tasks aim to improve the usability, responsiveness and design consistency of the image management and storage purchase features.
Analyzing Decolonization in India and Vietnam Through a Global PerspectiveIsabelaVitta
India gained independence from British rule in 1947 after decades of non-violent resistance led by Gandhi, while Vietnam was not unified and independent from French colonialism until 1975 after wars against the French and Americans. Both countries struggled for independence amid foreign intervention as peripheral nations within the global economic system. Their paths to decolonization reflected different approaches by their colonial powers, with France pursuing assimilation in Vietnam while Britain emphasized segregation in India. These cases demonstrate the importance of international factors and differing colonial policies for countries seeking independence in the 20th century.
This document discusses the unequal treatment of Western states compared to Eastern states with regards to federally controlled public lands. It notes that while Eastern states had sovereignty over their lands from the beginning, Western states had over 90% of their lands controlled by the federal government indefinitely. It highlights the arguments made by Illinois Representative Orlando Ficklin in 1848 for a bill to cede public lands to the states, including that all states must have equal sovereignty and rights to develop their resources. It also discusses how Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri relentlessly advocated for reforming the system to transfer more control of public lands to the states.
Idaho HCR 22 2013 - Demanding Feds to Extinguish Title to Public LandsAmerican Lands Council
This document is a concurrent resolution from the Idaho state legislature demanding that the federal government extinguish title to Idaho's public lands and transfer title of those lands to the state of Idaho. It provides numerous historical references to establish that the federal government has a trust obligation based on compacts with the original states and Idaho's admission to the union to eventually transfer public lands to the states. It argues that by retaining control over nearly two-thirds of Idaho's land, the federal government has prevented Idaho from properly funding education and managing its resources and economy.
Why the difference? The Western states of the United States of America need their public lands (owned and managed by the federal government) transferred to local control. Increasing access, health AND productivity. Currently these lands are failing under the federal control.
The state that successfully compelled the transfer of its public lands using these arguments was Nevada. In the late 19th century, Nevada argued for the transfer of federal lands within its borders using reasoning around state sovereignty, unfair restrictions on revenue generation and management compared to eastern states, health and welfare of its citizens, and fulfillment of the terms of its statehood enabling act - ultimately resulting in the transfer of public lands to Nevada's control.
The document provides the full text of the U.S. Constitution along with explanatory notes. It begins with an introductory essay that discusses the historical context for the creation of the Constitution, including the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, the events leading up to the Constitutional Convention, the debates and compromises that occurred, and the ratification process. It then presents the full text of the Constitution along with annotations to explain the meaning and intent of its provisions. The document serves as a reference for understanding both the original Constitution and its continued relevance today.
Learn the basics of the Transfer of Public Lands! This presentation will help answer questions such as: why transfer lands? Has this been done before? And Can we afford to transfer the lands? You will also learn what you can do to help American Lands Council move this important effort forward.
Learn the basics of the Transfer of Public Lands! This presentation will help answer questions such as: why transfer lands? Has this been done before? And Can we afford to transfer the lands? You will also learn what you can do to help American Lands Council move this important effort forward.
This document provides an overview of the development of American law and government. It discusses the following key points:
- The Constitution established a system of checks and balances between the three branches of government to limit any single person or group from having absolute power.
- Important court cases like McCulloch v. Maryland and Clinton v. Jones established precedents around Congressional power and presidential immunity.
- The Bill of Rights was adopted to protect individual liberties and limit the power of the federal government in response to concerns during ratification of the Constitution.
The document provides an overview of key events and developments during the early years of the United States as an independent nation under the Articles of Confederation and then the newly ratified Constitution. It discusses the weaknesses of the Articles, events like Shays' Rebellion that highlighted these weaknesses, the drafting and ratification of the Constitution, as well as major policies and conflicts during the Federalist Era under presidents Washington and Adams. Key figures and developments discussed include the Northwest Ordinance, Hamilton's economic plans, the emergence of political parties, and international tensions with Britain and France.
The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the United States that provides the framework for the U.S. government and defines its powers. It was drafted in 1787 in Philadelphia in response to weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation, including a weak federal government and lack of separation of powers. The Constitution established a representative democracy with three branches of government and a system of checks and balances to limit any one branch from becoming too powerful. It has been amended 27 times, including the first ten amendments known as the Bill of Rights.
The Hartford Convention met in 1814 to discuss New England's grievances with the War of 1812 and propose constitutional amendments, including apportioning representation and taxes based on free population only, requiring two-thirds congressional approval for embargoes or interdicting trade, and limiting eligibility for the presidency. The convention recommended further action if their demands were not met.
The document provides an overview of key events and documents in the founding of the United States, including the Continental Congresses, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the U.S. Constitution. It discusses the philosophical and political importance of the Declaration of Independence in establishing the principles of the new nation. It also describes problems that arose under the Articles of Confederation that led to calls for a stronger federal government as outlined in the Constitution.
This document summarizes Andrew Jackson's veto of the 1833 Land Bill. It provides background on the early history of public land ownership in the United States, including states initially claiming western lands and debates around ceding those lands to the federal government. Jackson argues the 1833 bill is not a permanent solution and does not adequately address continued disputes over public lands. He outlines objections to the bill before Congress in vetoing it.
Biblical Principles of Government Should Government Be Inv.docxjasoninnes20
Biblical Principles of Government:
Should Government Be Involved?
YES NO
Is this an
issue of
injustice?
Inalienable Rights:
Does the injustice
equate to a violation
of life, liberty, and
property?
YES NO
Government
should be
involved.
Government
should not be
involved.
How can other
spheres in society be
involved to help solve
the problem?
Government
should not be
involved.
The United States Constitution
September 17, 1787
____________________
It quickly became apparent that the Articles of Confederation, ratified by all the states by
March 1781, was insufficient in several areas (Lowman, pp. 121-22). One of the main weaknesses
was that it had no means of enforcing laws, or to settle disputes arising out of national laws. This
placed the states in the position of being independent nations (Lowman, p. 122). The states had no
rights with one another that were easily protected, and neither did their citizens. Shays' Rebellion,
which occurred in Massachusetts in 1786, magnified this problem and was the event that caused
the founding fathers to discuss plans for a better system of government:
Shays' Rebellion was limited to Massachusetts, but it threw fear into the hearts of Americans
in general. It rudely awakened them to the truly desperate political and economic conditions
in America. George Washington, in a letter to John Jay, wrote that "our affairs are
drawing rapidly to a crisis. We have errors to correct; we have probably had too good an
opinion of human nature in forming our Confederation. Experience has taught us that
men will not adopt, and carry into execution, measures the best calculated for their own
good, without the intervention of coercive power. I do not conceive we can exist long as a
nation without lodging, somewhere, a power which will pervade the whole Union in as
energetic a manner as the authority of the state governments extends over the several states
[Emphasis added.] (Lowman, p. 124).
A convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation, but under the leadership of George
Washington, the delegates pushed for a more ambitious plan: creating an entirely new system of
government:
The Convention had been called only for the purpose of revising the Articles of
Confederation. But most of the delegates realized from the beginning of their discussions
that this was not enough to solve the nation's pressing problems. What was needed was a
new and stronger national government. Since whatever action they took would only result in
a recommendation to the states and would not be binding on anyone, they made the bold
decision to put aside the Articles and draft a brand new Constitution for the United States.
In making the "Great Decision," they heeded the advice of George Washington, who is
reported to have told the delegates even before the Convention officially began: "It is too
probable that no plan we propose will b ...
Biblical Principles of Government Should Government Be Inv.docxtangyechloe
Biblical Principles of Government:
Should Government Be Involved?
YES NO
Is this an
issue of
injustice?
Inalienable Rights:
Does the injustice
equate to a violation
of life, liberty, and
property?
YES NO
Government
should be
involved.
Government
should not be
involved.
How can other
spheres in society be
involved to help solve
the problem?
Government
should not be
involved.
The United States Constitution
September 17, 1787
____________________
It quickly became apparent that the Articles of Confederation, ratified by all the states by
March 1781, was insufficient in several areas (Lowman, pp. 121-22). One of the main weaknesses
was that it had no means of enforcing laws, or to settle disputes arising out of national laws. This
placed the states in the position of being independent nations (Lowman, p. 122). The states had no
rights with one another that were easily protected, and neither did their citizens. Shays' Rebellion,
which occurred in Massachusetts in 1786, magnified this problem and was the event that caused
the founding fathers to discuss plans for a better system of government:
Shays' Rebellion was limited to Massachusetts, but it threw fear into the hearts of Americans
in general. It rudely awakened them to the truly desperate political and economic conditions
in America. George Washington, in a letter to John Jay, wrote that "our affairs are
drawing rapidly to a crisis. We have errors to correct; we have probably had too good an
opinion of human nature in forming our Confederation. Experience has taught us that
men will not adopt, and carry into execution, measures the best calculated for their own
good, without the intervention of coercive power. I do not conceive we can exist long as a
nation without lodging, somewhere, a power which will pervade the whole Union in as
energetic a manner as the authority of the state governments extends over the several states
[Emphasis added.] (Lowman, p. 124).
A convention was called to revise the Articles of Confederation, but under the leadership of George
Washington, the delegates pushed for a more ambitious plan: creating an entirely new system of
government:
The Convention had been called only for the purpose of revising the Articles of
Confederation. But most of the delegates realized from the beginning of their discussions
that this was not enough to solve the nation's pressing problems. What was needed was a
new and stronger national government. Since whatever action they took would only result in
a recommendation to the states and would not be binding on anyone, they made the bold
decision to put aside the Articles and draft a brand new Constitution for the United States.
In making the "Great Decision," they heeded the advice of George Washington, who is
reported to have told the delegates even before the Convention officially began: "It is too
probable that no plan we propose will b.
This document discusses the concept of federalism in the United States. It explains that federalism provides a system where states have independence while a national authority oversees the union. Both federal and state governments act on behalf of citizens through laws and elected officials. The document outlines reasons for federalism, including practical governance issues, liberty arguments, and distributing authority. It also discusses the distribution of powers between federal and state governments as laid out in the Constitution.
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington Enabling Acts. The promis...American Lands Council
The document summarizes the Enabling Act of 1889 that established the requirements and land grants for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington to become states. It details that these four states were granted public lands for schools and universities under the same act, yet North Dakota and South Dakota have much less remaining public lands than Montana and Washington due to differences in how the lands were managed.
Similar to Why the Difference: HI vs AK Enabling Acts (18)
This document outlines a pledge for political candidates to commit to securing full statehood equality for western states in terms of public land management. It argues that federal management of public lands in the west is failing to ensure healthy forests, wildlife, communities, and recreation. A legal analysis found that western states are entitled to the same rights over public lands as eastern states. Turning ordinary federal lands over to state control through the #FreeTheLands movement would make land management more efficient and protect access to recreation, while respecting valid existing rights. The goal is fundamental fairness and equality for western states in determining the future of their own public lands.
The document advocates for the transfer of federal public lands in western states to state control. It argues that federal control of over 50% of lands in western states has led to dysfunctional management resulting in catastrophic wildfires, restricted access to natural resources, and economic hardship for western communities that are dependent on federal subsidies. The document proposes that transferring public lands to state control would lead to better stewardship, economic opportunity, and independence for western states in managing the lands and resources within their own boundaries, in line with their statehood rights.
The document discusses Utah's Transfer of Public Lands Act, which calls on the federal government to transfer ownership of most federal lands in Utah back to the state. It provides background on land ownership in Utah, noting that the federal government owns about two-thirds of the state's land. It then makes the case that the Transfer Act is constitutional and consistent with the original intent of Utah's founding, when the federal government was expected to eventually dispose of public lands. It argues that interpreting Utah's Enabling Act and the U.S. Constitution in their original contexts supports the validity of the Transfer Act.
This document provides information about Senator Jennifer Fielder and Senate Joint Resolution 15 (SJ-15), which conducted a legislative study of federal land management in Montana. Some key points:
- Senator Fielder is from Montana and chairs SJ-15, which had strong bipartisan support.
- SJ-15 found that federal lands make up over 27 million acres in Montana and that federal funding and management of these lands is inadequate, jeopardizing environmental, economic, and social factors.
- A county survey conducted for SJ-15 showed widespread concerns about issues like wildfires, access restrictions, and payments to counties being too low to make up for non-taxable federal lands.
This document discusses the argument for transferring public lands from federal to state control in western states. It argues that federal control of over 50% of western lands has led to dysfunctional management resulting in catastrophic wildfires, restricted access to resources, and economic hardship for western communities. The document advocates for transferring control of public lands, except for national parks and designated wilderness areas, to willing western states. It cites evidence that states generate greater economic returns from land management compared to the federal government. The goal of the transfer is to improve access, environmental health, and economic productivity through more responsive local stewardship of public lands by the states.
The American Lands Council is a non-profit organization formed in 2012 with a mission to transfer federal public lands to local control. They are seeking an Office Manager to work full-time out of their South Jordan, Utah office. Responsibilities include managing finances, scheduling events, processing paperwork, overseeing the website, and assisting with operations. Qualified candidates should have skills in Microsoft Office, QuickBooks, communication, and working independently. Experience with public lands issues, education materials, and overseeing employees is preferred.
The resolution supports studying the transfer of federal lands in Mineral County, Montana to state control. It notes that 82% of the county's land is federally managed, and federal management has broken promises of sustained yield practices, multiple use, and payment in lieu of taxes. As a result, the county has become impoverished. Further, the federal government has allowed dangerous fuel loads to accumulate, threatening communities and increasing wildfire risks. In contrast, state-managed lands in Montana are said to be managed responsibly and profitably.
St. George, UT Chamber of Commerce Letters in Support of the TransferAmerican Lands Council
The St. George Chamber of Commerce wrote to several Utah representatives and senators thanking them for their past support of transferring federal public land management to the state. They request continued help passing legislation for this. A recent report found that revenue from public lands could cover current management costs if transferred. The letter argues state management would improve economies, education, and communities compared to the federal government.
Lincoln County in Montana has faced declining revenue from federal lands over the past two decades, leaving its fiscal condition delicate. Revenue to the county from the US Forest Service's 25% Fund, based on economic activity in the Kootenai National Forest, has fallen from $4.5 million in 1994 to around $330,000 annually since 2008. This has forced large cuts to the county road budget and use of cash reserves. The county's dire fiscal situation is closely tied to unresponsive federal forest management policies that have turned the forest from an economic asset into a liability.
If you would like to have an ALC Representative attend your event please complete this form. Submission instructions can be found on the bottom of the form.
This document contains tables summarizing land management revenues, expenditures, employment, and output for Utah and several other states over a five year period from 2008-2012. It also contains tables projecting potential revenues, expenditures, employment if Nevada were to expand its state land management program based on averages from Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Idaho models. Revenues come from sources like surface management, oil and gas leasing, timber, and land sales. Expenditures covered operating and capital costs. Projections for Nevada estimated revenues of $248-592 million, expenditures of $18-86 million, and 165-1070 jobs depending on the state model used.
The document contains tables summarizing revenue, expenses, and employment statistics for public land management in several Western states, including Nevada, and for the Bureau of Land Management nationwide from 2008-2012. It shows that on average, revenue from public lands was highest in New Mexico at $59.25 per acre, while expenses were highest in Idaho at $8.60 per acre. On average, net revenue per acre ranged from $16.60 in Idaho to $57.78 in New Mexico. For BLM nationwide, total revenue averaged $559,317 per FTE while expenses averaged $212,088 and net revenue $347,229 per FTE over the 5-year period.
This document contains tables summarizing land management revenues, expenditures, employment, and output for New Mexico and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) nationwide from fiscal years 2008 to 2012. Key figures for New Mexico include total annual revenues ranging from $420 million to $652 million, expenditures from $13 million to $13 million, and net revenues from $407 million to $639 million. For the BLM nationwide, total annual revenues ranged from $4.1 billion to $5 billion, expenditures from $1.7 billion to $2.4 billion, and net revenues from $2 billion to $2.6 billion.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
2. Property
“Man—has three great rights ... the
right to his life, the right to his liberty,
the right to his property. ... The three
rights are so bound together as to be
essentially one right. To give a man
his life, but deny him his liberty, is to
take from him all that makes his life
worth living. To give him his liberty,
but take from him the property
which is the fruit and badge of his
liberty, is to still leave him a slave.”
George
Sutherland
U.S. Supreme
Court Justice
1921
3. “Where socialized
ownership of land
is concerned,
only the USSR
and China can
claim company
with the United
States.”
John Kenneth Galbraith
Economist
5. U.S. Constitution Article IV, Section 3 –
New States
The Congress shall have power to dispose of
and make all needful rules and regulations
respecting the Territory or other property
belonging to the United States; and nothing in
this Constitution shall be so construed as to
prejudice any claims of the United States, or
of any particular State.
6. Mr. WILSON ... There was nothing in the Constitution affecting one way or the
other the claims of the U. S. & it was best to insert nothing leaving every
thing on that litigated subject in statu quo.
Mr. MADISON ... He thought it best on the whole to be silent on the
subject. He did not view the proviso of Mr. Carrol as dangerous; but to make it
neutral & fair, it ought to go farther & declare that the claims of particular
States also should not be affected.
...
Mr. CARROL withdrew his motion and moved the following. "Nothing in this
Constitution shall be construed to alter the claims of the U. S. or of the
individual States to the Western territory, ...."
Mr. Govr. MORRIS moved to postpone this in order to take up the following.
"The Legislature shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules
and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the U.
States; and nothing in this constitution contained, shall be so construed as
to prejudice any claims either of the U. S. or of any particular State." -The
postponemt. agd. to nem. con.
Madison Debates
Tuesday, August 30, 1787
In Convention
7. Why Did the Federal Government Ever Own
Any Public Lands in the First Place?
8. From the Journals of the Continental Congress, Tuesday,
October 10, 1780, pages 915-16:
“Resolved, That the unappropriated lands that may be ceded
or relinquished to the United States, by any particular states,
. . . shall be disposed of for the common benefit of the United
States, and be settled and formed into distinct republican
states, which shall become members of the federal union, and
have the same rights of sovereignty, freedom and
independence, as the other states . . .
That the said lands shall be granted and settled at such times
and under such regulations as shall hereafter be agreed on by
the United States in Congress assembled.”
9. By the United States in Congress assembled.
April 23, 1784
Resolved, that so much of the territory ceded, or to be ceded
by individual states, to the United States … shall be divided
into distinct states in the following manner ...
“THIRD. That they in no case shall interfere with the
primary disposal of the soil by the United States in Congress
assembled; nor with the ordinances and regulations which
Congress may find necessary for securing the title in such soil
to the bona fide purchasers.
…
That … such state shall be admitted by its delegates into the
Congress of the United States, on an equal footing with the
said original states …”
10. July 13, 1787, An Ordinance for the Government of the
Territory of the United States, North-West of the River
Ohio (Northwest Ordinance)
“… to provide also for the establishment of States,…
and for their admission to a share in the federal
councils on an equal footing with the original States
…
… The legislatures of those … new States, shall never
interfere with the primary disposal of the soil by the
United States in Congress assembled, nor with any
regulations Congress may find necessary for
securing the title in such soil to the bona fide
purchasers …”
11. U.S. Constitution Article IV, Section 3 –
New States
The Congress shall have power to dispose of
and make all needful rules and regulations
respecting the Territory or other property
belonging to the United States; and nothing in
this Constitution shall be so construed as to
prejudice any claims of the United States, or
of any particular State.
12. President
Andrew Jackson
1767-1845
“… it is the real interest of each and all the
States in the Union, and particularly of the new
States, that the price of these lands shall be
reduced and graduated, and that after they have
been offered for a certain number of years the
refuse remaining unsold shall be abandoned
to the States and the machinery of our land
system entirely withdrawn. It can not be
supposed the compacts intended that the
United States should retain forever a title to
lands within the States which are of no value,
and no doubt is entertained that the general
interest would be best promoted by
surrendering such lands to the States.”
13. February 5, 1828
The Committee on the Public Lands REPORT:
If these lands are to be withheld from sale, which is the effect of the
present system, in vain may the People of these States expect the advantages of well
settled neighborhoods, so essential to the education of youth, and to the
pleasures of social intercourse, and the advantages of religious instruction. Those States
will, for many generations, without some change, be retarded in endeavors to increase
their comfort and wealth, by means of works of internal improvements, because
they have not the power, incident to all sovereign States, of
taxing the soil, to pay for the benefits conferred upon its owner by roads and
canals.
When these States stipulated not to tax the lands of the United States until they were
sold, they rested upon the implied engagement of Congress to
cause them to be sold, within a reasonable time. No just equivalent
has been given those States for a surrender of an attribute of sovereignty
so important to their welfare, and to an equal standing with the original States.
A remedy for such great evils may be found in carrying into effect the spirit of the
Federal Constitution, which knows of no inequality in the powers and rights of the several
States;
14. 20th Congress No. 726. 2d Session
APPLICATION OF MISSOURI FOR A CHANGE IN THE SYSTEM OF
DISPOSING OF THE PUBLIC LANDS.
COMMUNICATED TO THE SENATE JANUARY 26, 1829.
To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States:
The memorial of the general assembly of the State of Missouri respectfully
showeth: That the system of disposing of the public lands of the United States
now pursued is highly injurious, in many respects, to the States in which those
lands lie, . . . with the present condition of the western States. But the
general assembly will state that a perseverance in the present system manifestly
appears to them to be . . . an infringement of the compact
between the United States and this State; and that the State of
Missouri never could have been brought to consent not to tax the lands of the
United States whilst unsold; and not to tax the lands sold until five years
thereafter, if it had been understood by the contracting parties that a system was
to be pursued which would prevent nine-tenths of those lands from ever
becoming the property of persons in whose hands they might be taxed.
15. A Union of States
“‘This Union’ was and is a union of
States, equal in power, dignity and
authority, each competent to exert
that residuum of sovereignty not
delegated to the United States by the
Constitution itself.” Coyle v. Smith, 221
U.S. 559, 565 (1911)
16. Article IV
Power to Create “States”
“The power of Congress in respect to the
admission of new states is found in the 3d section
of the 4th article of the Constitution. That
provision is that, ‘new States may be admitted
by the Congress into this Union.’ The only
expressed restriction upon this power is that, ‘no
new state shall be formed within the jurisdiction of
any other state, nor by the junction of two or more
states, or parts of states, without the consent of
such states, as well as of the Congress.’” Coyle v.
Smith, 221 U.S. 559 (1911)
17. Article IV
Power to Create “States”
“But what is this power? It is not to
admit political organizations which
are less or greater, or different in
dignity or power, from those political
entities which constitute the Union. It
is a ‘power to admit states.’” Coyle v.
Smith, 221 U.S. 559 (1911)
18. Article IV
Power to Create “States”
“The definition of ‘a state’ is found
in the powers possessed by the
original states which adopted
the Constitution, -- a definition
emphasized by the terms employed
in all subsequent acts of Congress
admitting new states into the Union.”
Coyle v. Smith, 221 U.S. 559 (1911)
19. Article IV
Power to Create “States”
“The first two [new] states admitted into the
Union [under the Constitution] were the states
of Vermont [No. 14] and Kentucky [No. 15],
one as of March 4, 1791, and the other as of
June 1, 1792. No terms or conditions were
exacted from either. Each act declares that
the state is admitted ‘as a new and entire
member of the United States of
America....’” Coyle v. Smith, 221 U.S. 559
(1911)
20. Article IV
Power to Create “States”
“Emphatic and significant as is the phrase: admitted as
‘an entire member,’ even stronger was the declaration
upon the admission of Tennessee [No. 16] as the third
new state on 1 June 1796, it being declared to be
‘one of the United States of America,’ ‘on an
equal footing with the original states in all
respects whatsoever,’ -- phraseology which has
ever since been substantially followed in admission
acts, concluding with the Oklahoma act [of 16 November
1907], which declares that Oklahoma shall be admitted
‘on an equal footing with the original states’.” Coyle v.
Smith, 221 U.S. 559 (1911)
21. Federal Government Holds
Public Lands “In Trust” for the
States
The federal government holds territorial
lands “in trust for the several states to be
ultimately created out of the territory."
(Shively v. Bowlby, 1894)
22. Federal Govt is Duty-Bound
to “Execute These Trusts”
"Whenever [i.e. once] the United States
shall have fully executed these trusts, the
municipal sovereignty of the new states
will be complete, throughout their
respective borders, and they, and the
original states, will be upon an equal
footing, in all respects whatever.” Pollard
v. Hagan, (1845)
23. Federal Govt Holds Public Lands
for “Temporary Purposes” to
“Execute The Trusts”
“. . . the United States never held any
municipal sovereignty, jurisdiction or right of
soil in and for the territory ... of the new States ...
except for temporary purposes, and to
execute the trusts created by the acts of the
Virginia and Georgia Legislatures, and the deeds
of cession executed by them to the United States,
and the trust created by the treaty with the
French Republic of the 30th of April, 1803,
ceding Louisiana.” Pollard v. Hagan, (1845)
24. “Public Lands”
"[t]he words ‘public lands’ are
habitually used in our legislation to
describe such as are subject to sale
or other disposal under general
laws." Barker v. Harvey, 181 U.S. 481,
490 (1901).
29. “You Didn’t Want Your Lands”
(“forever disclaim all right and title”)
Myth #2
30. “that the people inhabiting the said territory, do
agree and declare that they forever disclaim all
right and title to the waste or unappropriated
lands lying within the said territory; and that the
same shall be and remain at the sole and entire
disposition of the United States...”
Forever Disclaim All Right and Title ...?
32. “that the people inhabiting the said territory do
agree and declare that they forever disclaim all
right or title to the waste or unappropriated
lands lying within the said territory, and that the
same shall be and remain at the sole and entire
disposition of the United States...”
Forever Disclaim All Right and Title ...?
34. “That the people inhabiting said territory do
agree and declare that they forever disclaim all
right and title to the unappropriated public lands
lying within said territory, and that the same shall
be and remain at the sole and entire disposition
of the United States, and that … no taxes shall
be imposed by said state on lands or property
therein belonging to or which may hereafter be
purchased by the United States.”
Forever Disclaim All Right and Title ...?
36. Forever Disclaim All Right and Title ...?
“That the people inhabiting said proposed States
do agree and declare that they forever disclaim
all right and title to the unappropriated public
lands lying within the boundaries thereof, … and
that until the title thereto shall have been
extinguished by the United States, the same
shall be and remain subject to the disposition
of the United States, and … no taxes shall be
imposed by the States on lands or property
therein belonging to or which may hereafter be
purchased by the United States or reserved for
its use;”
37. NORTH DAKOTA
(3.9%), SOUTH DAKOTA
(5.4%) PUBLIC LANDS
BUT ...
MONTANA (30%), WASHINGTON (30%)
PUBLIC LANDS
UNDER THE SAME ENABLING ACT
38. Forever Disclaim All Right and Title ...?
“That the people inhabiting said proposed States do
agree and declare that they forever disclaim all
right and title to the unappropriated public lands
lying within the boundaries thereof, … and that until
the title thereto shall have been extinguished by
the United States, the same shall be and remain
subject to the disposition of the United States,
and … no taxes shall be imposed by the States on
lands or property therein belonging to or which may
hereafter be purchased by the United States or
reserved for its use;”
40. 5% of Proceeds SHALL be paid to MT
“That five per centum of the proceeds of the sales
of public lands lying within said States which
shall be sold by the United States subsequent
to the admission of said States into the Union,
after deducting all the expenses incident to the
same, shall be paid to the said States, to be
used as a permanent fund, the interest of which
only shall be expended for the support of common
schools within said States, respectively.” -- Montana,
Washington, North Dakota, South Dakota Enabling Act of 1889
§13
41. Why the Difference?
Hawaii
Enabling Act, Aug. 21, 1959
<20% Federally Controlled Today
Alaska
Enabling Act, July 7, 1958
>62% Federally Controlled Today
“Hawaii is herby declared to be a
State of the United States of America,
is declared admitted into the
Union on an equal footing
with the other States in all
respects whatever,”- Sec. 1
Hawaii Enabling Act, Aug. 21, 1959
“Alaska is hereby declared to be a
State of the United States of America,
is declared admitted into the
Union on an equal footing
with the other States in all
respects whatever. – Sec. 1
Alaska Enabling Act, July 7, 1958
42. Why the Difference?
Hawaii
Enabling Act, Aug. 21, 1959
<20% Federally Controlled Today
Alaska
Enabling Act, July 7, 1958
>62% Federally Controlled Today
“The Constitution of the State of
Hawaii shall always be republican in
form and shall not be repugnant
to the Constitution of the
United States and the
principles of the Declaration
of Independence.” – Sec. 3
Hawaii Enabling Act, Aug. 21, 1959
“The Constitution of the State of
Alaska shall always be republican in
form and shall not be repugnant
to the Constitution of the
United States and the
principles of the Declaration
of Independence.” – Sec. 3
Alaska Enabling Act, July 7, 1958
43. Why the Difference?
Hawaii
Enabling Act, Aug. 21, 1959
<20% Federally Controlled Today
Alaska
Enabling Act, July 7, 1958
>62% Federally Controlled Today
“The United States grants to
the State of Hawaii, effective
upon its admission into the union,
the United States’ title to all
the public lands and other
public property, and to all lands
defined as ‘available lands’… title
to which is held by the United
States immediately prior to its
admission into the Union.” –
Sec. 5(b) Hawaii Enabling Act, Aug.
21, 1959
No Such Language.
44. Why the Difference?
Hawaii
Enabling Act, Aug. 21, 1959
<20% Federally Controlled Today
Alaska
Enabling Act, July 7, 1958
>62% Federally Controlled Today
“As used in this Act, the
term…‘public lands and other
public properties’ means and is
limited to, the lands and
properties that were ceded
to the United States by the
Republic of Hawaii under the
joint resolution of annexation
approved July 7, 1898…or that have
been acquired in exchange for lands
or properties so ceded.” – Sec. 5(g)
Hawaii Enabling Act, Aug. 21, 1959
No Such Language.
45. Why the Difference?
Hawaii
Joint Resolution of Annexation, 1898
<20% Federally Controlled Today
Alaska
Enabling Act, July 7, 1958
>62% Federally Controlled Today
Joint Resolution of Annexation of HI:
“Whereas, the Government of the
Republic of Hawaii having, in due form,
signified its consent, to cede absolutely
and without reserve to the United
States of America, all rights of
sovereignty whatsoever kind in and
over the Hawaiian Islands and their
dependencies, and also to cede and
transfer to the United States, the
absolute fee and ownership of
all public, Government, or
Crown lands, public buildings or
edifices, ports, harbors, military
equipment, and all other public
property of every kind and
description.” – Joint Resolution of
“As a compact with the United States
said State and its people do agree
and declare that they forever
disclaim all right and title to any
lands or other property not
granted or confirmed to the State
or its political subdivisions by or under
the authority of this Act,…that all such
lands or other property, belonging to the
United States,… shall be and remain
under the absolute jurisdiction and
control of the United States until
disposed of under its
authority…” – Sec. 4 Alaska Enabling
Act, July 7, 1958
46. Why the Difference?
Hawaii
Enabling Act, Aug. 21, 1959
~20% Federally Controlled Today
Alaska
Enabling Act, July 7, 1958
~62% Federally Controlled Today
“Within five years from the date Hawaii
is admitted into the Union, each Federal
agency having control over any land or
property that is retained by the United
States…shall report to the
President the facts regarding its
continued need for such land or
property, and if the President
determines that the land or property is
no longer needed by the United States
it shall be conveyed to the State of
Hawaii.” – Section 5(e) Hawaii Enabling
Act, Aug. 21, 1959
“For the purpose of furthering the
development of and expansion of
communities, the State of Alaska is hereby
granted and shall be entitled to select, within
twenty-five years after the date of admission
of the State of Alaska into the Union, from
lands within national forests in Alaska which
are vacant and unappropriated at the time of
their selection not to exceed four hundred
thousand acres of land, and from other
public lands…not to exceed another four
hundred thousand acres of land, all of which
shall be adjacent to established communities
or suitable for prospective community
centers and recreational areas. – Sec. 6,
Alaska Enabling Act, July 7, 1958
47. Why the Difference?
Hawaii
Enabling Act, Aug. 21, 1959
~20% Federally Controlled Today
Alaska
Enabling Act, July 7, 1958
~62% Federally Controlled Today
“The lands granted to the State of
Hawaii…and public lands retained by
the United States and later conveyed to
the State…together with the proceeds
from the sale or other disposition of any
such lands and the income therefrom,
shall be held by said State as a
public trust for the support of the
public schools and other public
educational institutions, for the
betterment of the conditions of native
Hawaiians,…for the development of
farm and home ownership…and for the
provision of lands for public use.” – Sec.
5(f) Hawaii Enabling Act, Aug. 21, 1959
“Five per centum of the
proceeds of the sale of public
lands lying within said State which
shall be sold by the United
States subsequent to the admission of
said State into the Union,…shall be
paid to said State to be used for
the support of the public schools
within said State.” – Sec. 6(f),
Alaska Enabling Act, July 7, 1958
49. The Promises are the Same!
“That the people inhabiting said proposed State do
agree and declare that they forever disclaim all right
and title to the unappropriated public lands lying
within the boundaries thereof; ... and that until the title
thereto shall have been extinguished by the United
States, the same shall be and remain subject to the
disposition of the United States,...” Section 3, Utah
Enabling Act, July 16, 1894
Utah
66.5% Public Lands
50. “That five per centum of the proceeds of the sales of
public lands lying within said State, which shall be
sold by the United States subsequent to the admission of
said State into the Union, after deducting all expenses
incident to the same, shall be paid to the said
State, to be used as a permanent fund, the interest of
which only shall be expended for the support of the
common schools within said State.” Section 9, Utah
Enabling Act, July 16, 1894
Utah 66.5% Public Lands
The Promises are the Same!
57. Does this sound familiar?
The federal government is not disposing of our
public lands as it promised;
We can’t tax the lands to adequately fund
education;
Our ability to grow our economy and create
jobs is stifled; and
The federal government is hoarding our
abundant minerals and natural resources.
58. IL, MO, IN, AR, LA, AL, MS, Fl, were as much as 90% federally
controlled for decades ...
60. “... my election to the Senate of the United
States ... found me doing battle for an
ameliorated system of disposing of our
public lands; and with some success. I
resolved to move against the whole
system ... I did so in a bill, renewed
annually for a long time; and in speeches
which had more effect upon the public
mind than upon the federal legislation ...”
U.S. Senator
Thomas Hart Benton
(D-MO)
61. “They were as a stepmother, instead of a
natural mother: and the federal government
being sole purchaser from foreign nations,
and sole recipient of Indian cessions, it
became the monopolizer of vacant
lands of the West: and this monopoly,
like all monopolies, resulted in hardships
to those upon whom it acted.”
U.S. Senator
Thomas Hart Benton
(D-MO)
62. “Few, or none of our public men, had
raised their voice against this hard policy
before I came into the national councils.
My own was soon raised there against it:
and it is certain that a great amelioration
has taken place in our federal land policy
during my time: and that the sentiment of
Congress, and that of the public
generally, has become much more liberal
in land alienations; and is approximating
towards the beneficent systems of the rest
of the world.”
U.S. Senator
Thomas Hart Benton
(D-MO)
63. “But the members in Congress
from the new States should not
intermit their exertions, nor vary their
policy; and should fix their eyes
steadily upon the period of the
speedy extinction of the federal
title to all the lands within the limits of
their respective States ...”
Thirty Years View, Thomas Hart Benton
U.S. Senator
Thomas Hart Benton
(D-MO)
64.
65. Utah Senate Joint Memorial No. 4, 1915
Asking Congress for a More Liberal National Policy
in the Disposition of the Public Domain
“In harmony with the spirit and letter of the land
grants to the national government, … and in
conformity with the terms of our Enabling Act, we,
the members of the Legislature of the State of Utah, memorialize
the President and the Congress of the United States for the
speedy return to the former liberal National attitude toward
the public domain, …, and we hereby earnestly urge a policy
that will afford an opportunity to settle our lands and make
use of our resources on terms of equality with the older states,
to the benefit and upbuilding of the State and to the strength
of the nation.”
66.
67. Born in Roanoke, Va. in 1883, Thomas Maddock first came to Arizona in
1898 from Newcastle, Pa. A Republican from Coconino County, he was
elected to the first Arizona Legislature and later served as Secretary and
State Chairman of the Arizona Republican Party. He served as Arizona State
Highway Engineer from 1917-1922, and was a member of the Colorado River
Commission from 1923 to 1928. He also served as an engineer and general
manager of the Gila Valley Irrigation District at Safford from 1939 until his
retirement in 1967. Thomas Maddock died in Phoenix in 1971.
68. “The Federal Government was intended to be merely a
trustee of the lands, to sell them to settlers.”
69.
70. 1976 - Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA)
“Congress declares that it is the policy of the
United States that the public lands be retained
in Federal ownership, unless ... it is
determined that disposal of a particular parcel
will serve the national interest.”
FLPMA, sec. 102(a)(1)
71. Enabling Acts are
“Solemn Compacts”
Enabling Acts are "solemn compacts"
and "bi-lateral [two-way] agreements"
that are to be performed "in a timely
fashion" (Andrus v. Utah, 1980)
72. “‘[T]he consequences of admission are
instantaneous, and it ignores the uniquely
sovereign character of that event … to suggest
that subsequent events [acts of Congress]
somehow can diminish what has already been
bestowed.’ And that proposition applies a fortiori
[with even greater force] where virtually all of the
State’s public lands . . .are at stake.”
2009 U.S. Supreme Court
Hawaii v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs
(Unanimous Decision)
115. U.S. House of Representatives - Natural Resources Committee
State Forests Management Superior to Federal Forests
for Job Creation, Revenue Production, Local Economies and Fire Prevention
February 26, 2103
116. State Managed Public Lands
High Low Average High Low Average
Federally Managed Public Lands
123. What Can You Do
Now?
Educate
Donate
Delegate
124. • Educate
• Know & Share Key Points from
www.AmericanLandsCouncil.com
• Think Benjamin Franklin with a Facebook Page, Twitter,
YouTube, email, etc….
• #TransferPublicLands & #HonorThePromise
• Will YOU Be The ONE … to Open The Next Door?
137. • Delegate
• “Hire & Inspire” local, state, and national
representatives who have the Knowledge &
Courage to Battle For the Only Solution Big
Enough - #TransferPublicLands
• Sen. Jennifer Fielder MT Flathead Republican
Women Association (Job Interviews -
Bookmarks)
• Rep. Alan Clemmons South Carolina
(Resolution)
• Commissioner Alan Gardner (Resolutions)
139. MT Sen. Jennifer Fielder
Sen. Fielder presented
comprehensive legal, economic,
environmental, and historical case
for TPL plus current happenings.
All four candidates for U.S.
Congress went on the record in
favor of transferring federally
Congress proposed to grant the surface outright to the States but retain the subsurface rights under federal control. The States rejected this proposal. This statement by Thomas Maddock of Arizona is reflective of the general position of the public lands States.
Pending further action on the disposal of the public lands, Congress enacted the Taylor Grazing Act in 1934 “In order to promote the highest use of the public lands pending final disposal...”
“a real high degree of frustration” re: management of our federal forest lands; “numbers are astounding” since 2000 6.3 million acres affected by mountain pine beetle, 4.3 million acres impacted by wildfire in just Montana alone; “THE URGENCY IS SO APPARENT”; our “forests should provide multiple uses”; “this doesn’t just happen”; MT manages on 5% of forested lands but yields 15% of annual timber volume sold “while still protecting endangered species”; “On federal lands, the story is not the same”; “wildlife habitat is degraded”; “watersheds are at extreme risk”; “FIRE DANGER IS OFF THE CHARTS threatening local communities and stifling recreation”; still viable wood products industry endangered as “more and more mills will close” without significant change in availability of timber supply; diverse group of Montanans came up with a plan all could support; took their plan to DC and “LEARNED THE HARD TRUTH” “Washington is not interested in finding solutions to these problems”; “Congress is too polarized to get anything done”; told “yes, forest mgmt is broken. But, no thanks. We don’t want to try anything”; Unfortunately, westerners now believe Forest Service and overall system is simply incapable of getting anything meaningful done on the ground”; “WE NOW CAN’T WAIT FOR THE FEDERAL GOVT TO FIGURE OUT A SOLUTION”; “IT’S UP TO US AS WESTERNERS TO BRING ANSWERS FORWARD”; MT experience 1. Clarity of Purpose; 2. Direct Accountability for Decision; 3. People who sue States can’t recover attorneys fees.