The document discusses health and disease, emphasizing the importance of various bodily activities and factors affecting health, such as nutrition, public cleanliness, and financial stability. It categorizes diseases into acute and chronic, explains infectious and non-infectious diseases, and details specific diseases like typhoid, tuberculosis, jaundice, AIDS, and swine flu, including their causes and symptoms. It also outlines principles of treatment, focusing on managing infectious diseases through medication, public sanitation, and preventive measures like vaccination.

2. Health& Disease
• Various specific activities occur continuously
in our living body cells, tissues and organs.
• All the activities are interrelated. For them, the
energy and nutrient materials are necessary.
• Any substance or factor, when inhibits or stop
the activities of the cells or tissues, there occurs
disturbance or loss of certain specific activities
and as a result the health is endangered.

3. • Good health means a sound physical, mental and
social state.
• Public cleanliness and sanitation are of utmost
importance for individual health.
• Good financial status and good occupation or
profession are also necessary for personal health.
• Any type of infection, malnutrition or abnormal
activities in the cells, tissues and organs in the
human body or in other animals or plants result
in the development of uneasiness and such a
state of the body is known as DISEASE.

4. Causes of Disease
• When the disease occurs, one or more systems in the
body or its outer appearance gets spoiled or it starts
showing changes.
• Among the internal causes, the abnormal functioning
of the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver and various other
organs of the body, genetic mutations, hormonal
imbalance or abnormal functioning of the immune
system can be responsible.
• Among the external causes malnutrition, pathogenic
organisms, environmental pollutants, and
undesirable habits like chewing tobacco, taking
alcoholic drinks and other intoxicating drugs, etc.

5. Acute Disease
• Diseases which occur rapidly
and all of a sudden and their
effects on the body are short-
lived are called Acute Disease.
• Example:- Bronchitis,
Common Cold, etc.
• The effects of acute and
chronic diseases are different
on the health of individuals.
• The acute diseases do not have
great or serious effects on the
general health of the person.
Such diseases are cured in a
short period of time.
Chronic Disease
• The disease, whose symptoms
and effects persist for months,
years or all throughout the life
and whose effects on the
human health are acute and
remained for a long period of
time, are called Chronic
Diseases.
• Example:- Tuberculosis (TB),
Cancer, Diabetes, etc.
• The chronic diseases have
great or serious effects on the
health. Long term treatment or
sometimes lifelong treatment
maybe needed to get rid of
such diseases.

6. Non Infectious Disease
• The non infectious diseases do not
occur due to pathogens and such
diseases are not spread from person to
persons.
• Such diseases occur because of
accident, genetic reasons, adiposity and
lack of proper exercise.
• Example:- Cancer, Heart Aliment,
Diabetes, etc.

7. Infectious Diseases
• Various pathogenic organisms are responsible for
the occurrence of infectious diseases. Such
diseases spread rapidly from a diseased person to
the healthy persons through the agency of air,
water, food, physical contacts and insect vectors.
Pathogenic Organisms
VIRUS
AIDS,
Jaundice,
Chikungunya,
Conjunctivitis,
Dengue,
Swine Flu
BACTERIA
Tuberculosis,
Cholera,
Typhoid
PROTOZOA
Malaria,
Dysentery,
Kala - azar
FUNGI
Ringworm,
Eczema,
Other skin
diseases
WORMS
Filariasis,
Guinea
Worm,
Ascariasis

8. Spread of Infectious/Contagious Diseases
• The spread of disease or pathogens from the
diseased person to other persons occurs by
different means.
Spread through
AIR
Common
Cold,
Bronchitis,
Pneumonia,
Tuberculosis
WATER
Cholera,
Dysentery,
Typhoid,
Jaundice
FOOD
Cholera,
Dysentery,
Diarrhea,
Jaundice
OTHER
ANIMALS
Malaria,
Rabies
(Hydrophobia)
SEXUAL
CONTACT
AIDS,
Gonorrhea,
Syphilis

11. Pathogens Entry and Their Target Organs
Pathogens Entry Target Organs Disease
Bacteria Nose Lungs Tuberculosis,
Pneumonia
Bacteria Mouth Intestines Typhoid, Cholera
Protozoa Mosquito bites in
blood
Liver, RBC Malaria
Virus Nose Lungs Common cold,
Influenza
Virus Mouth Liver Jaundice
Virus Sexual Contact Immune System AIDS
Virus Eyes Eyes Conjunctivitis
Virus Mosquito bites in
blood
Blood, brain muscle,
joints, skin
Dengue

12. Diseases seen in
human beings

13. Typhoid
•Typhoid is a disease caused
by the bacteria – Salmonella
Typhi.
•It is caused by taking
contaminated water, food and
milk.
•The houseflies, sitting on such
food, milk and stool of cholera
patients are vectors that
spread this disease.
•Severe headache, fluctuations
in body temperature and
diarrhea are some of the chief
symptoms of the disease.

14. Tuberculosis
•Tuberculosis (TB) is a
disease caused by the
bacteria –
Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis.
•It is spread by air,
polluted by this bacteria.
•Due to this disease the
lungs, bones, intestine
and lymph glands are
affected.

15. Jaundice
•Jaundice or Hepatitis is
a disease caused by the
virus HAV (Hepatitis A)
and HBV (Hepatitis B).
•The symptoms in this
disease are infection
and inflammation in
liver, dark yellow
colored urine, almost
white stool, fever,
vomiting and weakness.

16. AIDS
•AIDS is a very serious, contagious,
incurable and fatal disease, caused by the
virus known as HIV.
•Sexual coitus with any HIV-infected
person, his/her blood and syringe and
injection needle used for such a person
when reused for any healthy person can
spread the virus to cause AIDS.
•HIV-infected woman can pass on her
HIV to the faetus in her womb and can
also transmit her HIV infection to the
newborn baby through the breast-
feeding.
•The HIV attack on the T-cells of the
immune system as well as on the
macrophages and reduce their number.
•This results in the weakening of
efficiency of the immune system of the
patient.

17. Swine Flu
•Swine Flu is a disease of
respiratory tract and is
caused by H1N1 virus.
•The symptoms of this
disease are infection in
the trachea and bronchi,
fever, headache, pain in
muscles, etc.
•The vaccine Taniflu has
been discovered for the
treatment of Swine Flu.

18. Principles of Treatment
Treatment of Infectious Diseases
To reduce the effects of disease
To destroy the infectious
pathogens various
antibacterial or antiviral
medicines are used.
Attempts are made to
conserve the body energy
by taking rest.
To destroy the causes of disease
The production of vectors such as
houseflies and mosquitoes should be
inhibited through public sanitation.
Clean air, clean water and balanced
diet should be used.
Should develop immunity against
diseases by taking various types of
vaccines.
To take various steps for the
awareness about the personal health