The document provides an overview of radiation safety training, defining radiation and ionizing radiation, describing different types of radiation including alpha, beta, gamma, and x-rays, and outlining key radiation safety concepts such as ALARA, dose limits, shielding, and protecting pregnant patients and personnel.
Basic Radiation Safety Awareness Training
History of Radiation
Natural and Man-Made Background Sources of Radiation
Fundamentals
Exposure Limits & Regulations
Detection of Radiation
Safe Practices with Radiation
Biological Effects of Radiation
Where to Find Further Information
Basic Radiation Safety Awareness Training
History of Radiation
Natural and Man-Made Background Sources of Radiation
Fundamentals
Exposure Limits & Regulations
Detection of Radiation
Safe Practices with Radiation
Biological Effects of Radiation
Where to Find Further Information
@ 2nd training workshop on workplace radioactive materials safety and security, Suez canal university, 18-19 March 2015
content
Introduction
Radiological Units
Occupational exposure limits
RP. Requirements
Protection against external/internal exposure and contamination.
Monitoring in R.P
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
Please enjoy our X-Ray Safety Presentation by Peter Wright, CEO of Alternate Systems. For the full presentation & certification process please call us at 972.964.3124.
Radiation safety precautions (General Principles, Power Plant Safety, Radionu...Sabir Rasheed
Radiation safety precaution. General Principles of Radiation Safety.
Aspects of shielding in diagnostic radiology.
Nuclear Power Plant Safety.
Specific Handling Precautions For Various Radionuclides.
Radiation Introduction, Hazards and Measuring Equipment used in Radiation Pro...Sabir Rasheed
Introduction of radiation, hazards and Measuring Equipment used in Radiation Protection.
Biology Effects.
Nuclear effects.
Different Radiation Measuring instruments.
1.Types of personnel monitoring devices
2.Instruments for measuring external Exposure.
@ 2nd training workshop on workplace radioactive materials safety and security, Suez canal university, 18-19 March 2015
content
Introduction
Radiological Units
Occupational exposure limits
RP. Requirements
Protection against external/internal exposure and contamination.
Monitoring in R.P
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
Please enjoy our X-Ray Safety Presentation by Peter Wright, CEO of Alternate Systems. For the full presentation & certification process please call us at 972.964.3124.
Radiation safety precautions (General Principles, Power Plant Safety, Radionu...Sabir Rasheed
Radiation safety precaution. General Principles of Radiation Safety.
Aspects of shielding in diagnostic radiology.
Nuclear Power Plant Safety.
Specific Handling Precautions For Various Radionuclides.
Radiation Introduction, Hazards and Measuring Equipment used in Radiation Pro...Sabir Rasheed
Introduction of radiation, hazards and Measuring Equipment used in Radiation Protection.
Biology Effects.
Nuclear effects.
Different Radiation Measuring instruments.
1.Types of personnel monitoring devices
2.Instruments for measuring external Exposure.
Increasing popularity of hybrid operating rooms Market has also impacted the demand for hybrid-compatible versions of products such as (Operating Tables, Room Lights, Surgical Booms) Overview, Forecast 2015-2021
Stanford Hybrid OR - Interventional Radiology + Neurosurgery Eric Peabody
This hybrid operating room combines interventional radiology and neurosurgery with a Siemens bi-plane angiography system at its core. See how the staffing and procedures are set up to use the room for the different modalities. This project was delivered using 3D building information modeling (BIM) which is a process that parallels the work being done in the room itself. We use sophisticated 3D imaging to evaluate the building systems and then surgically remove and replace systems.
HYBRID OPERATING ROOM
FEATURES OF AN OPERATION THEATRE:
•Generally windowless
•Controlled temperature and humidity.
•Special air handlers filter
•The air and maintain a slightly elevated pressure.
•Rooms are supplied with wall suction, oxygen, and possibly other, anesthetic gases.
Radioation protection.. radiology information by r midha.Rahul Midha
this ppt contains radition safety data and radition protection.
doses of radition and monitoring tools for radition data , personal protection with patient protection . radiology information by r midha.
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CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
Trauma Outpatient Center is a comprehensive facility dedicated to addressing mental health challenges and providing medication-assisted treatment. We offer a diverse range of services aimed at assisting individuals in overcoming addiction, mental health disorders, and related obstacles. Our team consists of seasoned professionals who are both experienced and compassionate, committed to delivering the highest standard of care to our clients. By utilizing evidence-based treatment methods, we strive to help our clients achieve their goals and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.
Our mission is to provide a safe and supportive environment where our clients can receive the highest quality of care. We are dedicated to assisting our clients in reaching their objectives and improving their overall well-being. We prioritize our clients' needs and individualize treatment plans to ensure they receive tailored care. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based practices proven effective in treating addiction and mental health disorders.
Cold Sores: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention Strategies | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Cold Sores, medically known as herpes labialis, are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV-1 is primarily responsible for cold sores, although HSV-2 can also contribute in some cases.
Dr. David Greene R3 stem cell Breakthroughs: Stem Cell Therapy in CardiologyR3 Stem Cell
Dr. David Greene, founder and CEO of R3 Stem Cell, is at the forefront of groundbreaking research in the field of cardiology, focusing on the transformative potential of stem cell therapy. His latest work emphasizes innovative approaches to treating heart disease, aiming to repair damaged heart tissue and improve heart function through the use of advanced stem cell techniques. This research promises not only to enhance the quality of life for patients with chronic heart conditions but also to pave the way for new, more effective treatments. Dr. Greene's work is notable for its focus on safety, efficacy, and the potential to significantly reduce the need for invasive surgeries and long-term medication, positioning stem cell therapy as a key player in the future of cardiac care.
ALKAMAGIC PLAN 1350.pdf plan based of door to door delivery of alkaline water...rowala30
Alka magic plan 1350 -we deliver alkaline water at your door step and you can make handsome money by referral programme
we also help and provide systematic guideline to setup 1000 lph alkaline water plant
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
Stem Cell Solutions: Dr. David Greene's Path to Non-Surgical Cardiac CareDr. David Greene Arizona
Explore the groundbreaking work of Dr. David Greene, a pioneer in regenerative medicine, who is revolutionizing the field of cardiology through stem cell therapy in Arizona. This ppt delves into how Dr. Greene's innovative approach is providing non-surgical, effective treatments for heart disease, using the body's own cells to repair heart damage and improve patient outcomes. Learn about the science behind stem cell therapy, its benefits over traditional cardiac surgeries, and the promising future it holds for modern medicine. Join us as we uncover how Dr. Greene's commitment to stem cell research and therapy is setting new standards in healthcare and offering new hope to cardiac patients.
Rate Controlled Drug Delivery Systems, Activation Modulated Drug Delivery Systems, Mechanically activated, pH activated, Enzyme activated, Osmotic activated Drug Delivery Systems, Feedback regulated Drug Delivery Systems systems are discussed here.
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
DECODING THE RISKS - ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & DRUGS.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
Introduction: Substance use education is crucial due to its prevalence and societal impact.
Alcohol Use: Immediate and long-term risks include impaired judgment, health issues, and social consequences.
Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
Prevention Strategies: Education, healthy coping mechanisms, community support, and policies are vital in preventing substance use.
Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
2. What is Radiation?
• Radiation is energy in the form of particles
or electromagnetic waves.
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3. What is Ionizing Radiation?
• Ionizing radiation is defined as radiation
consisting of particles, X-rays, or gamma
rays with sufficient energy to cause
ionization in the medium through which it
passes.
4. Radioactivity
• The process by which
unstable atoms
spontaneously
transform to new
atoms* and in the
process emit radiation.
*The “new atom” may be the same atom in a
lower energy state.
6. Radiation Definitions
• Exposure R (roentgen): Amount of charge
produced per unit mass of air from x-rays and
gamma rays.
• Absorbed Dose rad: Amount of Energy deposited
per unit mass of material. 1Gy = 100 rad.
• Dose Equivalent rem: Risk adjusted absorbed
dose. The absorbed dose is weighted by the
radiation type and tissue susceptibility to biological
damage. 1 Sv = 100 rem.
• Radiation weighting factors: alpha(20), beta(1), n(10).
• Tissue weighting factors: lung(0.12), thyroid(0.03), and
gonads(0.25).
7. * Helium Nucleus – Very massive and doubly ionized
* Only a hazard via ingestion or inhalation of alpha emitter
* Not usually an external radiation hazard
* Stopped by paper and dead layer of skin
* Uranium, Thorium, Radon and radon daughters
Alpha Decay
8. Energetic electron – singly ionized
External hazard to skin and eyes
Internal hazard via ingestion or inhalation of beta emitter
Produces bremsstrahlung radiation
A 1 MeV beta can travel up to 12 feet in air and 1 cm in
plastic
Phosphorus, Tritium, Carbon, Sulfur
BETA DECAY
9. Gamma Decay
* X-rays and gamma rays are photons – no charge
* External radiation hazard to deep organs and tissues
* Internal hazard via ingestion or inhalation of gamma emitter
* Lead (high electron density) is good for shielding x and gamma rays
* Iodine 125 gammas (30 keV) can be easily stopped with 1/8 inch of lead
10.
11. • Bremsstrahlung x-ray intensity increases with increasing
atomic number of absorber, and the average x-ray energy
increases with increasing electron energy.
(activity of the source is also a factor)
x-ray
e-
13. Photoelectric Effect
• All photon energy is given up
• Part of the energy is used in
removing the electron from the
atom
• The rest of the energy is carried
off as the kinetic energy of the
electron
• Important when the energy of the
photon is low (less than 200 keV)
• More likely to occur in materials
with a high atomic number Z
• Lead has a Z of 82 and copper
has a 29
14. Compton Effect
• an increase in wavelength of X-
rays or gamma rays that occurs
when they are scattered.
• The change in wavelength of the
scattered radiation does not
depend upon the energy of the
incident photon.
• The Compton Effect is important
for gamma-ray energies between
200 keV and 5 MeV in most light
elements.
• The Compton Effect decreases
with increasing gamma energy
but not as quickly as the
photoelectric effect.
• Compton scattering is
predominant in substances of
intermediate Z.
15. Pair Production
• The process in which a photon of
sufficient energy gives up all its
energy and forms two particles,
an electron and positron, is
called a “pair production”
• Occurs near the nucleus of an
atom
• Energy is beyond MeV
• Both positron and electron lose
kinetic energy through ionization
of atoms in the substance
• Positron eventually interacts with
an electron in the substance in a
process called annihilation.
16. The Three Processes
• Photoelectric and Compton Effect decrease
with an increase of gamma energy.
• Pair Production increases with gamma energy.
• In radiation safety, we are concerned with the
absorption of radiation by matter so that we can
protect people from these rays.
• The three processes produce electrons, which
then ionize the absorbing matter.
19. Radioactivity
• Rate of Decay / Potential to Decay
• “Strength”
• Curie (Ci) - 1 gram of radium disintegrates
• 3.7 X 1010 disintegration/second (dps)
• Becquerel (Bq)
= 1 disintegration/second (dps)
• 1 mCi = 37 MBq
20. Exposure
• Radioactivity is measured in Roentgens
(R)
• Charge produced in air from ionization by
gamma and x-rays
– ONLY for photons in air
– Rather infrequently used unit
• A measure of what is emitted
21. Absorbed Dose
• Energy deposited by any form of ionizing
radiation in a unit mass of material
• Roentgen Absorbed Dose (rad)
• Gray (Gy)
• 1 Gy = 100 rad
22. Dose Equivalent
• Scale for equating relative hazards of various
types of ionization in terms of equivalent risk
• Damage in tissue measured in rem
– (Roentgen Equivalent Man)
• Q:risk of biological injury
• rem = Q * rad
• Sievert (Sv)
• 1 Sv = 100 rem
23. What do we really need to know about dose
and why?
• 1 R 1 rad = 1 rem
• For gammas & betas*
• 1 rad 1 rem
• For alphas, neutrons & protons
• 1 rem = 1 rad * Q
• Dosage and dosimetry are measured and
reported in rems.
• All the Federal and State regulations are
written in rems.
• The regulators must be placated with reports in
rems.
24. Whole Body Effects of Radiation
• Acute or Nonstochastic
– Occur when the radiation dose is large enough to
cause extensive biological damage to cells so that
large numbers of cells die off.
– Evident hours to a few months after exposure (Early).
• Late or Stochastic (Delayed)
– Exhibit themselves over years after acute exposure.
• Genetic
• Somatic
• Teratogenic
25. Biological Effects of Radiation
Radiation passing through living cells will ionize or excite
atoms and molecules in the cell structure. These changes
affect the forces which bind the atoms together into
molecules. If the molecule breaks up, some of the parts
will be charged. These fragments are called radicals and
ions and are not chemically stable. Further effects are
produced when the radicals and ions interact with other
cell material. In this way, damage is caused in a direct
and indirect manner. These changes are called mutations
and can then affect either the daughter call or future cells.
27. Effects to the Unborn
Effects on the embryo depend upon the dose as
well as the age of the fetus. The younger the
fetus, the more it will be affected. The unborn
human is the most radiosensitive since its organs
are rapidly developing and very susceptible to
damage.
28. So how do we protect ourselves
and our patients from
unnecessary radiation
exposure??
30. Time
Less time = Less radiation exposure
Shorten exposure times whenever possible
However, increasing exposure in order to
decrease time is not the answer.
Sometimes more time is necessary to
obtain an optimal image.
31. Distance
• Effective & Easy
• Inverse Square Law
– Doubling distance from source, decreases dose by
factor of four
– Tripling it decreases dose nine-fold
• More Distance = Less Radiation Exposure
33. MEDcare Sheilding
It is the policy of MEDcare to shield all
patients whenever possible. This means that
we should shield for every exam as long as
the quality of the exam is not compromised
by the shielding. Lead shields of different
sizes and shapes are located in each clinic
for this purpose.
35. Performance Evaluations are performed
annually on both x-ray and CT machines to
ensure that they are functioning properly
36. We work with medical physicists to ensure that our CT protocols are in
accordance with ACR regulations and standards. They also work with us to
create pediatric protocols based on weight to keep the child dose as low as
reasonably achievable. These protocols are located in the “Pediatric” tab on
the CT monitor. We follow the standards put forth through both “Image
Wisely” and “Image Gently”
37. Personnel Monitoring Devices
At MEDcare, we use Mirion Technlogies Thermoluscent film badges.
The TLDs respond accurately to beta, gamma, X-ray and neutron
radiation. The response of each element is corrected by the application
of its own unique element correction factor. These TLDs allow for the
reporting of deep, lens of eye and shallow doses. They are changed out
and reported on every 3 months. They are worn at the collar level and
should be left at the center each day. These reports are available for all
radiation staff in the Radiology QA binder located in the radiology
department. Fetal badges are available once a radiation worker
declares themselves as pregnant to the Radiation Safety Officer. These
are worn at the waist level. See Policy for Pregnant Radiation Workers.
39. Pregnant Patients
It is the policy of MEDcare to perform a urine pregnancy test
for each female patient within child bearing age that will
receive an X-ray or CT exam. This test should be performed
and resulted prior to the study being performed. If a patient
is pregnant and the benefits of a radiation exam outweigh
the risks, the physician can instruct the technologist to
proceed with the exam. However, the patient should be
shielded over the abdominal and reproductive areas
whenever possible. The patient should also sign the
pregnancy waiver indicating that they are aware of the
potential risks and choose to proceed with the exam. This
should be scanned into their chart. See policy on Radiation
Protection of Pregnant and Nursing patients.
40. Pregnant Patients
Each patient has the right to decline a
pregnancy test. If a patient declines the test,
this should be documented in the EMR. You
should ask the patient (whether they have a
pregnancy test or not) if there is any chance
of pregnancy. The response of this question
and the patient’s last menstrual cycle should
be documented in the EMR as well. The
patient should be shielded appropriately for
the exam.
41. Nursing Mothers
Although there is no
indication that IV contrast is
harmful to a nursing child
through the mother’s breast
milk, it is the policy of
MEDcare to instruct the
mother to “pump and dump”
for 48 hours after an IV
contrast administration
before nursing their child
again. See radiology policy
for Nursing Mothers.
42. Patient Holding
Radiologic Technologists are prohibited from holding
patients during radiographic examinations. If a patient
requires holding, a family member or guardian of the
patient is the first choice to do so. This person, as
well as the patient, must be shielded. You must also
document in the EMR the person that held the
patient. If a family member is not available to help
hold, a MEDcare employee who does not work in
radiation can help hold the patient. This employee
holding should be documented in the EMR as well as
documentation of the shielding that took place. See
radiology policy on Patient Holding.
43. IV Contrast Administration
• Physician must be on site when a tech administers IV contrast.
• Patient must be asked about any allergies to contrast in the past.
• Creatinine level must be obtained for all patients over the age of 50,
all diabetics and any patient with known renal disease prior to
administration of IV Contrast.
• Creatinine levels of 1.4 or above must be discussed with the ordering
physician before moving forward with the Contrast Administration.
• All Diabetics should be instructed to refrain from their oral
medications for 48 hours after an IV contrast administration. (Only
Oral Meds, Not Insulin Injections)
• If a patient on dialysis receives IV contrast, they should be instructed
to receive their dialysis treatment within 48 hours after administration
of IV contrast.
44. Pediatric Patients
• For anyone 16 and under, C-Spine and L-Spine
radiographic exams should be 3 views instead of 5
views.
• Lead shielding will be utilized whenever possible.
• Decreased dose by decreasing technical factors on
both CT and Radiologic Exams.
• CT Protocols based on weight of the child to ensure
smallest dose administered. (See pediatric tab on
CT machine)
• Limit multi-phase contrasted CT scans.
• Radiographic imaging of long bones can be
obtained.
45. Other Facts to Consider
We are exposed to radiation each day in the form of background radiation. This
can come from our environment, within our body, foods we eat and products we
buy.
46. Just Remember…
Medical imaging has revolutionized healthcare
over the past 30 years. It helps detect and
diagnose disease at its earliest stages when most
treatable. Imaging reduces the need for invasive
procedures by catching these diseases early,
therefore saving the patient money. Due to
radiologic advancements, “exploratory surgery” is
almost obsolete. Medical imaging is an
extraordinary tool and when used appropriately
and safely, has endless benefits.
47. Just Remember…
• Radiation is not something to be feared, but should be
respected.
• We are exposed on a daily basis to all types of radiation.
Those exposures serve no purpose. Medical imaging has a
great purpose in the world of medicine.
• If someone is apprehensive about an exam, you should be
comfortable explaining the risks but also the benefits of the
exam.
• At MEDcare, our exams are very low risk with high diagnostic
benefits. As long as the proper history is obtained and the
proper pre-exam testing performed, all patients are safe.
• This is why it is so important to know and understand the
radiology polices in place.
48. Policies and Procedures
Please be sure to read your radiology policies and
procedures. These are found in the X-Ray QA
binders located in each radiology department as well
as the clinic Policy and Procedure binder under the
“Radiology” tab. These polices are also located at the
end of this training module for you to print if you wish.
If you have any questions or concerns in regards to
radiation safety or policies and procedures, please
contact your Radiation Safety Officer, Crystal Wise
843-708-1606