Food irradiation (the application of ionizing radiation to food) is a technology that improves the safety and extends the shelf life of foods by reducing or eliminating microorganisms and insects. Like pasteurizing milk and canning fruits and vegetables, irradiation can make food safer for the consumer

1. FOOD PROCESSING
EQUIPMENT - II
Irradiation in Food Processing
Shelke G.N
Assistant Professor
Department of Food Engineering
CFT Ashti,
Maharashtra 414202
Phone: +919561777282
E-mail: shelkeganesh838@gmail.com

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desired separation of components
Point to be covered
 Introduction.
 Principles of Irradiation
 Radiation Sources
 Measurement of radiation dose
 Applications of Food Irradiation

3. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.

4. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.

5. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.

6. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.

7. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.

8. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.

9. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.

10. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.

11. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.
 Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in
the form of waves or particles through space or through a
material medium.
 Electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves,
microwaves, visible light, x-rays, and gamma radiation
(γ)

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desired separation of components

13. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
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14. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.
 Particle radiation, such as alpha radiation (α), beta
radiation (β), and neutron radiation (particles of non-zero
rest energy)
 Acoustic radiation, such as ultrasound, sound, and
seismic waves (dependent on a physical transmission
medium)
 Gravitational radiation, radiation that takes the form of
gravitational waves, or ripples in the curvature of
spacetime.

15. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.
 Radiation can be either ionizing or non-ionizing,
depending on how it affects matter.
 Non-ionizing radiation includes visible light, heat,
radar, microwaves, and radio waves.
 This type of radiation deposits energy in the materials
through which it passes.

16. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.
 What is the definition of ionization?
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or
positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions.

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desired separation of components

18. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
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 Introduction.
 Ionizing radiation (such as x-rays and cosmic rays) is more energetic than non-ionizing
radiation.
 Consequently, when ionizing radiation passes through material, it deposits enough
energy to break molecular bonds and displace (or remove) electrons from atoms.
 This electron displacement creates two electrically charged particles (ions), which may
cause changes in living cells of plants, animals, and people.

19. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

20. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

21. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.

22. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

23. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Introduction.

24. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

25. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

26. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

27. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
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28. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
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Different types of radiation have the characteristic
ability to ionize individual atoms or molecules and
produce a positively charged ion and an electron, i.e.,
Where,
M is an atom or molecule,
hv is a quantum of energy delivered by radiation,
M+ is the positively charged ion, and
e is the electron released.

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desired separation of components
 Various types of light, x-rays, and gamma rays are part of the electromagnetic
spectrum and posses a dual nature according to quantum theory, in which they may
be considered waves or packets or energy (photons).
 Energy and wave properties
are related by
Where, v is the frequency, c is the velocity of light, ʎ is the wavelength, E
is the energy of the photon, and h is the Planck constant.
 The energy of photons is usually measured in electronvolts (eV).
 An electronvolt is defined as the energy acquired by an electron in a
potential fall of 1 V and has a value equal to 1.602 x 1019 J.

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desired separation of components

31. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

32. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

33. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

34. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

35. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

36. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

37. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

38. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

39. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

40. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

41. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

42. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components

43. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
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 Principles of Irradiation
 When ionizing radiation passes through
a food product, some energy is absorbed
by some chemical bonds.
 Some bonds rupture and produce free
radicals which are highly reactive and
unstable.
 They instantaneously rejoin with neighboring
compounds and the results are called radiolysis
compounds.
 These are similar to the compounds produced by
heating (thermolytic compounds).

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46. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
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 The uniqueness of irradiation is that
DNA (microorganisms and insects have a
lot of DNA compared to plant cells) is
very sensitive to irradiation.
 Irradiation of DNA at the approved levels
causes base damage, breaking of DNA
strands, and cross linking.
 All of these result in the loss of the
organism’s ability to reproduce

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 Cobalt-60
 The rays used in food processing are obtained from
large 60Co radionuclide sources.
 Cobalt-60 units used for food processing are produced
by machining cobalt metal into shapes.
 The operations involving handling of 60Co are performed
by remote control, because exposure to the now intensely
radioactive material would be lethal to humans.
 Cobalt-60 emits two gamma rays per disintegration, with
energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV, and a half-life of 5.3 years.

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52. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
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 Measurement of radiation dose
 The radiation dose refers to the amount of these gamma
rays absorbed by the product and is measured in Grays
(Gy).
 1 Gy = 1 Joule of absorbed energy / kg of product.
 Most treatment levels are on the order of 1 to 10 kGy (1
kGy =1000 Gy)

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desired separation of components
Radiation units

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Applications of irradiation
• Radiation pasteurization (sanitary treatment)
• Radiation sterilization
• Replacing chemical fumigation of food
• Sprout inhibition
• Enhancing food quality
• Eliminating certain parasitic hazards in food

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Applications at low dose levels (10 Gy- 1 kGy)
 Inhibition of sprouting 0.05 - 0.15 Potatoes,
onions, garlic, root ginger, yam etc.
 Insect disinfestations and parasite disinfection
0.15 - 0.5 Cereals and pulses, fresh and dried
fruits, dried fish and meat, fresh pork, etc.
 Delay of physiological processes (e.g. ripening)
0.25 - 1.0 Fresh fruits and vegetables.
 This process of extending the shelf life is
sometimes called radurization .

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desired separation of components

58. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
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59. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
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 Applications at medium dose levels (1 -10 kGy)
 Extension of shelf-life 1.0 - 3.0 kGy fresh
fish, strawberries, mushrooms etc.
 Elimination of spoilage and pathogenic
microorganisms 1.0 - 7.0 kGy Fresh and
frozen seafood, raw or frozen poultry and
meat, etc.
 Improving technological properties of
food 2.0 - 7.0 kGy Grapes (increasing
juice yield), dehydrated vegetables
(reduced cooking time), etc.

60. Processes which depend primarily on physical forces to accomplish the
desired separation of components
 Applications at high dose levels (10 - 100 kGy)
 Industrial sterilization (in combination with
mild heat) 30 - 50 Meat, poultry, seafood,
prepared foods, sterilized hospital diets.
 Decontamination of certain food additives
10 - 50 Spices, enzyme preparations, natural
gum, etc and ingredients
 This process is analogous to thermal canning
in achieving shelfstability (long term storage
without refrigeration) and is sometimes called
radappertization .

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Advantages of Irradiation
 Versatile
 Highly effective and efficient
 A cold process
 No problem of transportation
 Solid raw foods can be treated
 Treatment does not involve with chemicals and
chemical residues
 The process is relatively easy to control
 Food can be instantly distributed after
treatment

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Radura logo and statement
“Treated with irradiation” OR “Treated by irradiation”

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